24:
33:
446:
358:
259:
1364:
542:
338:
in 1995. Volcanic hazards do not represent any threat to the major populated centres which are all in the eastern
Altiplano or further east, far away from the volcanic centers. Although the Western Cordillera concentrates most active volcanoes (volcanoes active in the last 10000 years) many old large
804:
towards the
Brazilian border. High-grade metamorphic rocks occur in the Bolivian part of the Guaporé Shield partly due to the 2000 million years old "Trans-Amazonian tectonothermal event" that affected parts of South America. Low-grade metamorphic rocks occur as well. The Guaporé Shield is believed
848:
Proyecto Precámbrico, an Anglo-Bolivian technical cooperation project, explored the area between 1976 and 1986. There are a series of published 1:250,000 scale maps of the area with accompanying bilingual reports, along with more detailed 1:100,000 maps of regions of economic interest. There is a
561:
The Sub-Andean Zone and the
Northern and Eastern Lowlands share a common ancient history but have since the Andean orogeny developed into two distinct zones. While both zones share essentially the same old
835:
deposit. It is located in the SerranĂa de El MutĂşn, also called Cerro MutĂşn or SerranĂa de
Jacadigo in Brazil. The shield also underlies Serrania Caparuch or Huanchaca which is the inspiration for the
1301:
The geologic and geomorphic evolution of
Serrania Huanchaca, eastern Bolivia: the legendary 'Lost World'. M Litherland and G Power: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol 2, No 1, 1–17, 1989.
322:
The
Western Cordillera is made up by a series of active and extinct volcanoes rising from the western edge of the Altiplano plateau. This range divides the Chilean watersheds of
294:. Climate has responded to the formation of this important topographic barrier. It is not clear, however, if the rise of the Andes simply caused the extreme aridity of
1509:
797:
1312:
968:
953:
392:. The origin of the Altiplano and its great height has long been major question among geologists. Today the Altiplano is believed to have been an early
302:
and associated low erosion rates allowed the mountains to build up to their current heights. A hypothesis holds that scarce sediment supply to the
153:. On a synoptic scale, geological units coincide with topographical units. The country is divided into a mountainous western area affected by the
1008:"...like tectonics, nonuniform erosion due to large-scale climate patterns is a first-order control on the topographic evolution of the Andes."
1396:
419:, neither of which are currently being commercially exploited for lithium. Salt is extracted from the saltars in minor amounts to be sold as
1247:
Jones, J.P (1985), "The southern border of the Guaporé Shield in western Brazil and
Bolivia: An interpretation of its geologic evolution",
278:
before the Andes rose. It has been hypothesized that the central Andes gained its great height 26 to 14 mya as result of a compressive
980:
901:
1172:
1145:
1118:
286:
beneath
Bolivia and neighboring areas. The great heights of the Altiplano, Codillera Occidental and Cordillera Oriental are
827:. As of 1985 the rocks of Guaporé Shield were considered to be poorly known. Near the Brazilian border the iron deposit of
697:
1368:
813:
sediments into the Andes. It has been suggested that weaknesses in the shield were responsible for the formation of the
837:
1389:
1222:
934:
330:
Altiplano basin. The western volcanoes of
Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a major upper
1323:
1069:
1499:
771:
385:
365:
218:
170:
877:
1350:. M Litherland and others: Overseas Memoir 9, British Geological Survey, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1986.
601:
584:
fluids have accumulated. The limit between the fold and thrust belt and the
Eastern Lowlands is drawn by the
554:
389:
198:
1382:
862:
605:
186:
217:
that bring testimony of past climate changes and lake cycles. The eastern lowlands and sub-Andean zone in
1532:
585:
464:, the bend of South America's coastline at the Peru-Chile border. North of the bend Cordillera Central's
1035:
Baker, M.C.W; Francis, P.W (1978), "Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes – Ages and Volumes",
1019:
742:
milieu and are mostly covered by Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. The bulk of these deposits are now
850:
524:
201:
that rather than being a range by its own is the eastern continuation of the Central Cordillera as a
1504:
1413:
1405:
991:"precipitation and erosion may influence the kinematics and locus of tectonic activity in orogens."
696:, but new interpretations consider them to be of marine origin but still glacially influenced. The
516:
150:
801:
468:
are northwest-southeast oriented while south of it they are north-south oriented. These bodies of
942:
867:
1162:
1135:
1108:
456:
Cordillera Oriental is made up of a bended arc of plutons. The bend occurs at the latitude of
641:
536:
222:
1048:
849:
published geochemical atlas. Most of this data is summarised in an "Overseas Memoir" of the
1476:
1421:
1256:
1197:
1044:
739:
609:
589:
573:
202:
240:. Further east close to the border with Brazil lies the Guaporé Shield, made up of stable
8:
1487:
1466:
1456:
1441:
673:
520:
372:
The Altiplano plateau or Meseta del Collasuyu to differentiate it from other Andean high
182:
1260:
1201:
334:
volcanic province. Volcanic eruptions in Bolivia are scarce, the latest one occurred in
1471:
1446:
1092:
Magmatie and Metallogenetie Episodes in the Northern Tin Belt, Cordillera Real, Bolivia
842:
751:
681:
566:
158:
274:. The western margin of what is now South America had been the place of several other
1451:
1431:
1268:
1209:
1168:
1141:
1114:
1056:
733:
669:
481:
440:
237:
233:
226:
902:"The Use of Solar Energy for Improving the Living Conditions in Altiplano/Argentina"
1436:
1264:
1205:
1188:
Litherland, M; Bloomfield, K (1981), "The proterozoic history of eastern Bolivia",
1052:
1002:
908:
700:
for these channel systems has been likened to that on the floor of the present day
621:
563:
489:
323:
205:. Between the Occidental and Central Cordillera the approximately 3,750-meter-high
162:
1160:
1133:
1106:
969:
The role of climate in high plateau formation. Insights from numerical experiments
1461:
1090:
Sandra L. McBride, Ronald C. R. Robertson, Alan H. Clark and Edward Farrar. 1983.
938:
633:
629:
577:
361:
352:
327:
291:
279:
146:
270:
The Andes of Bolivia began to rise about 200 million years ago (mya) during the
527:
form the northern, highly uplifted and eroded, part of the Central Cordillera.
497:
412:
393:
303:
299:
295:
253:
376:
is a wide and long-lived intermontane sedimentary basin with no outlet; it is
189:(in some contexts also called Cordillera Oriental) once extensively mined for
1526:
882:
693:
677:
340:
263:
210:
61:
23:
1374:
721:
701:
473:
416:
343:
rises up to 100 km away from the main line of the Western Cordillera.
307:
209:
high plateau extends. This basin hosts several freshwater lakes, including
1226:
931:
818:
806:
775:
713:
705:
581:
572:, the strata at the Sub-Andean Zone have been folded and thrusted into a
513:
335:
283:
241:
126:
41:
Major geological units (left) in Bolivia coincide with topography (right)
828:
796:
basins. The shield expresses itself topographically as a large elevated
778:
Guaporé Shield (also called Central Brazil Shield) makes up most of the
1281:
1091:
971:. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 257, 372–390, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.039
810:
790:
755:
665:
645:
637:
617:
493:
457:
452:
landscapes are common in the Central Cordillera and the Sub-Andean Zone
420:
311:
154:
116:
80:
51:
817:. The East-West RĂo Mercedes Line in the GuaporĂ© Shield hosts several
1070:
Cenozoic evolution of the Central Andes in Bolivia and northern Chile
1020:
Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes
824:
814:
685:
661:
465:
377:
230:
206:
142:
32:
1348:
The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Bolivian Precambrian Shield
1282:"Serrania Mutun, Chiquitos Province, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia"
872:
509:
445:
357:
169:
is divided into three main ranges; these are from west to east: the
832:
793:
786:
783:
743:
717:
712:
deformation associated with the Andean orogeny forced hydrocarbons
709:
688:
filled channels. In the 1970s these sandstone were interpreted as
613:
477:
461:
381:
331:
287:
271:
214:
106:
96:
70:
821:
779:
759:
747:
689:
628:-bearing. The fold and thrust belt makes up the framework of the
492:
have been interpreted as an effect of two temporary decreases in
485:
469:
449:
408:
401:
397:
373:
275:
178:
660:
The geology of the eastern lowlands is dominated by the ancient
258:
1363:
1161:
A. J. Tankard; Ramiro Suárez Soruco; Herman J. Welsink (1995).
1134:
A. J. Tankard; Ramiro Suárez Soruco; Herman J. Welsink (1995).
1107:
A. J. Tankard; Ramiro Suárez Soruco; Herman J. Welsink (1995).
625:
569:
550:
546:
505:
424:
190:
954:
Neogene climate change and uplift in the Atacama Desert, Chile
1167:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. p. 178.
1140:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. p. 180.
1113:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. p. 175.
649:
500:. This arc of magmatic material hosts Bolivia's widely known
428:
407:
The Bolivian Altiplano hosts the world's largest reserves of
174:
166:
157:
processes in the Pacific and an eastern lowlands of stable
1081:
Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems. Pages 376–381.
1001:
David R. Montgomery, Greg Balco and Sean D. Willett. 2001
648:
and its fertile valley. This fault zone is related to the
541:
501:
194:
266:
is one of several volcanoes along Cordillera Occidental
1313:"BGS Technical Cooperation in Latin America (1965–90)"
411:. These reserves are in the salt-saturated waters of
1187:
314:
process that enhanced the Andean mountain building.
1003:
Climate, tectonics, and the morphology of the Andes
981:
Tectonics and Climate of the Southern Central Andes
476:composition were formed in two episodes: the Early
652:elbow and the bend in the Andes at this latitude.
636:and other rivers. Currently one of Bolivia's most
298:and adjacent parts of Bolivia or if a preexisting
963:
961:
1524:
738:The Northern Lowlands are and have long been a
680:, the Chaco-Tarija Basin was covered by thick
530:
958:
588:, a north-south range representing the Andean
460:and corresponds to eastward projection of the
1390:
985:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1511:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1404:
1034:
364:in the southern Altiplano lies just east of
1397:
1383:
1320:British Geological Survey Technical Report
396:of the "proto-Andes" that got uplifted by
290:compensated by an up to 70 km deep
540:
444:
356:
257:
1310:
1223:"METALLIFEROUS ORE DEPOSITS OF BOLIVIA"
1102:
1100:
595:
1525:
1378:
1246:
434:
317:
1097:
727:
488:(19–8 Ma). The emplacement of these
346:
306:caused by arid climate induced high
1037:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
704:, which was influenced by repeated
655:
512:. These mineralizations are of the
368:'s volcanoes (background mountain).
13:
1094:. Geologische Rundschau. Vol. 72.
831:stands out as the world's largest
14:
1544:
1356:
1322:(WC191125): 19–28. Archived from
1164:Petroleum Basins of South America
1137:Petroleum Basins of South America
1110:Petroleum Basins of South America
1068:Lamb, Hoke, Kennan, Dewey. 1996.
765:
644:, located just below the city of
141:comprises a variety of different
1362:
380:. The Altiplano is an infill of
31:
22:
1341:
1304:
1295:
1274:
1240:
1215:
1181:
1154:
1127:
1084:
1075:
754:have created a large number of
720:shales to migrate to shallower
545:To reach the lowlands north of
1062:
1028:
1012:
995:
974:
967:Garcia-Castellanos, D., 2007.
947:
925:
894:
1:
888:
1269:10.1016/0301-9268(85)90076-2
1210:10.1016/0301-9268(81)90027-9
1057:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90008-0
878:San CristĂłbal mine (Bolivia)
863:List of volcanoes in Bolivia
672:Basin that has considerable
531:Lowlands and Sub-Andean zone
173:that makes up the border to
7:
856:
504:belt as well as the famous
10:
1549:
1311:Mathers, S J, ed. (1991).
731:
694:late Paleozoic glaciations
534:
519:type that are typical for
438:
350:
251:
89: Cretaceous age rocks
1485:
1412:
1406:Geology of South America
851:British Geological Survey
782:but is mostly covered by
770:In the north and east of
326:and the Pacific from the
932:Geology of the Altiplano
698:depositional environment
521:convergent plate margins
247:
213:as well as salt-covered
177:and host several active
151:sedimentary environments
1049:1978E&PSL..41..175B
943:Oregon State University
197:and the relatively low
1018:Lamb and Davis. 2003.
868:Natural gas in Bolivia
805:to extend beneath the
708:glaciations. The late
586:SerranĂa del AguaragĂĽe
558:
453:
369:
267:
802:SerranĂas Chiquitanas
772:Santa Cruz Department
642:Cochabamba Fault Zone
544:
537:Andean Foreland Basin
448:
386:Cordillera Occidental
366:Cordillera Occidental
360:
351:Further information:
261:
171:Cordillera Occidental
1371:at Wikimedia Commons
1249:Precambrian Research
1190:Precambrian Research
674:hydrocarbon reserves
630:hydrographic network
624:, some of which are
610:fold and thrust belt
596:Fold and thrust belt
574:fold and thrust belt
382:sedimentary material
238:hydrocarbon reserves
236:that hosts valuable
203:fold and thrust belt
1261:1985PreR...28..111J
1202:1981PreR...15..157L
602:Cordillera Oriental
600:The relatively low
555:Cordillera Oriental
390:Cordillera Oriental
199:Cordillera Oriental
119:-Silurian age rocks
83:-Tertiary volcanics
1533:Geology of Bolivia
1369:Geology of Bolivia
937:2013-12-06 at the
758:and added copious
752:sediment transport
606:Cordillera Central
604:, located east of
559:
454:
435:Eastern Cordillera
423:after being added
398:crustal shortening
370:
318:Western Cordillera
268:
244:crystalline rock.
227:Tarija Departments
187:Cordillera Central
139:geology of Bolivia
1520:
1519:
1492:other territories
1367:Media related to
1329:on August 4, 2008
1174:978-0-89181-341-5
1147:978-0-89181-341-5
1120:978-0-89181-341-5
809:Tarija-Chaco and
800:located north of
734:Ucayali Peneplain
728:Northern Lowlands
557:has to be passed.
494:subduction angles
441:Bolivian tin belt
347:Altiplano plateau
262:6,542 meter high
234:sedimentary basin
60: Quaternary
43:Geological units:
1540:
1512:
1500:Falkland Islands
1414:Sovereign states
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
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1244:
1238:
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1235:
1234:
1225:. Archived from
1219:
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1178:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1125:
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978:
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956:
951:
945:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
913:
907:. Archived from
906:
898:
774:the crystalline
656:Eastern Lowlands
608:, are part of a
578:structural traps
417:Salar de Coipasa
324:Salar de Atacama
229:was once an old
129:undifferentiated
124:
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939:Wayback Machine
930:
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917:
915:
911:
904:
900:
899:
895:
891:
859:
768:
762:to the rivers.
736:
730:
722:stratigraphical
658:
598:
539:
533:
525:Cordillera Real
496:of the ancient
443:
437:
362:Laguna Colorada
355:
353:Altiplano Basin
349:
341:stratovolcanoes
320:
256:
250:
165:. The Bolivian
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1357:External links
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1255:(2): 111–135,
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766:Guaporé Shield
764:
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684:that included
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597:
594:
532:
529:
517:mineralization
498:Farallon Plate
490:igneous bodies
436:
433:
413:Salar de Uyuni
394:foreland basin
348:
345:
319:
316:
308:shear stresses
304:Atacama Trench
300:desert climate
296:Atacama Desert
254:Andean orogeny
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678:Carboniferous
676:. During the
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640:zones is the
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1324:the original
1319:
1306:
1297:
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1284:. mindat.org
1276:
1252:
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1227:the original
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909:the original
896:
847:
836:
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740:depositional
737:
702:Labrador Sea
664:sedimentary
659:
612:and exposes
599:
590:thrust front
560:
455:
406:
402:Late Miocene
371:
321:
269:
138:
136:
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843:Conan Doyle
819:Proterozoic
815:Arica Elbow
807:Phanerozoic
776:Precambrian
756:oxbow lakes
706:Pleistocene
582:hydrocarbon
564:sedimentary
553:-vegetated
462:Arica elbow
336:Irruputuncu
284:lithosphere
242:Precambrian
145:as well as
143:lithologies
127:Precambrian
1288:2006-10-20
1233:2010-05-24
1196:(2): 157,
1043:(2): 175,
918:2010-05-25
889:References
838:Lost World
825:intrusions
811:Beni Basin
798:hinterland
791:Quaternary
732:See also:
646:Cochabamba
618:Ordovician
535:See also:
484:) and the
466:batholiths
458:Cochabamba
439:See also:
421:table salt
384:from both
312:subduction
252:See also:
223:Chuquisaca
219:Santa Cruz
183:geothermal
155:subduction
117:Ordovician
81:Cretaceous
52:Quaternary
1477:Venezuela
1422:Argentina
787:laterites
744:laterites
692:from the
686:sandstone
682:sequences
662:Paleozoic
634:Pilcomayo
480:(199–180
378:endorheic
328:endorheic
276:orogenies
231:Paleozoic
215:dry lakes
207:Altiplano
179:volcanoes
159:platforms
109:age rocks
99:age rocks
62:volcanics
1527:Category
1467:Suriname
1457:Paraguay
1442:Colombia
987:, 2007.
935:Archived
857:See also
833:iron ore
829:El MutĂşn
794:alluvial
784:Tertiary
760:meanders
746:. River
724:levels.
718:Devonian
710:Cenozoic
614:Silurian
567:platform
514:porphyry
508:mine of
478:Mesozoic
470:granitic
374:plateaux
332:Cenozoic
272:Jurassic
147:tectonic
107:Silurian
97:Devonian
73:deposits
71:Tertiary
54:deposits
1472:Uruguay
1447:Ecuador
1427:Bolivia
1333:8 April
1257:Bibcode
1198:Bibcode
1045:Bibcode
822:diabase
780:bedrock
748:erosion
714:sourced
690:tillite
638:seismic
486:Neogene
450:Erosion
409:lithium
400:in the
310:in the
282:of the
280:failure
185:areas,
163:shields
1452:Guyana
1432:Brazil
1171:
1144:
1117:
1024:Nature
1006:Cite:
989:Cite:
873:PotosĂ
670:Tarija
626:fossil
622:strata
580:where
570:strata
551:Yungas
547:La Paz
523:. The
510:PotosĂ
506:silver
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225:, and
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1327:(PDF)
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912:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
666:Chaco
650:Arica
576:with
429:Chile
427:from
292:crust
248:Andes
175:Chile
167:Andes
1462:Peru
1335:2017
1169:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1115:ISBN
789:and
750:and
620:age
616:and
549:the
415:and
388:and
193:and
181:and
161:and
149:and
137:The
1490:and
1265:doi
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1053:doi
841:of
716:in
632:of
502:tin
472:to
195:tin
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