2295:
of the project. Additionally, IPCB argues that the
Genographic project not only provides no direct benefit to Indigenous peoples but instead raises considerable risks. Such risks, raised by Harry in an interview released in December 2005, were used to advocate against the indigenous participation in the project. Another comment made by IPCB founder Debra Harry was that the Genographic Project served as a method to discredit kin relations through the possibility that ancestral identities may be invalidated and to deny Indigenous peoples’ access and authority over the resource-rich territories that they had for long inhabited. The IPCB also identified another attempt at biocolonialism in the Genographic Project. The latter involved the high probability of genetic testing results producing errors such as false negatives and positives that lead to the misidentification of Native people as non-Native and vice versa. Another negative consequence expressed by
2214:
323:
3338:
2307:(UNPFII). UNPFII conducted investigations into the objectives of the Genographic Project, and recommended that National Geographic and other sponsors suspend the project. Concerns were that the knowledge gleaned from the research could clash with long-held beliefs of indigenous peoples and threaten their cultures. There were also concerns that indigenous claims to land rights and other resources could be threatened.
40:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2220:
2217:
2294:
practice that appeared to mask an ulterior motive rather than mere scientific research. Particularly, the great concern about the possible political interest behind the
Genographic Project, motivated the IPCB to preemptively alert the global indigenous community on the “not so altruistic motivations”
1806:
DNA sequencing for Geno 2.0 Next
Generation, the current phase of the Genographic Project. As compared to earlier phases which used nine regional affiliations, Geno 2.0 Next Generation analyzes modern-day indigenous populations around the world using either 18 or 22 regional affiliations. Utilizing
2289:
The founder of IPCB, Debra Harry, offered a rationale for why
Indigenous people were discouraged to participate in the Genographic Project. According to Harry, a Northern Paiute Native American and Associate Professor in Indigenous Studies at Nevada University, the Genographic Project resulted in a
2299:
is the risk that an individual's cultural identity can be conclusively established through biocolonialist projects such as the
Genographic Project. Ultimately, TallBear's argument is in close agreement with Harry's concerns regarding the Genographic Project and serves as a significant force
2232:
projects. During this time the
National Geographic Society sold non-profit self-testing kits to members of the general public who wished to participate in the project as "citizen scientists". Such outreach for public participation in research has been encouraged by organizations such as
2832:
The
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (www.isogg.org) advocates the use of genetics as a tool for genealogical research, and provides a support network for genetic genealogists. It hosts the ISOGG Y-haplogroup tree, which has the virtue of being regularly
2542:
Elhaik, Eran; Greenspan, Elliott; Staats, Sean; Krahn, Thomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Xue, Yali; Tofanelli, Sergio; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; Schurr, Theodore G.; Greenspan, Bennett; Spencer Wells, R. (9 May 2013).
1807:
a DNA-collection kit, Helix acquires a saliva sample from a participant, which is then analyzed for genomic identifiers that offer unprecedented insight into the person's genetic origins. The data is then uploaded to the
Genographic Project DNA database.
2216:
2250:
Since 2005, the
Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of
2324:
Not all
Indigenous peoples agree with his position; as of December 2012, more than 70,000 indigenous participants from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania had joined the project.
2243:
The ISOGG supports citizen participation in genetic research, and believes such volunteers have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community.
330:
The autosomal admixture analysis developed by Wells and Elhaik classifies individuals by assessing their proportions of genomic ancestry related to nine ancestral regions:
224:
samples. The final phase of the project was Geno 2.0 Next Generation. Upon retirement of the site, 1,006,542 participants in over 140 countries had joined the project.
314:
In the spring of 2019, it was announced that the Geno project had ended but results would remain available online until 2020. In July 2020 the site was retired.
2282:(IPCB) noted its connections to controversial issues (such as concern among some tribes that the results of genetic human migration studies might indicate that
2895:
2314:
in the United States declined to take part in the study including Maurice Foxx, chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and a member of the
2517:
3855:
2403:
135:
3845:
3840:
2684:
2304:
2654:
3850:
2424:
3835:
2631:
3181:
3632:
2246:
In a 2013 speech to the Southern California Genealogical Society, Spencer Wells discussed its encouragement of citizen scientists. He said:
3376:
2942:
2279:
187:
3754:
3266:
2234:
161:
2237:(ISOGG), which is seeking to promote benefits from scientific research. This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of
2869:
2603:
3056:
2461:
311:
In the fall of 2015, a new chip was designed as a joint effort between Vilar, Genographic Lead Scientist, and Family Tree DNA.
2986:
249:
and the Waitt Foundation. Field researchers at eleven regional centers around the world began by collecting DNA samples from
3830:
2273:
2727:
3815:
3174:
2364:
2373:
2283:
458:
410:
363:
106:
3446:
111:
3749:
3369:
650:
2847:"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree"
180:
3810:
3608:
3546:
3167:
3088:
2690:
2662:
1289:
3206:
3805:
3598:
3014:
2549:
2428:
3783:
3769:
3362:
2628:
2311:
2269:
242:
217:
205:
95:
17:
3342:
3201:
3149:
1350:
173:
55:
1734:
1543:
1256:
686:
3105:
3080:
2286:
are not indigenous to North America). The IPCB recommended against indigenous people participating.
3820:
2544:
1803:
297:
2914:
241:
in 2005, the Genographic Project was a privately funded, not-for-profit collaboration between the
3592:
3506:
2346:
1639:
1224:
491:
2950:
3825:
3613:
1028:
261:
213:
3034:
2846:
2793:
2228:
From 2005 to 2019 Genographic engaged volunteers (in fieldwork and providing DNA samples) and
3644:
3561:
3190:
2334:
2238:
141:
3393:
3099:
2739:
8:
3759:
3495:
3287:
1414:
146:
77:
3121:
2873:
2743:
3576:
3500:
3385:
3019:
2755:
2711:
Bonney, R.; LaBranche, M. (2004). "Citizen Science: Involving the Public in Research".
2573:
2397:
390:
359:
305:
250:
2607:
3556:
3418:
3240:
3224:
2992:
2982:
2899:
2823:
2578:
2388:
2382:
2340:
2252:
1860:
998:
375:
335:
285:
151:
63:
2759:
2469:
3571:
3551:
3153:
2813:
2805:
2747:
2568:
2558:
2318:
1512:
3129:
3697:
3541:
3526:
3490:
3433:
3313:
2943:"Interview with Debra Harry and the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism"
2635:
2358:
2291:
2229:
2015:
1381:
1124:
1061:
938:
906:
782:
395:
380:
355:
339:
322:
301:
2794:"What's in a name? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution"
3741:
3712:
2352:
2315:
2255:." Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the
2055:
1157:
875:
589:
526:
405:
351:
3143:
2809:
2751:
3799:
3587:
3250:
3245:
2996:
2256:
2169:
1766:
1319:
273:
268:. GenoChip is specifically designed for anthropological testing and includes
238:
3692:
3671:
3661:
3159:
2827:
2582:
2296:
2092:
1575:
1093:
425:
385:
343:
281:
277:
31:
253:
populations. Since the fall of 2015, the Project was led by Miguel Vilar.
3408:
3308:
2563:
2518:"Dr. Miguel Vilar is the 29th Speaker in UOG Presidential Lecture Series"
293:
2773:
McCaffrey, R. E. (2005). "Using Citizen Science in Urban Bird Studies".
256:
In fall 2012, the Genographic Project announced the completion of a new
3727:
3722:
3702:
3603:
3512:
3456:
3413:
3323:
3318:
3211:
1938:
557:
257:
101:
82:
3423:
3354:
3215:
2976:
2818:
2391: – Branch of genomics concerned with the genome of an individual
2132:
1899:
1448:
719:
400:
331:
86:
2400: – Patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
2385: – Matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
2367: – Haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA
3717:
3707:
3676:
3618:
3582:
3475:
3461:
3451:
3219:
3067:
1480:
118:
90:
3112:(IBM), information about IBM's role in the project. December 2006.
2491:
3666:
3566:
3441:
3303:
2872:. Southern California Genealogical Society (SCGS). Archived from
2278:
Shortly after the announcement of the project in April 2005, the
1811:
Reference Populations Next-Gen based on Biogeographical Ancestry
1703:
1672:
1191:
968:
813:
415:
347:
292:
was a collaborative effort between Wells of National Geographic,
3115:
3764:
3062:
1977:
1607:
844:
3102:, Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, 13 April 2005.
2728:"A Model for Integrating the Public into Scientific Research"
750:
619:
39:
2343: – Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
216:
study (sales discontinued on 31 May 2019) that aimed to map
2978:
Fantasies of identification : disability, gender, race
289:
269:
3089:"'Genographic Project' aims to tell us where we came from"
2849:. The American Society of Human Genetics. pp. 454–459
2541:
3008:
3006:
2896:"Genetic Research: Collecting Blood to Preserve Culture?"
2870:"The Genographic Project and the Rise of Citizen Science"
2355: – Study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings
246:
221:
209:
3035:"United Nations Recommends Halt to Genographic Project"
2725:
2649:
2647:
2393:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2378:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2369:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
30:
Not to be confused with the computer graphics business
3145:
Spencer Wells: Building a family tree for all humanity
3003:
2417:
2303:
In May 2006, the project came to the attention of the
2644:
2404:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
2300:
motivating IPCB to advocate against Biocolonialism.
2259:
to discover new details of human population history.
2545:"The GenoChip: A New Tool for Genetic Anthropology"
2305:
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
1802:In 2016, the project began utilizing cutting-edge
3015:"DNA Gatherers Hit Snag: Tribes Don't Trust Them"
3797:
2844:
2726:Baretto, C.; Fastovsky, D.; Sheehan, P. (2003).
3100:"Indigenous Peoples Oppose National Geographic"
2845:Mendex, etc. al., Fernando (28 February 2013).
2710:
3483:
2915:"Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism"
2349: – Genetic diversity in human populations
3633:The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding
3370:
3175:
2904:29.4 (Winter 2005). Accessed 4 February 2014.
181:
3189:
2361: – Movement of people for their benefit
2280:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
3856:2019 disestablishments in the United States
2791:
2785:
1797:
3846:Internet properties disestablished in 2020
3841:Internet properties disestablished in 2019
3755:Comparison of web-based genealogy software
3377:
3363:
3267:International Society of Genetic Genealogy
3182:
3168:
2641:. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2235:International Society of Genetic Genealogy
2208:
326:Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
188:
174:
2817:
2772:
2572:
2562:
3851:2005 establishments in the United States
2792:King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009).
2224:Genographic Project public participation
2212:
321:
38:
3836:Internet properties established in 2005
2655:"Next Generation Reference Populations"
2443:
14:
3798:
3384:
3012:
136:Y-chromosome haplogroups by population
3358:
3163:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2937:
2935:
2888:
2867:
2861:
220:patterns by collecting and analyzing
3081:"Finding the roots of modern humans"
3059:official site at National Geographic
2894:Harry, Debra and Le'a Malia Kanehe.
2838:
2686:National Geographic Geno 2.0 Project
2274:Models of migration to the New World
237:Created and led by project director
3063:Arizona Research Laboratories (ARL)
2365:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
204:, launched on 13 April 2005 by the
24:
3130:"Human Line 'Nearly split in Two'"
2965:
2932:
2661:. 23 February 2018. Archived from
2425:"Council for Responsible Genetics"
2374:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
1849:Southwest Asia & Persian Gulf
227:
25:
3867:
3045:
2949:. 1 December 2005. Archived from
2629:Helix DNA Sequencing and Geno 2.0
3750:Comparison of genealogy software
3337:
3336:
3013:Harmon, Amy (10 December 2006).
3122:"Crusaders left genetic legacy"
3027:
2907:
2766:
2732:Journal of Geoscience Education
2719:
2704:
2310:As of December 2006, some
2239:personal DNA (genetic) testing.
288:(mtDNA). The design of the new
2677:
2622:
2596:
2535:
2510:
2484:
2468:. 28 June 2018. Archived from
2337: – DNA-based genetic test
13:
1:
2981:. New York University Press.
2410:
1855:Western & Central Africa
232:
2604:"Who Am I: Regions Overview"
2550:Genome Biology and Evolution
2263:
1834:Great Britain & Ireland
371:
7:
3831:American genealogy websites
3116:Genographic Success Stories
2376: – Human DNA groupings
2327:
2312:federally recognized tribes
2270:Archaeology of the Americas
368:
317:
243:National Geographic Society
218:historical human migrations
206:National Geographic Society
96:Most recent common ancestor
10:
3872:
3816:Genetic genealogy projects
3132:. BBC News. 24 April 2008.
3124:. BBC News. 27 March 2008.
2492:"Ocean Protection Funding"
2462:"Geno 2.0 Next Generation"
2267:
29:
3778:
3740:
3685:
3654:
3643:
3627:
3534:
3525:
3474:
3432:
3401:
3392:
3332:
3296:
3275:
3259:
3233:
3197:
2810:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003
2752:10.5408/1089-9995-51.1.71
3191:Genealogical DNA testing
1798:Geno 2.0 Next Generation
3593:Personal Ancestral File
3507:Personal Ancestral File
3068:Waitt Family Foundation
2975:Ellen, Samuels (2014).
2868:Wells, Spencer (2013).
2634:21 October 2023 at the
2347:Human genetic variation
2209:Volunteer participation
214:genetic anthropological
27:Citizen science project
3614:The Master Genealogist
2498:. La Jolla, California
2261:
2225:
327:
48:
3811:Human genome projects
3562:Genbox Family History
3513:RootsMagic Essentials
3083:. CNN. 14 April 2005.
2335:Genealogical DNA test
2248:
2223:
325:
142:Genealogical DNA test
42:
3106:"Tracking the Truth"
2947:New Internationalist
2715:(May/June 2004): 13.
262:genetic anthropology
260:array, dedicated to
3806:Genographic Project
3760:Family tree mapping
3496:Genealogica Grafica
3288:Surname DNA project
3283:Genographic Project
3057:Genographic Project
2744:2003JGeEd..51...71B
2659:National Geographic
2466:National Geographic
1863:(Southwestern USA)
1812:
459:Amerindian (Mexico)
391:Sub-Saharan African
360:Sub-Saharan African
202:Genographic Project
157:Genographic Project
147:Surname DNA project
107:Human mitochondrial
78:Population genetics
45:Genographic Project
3770:Genealogy websites
3577:Legacy Family Tree
3501:Legacy Family Tree
3386:Genealogy software
3020:The New York Times
2953:on 24 October 2022
2798:Trends in Genetics
2693:on 7 February 2017
2610:on 30 October 2014
2564:10.1093/gbe/evt066
2522:University of Guam
2472:on 22 January 2013
2398:Y-chromosomal Adam
2226:
1810:
1225:Northern Caucasian
328:
112:Human Y-chromosome
49:
3793:
3792:
3736:
3735:
3639:
3638:
3557:Family Tree Maker
3521:
3520:
3470:
3469:
3352:
3351:
3241:Bennett Greenspan
3225:Genetic genealogy
3156:, 29 August 2008.
2988:978-1-4798-1298-1
2900:Cultural Survival
2389:Personal Genomics
2383:Mitochondrial Eve
2341:Genetic diversity
2253:citizen scientist
2221:
2206:
2205:
1795:
1794:
1351:Highland Peruvian
381:Northern European
356:Northern European
286:mitochondrial DNA
198:
197:
152:Personal genomics
64:Genetic genealogy
16:(Redirected from
3863:
3686:Retail/web-based
3652:
3651:
3572:Kith and Kin Pro
3552:Family Historian
3547:Brother's Keeper
3532:
3531:
3481:
3480:
3399:
3398:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3340:
3339:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3146:
3133:
3125:
3096:
3095:. 17 April 2005.
3084:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2911:
2905:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2821:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2689:, archived from
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2651:
2642:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2606:. Archived from
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2576:
2566:
2557:(5): 1021–1031.
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2496:Waitt Foundation
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2458:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:. Archived from
2421:
2394:
2379:
2370:
2284:Native Americans
2222:
1861:African-American
1852:Southern Europe
1843:Southern Africa
1840:Northern Africa
1837:Jewish Diaspora
1813:
1809:
396:Southern African
369:
340:Southern African
190:
183:
176:
51:
50:
21:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3821:Citizen science
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3774:
3732:
3698:Family Tree DNA
3681:
3646:
3635:
3623:
3542:Ancestral Quest
3535:Desktop/non-web
3527:Retail software
3517:
3491:Ancestral Quest
3484:Desktop/non-web
3466:
3428:
3402:Desktop/non-web
3388:
3383:
3353:
3348:
3328:
3314:Family Tree DNA
3292:
3271:
3255:
3229:
3193:
3188:
3144:
3128:
3120:
3087:
3079:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3011:
3004:
2989:
2973:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2876:on 10 July 2013
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2790:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2724:
2720:
2713:ASTC Dimensions
2709:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2665:on 7 April 2016
2653:
2652:
2645:
2636:Wayback Machine
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2392:
2377:
2368:
2359:Human migration
2330:
2292:genetic testing
2276:
2266:
2230:citizen science
2213:
2211:
2172:(West African)
1831:Eastern Europe
1828:Eastern Africa
1800:
1544:Southern Indian
1257:Northern Indian
411:Native American
406:Southeast Asian
386:Southwest Asian
364:Native American
352:Southeast Asian
344:Southwest Asian
320:
302:Family Tree DNA
235:
230:
228:Project history
194:
138:
115:
110:
104:
102:DNA haplogroups
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Genes Reunited
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3655:Free/web-based
3649:
3647:service (SaaS)
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3503:(standard ed.)
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
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3051:Official sites
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1846:Southern Asia
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127:Related topics
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3826:Crowdsourcing
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3251:Anne Wojcicki
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3246:Spencer Wells
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2804:(8): 351–60.
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1825:Central Asia
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1767:Yoruba people
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1189:
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1138:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
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1107:
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1100:
1097:
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1083:
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1079:
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1038:
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1027:
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1018:
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1002:
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997:
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986:
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978:
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948:
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731:
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723:
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669:
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634:
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629:
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623:
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613:
611:
609:
606:
603:
601:
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593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
579:
577:
574:
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570:
567:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
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493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
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475:
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468:
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440:
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435:
432:
429:
427:
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419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Mediterranean
374:
370:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Mediterranean
333:
324:
315:
312:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:Johns Hopkins
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:autosomal DNA
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Spencer Wells
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
191:
186:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
137:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
117:
113:
108:
103:
99:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3782:
3693:Ancestry.com
3672:Werelate.org
3662:FamilySearch
3579:(deluxe ed.)
3341:
3282:
3137:
3136:
3110:DB2 Magazine
3109:
3092:
3073:
3072:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3018:
2977:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2946:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2909:
2898:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:the original
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2840:
2831:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2738:(1): 71–75.
2735:
2731:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2695:, retrieved
2691:the original
2685:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2658:
2638:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2554:
2548:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2465:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2419:
2323:
2309:
2302:
2288:
2277:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2227:
1801:
1415:Puerto Rican
329:
313:
310:
282:Y-chromosome
278:X-chromosome
265:
255:
236:
201:
199:
156:
44:
36:
32:Genigraphics
3409:Family.Show
3394:Open source
3309:AncestryDNA
2781:(1): 70–86.
2614:30 November
1822:Asia Minor
1816:Population
294:Eran Elhaik
18:Genographic
3800:Categories
3728:MyHeritage
3723:Living DNA
3703:Findmypast
3604:RootsMagic
3457:PhpGedView
3447:Gramps Web
3414:GenealogyJ
3324:MyHeritage
3319:Living DNA
3212:Haplogroup
2957:9 November
2924:9 November
2697:22 October
2502:25 January
2411:References
2268:See also:
1576:Tajikistan
401:East Asian
372:Population
332:East Asian
258:genotyping
251:indigenous
233:Beginnings
83:Haplogroup
3628:Web-based
3609:Sukujutut
3434:Web-based
3424:LifeLines
3260:Societies
3216:Haplotype
3202:Procedure
3093:USA Today
2997:900357752
2819:2381/8106
2319:Wampanoag
2264:Criticism
2095:(Kenyan)
1939:Ethiopian
1513:Sardinian
1382:Peruvians
1192:Mongolian
651:Dominican
558:Bulgarian
492:Bermudian
264:, called
87:Haplotype
3784:Category
3718:Geni.com
3708:Geneanet
3677:WikiTree
3619:TreeDraw
3595:(Mac OS)
3583:GEDitCOM
3476:Freeware
3462:webtrees
3452:HuMo-gen
3343:Category
3297:Services
3276:Projects
3220:Subclade
2919:ipcb.org
2833:updated.
2828:19665817
2760:67761505
2632:Archived
2583:23666864
2328:See also
2297:TallBear
2133:Tunisian
1900:Egyptian
1640:Tunisian
1481:Russians
1449:Romanian
1290:Oceanian
1125:Malagasy
1062:Lebanese
939:Japanese
783:Georgian
720:Egyptian
416:Oceanian
348:Oceanian
318:Geno 2.0
306:Illumina
284:DNA and
266:GenoChip
212:, was a
119:Genomics
91:Subclade
70:Concepts
56:a series
54:Part of
3742:General
3667:Rodovid
3599:Reunion
3567:GenoPro
3442:GeneWeb
3304:23andMe
3150:YouTube
3037:. ipcb.
2880:10 July
2853:10 July
2740:Bibcode
2669:28 June
2588:28 June
2574:3673633
2476:28 June
2316:Mashpee
2170:Yoruban
2056:Kuwaiti
2016:Iranian
1819:Arabia
1704:Vanuatu
1158:Mexican
1029:Kuwaiti
969:Khoisan
907:Iranian
876:Iberian
751:Finnish
590:Chinese
527:British
426:Altaian
3765:GEDCOM
3419:Gramps
3234:People
3138:Videos
2995:
2985:
2826:
2758:
2581:
2571:
2527:10 May
2435:16 May
2290:human
1673:Tuscan
1320:Papuan
814:German
620:Danish
420:Total
304:, and
3152:, on
2756:S2CID
2639:Helix
2257:crowd
2093:Luhya
1978:Greek
1804:Helix
1608:Tatar
1094:Luhya
845:Greek
280:DNA,
272:from
162:ISOGG
3509:(PC)
2993:OCLC
2983:ISBN
2959:2022
2926:2022
2882:2013
2855:2013
2824:PMID
2699:2018
2671:2018
2616:2022
2590:2018
2579:PMID
2529:2022
2504:2022
2478:2018
2437:2015
2272:and
2202:89%
2151:88%
2104:81%
2083:84%
2043:24%
2020:56%
2008:79%
1950:64%
1943:11%
1928:17%
1921:68%
1894:81%
1791:100
1475:100
1345:100
1314:100
1023:100
999:Kinh
963:100
614:100
584:100
552:100
521:100
362:and
290:chip
270:SNPs
208:and
200:The
3154:TED
3148:on
2814:hdl
2806:doi
2748:doi
2569:PMC
2559:doi
2193:6%
2190:3%
2181:2%
2164:2%
2161:5%
2158:4%
2127:5%
2122:2%
2119:4%
2116:4%
2113:4%
2076:4%
2067:3%
2062:7%
2048:2%
2038:2%
2029:4%
2026:4%
2023:6%
1999:2%
1996:2%
1991:7%
1984:9%
1972:5%
1965:8%
1962:7%
1959:5%
1931:3%
1918:4%
1911:3%
1906:3%
1891:3%
1884:9%
1877:4%
1872:2%
1761:99
1729:97
1698:99
1667:99
1634:98
1602:98
1570:99
1538:99
1507:98
1443:99
1409:98
1376:99
1284:98
1251:99
1219:98
1186:98
1152:98
1119:99
1088:99
1056:98
993:99
933:97
901:98
870:99
839:99
808:99
777:98
745:97
714:99
681:95
645:99
486:99
453:98
296:of
247:IBM
222:DNA
210:IBM
3802::
3218:/
3214:/
3108:,
3091:.
3017:.
3005:^
2991:.
2967:^
2945:.
2934:^
2917:.
2830:.
2822:.
2812:.
2802:25
2800:.
2796:.
2777:.
2754:.
2746:.
2736:50
2734:.
2730:.
2657:.
2646:^
2577:.
2567:.
2553:.
2547:.
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2494:.
2464:.
2445:^
2321:.
1777:97
1754:26
1745:58
1726:78
1721:15
1683:17
1680:28
1677:54
1653:19
1650:10
1644:62
1625:16
1618:21
1615:40
1612:21
1593:10
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1583:22
1580:22
1563:35
1554:58
1520:24
1517:67
1491:18
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1459:19
1456:36
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1438:11
1428:25
1422:21
1419:31
1404:68
1389:10
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1277:27
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1267:34
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1208:67
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1165:20
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1016:43
1013:57
982:52
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886:13
883:37
880:48
855:17
852:28
849:54
824:17
821:46
818:36
793:31
787:61
761:17
758:57
755:17
732:14
729:18
724:65
706:50
697:43
664:47
658:11
655:29
630:16
627:53
624:30
607:28
604:72
568:20
565:31
562:47
537:17
534:50
531:33
505:48
499:20
496:15
481:83
443:53
436:22
433:17
366:.
358:,
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300:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
