Geography of Norway

753: 3075:). Spruce and pine make up the tree line in some mountain areas with a more continental climate. Alpine plants are common in this zone. The birch forest 1,320 metres (4,330 ft) above sea level at Sikilsdalshorn is the highest tree line in Norway, while a birch at 1,404 m ASL in Veodal, Jotunheimen, is the highest growing single tree. The tree line is lower closer to the coast and in areas with lower mountains, due to cooler summers, more wind near mountain summits, and more snow in the winter (coastal mountains) leading to later snowmelt. The NB zone covers large areas at 750–950 metres (2,460–3,120 ft) altitude in the interior of Østlandet; is 800–1,200 metres (2,600–3,900 ft) in the central mountain areas; but at the western coast the tree line is down to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) above sea level, increasing significantly in the long fjords (1,100 metres (3,600 ft) at the head of 491: 2689: 1301: 3118:) to divide this zone into two subzones, as the conifers will usually not grow as high up as the mountain birch. Spruce and pine grow at nearly 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level in some areas of Jotunheimen, down to 400 metres (1,300 ft) in Bergen (900 metres (3,000 ft) at the head of Sognefjord), 900 metres (3,000 ft) at Lillehammer (mountains near Oslo are too low to have a tree line), 500 metres (1,600 ft) at Trondheim (750 metres (2,460 ft) at Oppdal), 350 metres (1,150 ft) at Narvik, 200 metres (660 ft) at Harstad, 250 metres (820 ft) at Alta; and the most northerly pine forest in the world is in 2391: 2248: 1199: 2131: 3499: 700: 907: 459: 3099:). Areas south of this line are tundra-like with scattered patches of mountain birch woodland (forest tundra) and become alpine tundra even at minor elevations. The trees near the tree line are often bent by snow, wind, and growing-season frost; and their height is only 2–4 metres (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in). Outside Norway (and adjacent areas in Sweden), the only other areas in the world with the tree line mostly made up by a small-leaved deciduous tree such as birch—in contrast to conifers—are 503: 366: 3048: 3199: 1324:). As a consequence of warming since 1990, summers are warmer and longer and winters are getting shorter and milder. With the new official 1991-2020 climate normal, many areas have seen their climate change to a new climate zone compared to 1961-90 normal. Snow cover has also decreased in most populated areas due to winter warming. The strongest warming has been observed on Svalbard. In addition to warming, precipitation has increased in most areas, especially in winter, increasing 5653: 765: 963: 3511: 3210: 2751: 3308: 2883: 2452: 2330: 1102: 398: 2513: 380:(EEZ) totals 2,385,178 km (920,922 sq mi). It is one of the largest in Europe and the 17th-largest in the world. The EEZ along the mainland makes up 878,575 km (339,220 sq mi), the Jan Mayen EEZ makes up 29,349 km (11,332 sq mi), and since 1977 Norway has claimed an economic zone around Svalbard of 803,993 km (310,423 sq mi). Norway also has maritime claims of 10 3036: 1240: 3437: 2944: 1231:) have a more continental climate with generally less precipitation, and precipitation peaks in summer and early autumn, while winter and spring tend to be driest. A large area in the interior of Finnmark receive less than 450 mm (17.7 in) of precipitation annually. Some valleys surrounded by mountains get very scarce precipitation, and often need irrigation in summer. 3425: 2181:, are classified as western due to their need for high humidity or low tolerance of winter frost; these will stay close to the southwestern coast, with their northern limit near Ålesund. Plants classified as eastern need comparatively more summer sunshine, with less humidity, but can tolerate cold winters. These will often occur in the southeast and inland areas: examples being 3135: 3063:, bordering the alpine or polar area, and dominated by a harsh subarctic climate. There are at least 30 summer days with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or more, up to about two months. The trees grow very slowly and generally do not get very large. The forest is not as dense as further south or at lower altitudes and is known as the mountain forest ( 3195:. Higher up (mid-alpine tundra) the plants become smaller; mosses and lichens are more predominant; and plants still cover most of the ground, even if snowfields lasting into mid-summer and permafrost are common. At the highest elevations (high-alpine tundra) the ground is dominated by bare rock, snow, and glaciers, with few plants. 2574:. In the valleys of the south, this vegetation might exist up to 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft) above sea level. The zone follows the lowland of the west coast and into the largest fjords, reaching an elevation of 150 metres (490 ft) there, even to 300 metres (980 ft) in some sheltered fjords and valleys in 3569:. The total number of species in Norway are expected to rise due to new species arriving. Norwegians are statistically among the most worried when it comes to global warming and its effects, even if Norway is among the countries expected to be least negatively affected by global warming, with some possible gains. 2306:—grow only in Canada and Greenland. It is unknown whether these survived the ice age on some mountain peak penetrating the ice, or spread from further south in Europe, or why did they not spread to other mountainous regions of Europe. Some alpine species have a wider distribution and grow in Siberia, such as 3067:). The NB zone covers a total of 28% of the total land area of Norway, including almost half of Finnmark, where the mountain birch grows down to sea level. The lower part of this zone also has conifers, but the tree line in Norway is mostly formed by mountain birch, a subspecies of downy birch (subspecies 2550:(PA0436). The nemoral species tend to predominate on slopes facing southwest and with good soil, while the boreal species predominate on slopes facing north and with waterlogged soil. In some areas, other factors overrule this, such as where the bedrock gives little nutrient, where oak and the boreal 2998:

are examples of species in this zone that do not grow further north or higher up. MB is located at an altitude of 400–750 metres (1,310–2,460 ft) in Østlandet, up to 800 metres (2,600 ft) in the southern valleys, 300–600 metres (980–1,970 ft) (800 metres (2,600 ft) at the head of

335:

several millimetres a year. This rebound is greatest in the eastern part of the country and in the inner parts of the long fjords, where the ice cover was thickest. This is a slow process, and for thousands of years following the end of the ice age, the sea covered substantial areas of what is today

237:

Norway has an elongated shape, one of the longest and most rugged coastlines in the world, and there are a total of 320,249 islands and islets along much-indented coastline, according to Kartverket (the official Norwegian mapping agency). (239,057 islands and 81,192 islets). It is one of the world's

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The typical closed-canopy forest of the Middle Boreal (MB) zone is dominated by boreal plant species. The MB vegetation covers a total of 20% of the total land area. Norway spruce is the dominant tree in large areas in the interior of Østlandet, Sørlandet, Trøndelag, and Helgeland and the MB and SB

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vegetation zone. This zone is located below 150 metres (490 ft) above sea level and at most 30 kilometres (19 mi) inland along the valleys. This is the predominant vegetation zone in Europe north of southern France, the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Caucasus. The hallmark of this zone in

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In addition to oil and natural gas, hydroelectric power, and fish and forest resources, Norway has reserves of ferric and nonferric metal ores. Many of these have been exploited in the past but whose mines are now idle because of low-grade purity and high operating costs. Europe's largest titanium

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ecoregion (PA1110). This region seems to include both mountain areas with alpine tundra and lowland forests, essentially all the area outside the natural range of Norway spruce forests. This ecoregion thus shows a very large range of climatic and environmental conditions, from the temperate forest

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in the mountains of Norway. These species cannot tolerate summers that are comparatively long and warm, nor are they able to compete with plants adapted to a longer and warmer growing season. Many alpine plants are common in the North Boreal zone and some in the Middle Boreal zone, but their main

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have died. Due to lower emissions in Europe, acid rain in Norway has decreased by 40% from 1980 to 2003. Another concern is a possible increase in extreme weather. In the future, climate models predict increased precipitation, especially in the areas with currently high precipitation, and also

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is the most northerly location in the world where all winter months have mean temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F). Temperature differences between the north and south are greatest in the spring; this is also the time of year when daytime and nighttime temperatures differ the most. Inland

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Norway is among Europe's wettest countries, but with large variation in precipitation amount due to the terrain with mountain chains resulting in orographic precipitation but also creating rain shadows. In some regions, locations with vastly different precipitation amounts can be fairly close.

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The coast experiences milder winters than other areas at the same latitudes. The average temperature difference between the coldest month and the warmest is only 10–15 °C (18–27 °F) in coastal areas. The differences of inland areas are larger, with a maximum difference of 28 °C

2154:) and mountains creating barriers, while in America land is contiguous and the mountains follow a north–south direction. Recent research using DNA-studies of spruce and pine and lake sediments have proven that Norwegian conifers survived the ice age in ice-free refuges to the north as far as 524:

Mainland Norway comprises an extensive range of natural variation, given its moderate size, including both terrestrial, marine, limnic and snow and ice ecosystems. Norway has a high mineral and bedrock diversity, and high diversity of landforms. Major landscape types include inland hills and

2964:(the Siberian spruce variant occurs in the Pasvik valley), due to mountain ranges blocking their advance, but is often planted in MB areas further north for economic reasons, contributing to a different landscape. Birch is usually dominant in these northern areas; but pine, aspen, rowan, 3148:

Alpine tundra is common in Norway, covering a total of 32% of the land area (excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen) and belonging to the Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands ecoregion (PA1110). The area closest to the tree line (low alpine) has continuous plant cover, with

26: 2067:

and 3,500 species of saltwater invertebrates. About 40,000 of these species have been scientifically described. In the summer of 2010, scientific exploration in Finnmark discovered 126 species of insects new to Norway, of which 54 species were new to science.

2773:. Several species in this zone need fairly warm summers (SB has 3–4 months with a mean 24-hr temperature of at least 10 °C (50 °F)), and thus are very rare in the middle boreal zone. Some of the species not found further north are black alder, 884:) is again dominated by steep mountains going all the way to the coast and by numerous fjords. The fjords and valleys generally lie in a west–east direction in the southern part of this area, and a more northwest–southeast direction further north. The 2708:

are common in the boreal zone, with the largest areas in the North and Middle Boreal Zones, as well as in the area just above the tree line. The large boreal zone is usually divided into three subzones: South Boreal, Middle Boreal, and North Boreal.

3546:, and salmon fish farming threatening the wild salmon by spawning in the rivers, thereby diluting the fish DNA. Acid rain has damaged lakes, rivers and forests, especially in the southernmost part of the country, and most wild salmon populations in 3079:). Further north, large areas in the interior highlands or uplands of Trøndelag and North Norway are dominated by the NB zone, with the tree line at about 800 metres (2,600 ft) amsl in the interior of Trøndelag, 600 metres (2,000 ft) in 3609: 2079:, are listed because they are endangered globally, even if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered. There are 430 species of fungi on the red list, many of these are closely associated with the small remaining areas of 3224:, at 2,062 metres (6,765 ft)—has barely three months of above freezing temperatures and a July average of 2.7 °C (36.9 °F). Still, glacier buttercup has been found only 100 metres (330 ft) below the summit of 728:) is dominated by valleys running in a north–south direction in the eastern part, and in a more northwest–southeast direction further west, the valleys terminating at the Oslofjord. The longest valleys in the country are here— 2801:. Along the southwestern coast, the zone reaches an elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft) at the head of large fjords (such as in Lærdal), and about 300 metres (980 ft) nearer to the coast. Norway spruce is lacking in 2720:

ecoregion (PA0520) in coastal areas with mild winters and frequent rainfall follows the coast from south of Stavanger north to southern Troms and includes both hemiboreal and boreal areas. Bordering the latter region is the

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valleys and the innermost fjord areas have less wind and see the warmest summer days. Inland areas reach their peak warmth around mid-July and coastal areas by the first half of August. Humidity is usually low in summer.

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might melt altogether in summer, threatening the survival of the polar bear on Svalbard. Both terrestrial and aquatic species are expected to shift northwards, and this is already observed for some species; the growing

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area of distribution is on the alpine tundra in the Scandinavian Mountains and on the Arctic tundra. Many of the hardiest species have adapted by ripening seeds over more than one summer. Examples of alpine species are

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population is spreading northwards and eastwards, with 2008 being the first hunting season which saw more red deer (35,700) than moose shot. Migratory birds are arriving earlier; trees are coming into leaf earlier;

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Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and winter along the coast, while April to June is the driest. The innermost parts of the long fjords are somewhat drier. The regions east of the mountain chain (including

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have been able to bear seed and spread. Less than half of the 2,630 plant species in modern Norway are native species. About 210 species of plants growing in Norway are listed as endangered, 13 of which are

4222: 2201:

grow in the river valleys of eastern Finnmark. There are species which seem to thrive in between these extremes, such as the southern plants, where both winter and summer climate is important (such as

1214:, raising the air temperature; the prevailing southwesterlies bringing mild air onshore; and the general southwest–northeast orientation of the coast, which allows the westerlies to penetrate into the 3879: 2146:

in Norway than in areas in western North America with a similar climate. This is because European north–south migration routes after the ice age are more difficult, with bodies of water (such as the

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are also common. The low alpine area was traditionally used as summer pasture, and in part still is. This zone reaches an elevation of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in Jotunheimen, including most of

2700:

Boreal species are adapted to a long and cold winter, and most of these species can tolerate colder winter temperatures than winters in most of Norway. Thus they are distinguished by their need for

2087:. As of 2006, 1,988 current species are listed as endangered or vulnerable, of which 939 are listed as vulnerable, 734 as endangered, and 285 as critically endangered in Norway, among them the gray 978:

archipelago, which is also dominated by mountains that are mostly covered by large glaciers, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago, where glaciers cover more than 90%, with one glacier,

384:(18.5 km; 11.5 mi) for the contiguous zone, 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) for the continental shelf, and 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) for the territorial sea. 800:

north of Stavanger) is dominated by the mountain chain, as the mountains extend, gradually becoming lower, all the way to the coast. This region is dominated by large fjords, the largest being

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predict more episodes with heavy precipitation within a short period, which can cause landslides and local floods. Winters will probably be significant milder, and the sea-ice cover in the

2290:. A well-known anomaly is the 30 American alpine species, which in Europe only grow in two mountainous parts of Norway: the Dovre–Trollheimen and Jotunheim mountains in the south; and the 355:

Of its 2,515 km (1,563 mi) land boundary, it shares 1,619 km (1,006 mi) with Sweden, 729 km (453 mi) with Finland, and 196 km (122 mi) with Russia.

816:(small, uninhabited islands—the Skjærgård) that are parallel to the coast and provide the beginning of a protected passage for almost the entire 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) route from 2976:

and is taller (6–12 metres (20–39 ft)) than the birch growing near the tree line. Conifers will grow taller. Some alpine plants grow in the MB zone; nemoral species are rare. The

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The North Atlantic Current splits in two over the northern part of the Norwegian Sea, one branch going east into the Barents Sea and the other going north along the west coast of

1289:, the sea used to be frozen during most of the year, but warming has led to open waters lasting noticeably longer. Atlantic lows bringing mild winds in winter further warmed by 629:, and reaches the border with Sweden, where they have become mostly gently sloping plateaus. The mountains then follow the border in a northeasterly direction and are known as 3091:

plateau is at an altitude placing it almost exactly at the tree line. The last patch of NB zone gives way to tundra at sea level about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the

2765:, and covers a total of 12% of the total land area. The SB is the only boreal zone with a few scattered—but well-developed—warmth-demanding broadleaf deciduous trees, such as 2566:. In Oslo, this zone reaches to an elevation of 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level. It also reaches into some of the lower valleys and just reaches the lowland around 752: 3582: 2001:

lake, causing a 40-metre (130 ft) tsunami which killed 61 people. It happened again in the same place in 1936, this time with 73 victims. 40 people were killed in

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mountain range is an exception, as the valley runs in a more north–south direction from these mountains. This long, narrow area includes many large islands, such as

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and 500 metres (1,600 ft) in the most southern valleys. In the eastern valleys it reaches several hundred kilometers into Gudbrandsdal and Østerdal, and up to

2402: 4230: 3982: 3592: 3484:(6.3%), lakes and rivers (5.3%), and urban areas (1.1%). Over time, wilderness areas have decreased due to human intervention. In 2008, Environment Norway ( 2813:. Most of the lowland in Trøndelag below 180 metres (590 ft) elevation is SB, up to 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level in inland valleys such as 688:

in the east. In this part of the country, valleys tend to follow a north–south direction. This area is mostly hilly, but with some very flat areas such as

529:

broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra only in the extreme northeast (largely found on the

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the long fjords) on the southwest coast, and 180–450 metres (590–1,480 ft) in Trøndelag (700 metres (2,300 ft) in the interior, as at Røros and

2142:

Natural vegetation in Norway varies considerably, as can be expected in a country with such variation in latitude. There are generally fewer species of

5610: 3251:

ecoregion (PA1106). Svalbard and Jan Mayen have tundra vegetation except for areas covered by glaciers; and some areas, such as the cliffs at southern

3003:). Further north, MB is common in the lowland: up to 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level in Lofoten and Vesterålen, 200 metres (660 ft) at 2754: 4505: 4456: 4165: 4075: 3964: 3083:, 500 metres (1,600 ft) at Narvik, 400 metres (1,300 ft) at Tromsø, 200 metres (660 ft) at Kirkenes and 100 metres (330 ft) at 2722: 2712:

The boreal zones in Norway belong to three ecoregions. The area dominated by spruce forests (some birch, pine, willow, aspen) mostly belong to the

3795: 3998: 525:

mountains, inland valleys, inland plains, coastal plains, coastal fjords and coastal hills and mountains. Glaciated; mostly high plateaus and

4712: 4030: 3636: 3631: 937:

and eastern Finnmark) is less dominated by mountains, and is mostly below 400 m (1,300 ft). The interior is dominated by the large

2027:

than almost any other European country. There are approximately 60,000 species of plant and animal life in Norway and adjacent waters. The

1994: 1293:

can give warm temperatures in narrow fjords in winter, Compared to coastal areas, inland valleys and the innermost fjord areas have larger

4317: 3677: 2980:(undergrowth) is usually well developed if the forest is not too dense. Many plants do not grow further north: grey alder, silver birch, 2263: 2587: 824:. In the south, fjords and most valleys generally run in a west–east direction, and, in the north, in a northwest–southeast direction. 64: 2845:

are dominated by Middle Boreal zone vegetation in the lowland. There are small isolated areas with SB vegetation further north, as in

2170:. The national parks in Norway are mostly located in mountain areas; about 2% of the productive forests in the country are protected. 320:

in the higher mountain areas today are not remnants of the large ice sheet of the ice age—their origins are more recent. The regional

344:

The total area of Norway is 324,220 km (125,180 sq mi), with 16,360 km (6,320 sq mi) being water. With

4426: 4396: 4303: 4289: 4253: 3007:, 100 metres (330 ft) at Tromsø, 130–200 metres (430–660 ft) in inland valleys in Troms, and the lowland at the head of 1166: 5885: 5522: 4551: 3844: 5573: 1138: 906: 5728: 5117: 5703: 3614: 3598: 913: 684:

coast is the lowland south of the mountain range, from Stavanger in the west to the western reaches of the outer part of the

526: 3773: 4840: 4685: 4105: 3777: 3465: 3329: 2904: 2809:

is an exception). North of Ålesund, SB vegetation predominates in the lowland down to sea level, including islands such as

2717: 2473: 2351: 1145: 1119: 419: 328:, (relative to the 1961-90 period), melting the remaining glaciers in the mountains almost completely during that period. 5824: 4770: 2947:

In most of Norway, the middle boreal zone is dominated by spruce forest, but with some agriculture as well. September in

490: 3267:; they have the highest summer temperatures and the very dry climate makes for little snow and thus comparatively early 5754: 5713: 5245: 2960:

spruce forests are the commercially most important in Norway. Spruce does not grow naturally north of Saltfjell in mid-

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Due to the large latitudinal range of the country and its varied topography and climate, Norway has a higher number of

4680: 5870: 5175: 4705: 4658: 4637: 4617: 4603: 4593: 4380: 4135: 4045: 3490:) referred changing land use as one of the most important factors for endangered species and declining biodiversity. 3355: 3126:. There are some forests in this part of the NB zone; and some conifers can grow quite large even if growth is slow. 2930: 2499: 2377: 1185: 1152: 641:, where they become more alpine and create many islands after they meet the sea. The Scandinavian mountains form the 445: 242:. The country's average elevation is 460 metres (1,510 ft), and 32 percent of the mainland is located above the 4623: 3337: 2912: 2481: 2359: 1050:, this island is dominated by glaciers and a volcano. As with Bouvet Island, this island is regarded as an external 427: 6197: 5999: 5708: 5578: 3979: 3687: 1015: 1309: 362:

of Norway is 25,148 km (15,626 mi); with islands included, it is 83,281 km (51,748 mi)

5605: 5084: 4977: 4790: 4670: 941:

plateau. There are large, wide fjords running in a north–south direction. This coast lacks the small islands, or

1134: 844:) comprises a more gentle landscape with more rounded shapes and mountains, and with valleys terminating at the 238:

northernmost countries, and it is one of Europe's most mountainous countries, with large areas dominated by the

6159: 5769: 5043: 4815: 3825: 3333: 2908: 2713: 2477: 2355: 1123: 423: 2742:). The Scots pine reaches its altitudinal limit about 200 metres (660 ft) lower than the mountain birch. 2688: 2031:

large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive. The total number of species include 16,000 species of

5913: 5789: 5630: 5489: 5382: 5195: 4254:"Dehardening of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) ecotypes at elevated winter temperatures" 3737: 2312:(Lapland rosebay). Other alpine species are common to the whole Arctic and some grow only in Europe, such as 2251: 1300: 1294: 506:

Waterfalls are common along the western part of the mountain chain, here represented by The Seven Sisters in

3759: 3052: 1263: 6256: 5933: 5583: 5448: 5220: 5058: 5010: 4902: 4897: 4698: 3732: 3717: 1082:

and is located on a snow-free mountain slope, the only station in Antarctica not to be located on the ice.

3016: 6029: 5875: 5784: 5774: 5620: 5615: 5515: 4675: 3702: 3119: 3055:; the autumn colored leaves of the mountain birch, which continue upslope, pine having reached its limit. 2826: 2259: 2028: 4513: 4464: 4173: 4083: 3961: 3043:. The climate here has the greatest continentality and the coldest winters in Norway; north boreal zone. 2390: 6175: 5967: 5918: 5865: 5463: 5415: 5307: 5302: 5110: 5015: 4862: 3727: 3707: 538: 1030:

and mostly covered by glaciers, this island is one of the most remote in the world, inhabited only by

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runs in an east–west direction and is the only large fjord in the country whose mouth is to the east.

6144: 5880: 5718: 5698: 5688: 5020: 4982: 3722: 3697: 3503: 2830: 1079: 325: 3803: 3294:

A warmer climate would push the vegetation zones significantly northwards and to higher elevations.

6149: 5979: 5829: 5819: 5723: 5683: 5600: 5558: 5420: 5267: 4962: 4006: 3712: 3692: 3682: 3667: 3535: 3318: 2893: 2462: 2340: 408: 331:

Even though it has long since been released from the enormous weight of the ice, the land is still

5642: 4027: 6185: 6014: 5794: 5693: 5425: 5387: 4932: 4892: 4872: 4852: 4755: 4057: 3587: 3322: 2897: 2466: 2344: 2308: 2247: 1248: 1159: 1112: 412: 377: 812:

is often regarded as having the ultimate in fjord scenery. The coast is protected by a chain of

533:). Frozen ground all year can also be found in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of 6180: 6139: 6074: 5989: 5943: 5804: 5764: 5759: 5652: 5508: 5367: 5048: 4867: 3288: 3123: 3012: 2693: 2591: 2578:, with nutrient-rich soil. The northernmost locations in the world are several areas along the 2544: 2255: 1075: 598: 570: 336:

dry land. This old seabed is now among the most productive agricultural lands in the country.

239: 199: 4328: 3502:

Norway has established several new national parks the last years. Sørdalen valley (canyon) in

581:

coast, the mountains are found in large parts of the country and intersect the many fjords of

6154: 6009: 5799: 5637: 5568: 5337: 5297: 5277: 5257: 5160: 5103: 5068: 5053: 5000: 4947: 4942: 4917: 4775: 4534: 4487: 4434: 3610:

London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

3248: 3104: 3040: 2547: 2233: 1198: 736:. This region also contains large areas of lowland surrounding the Oslofjord, as well as the 284:, as well as in many earlier ice ages, virtually the entire country was covered with a thick 259: 5038: 3059:

The North Boreal (NB) zone, (also known as open or sparse taiga) is the zone closest to the

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occurs. Nemoral covers a total of 0.5% of the land area (excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen).

2063:, 45 species of freshwater fish, 150 species of saltwater fish, 1,000 species of freshwater 1202:

Köppen climate zones of Norway 1991-2020 (0 °C (32 °F) isotherm for coldest month)

841: 725: 6129: 6019: 5834: 5453: 5272: 4972: 4922: 4882: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4780: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 3464:

at about 970 km (370 sq mi). 38% of land area is covered by forests; 21% by

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ecoregion (PA1101). The lushest areas on these Arctic islands are sheltered fjord areas at

3252: 2539:. This vegetation represents a mix of nemoral and boreal plant species, and belongs to the 2291: 2275: 2241: 2006: 1207: 1023: 2846: 8: 6094: 6024: 5994: 5948: 5923: 5779: 5678: 5473: 5458: 5405: 5352: 5347: 5322: 5180: 5063: 5005: 4967: 4957: 4937: 4927: 4912: 4887: 4857: 4825: 4810: 4785: 4721: 4404: 3672: 3662: 3221: 3000: 2862: 2850: 2785:. This zone is found above the hemiboreal zone, up to 450 metres (1,480 ft) amsl in 2583: 2135: 1339:

Climate data for Oslo - Blindern 1991-2020 (Köppen: Cfb/Dfb) (94 m, extremes since 1900)

1244: 1043: 1027: 930: 821: 654: 281: 5443: 4277: 2130: 618: 6124: 6051: 6041: 5928: 5809: 5742: 5595: 5377: 5327: 5287: 5240: 5235: 5225: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5185: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 4952: 4877: 4847: 4559: 3944: 3924: 3523: 3244: 3240: 3176: 3092: 2989: 2842: 2731: 2603: 2571: 2313: 2229: 2162: 2018: 1990: 1969:

on steep slopes, especially in the northern part of the country and in mountain areas.

1962: 1257: 1047: 833: 530: 370: 3498: 312:. When the ice melted, the sea filled many of these valleys, creating Norway's famous 6221: 6109: 6066: 6046: 5953: 5938: 5908: 5848: 5553: 5540: 5468: 5410: 5372: 5362: 5342: 5332: 5317: 5312: 5292: 5262: 5230: 5215: 5190: 5126: 4654: 4633: 4613: 4599: 4589: 4376: 4353: 4272: 3948: 3619: 3280: 3084: 3080: 3024: 2806: 2623: 2523:

has the highest diversity due to being closest to the migration route from the south.

2167: 2080: 2024: 1965:

with hurricane-strength winds along the coast and in the mountains are not uncommon.

1904: 1857: 1211: 1091: 861: 332: 267: 246:. Its country-length chain of peaks is geologically continuous with the mountains of 2559: 1308:

All populated areas of the Norwegian mainland have temperate or subarctic climates (

483: 6104: 6004: 5860: 5548: 5357: 5282: 5252: 4267: 3936: 3859: 3527: 3469: 3180: 2790: 2778: 2671: 2651: 2427: 2302: 2210: 2194: 2189: 817: 699: 301: 3864: 458: 6230: 6134: 6119: 6056: 5984: 5890: 5625: 4258: 4034: 3986: 3968: 3940: 3781: 3543: 3441: 3429: 2782: 2774: 2676: 2643: 2619: 2579: 2294:, to western Finnmark, in the north. Other than in Norway, these species—such as 2237: 2183: 2174: 2076: 1059: 1055: 873: 845: 677: 574: 475: 195: 46: 4113: 3225: 2727: 594: 545: 119: 6202: 6190: 3641: 3604: 3461: 3284: 3203: 3184: 3167: 3088: 2810: 2701: 2639: 2394: 2296: 2286: 2048: 1051: 1035: 938: 934: 897: 848:, where they open up onto a large lowland area. Further north is the valley of 809: 805: 782: 664:

The Scandinavian Mountains naturally divide the country into physical regions;

610: 586: 519: 495: 479: 467: 271: 255: 211: 3369:

deposits are near the southwest coast. Coal is mined in the Svalbard islands.

3047: 2853:, the most northern location being a narrow strip along the northern shore of 621:. The mountain chain swings eastwards south of Trondheim, with ranges such as 365: 6250: 6235: 6079: 3542:

of the air and water, loss of habitat, damage to cold-water coral reefs from

3260: 3004: 2762: 2655: 2202: 2178: 2107: 2072: 1739: 1275: 1039: 1019: 946: 853: 549: 502: 381: 263: 215: 176: 131: 893: 324:

was up to 1–3 °C (1.8–5.4 °F) warmer in 7000 BC to 3000 BC in the

6114: 5903: 5590: 3647: 3625: 3552: 3161: 3155: 2985: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2766: 2635: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2280: 2270: 2206: 2064: 1986: 971: 733: 293: 106: 4143: 3547: 3019:. This is usually the most northerly area with some farming activity, and 2786: 1251:, the valley floor is often colder than the hillsides above during winter. 837: 717: 5898: 3449: 3381: 3276: 3264: 3192: 3188: 3072: 2994: 2973: 2659: 2599: 2595: 2103: 1974: 1286: 1271: 1206:

The climate of Norway is relatively temperate. This is mainly due to the

983: 885: 774: 770: 764: 658: 642: 606: 590: 219: 3198: 3096: 2575: 2563: 2221: 729: 704: 6036: 5563: 3519: 3413: 3272: 3247:) is a small lowland tundra area which is often considered part of the 3214: 3142: 3076: 2977: 2968:

and grey alder are also common. This MB birch is often a cross between

2802: 2627: 2554:

often share predominance. The boreonemoral zone follows the coast from

2551: 2540: 2531:

zone covers a total of 7% of the land area in Norway, including 80% of

2528: 2435: 2431: 2147: 2115: 2111: 2092: 1998: 1126: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1063: 1003: 916: 801: 797: 622: 614: 602: 582: 463: 352:

included, the total area is 385,199 km (148,726 sq mi).

4690: 2761:

The South Boreal zone (SB) is dominated by boreal species, especially

2532: 2075:

names 3,886 Norwegian species as endangered, 17 of which, such as the

982:, being the largest in Europe. Unlike on the mainland, these glaciers 3927:

and worried publics in an imminent rockslide and tsunami situation".

3539: 3510: 3373: 3172: 3060: 3008: 2858: 2854: 2834: 2814: 2798: 2555: 2520: 2217: 2151: 2096: 2035:(probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 20,000 species of 1982: 1970: 1966: 1329: 1067: 999: 995: 979: 962: 685: 681: 650: 578: 507: 471: 359: 349: 285: 243: 207: 203: 172: 5095: 3307: 3275:

underneath the active layer provide enough moisture. Plants include

2882: 2750: 2516: 2451: 2329: 2155: 2118:

is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland, where the common

1101: 397: 5814: 3562: 3557: 3457: 3393: 3268: 3209: 2961: 2948: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2734:. The area above the conifer treeline is made up of mountain birch 2647: 2536: 2512: 2406: 2083:. There are also 90 species of birds on the list and 25 species of 1283: 1279: 1031: 975: 881: 849: 721: 646: 634: 534: 345: 247: 168: 5500: 3035: 2567: 2216:

Mild temperatures along the coast allow for some hardy species of

1243:

The inland valleys have reliable snow cover in winter; as here in

741: 693: 266:. Geologists hold that all these formed a single range before the 155: 3515: 3481: 3256: 3111: 3100: 2418: 2198: 2002: 1978: 1325: 1278:

somewhat and results in open water throughout the year at higher

1071: 889: 778: 626: 321: 317: 274: 251: 227: 191: 3436: 2869:

cultivation, takes place mostly in the hemiboreal and SB zones.

1282:

than any other place in the Arctic. On the eastern coast of the

1239: 5531: 3409: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3233: 3138: 3020: 2825:. The coastal areas and some fjord areas further north—such as 2084: 2060: 2040: 2032: 1215: 942: 813: 737: 665: 462:

Satellite image of southern Norway, higher areas shown in red.

309: 289: 231: 223: 186: 143: 36: 3011:

is the most northerly area of any size—small pockets exist at

6084: 4354:"Boreal Forests of the World - NORWAY - FORESTS AND FORESTRY" 4001:[More and more insects are being found in Finnmark]. 3566: 3473: 3150: 2952: 2943: 2866: 2692:

Bogs and lakes are common in the boreal zone: Signaldalen in

2667: 2663: 2631: 2414: 2410: 2225: 2119: 2052: 2036: 1320:). Svalbard and Jan Mayen have a polar climate (Köppen group 1290: 877: 857: 689: 638: 548:

at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft), and the lowest point is the

313: 297: 3852:

Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography

3583:

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

2397:, the most southerly town in Norway, is in the nemoral zone. 1009: 945:, typical of the Norwegian coast. Furthest to the east, the 573:

are the most defining feature of the country. Starting with

4304:"Norges høyestvoksende tre skaper bekymring blant forskere" 3453: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3229: 2143: 2088: 2056: 2044: 1228: 305: 226:

to the east; to the northeast it has a shorter border with

202:. The majority of the country borders water, including the 3923:

Rød, Sverre Kjetil; Botan, Carl; Holen, Are (June 2012). "

3424: 1981:

have killed people; usually caused by parts of mountains (

3845:"Diversity and distribution of landscape types in Norway" 3843:

Simensen, Trond; Erikstad, Lars; Halvorsen, Rune (2021).

3842: 3477: 3191:; and about 800 metres (2,600 ft) at Narvik and the 3134: 2770: 2705: 2423: 864:) is dominated by higher mountains and narrower valleys. 25: 1058:

is Norway's continental claim in Antarctica. The large,

3796:"Bjerknes centre for climate research:Norways glaciers" 2134:

Norway occupies parts of four floristic regions in the

4644:

Variasjoner i vekst og fyringsforhold i Nordisk Arktis

3259:

colonies. This tundra is often considered part of the

1985:) falling into fjords or lakes. This happened 1905 in 3593:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

633:(the "keel"). The mountains intersect many fjords in 4681:

Norwegian Meteorological Institute:Climate of Norway

4537:, Aftenposten, 6 June 2007, retrieved 11 June 2007. 3534:

Environmental concerns in Norway include how to cut

2726:

along the fjords of Western Norway to the summit of

3220:The highest weather station in Norway—Fanaråken in 1973:have been fatal, mostly in areas with soil rich in 1066:and is completely dominated by the world's largest 1002:island, where the only active volcano in Norway, 796:The land west of the mountains (corresponding to 716:The land east of the mountains (corresponding to 6248: 4598:Gjærevoll, Olav. "Plantegeografi". Tapir, 1992. 4463:(in Norwegian). 27 December 2006. Archived from 2723:Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands 2102:The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the 1957: 4058:"Sturdy Scandinavian conifers survived Ice Age" 3565:are becoming common in summer off the coast of 3485: 3239:In northeastern Finnmark (northern half of the 2417:county (including Kristiansand)—belongs to the 2213:). Other plants depend on the type of bedrock. 2059:(250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species of 4371:Moen, Asbjørn; Lillethun, Arvid, eds. (1999). 4194:Gjærevoll, 1992, pp 146–160; Moen, 1998, p. 52 3472:. The remaining land is made of mountains and 758:Cliffs along the Lysefjord in southwest Norway 5516: 5111: 4706: 4433:(in Norwegian). 27 March 2006. Archived from 4370: 3922: 3774:"Protected Areas and World Heritage - Norway" 3637:International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 3632:International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 3087:(only pockets in sheltered areas). The large 3023:was traditionally grown even as far north as 179:: 2,385,178 km (920,922 sq mi) 4486:Holmemo, Agnete Daae-Qvale (19 March 2009). 4459:[Norway's climate in 50–100 years]. 3444:, partly reforested with non-native conifers 2441: 1977:, as in lowland areas near Trondheimsfjord. 494:View from a ridge between Segla and Hesten, 4584:Tollefsrud, J.; Tjørve, E.; Hermansen, P.: 3999:"Stadig flere insekter oppdages i Finnmark" 3678:List of urban areas in Norway by population 3572: 3336:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2911:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2480:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2426:and the virtually complete lack of typical 2401:A small area along the southern coast—from 2358:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2264:Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management 2240:, thrive north of the Arctic Circle (as at 1074:(bare rock) penetrating above the ice. The 609:in the north, with large glaciers, such as 426:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5523: 5509: 5118: 5104: 4713: 4699: 4251: 3187:; 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) in eastern 2519:October 2007; the hemiboreal lowland near 2095:(healthy population on Svalbard), and the 668:surround the mountains in all directions. 478:(some white clouds) is in the north, with 288:. The movement of the ice carved out deep 24: 5835:Membership of International organizations 4271: 3863: 3493: 3356:Learn how and when to remove this message 3171:(0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) tall); 2931:Learn how and when to remove this message 2500:Learn how and when to remove this message 2378:Learn how and when to remove this message 1186:Learn how and when to remove this message 1010:Antarctic islands and claim to Antarctica 564: 446:Learn how and when to remove this message 198:in the northern and western parts of the 74:323,802 km (125,021 sq mi) 4549: 4290:Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute 4252:Taulavuori, K.M.J.; et al. (2004). 3509: 3497: 3435: 3423: 3208: 3197: 3133: 3046: 3034: 2942: 2821:, and up to 100 metres (330 ft) in 2749: 2687: 2594:. Some nemoral species in this zone are 2511: 2389: 2246: 2129: 1299: 1238: 1197: 961: 698: 501: 489: 457: 364: 222:to the north. It has a land border with 4720: 4485: 3650:(road transport of hazardous materials) 2586:, with the northernmost location being 860:peninsula and the most northern coast ( 6249: 4552:"Learning to Live with Global Warming" 4028:Artsdatabanken:Norwegian Red List 2006 2110:. The largest predator on land is the 994:To the far northwest, halfway towards 5504: 5125: 5099: 4694: 3615:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 3599:Environmental Modification Convention 387: 4622:Norwegian Meteorological Institute ( 4610:Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Vegetasjon. 4005:(in Norwegian). 2006. Archived from 3778:United Nations Environment Programme 3460:. A 1993 estimate assessed Norway's 3448:3.3% of Norway's land is considered 3334:adding citations to reliable sources 3301: 3297: 3071:), which is not to be confused with 2909:adding citations to reliable sources 2876: 2718:Scandinavian coastal conifer forests 2478:adding citations to reliable sources 2445: 2356:adding citations to reliable sources 2323: 1124:adding citations to reliable sources 1095: 424:adding citations to reliable sources 391: 5530: 4550:Sheridan, Barrett (16 April 2007). 4373:Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Vegetasjon 3757: 3452:, with 0% of it used for permanent 3271:. The short growing season and the 2865:. Agriculture in Norway, including 2833:, and the best locations along the 2232:. Planted deciduous trees, such as 929:The interior and the coast east of 827: 339: 56:50 degrees north and 8 degrees east 13: 4586:Perler i Norsk Natur - En Veiviser 4512:. 22 February 2007. Archived from 4510:State of the Environment in Norway 2837:coast—is SB north to the mouth of 2757:in Lillehammer, south boreal zone. 2562:, becoming discontinuous north of 2430:species such as Norway spruce and 2269:There is a considerable number of 2228:in Europe grows at Flostranda, in 1297:, especially in spring and summer. 867: 292:. As a result of the ice carving, 14: 6268: 4676:NGU - Geological survey of Norway 4664: 2197:. Some eastern species common to 952: 791: 671: 5651: 4273:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01042.x 4046:Panda.org:Norway forest heritage 3688:List of national parks of Norway 3530:is low, especially in the north. 3306: 2881: 2872: 2450: 2434:, although a lowland variant of 2328: 1221: 1100: 1016:territorial claims in Antarctica 924: 905: 763: 751: 657:, where they finally end at the 649:, gradually becoming lower from 645:, which reach into northwestern 597:at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft) 396: 254:, and, after crossing under the 230:and an even shorter border with 4543: 4528: 4498: 4479: 4449: 4419: 4389: 4364: 4346: 4310: 4296: 4245: 4215: 4197: 4188: 4158: 4128: 4098: 4068: 4050: 4039: 4021: 3991: 3973: 3236:have been found at the summit. 3030: 2745: 2646:(a late arrival only common in 2224:. One of the largest remaining 1304:Temperature in Norway 1901-2020 1111:needs additional citations for 1054:, and not part of the kingdom. 98:25,148 km (15,626 mi) 4535:Flere bekymret over oppvarming 3955: 3919:Dommedagsfjellet: Tafjord 1934 3911: 3902: 3872: 3836: 3826:"Norway in the United Kingdom" 3818: 3788: 3766: 3751: 2841:, while inland areas north of 2714:Scandinavian and Russian taiga 2422:Norway is the predominance of 2106:, and the largest fish is the 1295:diurnal temperature variations 1234: 986:directly into the open ocean. 296:is the world's second deepest 1: 5631:Norwegian government-in-exile 4686:The Flora and Fauna of Norway 3865:10.1080/00291951.2021.1892177 3744: 3114:tree line is sometimes used ( 2736:Betula pubescens-czerepanovii 2654:. Typical boreal species are 2252:Alpine Biogeographical Region 1958:Hazards and natural disasters 919:in September, Northern Norway 703:Landscape with grainfield in 680:, the southern Skagerrak and 470:are visible in the west, and 5673: 5584:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 5579:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 4612:Statens Kartverk, Hønefoss. 4488:"Hjortebestand i vill vekst" 3941:10.1080/13669877.2011.652650 3921:. Oslo: Gyldendal. Cited in 3141:in the low alpine tundra at 989: 876:(corresponding to Nordland, 711: 210:to the southwest, the North 7: 4457:"Norges klima om 50–100 år" 4166:"Flostranda nature reserve" 3780:. July 2005. Archived from 3655: 3419: 3372:Norway's resources include 3120:Stabbursdalen National Park 3039:Road in the pine forest in 2857:; and the endemic Nordland- 2260:European Environment Agency 1812:Average precipitation days 1598:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1458:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1274:. This modifies the Arctic 957: 559: 513: 10: 6273: 4646:. Regclim/Cicerone 6/2004. 4578: 3053:Øvre Dividal National Park 2704:length and summer warmth. 2570:, but not as far north as 2319: 2016: 1949: 1338: 1089: 1085: 872:The land further north in 541:are also found in Norway. 517: 474:is seen in the southeast. 6215: 6168: 6065: 5975: 5966: 5856: 5847: 5750: 5741: 5669: 5660: 5649: 5539: 5482: 5434: 5396: 5133: 5077: 5029: 4991: 4728: 3962:Norwegian Shelf ecosystem 3504:Rohkunborri National Park 3428:Coastal lowland near the 3129: 3017:Sør-Varanger Municipality 2683: 2442:Hemiboreal (Boreonemoral) 2051:, up to 7,000 species of 1902: 1855: 1811: 1737: 1667: 1597: 1527: 1457: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1080:Norwegian Polar Institute 326:Holocene climatic optimum 163: 151: 139: 127: 115: 102: 94: 86: 78: 70: 60: 52: 42: 32: 23: 5755:Administrative divisions 5601:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 4033:20 February 2007 at the 3929:Journal of Risk Research 3693:List of rivers of Norway 3683:Global warming in Norway 3668:Extreme points of Norway 3622:(ozone layer protection) 3573:International agreements 3536:greenhouse gas emissions 2716:ecoregion (PA0608). The 2125: 2012: 1210:with its extension, the 1038:is located in the South 206:inlet to the south, the 5871:Government Pension Fund 4223:"Reppen nature reserve" 4136:"26 nye skogreservater" 3588:Antarctic Treaty System 3051:North boreal forest in 2730:, and northeast to the 2696:with Otertind mountain. 2309:Rhododendron lapponicum 2122:is the largest animal. 585:. This region includes 378:exclusive economic zone 218:) to the west, and the 164:Exclusive economic zone 5176:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4771:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4632:N.W. DAMM & Sønn. 3884:www.forskningsradet.no 3577:Norway is a party to: 3531: 3507: 3494:Environmental concerns 3486: 3445: 3433: 3217: 3213:High alpine tundra in 3206: 3145: 3124:Porsanger Municipality 3056: 3044: 3013:Porsanger Municipality 2956: 2827:Nærøysund Municipality 2758: 2697: 2694:Storfjord Municipality 2592:Steinkjer Municipality 2545:Sarmatic mixed forests 2524: 2398: 2266: 2256:Scandinavian Mountains 2139: 1305: 1252: 1208:North Atlantic Current 1203: 1076:Troll Research Station 1062:area stretches to the 970:Further north, in the 967: 708: 707:, southeastern Norway. 571:Scandinavian Mountains 565:Scandinavian Mountains 510: 499: 487: 373: 240:Scandinavian Mountains 200:Scandinavian Peninsula 4429:[Acid Rain]. 3513: 3501: 3439: 3427: 3249:Kola Peninsula tundra 3212: 3202:The Arctic desert on 3201: 3137: 3105:Kamtschatka peninsula 3050: 3041:Karasjok Municipality 3038: 2946: 2753: 2691: 2548:terrestrial ecoregion 2515: 2403:Soknedal Municipality 2393: 2262:and corrected by the 2250: 2220:grow as far north as 2173:Some plants, such as 2133: 1303: 1242: 1201: 1135:"Geography of Norway" 965: 702: 544:The highest point is 505: 493: 486:islands at the mouth. 461: 368: 260:Appalachian Mountains 6160:Romantic nationalism 5770:Correctional Service 5729:World Heritage Sites 4722:Geography of Europe 4649:University of Oslo. 4516:on 28 September 2007 4461:Miljøstatus i Norge 4431:Miljøstatus i Norge 4375:. Statens Kartverk. 4358:www.borealforest.org 4334:on 27 September 2007 4116:on 28 September 2006 3967:12 June 2010 at the 3917:Furseth, A. (1994). 3738:Waterfalls of Norway 3330:improve this section 3255:, are fertilized by 2905:improve this section 2831:Brønnøy Municipality 2474:improve this section 2352:improve this section 2292:Saltdal Municipality 2242:Steigen Municipality 2007:Norddal Municipality 1388:Record high °C (°F) 1120:improve this article 1024:South Atlantic Ocean 1018:and on its islands. 852:, opening up in the 420:improve this section 6257:Geography of Norway 5397:States with limited 4992:States with limited 4630:Norsk vær i 110 år. 4588:. Aschehoug, 1991. 4506:"Impacts in Norway" 3985:11 May 2008 at the 3733:Volcanoes of Norway 3718:Mountains of Norway 3673:Districts of Norway 3663:Geography of Europe 3222:Luster Municipality 3001:Oppdal Municipality 2863:Bindal Municipality 2851:Fauske Municipality 2634:(southwest coast), 2584:Frosta Municipality 2136:Circumboreal Region 2047:, 2,800 species of 2043:, 1,050 species of 2039:, 1,800 species of 1963:European windstorms 1668:Record low °C (°F) 1528:Daily mean °C (°F) 1245:Sigdal Municipality 1078:is operated by the 1014:Norway has several 880:, and northwestern 856:area. However, the 777:in the district of 282:last glacial period 20: 19:Geography of Norway 6125:Norwegian language 5934:Telecommunications 5621:Reichskommissariat 5127:Climate of Europe 4651:Almanakk for Norge 4628:Bjørbæk, G. 2003. 4570:– via MSNBC. 4076:"Plants in Norway" 3925:Risk communication 3806:on 2 February 2017 3703:Glaciers of Norway 3532: 3524:population density 3508: 3446: 3434: 3245:Nordkinn Peninsula 3241:Varanger Peninsula 3218: 3207: 3146: 3110:The presence of a 3057: 3045: 2957: 2843:Grong Municipality 2795:Skjåk Municipality 2759: 2732:Varanger Peninsula 2698: 2525: 2399: 2267: 2258:as defined by the 2230:Stryn Municipality 2140: 2081:old-growth forests 2019:Wildlife of Norway 1991:Stryn Municipality 1306: 1253: 1204: 1022:is located in the 968: 933:(corresponding to 842:Røros Municipality 836:(corresponding to 834:Dovre Municipality 832:The land north of 726:Røros Municipality 709: 531:Varanger Peninsula 511: 500: 488: 388:Physical geography 374: 371:territorial waters 107:Total land borders 87: • Water 71: • Total 18: 6244: 6243: 6211: 6210: 6030:language conflict 5962: 5961: 5909:Norwegian paradox 5843: 5842: 5825:Political parties 5785:Foreign relations 5737: 5736: 5498: 5497: 5093: 5092: 4671:Statistics Norway 4653:Gyldendal fakta. 4306:. 18 August 2019. 3890:on 6 October 2016 3880:"News - NORKLIMA" 3760:"Plate tectonics" 3728:Valleys of Norway 3708:Islands of Norway 3620:Montreal Protocol 3440:Coastal heath at 3366: 3365: 3358: 3298:Natural resources 3081:Rana Municipality 3025:Alta Municipality 2941: 2940: 2933: 2847:Bodø Municipality 2807:Voss Municipality 2510: 2509: 2502: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2276:glacier buttercup 2055:, 450 species of 1954: 1953: 1950:Source: Seklima 1905:ultraviolet index 1212:Norwegian Current 1196: 1195: 1188: 1170: 1092:Climate of Norway 862:Leka Municipality 539:Numerous glaciers 456: 455: 448: 183: 182: 79: • Land 6264: 6224: 6100: 6090: 5973: 5972: 5919:Renewable energy 5894: 5854: 5853: 5748: 5747: 5667: 5666: 5655: 5611:End of the union 5574:High Middle Ages 5525: 5518: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5435:Dependencies and 5134:Sovereign states 5120: 5113: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5030:Dependencies and 4729:Sovereign states 4715: 4708: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4562:on 18 April 2007 4558:. Archived from 4547: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4467:on 13 March 2007 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4407:on 11 March 2009 4403:. Archived from 4393: 4387: 4386: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4333: 4327:. Archived from 4322: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4276:. Archived from 4275: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4233:on 19 March 2009 4229:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4212: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4172:. Archived from 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4146:on 20 March 2012 4142:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4112:. Archived from 4106:"Plant talk.org" 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4082:. Archived from 4072: 4066: 4065: 4062:sciencedaily.com 4054: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3995: 3989: 3977: 3971: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3886:. Archived from 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3802:. Archived from 3792: 3786: 3785: 3784:on 10 June 2007. 3770: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3723:Rivers of Norway 3698:Fjords of Norway 3644:(climate change) 3628:(ship pollution) 3528:Nordic countries 3489: 3470:deciduous forest 3361: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3310: 3302: 3153:species such as 2936: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2885: 2877: 2791:Lom Municipality 2505: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2454: 2446: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2332: 2324: 2303:Carex scirpoidea 2195:spiked speedwell 2190:Fragaria viridis 1336: 1335: 1328:and the risk of 1256:(50 °F) in 1191: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1128: 1104: 1096: 909: 828:Trondheim region 767: 755: 619:Hardangerjøkulen 555: 527:rugged mountains 451: 444: 440: 437: 431: 400: 392: 358:The continental 340:Area and borders 302:Hornindalsvatnet 28: 21: 17: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6227: 6220: 6207: 6164: 6145:Public holidays 6098: 6088: 6061: 5958: 5892: 5839: 5760:National budget 5733: 5719:Protected areas 5656: 5647: 5626:Quisling regime 5535: 5529: 5499: 5494: 5478: 5436: 5430: 5416:Northern Cyprus 5398: 5392: 5308:North Macedonia 5129: 5124: 5094: 5089: 5073: 5031: 5025: 5011:Northern Cyprus 4993: 4987: 4903:North Macedonia 4724: 4719: 4667: 4608:Moen, A. 1998. 4581: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4437:on 30 June 2007 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4369: 4365: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4283: 4281: 4280:on 20 July 2011 4259:New Phytologist 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4176:on 24 July 2011 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4040: 4035:Wayback Machine 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3987:Wayback Machine 3978: 3974: 3969:Wayback Machine 3960: 3956: 3916: 3912: 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6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5980:Climate change 5976: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Stock Exchange 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5830:Prime Minister 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5709:Municipalities 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Extreme points 5681: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5596:Denmark–Norway 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:Petty kingdoms 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: articles 5528: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5490:European Union 5486: 5484: 5483:Other entities 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5437:other entities 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5383:United Kingdom 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5196:Czech Republic 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5085:European Union 5081: 5079: 5078:Other entities 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5032:other entities 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4978:United Kingdom 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4791:Czech Republic 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4665:External links 4663: 4662: 4661: 4647: 4640: 4626: 4620: 4606: 4596: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4542: 4539:(in Norwegian) 4527: 4497: 4478: 4448: 4418: 4401:miljostatus.no 4388: 4381: 4363: 4345: 4309: 4295: 4266:(2): 427–436. 4244: 4227:miljostatus.no 4214: 4196: 4187: 4170:miljostatus.no 4157: 4127: 4110:plant-talk.org 4097: 4080:environment.no 4067: 4049: 4038: 4020: 4009:on 4 June 2013 4003:Artsdatabanken 3990: 3972: 3954: 3935:(6): 645–654. 3910: 3908:seklima.met.no 3901: 3871: 3835: 3832:. 16 May 2017. 3830:Norgesportalen 3817: 3787: 3765: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3642:Kyoto Protocol 3639: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605:Law of the Sea 3602: 3596: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3495: 3492: 3466:conifer forest 3462:irrigated land 3456:and permanent 3421: 3418: 3364: 3363: 3314: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3285:Svalbard poppy 3204:Nordaustlandet 3185:Hardangervidda 3177:common juniper 3131: 3128: 3095:plateau (near 3089:Finnmarksvidda 3032: 3029: 2939: 2938: 2889: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2861:only grows in 2747: 2744: 2702:growing season 2685: 2682: 2662:, grey alder, 2508: 2507: 2458: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2386: 2385: 2336: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2297:Braya linearis 2287:Salix herbacea 2271:alpine species 2234:horse chestnut 2226:Linden forests 2127: 2124: 2017:Main article: 2014: 2011: 1993:when parts of 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1858:sunshine hours 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1236: 1233: 1223: 1220: 1194: 1193: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1070:and with some 1036:Peter I Island 1011: 1008: 991: 988: 959: 956: 954: 953:Arctic islands 951: 939:Finnmarksvidda 935:Finnmarksvidda 926: 923: 912: 911: 904: 903: 902: 869: 866: 829: 826: 810:Geirangerfjord 806:Hardangerfjord 793: 792:Western fjords 790: 783:Western Norway 769: 762: 761: 757: 750: 749: 748: 747: 746: 713: 710: 673: 672:Southern coast 670: 611:Jostedalsbreen 587:Hardangervidda 566: 563: 561: 558: 520:Paleic surface 515: 512: 468:Hardangerfjord 454: 453: 404: 402: 395: 389: 386: 341: 338: 272:supercontinent 256:Atlantic Ocean 212:Atlantic Ocean 181: 180: 165: 161: 160: 153: 149: 148: 141: 137: 136: 129: 125: 124: 117: 113: 112: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 44: 40: 39: 34: 30: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6269: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6191:national flag 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6091: 6087: 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5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Faroe Islands 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:South Ossetia 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Liechtenstein 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 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4107: 4101: 4086:on 7 May 2006 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3861: 3858:(2): 79–100. 3857: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468:, and 17% by 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3360: 3357: 3349: 3346:December 2023 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3315:This section 3313: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:Arctic Desert 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Barskoggrense 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2935: 2932: 2924: 2921:December 2023 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2890:This section 2888: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2873:Middle Boreal 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763:Norway spruce 2756: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:Norway spruce 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2490:December 2023 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2459:This section 2457: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2379: 2371: 2368:December 2023 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2337:This section 2335: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2211:dog's mercury 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:basking shark 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:IUCN Red List 2069: 2066: 2065:invertebrates 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856:Mean monthly 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1740:precipitation 1736: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:polar climate 1273: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1222:Precipitation 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1190: 1187: 1179: 1176:December 2023 1168: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1137: – 1136: 1132: 1131:Find sources: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1109:This section 1107: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Pacific Ocean 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:Bouvet Island 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 964: 950: 948: 947:Varangerfjord 944: 940: 936: 932: 925:Far northeast 918: 914: 908: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 754: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 669: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:north of the 576: 572: 557: 551: 550:Norwegian Sea 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 521: 509: 504: 497: 492: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 450: 447: 439: 436:December 2023 429: 425: 421: 415: 414: 410: 405:This section 403: 399: 394: 393: 385: 383: 379: 372: 367: 363: 361: 356: 353: 351: 347: 337: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 273: 269: 265: 264:North America 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 216:Norwegian Sea 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188: 178: 177:Bouvet Island 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 154: 150: 145: 142: 140:Longest river 138: 133: 132:Norwegian Sea 130: 126: 121: 118: 116:Highest point 114: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 63: 59: 55: 51: 48: 45: 41: 38: 35: 31: 27: 22: 16: 6181:Coat of arms 6140:Prostitution 6095: 6085: 6075:Architecture 5990:Demographics 5944:Trade unions 5904:Nordic model 5765:Constitution 5661: 5643:21st century 5616:World War II 5591:Kalmar Union 5426:Transnistria 5388:Vatican City 5021:Transnistria 4983:Vatican City 4907: 4650: 4643: 4629: 4609: 4585: 4564:. Retrieved 4560:the original 4555: 4545: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4514:the original 4509: 4500: 4491: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4460: 4451: 4439:. Retrieved 4435:the original 4430: 4427:"Sur Nedbør" 4421: 4409:. Retrieved 4405:the original 4400: 4397:"Statistics" 4391: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4338:14 September 4336:. Retrieved 4329:the original 4324: 4318:"Fact sheet" 4312: 4298: 4288:– via 4282:. Retrieved 4278:the original 4263: 4257: 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4231:the original 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4178:. Retrieved 4174:the original 4169: 4160: 4148:. Retrieved 4144:the original 4140:forskning.no 4139: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4114:the original 4109: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4084:the original 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4041: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4007:the original 4002: 3993: 3975: 3957: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3913: 3904: 3892:. Retrieved 3888:the original 3883: 3874: 3855: 3851: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3808:. Retrieved 3804:the original 3799: 3790: 3782:the original 3768: 3753: 3626:MARPOL 73/78 3576: 3553:Arctic Ocean 3533: 3447: 3371: 3367: 3352: 3343: 3328:Please help 3316: 3293: 3238: 3226:Galdhøpiggen 3219: 3166: 3160: 3156:Salix glauca 3154: 3147: 3115: 3109: 3069:czerepanovii 3068: 3064: 3058: 3031:North Boreal 2993: 2970:silver birch 2958: 2927: 2918: 2903:Please help 2891: 2783:guelder rose 2767:European ash 2760: 2755:Lågendeltaet 2746:South Boreal 2739: 2735: 2728:Galdhøpiggen 2711: 2699: 2675: 2672:wood anemone 2612:Norway maple 2604:European ash 2526: 2496: 2487: 2472:Please help 2460: 2409:and east to 2405:in southern 2400: 2374: 2365: 2350:Please help 2338: 2314:globe-flower 2307: 2301: 2295: 2285: 2281:Draba lactea 2279: 2268: 2215: 2207:European ash 2188: 2182: 2179:bell heather 2172: 2160: 2141: 2114:, while the 2101: 2070: 2022: 1961: 1742:mm (inches) 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1269: 1262: 1254: 1225: 1205: 1182: 1173: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1130: 1118:Please help 1113:verification 1110: 1013: 1006:, is found. 993: 972:Arctic Ocean 969: 928: 871: 831: 795: 734:Gudbrandsdal 715: 675: 663: 653:towards the 630: 595:Galdhøpiggen 568: 546:Galdhøpiggen 543: 523: 442: 433: 418:Please help 406: 375: 357: 354: 343: 330: 294:Sognefjorden 279: 236: 185: 184: 167:Norway with 152:Largest lake 128:Lowest point 123:2,469 m 120:Galdhøpiggen 111:2515 km 15: 6155:Nationalism 6010:Immigration 5886:Natural gas 5800:LGBT rights 5790:Governments 5569:Unification 5464:Isle of Man 5399:recognition 5368:Switzerland 5303:Netherlands 5059:Isle of Man 4994:recognition 4963:Switzerland 4898:Netherlands 4566:25 December 4520:28 December 4471:28 December 4441:28 December 4411:17 December 4284:25 December 4237:21 December 4209:Google Maps 4013:25 December 3520:urban areas 3514:Except for 3487:Miljøstatus 3450:arable land 3382:natural gas 3277:dwarf birch 3265:Spitsbergen 3253:Bear Island 3193:Lyngen Alps 3189:Trollheimen 3168:S. lapponum 3073:dwarf birch 2995:Myrica gale 2974:downy birch 2966:bird cherry 2660:downy birch 2636:wild cherry 2620:black alder 2600:sessile oak 2596:English oak 2572:Lillehammer 2104:sperm whale 1975:marine clay 1287:archipelago 1272:Spitsbergen 1235:Temperature 1034:and birds. 974:, lies the 886:Saltfjellet 775:Prekestolen 771:Lysefjorden 659:Barents Sea 643:Lyngen Alps 607:Trollheimen 591:Jotunheimen 280:During the 220:Barents Sea 194:located in 159:362 km 147:604 km 65:Ranked 67th 53:Coordinates 6130:Literature 6089:(clothing) 6037:Norwegians 6020:Irreligion 5893:(currency) 5815:Parliament 5564:Viking Age 5554:Bronze Age 5338:San Marino 5298:Montenegro 5278:Luxembourg 5258:Kazakhstan 5161:Azerbaijan 4933:San Marino 4893:Montenegro 4873:Luxembourg 4853:Kazakhstan 4756:Azerbaijan 4180:18 October 4120:14 October 3745:References 3414:hydropower 3281:cloudberry 3273:permafrost 3215:Hurrungane 3181:twinflower 3143:Dovrefjell 3093:North Cape 3085:Hammerfest 3077:Sognefjord 2978:understory 2803:Vestlandet 2582:, such as 2541:Palearctic 2529:hemiboreal 2432:grey alder 2148:Baltic Sea 2116:brown bear 2112:polar bear 2093:Arctic fox 1999:Loenvatnet 1997:fell into 1995:Ramnefjell 1971:Landslides 1967:Avalanches 1330:landslides 1146:newspapers 1064:South Pole 1052:dependency 1004:Beerenberg 917:Raftsundet 894:Vesterålen 802:Sognefjord 798:Vestlandet 773:seen from 720:, most of 655:North Cape 623:Dovrefjell 615:Folgefonna 603:Sognefjell 583:Vestlandet 518:See also: 464:Sognefjord 333:rebounding 6115:Jante law 6096:Christmas 6025:Languages 5995:Education 5949:Transport 5866:Fisheries 5780:Elections 5704:Mountains 5679:Districts 5662:Geography 5638:1945–2000 5549:Stone Age 5454:Gibraltar 5273:Lithuania 5049:Gibraltar 4868:Lithuania 4090:17 August 3949:145562162 3548:Sørlandet 3540:pollution 3518:and some 3374:petroleum 3317:does not 3173:blueberry 3162:S. lanata 3065:Fjellskog 3061:tree line 3009:Altafjord 2986:raspberry 2892:does not 2859:whitebeam 2855:Ofotfjord 2835:Helgeland 2815:Gauldalen 2799:Ottadalen 2787:Østlandet 2558:north to 2556:Oslofjord 2521:Oslofjord 2461:does not 2339:does not 2152:North Sea 2097:pool frog 2071:The 2006 2009:in 1934. 1983:rockslide 1280:latitudes 1249:inversion 1247:. Due to 1068:ice sheet 1060:sectorial 1000:Jan Mayen 996:Greenland 990:Jan Mayen 980:Austfonna 838:Trøndelag 818:Stavanger 718:Østlandet 712:Southeast 686:Oslofjord 682:North Sea 651:Altafjord 579:Skagerrak 508:Geiranger 472:Oslofjord 407:does not 376:Norway's 360:coastline 350:Jan Mayen 286:ice sheet 244:tree line 208:North Sea 204:Skagerrak 173:Jan Mayen 135:-0 meters 95:Coastline 33:Continent 6251:Category 6231:Category 6099:(season) 6052:Religion 6042:Pensions 5929:Taxation 5876:Industry 5810:Monarchy 5805:Military 5743:Politics 5474:Svalbard 5459:Guernsey 5406:Abkhazia 5353:Slovenia 5348:Slovakia 5323:Portugal 5181:Bulgaria 5069:Svalbard 5054:Guernsey 5001:Abkhazia 4948:Slovenia 4943:Slovakia 4918:Portugal 4776:Bulgaria 4556:Newsweek 4031:Archived 3983:Archived 3980:NOU 2004 3965:Archived 3894:16 April 3656:See also 3563:mackerel 3558:red deer 3544:trawlers 3482:wetlands 3458:pastures 3420:Land use 3394:iron ore 3289:harebell 3269:snowmelt 3243:and the 3103:and the 3097:Skarsvåg 2962:Nordland 2949:Elsfjord 2839:Ranfjord 2823:Namdalen 2819:Verdalen 2658:, pine, 2652:primrose 2648:Vestfold 2588:Byahalla 2576:Nordmøre 2564:Sunnmøre 2537:Vestfold 2407:Rogaland 2222:Sunnmøre 2150:and the 2025:habitats 1979:Tsunamis 1903:Average 1898:1,712.4 1807:(32.95) 1738:Average 1733:(−14.8) 1678:(−12.8) 1673:(−14.8) 1284:Svalbard 1258:Karasjok 1072:nunataks 976:Svalbard 958:Svalbard 943:skerries 931:Nordkapp 882:Finnmark 850:Namdalen 822:Nordkapp 814:skerries 730:Østerdal 722:Telemark 705:Tønsberg 647:Finnmark 635:Nordland 560:Mainland 537:county. 535:Finnmark 514:Overview 498:, Norway 346:Svalbard 318:glaciers 248:Scotland 169:Svalbard 6222:Outline 6169:Symbols 6110:Cuisine 6067:Culture 6047:Poverty 5968:Society 5954:Whaling 5939:Tourism 5849:Economy 5699:Mammals 5689:Islands 5674:Climate 5541:History 5378:Ukraine 5328:Romania 5288:Moldova 5246:Ireland 5241:Iceland 5236:Hungary 5226:Germany 5221:Georgia 5211:Finland 5206:Estonia 5201:Denmark 5186:Croatia 5171:Belgium 5166:Belarus 5156:Austria 5151:Armenia 5146:Andorra 5141:Albania 4973:Ukraine 4923:Romania 4883:Moldova 4841:Ireland 4836:Iceland 4831:Hungary 4821:Germany 4816:Georgia 4806:Finland 4801:Estonia 4796:Denmark 4781:Croatia 4766:Belgium 4761:Belarus 4751:Austria 4746:Armenia 4741:Andorra 4736:Albania 4579:Sources 3526:in the 3516:Denmark 3476:(46%), 3386:pyrites 3338:removed 3323:sources 3257:seabird 3234:lichens 3112:conifer 3101:Iceland 2990:mugwort 2913:removed 2898:sources 2779:oregano 2650:), and 2640:ramsons 2560:Ålesund 2533:Østfold 2482:removed 2467:sources 2419:Nemoral 2360:removed 2345:sources 2320:Nemoral 2254:of the 2199:Siberia 2168:endemic 2085:mammals 2061:mammals 2033:insects 2003:Tafjord 1802:(2.11) 1797:(3.33) 1792:(3.68) 1787:(3.24) 1782:(4.05) 1777:(3.41) 1772:(3.14) 1767:(2.37) 1762:(1.91) 1757:(1.63) 1752:(1.80) 1747:(2.28) 1728:(−5.4) 1718:(17.6) 1713:(26.1) 1708:(38.7) 1703:(38.7) 1698:(33.3) 1693:(25.9) 1683:(−6.3) 1663:(38.4) 1658:(25.0) 1653:(32.0) 1648:(38.8) 1643:(47.5) 1638:(54.5) 1633:(56.1) 1628:(51.4) 1623:(44.2) 1618:(35.8) 1613:(28.2) 1608:(23.5) 1603:(23.5) 1593:(44.5) 1588:(29.5) 1583:(36.0) 1578:(43.7) 1573:(53.8) 1568:(61.7) 1563:(63.9) 1558:(59.5) 1553:(52.5) 1548:(43.2) 1543:(34.5) 1533:(27.9) 1523:(51.5) 1518:(33.4) 1513:(39.9) 1508:(49.3) 1503:(61.5) 1498:(70.3) 1493:(72.9) 1488:(68.7) 1483:(62.1) 1478:(51.8) 1473:(41.5) 1468:(34.0) 1463:(32.2) 1453:(95.0) 1448:(54.7) 1443:(57.9) 1438:(69.8) 1433:(79.5) 1428:(92.5) 1423:(95.0) 1418:(92.7) 1413:(88.0) 1408:(77.7) 1403:(70.7) 1398:(56.8) 1393:(54.5) 1326:erosion 1312:groups 1160:scholar 1086:Climate 890:Lofoten 779:Ryfylke 666:valleys 627:Rondane 428:removed 413:sources 322:climate 290:valleys 275:Pangaea 268:breakup 252:Ireland 228:Finland 192:country 103:Borders 6236:Portal 6198:Mottos 6176:Anthem 6105:Cinema 6005:Health 5891:Krone 5881:Mining 5861:Energy 5820:Police 5775:Courts 5724:Rivers 5714:Cities 5532:Norway 5469:Jersey 5411:Kosovo 5373:Turkey 5363:Sweden 5343:Serbia 5333:Russia 5318:Poland 5313:Norway 5293:Monaco 5263:Latvia 5231:Greece 5216:France 5191:Cyprus 5064:Jersey 5006:Kosovo 4968:Turkey 4958:Sweden 4938:Serbia 4928:Russia 4913:Poland 4908:Norway 4888:Monaco 4858:Latvia 4826:Greece 4811:France 4786:Cyprus 4657: 4636: 4616: 4602: 4592: 4492:nrk.no 4379: 4325:uio.no 4150:5 July 3947: 3810:9 July 3800:uib.no 3474:heaths 3442:Utsira 3412:, and 3410:lumber 3390:nickel 3378:copper 3287:, and 3230:mosses 3228:, and 3179:, and 3165:, and 3151:willow 3139:Muskox 3130:Tundra 3021:barley 3005:Narvik 2992:, and 2781:, and 2684:Boreal 2674:, and 2517:Bygdøy 2428:boreal 2395:Mandal 2284:, and 2209:, and 2193:, and 2156:Andøya 2091:, the 2045:mosses 2041:lichen 1886:150.1 1883:203.8 1880:244.1 1877:230.3 1874:248.0 1871:182.0 1868:146.5 1851:114.3 1723:(3.2) 1688:(5.2) 1344:Month 1310:Köppen 1216:Arctic 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1133: 896:, and 854:Namsos 738:Glomma 724:, and 631:Kjølen 617:, and 605:, and 599:a.s.l. 593:(with 554: 316:. The 314:fjords 310:Europe 258:, the 232:Russia 224:Sweden 187:Norway 144:Glomma 82:94.95% 43:Region 37:Europe 6186:Flags 6150:Sport 6135:Media 6120:Music 6086:Bunad 6057:Women 5985:Crime 5694:Lakes 5444:Åland 5358:Spain 5283:Malta 5253:Italy 5039:Åland 4953:Spain 4878:Malta 4848:Italy 4332:(PDF) 4321:(PDF) 3945:S2CID 3848:(PDF) 3567:Troms 3454:crops 2953:Vefsn 2867:grain 2811:Hitra 2797:, in 2668:rowan 2664:aspen 2644:beech 2632:holly 2616:hazel 2590:, in 2568:Mjøsa 2415:Agder 2411:Fevik 2238:beech 2175:holly 2161:Many 2144:trees 2126:Flora 2120:moose 2057:birds 2053:fungi 2037:algae 2013:Fauna 1895:40.0 1892:50.9 1865:77.6 1862:45.1 1845:10.7 1842:10.9 1836:10.9 1833:10.9 1830:10.1 1805:836.3 1780:102.8 1731:−26.0 1726:−20.8 1721:−16.0 1686:−14.9 1681:−21.3 1676:−24.9 1671:−26.0 1538:(28) 1383:Year 1291:foehn 1167:JSTOR 1153:books 1032:seals 998:, is 984:calve 898:Senja 878:Troms 858:Fosen 742:Mjøsa 694:Jæren 690:Lista 639:Troms 496:Senja 484:Frøya 480:Hitra 298:fjord 190:is a 156:Mjøsa 90:5.05% 4655:ISBN 4634:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4600:ISBN 4590:ISBN 4568:2019 4522:2019 4473:2019 4443:2019 4413:2008 4377:ISBN 4340:2007 4286:2019 4239:2006 4182:2009 4152:2011 4122:2006 4092:2006 4015:2019 3896:2012 3812:2007 3480:and 3478:bogs 3406:fish 3402:lead 3398:zinc 3321:any 3319:cite 3232:and 3015:and 2972:and 2896:any 2894:cite 2849:and 2829:and 2817:and 2793:and 2769:and 2706:Bogs 2624:lime 2552:pine 2535:and 2527:The 2465:any 2463:cite 2436:pine 2343:any 2341:cite 2300:and 2236:and 2218:palm 2177:and 2089:wolf 1987:Loen 1848:9.2 1839:9.4 1827:8.5 1824:8.1 1821:8.5 1818:7.3 1815:9.8 1800:53.6 1795:84.6 1790:93.4 1785:82.2 1775:86.7 1770:79.7 1765:60.1 1760:48.4 1755:41.3 1750:45.6 1745:57.9 1716:−8.0 1711:−3.3 1691:−3.4 1656:−3.9 1651:-0.0 1636:12.5 1631:13.4 1626:10.8 1611:−2.1 1606:−4.7 1601:−4.7 1586:−1.4 1571:12.1 1566:16.5 1561:17.7 1556:15.3 1551:11.4 1531:−2.3 1521:10.8 1501:16.4 1496:21.3 1491:22.7 1486:20.4 1481:16.7 1476:11.0 1451:35.0 1446:12.6 1441:14.4 1436:21.0 1431:26.4 1426:33.6 1421:35.0 1416:33.7 1411:31.1 1406:25.4 1401:21.5 1396:13.8 1391:12.5 1380:Dec 1377:Nov 1374:Oct 1371:Sep 1368:Aug 1365:Jul 1362:Jun 1359:May 1356:Apr 1353:Mar 1350:Feb 1347:Jan 1316:and 1229:Oslo 1139:news 1048:90°W 1046:and 1044:69°S 1028:54°S 804:and 732:and 692:and 637:and 625:and 569:The 552:at 0 482:and 466:and 411:any 409:cite 348:and 306:lake 300:and 175:and 61:Area 6080:Art 5914:Oil 4268:doi 4264:162 3937:doi 3860:doi 3648:ADR 3332:by 3122:in 2907:by 2775:hop 2771:oak 2628:yew 2608:elm 2476:by 2424:oak 2413:in 2354:by 2244:). 2158:. 2005:in 1989:in 1889:94 1706:3.7 1701:3.7 1696:0.7 1661:3.6 1646:3.8 1641:8.6 1621:6.8 1616:2.1 1591:7.0 1581:2.2 1576:6.5 1546:6.2 1541:1.4 1516:0.8 1511:4.4 1506:9.6 1471:5.3 1466:1.1 1461:0.1 1218:. 1122:by 1042:at 1026:at 820:to 781:in 676:In 601:), 556:m. 422:by 382:nmi 308:in 262:of 6253:: 4625:). 4554:. 4508:. 4490:. 4399:. 4356:. 4323:. 4262:. 4256:. 4225:. 4207:. 4168:. 4138:. 4108:. 4078:. 4060:. 3943:. 3933:15 3931:. 3882:. 3856:75 3854:. 3850:. 3828:. 3798:. 3776:. 3538:, 3522:, 3416:. 3408:, 3404:, 3400:, 3396:, 3392:, 3388:, 3384:, 3380:, 3376:, 3291:. 3283:, 3279:, 3175:, 3159:, 3107:. 3027:. 2988:, 2984:, 2951:, 2777:, 2680:. 2670:, 2666:, 2642:, 2638:, 2630:, 2626:, 2622:, 2618:, 2614:, 2610:, 2606:, 2602:, 2598:, 2543:, 2316:. 2278:, 2205:, 2187:, 2099:. 1945:2 1942:0 1939:0 1936:1 1933:3 1930:4 1927:5 1924:5 1921:4 1918:3 1915:1 1912:1 1909:0 1536:−2 1260:. 900:. 892:, 808:. 744:. 696:. 661:. 613:, 589:, 277:. 250:, 234:. 171:, 5524:e 5517:t 5510:v 5119:e 5112:t 5105:v 4714:e 4707:t 4700:v 4524:. 4494:. 4475:. 4445:. 4415:. 4385:. 4360:. 4342:. 4292:. 4270:: 4241:. 4211:. 4184:. 4154:. 4124:. 4094:. 4064:. 4017:. 3951:. 3939:: 3898:. 3868:. 3862:: 3814:. 3762:. 3601:, 3595:, 3506:. 3432:. 3359:) 3353:( 3348:) 3344:( 3340:. 3326:. 2955:. 2934:) 2928:( 2923:) 2919:( 2915:. 2901:. 2805:( 2738:( 2503:) 2497:( 2492:) 2488:( 2484:. 2470:. 2381:) 2375:( 2370:) 2366:( 2362:. 2348:. 2138:. 1332:. 1322:E 1318:D 1314:C 1189:) 1183:( 1178:) 1174:( 1164:· 1157:· 1150:· 1143:· 1116:. 449:) 443:( 438:) 434:( 430:. 416:. 214:( 109::

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Geography of Norway

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