107:, as well as subsequent protests and debates regarding the future of their nation. Estimates suggest that as many as 55% of protesters were female and approximately 60% of people voting in the most recent election were female. In early 2014, equal rights and protections for women were included in the newest Egyptian constitution, reversing many of the restrictions imposed by the more conservative Mohamed Morsi regime. Although women are not guaranteed a minimum number of seats in parliament, laws forbidding discrimination based on gender was included. In addition, women are to be given access to higher judiciary positions for the first time. This has provided the legal framework for greater gender equality, though enforcement will determine its effectiveness.
237:. Frequency of reported incidents varies. However, in one of the most recent studies, an April 2013 UN survey shows that 99.3% of women have experienced sexual harassment. A January 2011 survey of youth stated the 13.5% of women felt that sexual harassment was the most serious risk they face on Egypt's streets on a day-to-day basis. 15.9% felt it was the greatest risk when using bus transportation and 23% felt it was the greatest risk they face when taking the train. This survey was taken before the epidemic of sexual violence that accompanied recent episodes of widespread public unrest.
330:
numbers are lower than older age brackets, they are largely consistent with the 10- to 29-year-old group surveyed in an identical 2008 study. This would suggest that any decline in practice has slowed significantly or stagnated. The same study showed the majority of respondents, both male and female, believed that circumcision was necessary for girls (64%). More men (70.3%) believed it was needed than women (57.6%). Belief in the practice is stronger in the lower income quintiles and considerably weaker in the upper quintiles.
1853:
1863:
318:, also called female circumcision, involves removal of some or all of a female's genitalia. More severe – and far less common – forms involve complete removal of the genitals and sewing up of the vagina until only a very small hole remains for urine and menstrual blood vacate. FGM is commonplace in Egypt, with an estimated 90-97% of women undergoing some version of the procedure. The practice is deeply engrained in the culture and predates both
43:(GII) rated Egypt 108th out of 162 countries, with an overall value of 0.449, where a score of zero represents perfect gender parity according to the metrics used. These indicators suggest strong gender-based disparities in areas of reproductive health, economic functioning, and overall empowerment. Reasons for inequalities are numerous; social norms and attitudes, economic pressures,
74:', would mean a reduction in the woman's financial rights. The law is somewhat flexible in that it allows for the couple to adhere to conditions of divorce set up in advance. Women are still able to pursue a divorce through the traditional means wherein the fault of the husband must be proven. This method allows women greater financial rights and protections.
307:
women reported having been subject to some form of physical violence by their current or previous husband. These rates decreased in higher income and education brackets, although approximately one quarter of women in those highest brackets report having been "beaten" by their husbands at some point during their marriage.
32:). Gender roles are based on assumed biological differences between the sexes and can lead to dramatically different life experiences as well as opportunities and outcomes for individuals. Consequently, when looking at a number of indicators, women often find themselves disadvantaged relative to men.
306:
Summary
Finding confirmed that spousal violence is a significant problem in Egypt. Studies from 1995 to 2005 showed no decrease in prevalence, though some methodological inconsistencies in surveys between those years makes direct comparison somewhat complicated. The study showed that in 2005, 33% of
65:
Divorce procedures differ by gender, with divorces being more freely granted to men. A man can divorce his wife by saying "you are divorced" three times. The proceeding is then formalized within 30 days by registering the divorce with a notary. Women are then entitled to financial maintenance for up
158:
can be in the public, private, or agricultural sectors, and in formal or informal sectors There needs to be a clearer list of employment sectors in Egypt and what groups of women fall into these sectors due to the uneven distribution of their placement and implicit effects on the nation’s economy.
157:
A study by Ghada
Barsoum suggests that there is a difference in reasons to pursue employment between unmarried and married women. Despite high education attainment, unmarried women pursue jobs to save money for marriage and married women work to provide additional income for the family. Employment
380:
The new constitution, ratified in
January 2014, appears to take a different approach to women's rights as they relate to CEDAW. The constitution now states that women have equal right to give pass citizenship to their children. Egypt's intentions to uphold and pursue the goals of CEDAW in general
329:
Numbers of circumcised females decrease in lower age brackets. Among all females surveyed in a 2011 study of over 15,000 individuals, 75.5% of women aged 10–29 report being circumcised. The practice appears to be more common in rural areas where 83.7% of females have experienced FGM. While these
355:
against women as a human rights issue, create a plan of action to address gender disparities, and to hold nations accountable. Countries that ratify the convention pledge to take strong steps in order to end discriminatory practices and violence against women. To date, 189 countries have signed
132:
New generations of
Egyptians have placed a higher value on female education than in the past. In 2011 it is estimated that of the 2.6 million students enrolled in tertiary education, 51% of them were female. This is significantly higher than the Arab regional and global averages of 24% and 29%
153:
Unemployment rates are high for all young
Egyptians, though it is particularly high for females. A study in 2010 showed that only 13.4% of women in the 15–29 age bracket are employed or looking for work. Although more women are economically active in the upper income quintiles, they are still
141:
Participation in the labor force shows substantial differences between the genders. While unemployment rates are high, evidence suggests a substantial male bias in hiring. As of 2012, women made up 24.2% of the labor force, a percentage that has remained stagnant for no less than two decades.
69:
In the past, women were required to prove the fault of the husband before being granted a divorce. In 2000, the law was amended by "The Law on
Reorganization of Certain Terms and Procedures of Litigation in Personal Status Matters", a hotly contested legal act that broadened women's access to
273:
and the subsequent social unrest and jubilation in Tahrir in 2013, 80 women were subjected to sexual violence by mobs of men in one night. There were a total of no less than 169 cases of such attacks against women during that week. Attacks against women appear to have been carried out in a
121:
rates for young adults (15- to 24-year-olds) show some gender-based disparity. As of 2011, overall literacy rates were 93.2% of men and 86.5% women. These numbers have increased dramatically over recent years as Egypt has made greater financial investments in this sector. Because of vast
219:
are expressing some concern. Young women with comprehensive knowledge about the disease has decreased in recent years from 62% (2005) to 30% (2008). UNICEF also reports that the number of young people aware that HIV infection could be prevented with condoms dropped from 22% to 13%.
154:
underrepresented at 35.1% of women with a vocational or post-secondary education. University graduated women are significantly more economically active than women with less education at 46.7%. However, at least 80% of all men in all income brackets are employed or looking for work.
66:
to two years. Some women, when negotiating with their husbands for divorce, are willing to forfeit the financial assistance in exchange for him initiating the divorce. Women sometimes choose this option because of the legal red tape that is involved in wife-initiated divorce.
187:
and family planning may be limited, with 60.3% of women using contraception of any kind. Younger women appear to be more likely to use contraception than older generations. A 2011 Population Fund survey found that 75% of married women aged 15–29 have used contraception.
149:
reports that women face far more hostility in the overall business environment, citing a finding that showed "...female-owned firms in Egypt report needing 86 weeks on average to resolve a conflict through the legal system, compared to 54 weeks for male-owned firms."
211:
infection rates are virtually the same for both sexes at .1%, making it one of the lowest rates in Africa. However, lack of widespread public awareness, discreet testing options, and social stigma may contribute to an underestimation of cases of infection.
2207:
1977:
1818:
326:. Its main purpose is to preserve chastity, though its social function is very complicated. FGM is seen by all major international human rights organizations as a violation of a woman's bodily integrity and sexual health.
191:
Adolescent fertility rates in Egypt were 44 per 1000 in 2012, significantly higher than most economically developed countries and likely a result of early marriage and lack of universal access to family planning services.
2122:
1962:
290:
Such attitudes toward women and prevalence of sexual violence and harassment against them, contribute substantially to Egypt being named the worst Arab state for women by an extensive Thomas
Reuters Foundation study.
1828:
1982:
260:
With the unrest associated with the 2011 revolution and political strife in Egypt, normal social order has been disrupted. As a result, hundreds of women have been victims of random sexual violence in public.
369:
Egypt is not bound by the section of article 1 (definition of discrimination against females) that requires the submission to any body of arbitration to resolve disputes between the State and the
Convention.
286:
because they put themselves in that position." While this attitude is not representative of all
Egyptians, it is widespread enough to present challenges for women who participate in the political action.
277:
Attitudes regarding sexual violence against women provide considerable obstacles in regard to mobilizing public action against it. In early 2012, members of Egypt's upper parliamentary house engaged in
77:
With Egypt's political upheaval and legal turmoil, the future of women's legal rights within marriage (and other areas) are uncertain. Islamist and conservative groups have raised objections to the
2233:
1997:
1577:
2280:
2276:
1823:
1782:
1687:
731:
2037:
1792:
122:
improvements in Egypt's education system, younger generations are much more likely to be literate than the older generations. The most disadvantaged group are rural adult women. The 2006
2272:
1942:
1657:
2042:
1972:
1111:
2212:
2132:
2097:
2082:
2022:
1957:
1747:
1722:
1617:
1567:
2263:
2087:
1707:
1587:
100:. After the revolution that ousted Mubarak, the number of women in office decreased. The 2013 Human Development Report states that 2.2% parliamentary positions are held by women.
2012:
2007:
1952:
1937:
1777:
1281:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2172:
2142:
2127:
2102:
2002:
1947:
1752:
1522:
563:
2182:
1797:
1562:
1547:
1542:
2237:
2047:
2027:
2017:
1932:
1838:
1757:
253:
and sexual assault are not brought to the attention of authorities or prosecuted. Shame, fear of being blamed, loss of face, or in some cases, fear of being a victim of "
2167:
1967:
1642:
1597:
366:
Marriage laws, based on sacrosanct religious believes, should remain as is. Women must seek a divorce through the ruling of a judge whereas men have no such requirement.
58:
Marriage is the formal institution wherein women's different legal status is most apparent. Official age of consent for marriage is 16 for girls and 18 for boys, though
199:
rates – a drop of 52% (174/100,000 to 84/100,000). The rate has since decreased further to 66/100,000. A woman's lifetime risk of dying during childbirth is 1:490.
962:
257:" prevents most women from seeking help. Despite these difficulties, the Egyptian Interior Ministry estimates there are no less than 20,000 women raped annually.
129:
Egypt has made significant progress in narrowing the primary and secondary education gap between boys and girls. As of 2010, the female to male ratio was 0.96.
24:
are prevalent and clearly defined. These roles are largely associated with traditional
Islamic family structures, wherein women's roles are closely tied to the
110:
In February 2014, Egypt elected its first female political party leader; Hala Shukrallah, a Coptic Christian, was elected to represent the Constitution Party.
877:
660:
363:
Women should not have equal rights to determine the nationality of their children. A woman's child in Egypt shall always be the nationality of the father.
359:
Egypt, along with a significant number of countries, ratified the convention, spelling out numerous reservations. Egypt made the following reservations:
1448:
634:
863:
682:
92:
for all Muslim men. The same allowances are not granted for women, though a wife has some say in whether or not her husband takes a second wife.
249:
is difficult to measure as many women are reluctant to come forth due to the social stigma associated with sexual victimization. Most cases of
70:
divorce. Under this new law, a woman could pursue a divorce without having to prove the fault of the husband. However, this type of divorce, '
1742:
1115:
1787:
1085:
906:
1288:
1313:
567:
1767:
1899:
1185:
2306:
398:
265:
has been the site of many such assaults, with 150 attacks against women by groups of men reported during the single week of
1492:
521:
2311:
1033:
775:
1383:
1059:
2147:
2137:
1737:
1702:
704:
2152:
1627:
1622:
1517:
1233:
418:
1210:
2067:
1637:
1537:
1527:
348:
1833:
1712:
881:
2187:
2162:
1987:
1727:
1682:
1662:
1652:
1552:
175:
in Egypt is consistent with this biological reality. Women live an estimated 76.2 years and men 70.82 years.
1162:
2112:
2092:
2057:
2052:
1922:
1667:
1647:
1532:
428:
2177:
2117:
2072:
2032:
1927:
1908:
1732:
1697:
1632:
1612:
1602:
1452:
638:
336:
341:
Egypt is a signatory to The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women.
2157:
2107:
2062:
1892:
1717:
1692:
1672:
1607:
1582:
1557:
1259:
548:
2077:
1677:
1592:
1501:
937:
315:
2316:
1509:
1485:
1426:
1361:
123:
986:"Policy and Practice: National Mmaternal mortality ratio in Egypt halved between 1992–93 and 2000"
589:
40:
471:
303:
803:"'Women, work and family': Educated women's employment decisions and social policies in Egypt"
333:
FGM was banned in Egypt in 2007. In 2015 the first conviction for performing FGM took place.
1885:
17:
910:
612:
8:
1807:
1478:
1338:
1137:
822:
413:
337:
The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
126:(HDR) estimated that only 15% of female household heads in rural areas were literate.
1862:
857:
826:
403:
234:
89:
985:
1138:"Egyptian Survivors of Sexual Violence Complain of Forensic Examiners Mistreatment"
814:
498:
25:
1010:
753:
85:(the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women).
246:
172:
352:
279:
196:
59:
44:
29:
1877:
1037:
2300:
1856:
841:
423:
270:
266:
262:
254:
184:
1470:
1405:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"
1063:
103:
As political participants, women have been active in the revolutions of the
1404:
319:
802:
1866:
372:
Egypt will not comply to any part of the Convention that runs counter to
104:
62:
of females still continues in certain areas without legal intervention.
818:
390:
146:
1011:"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)"
408:
118:
1186:"80 sexual assaults in one day – the other story of Tahrir Square"
282:, with one representative saying, "Women contribute 100% to their
450:"United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports"
274:
premeditated fashion by men emboldened with a sense of impunity.
1362:"Egypt bans female circumcision after death of 12-year-old girl"
1260:"Egypt is the worst Arab state for women, Comoros best: survey"
1086:"99.3% of Egyptian women experienced sexual harassment: report"
963:"Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)"
373:
216:
449:
215:
Despite low infection rates, international organizations like
195:
Between 1992 and 2000 Egypt made tremendous gains in reducing
344:
323:
300:
82:
78:
71:
21:
1034:"New HIV/AIDS counselling and testing centres open in Egypt"
1282:"Egypt Violence Against Women Study: A summary of findings"
283:
250:
36:
171:
Given normal circumstances, women on average outlive men.
81:
Law. These groups also oppose the institutionalization of
1319:. United Nations Egyptian Center for Women's Rights. 2006
613:"Trying to break through Egypt's political glass ceiling"
208:
47:, and structural forces all help maintain the status .
732:"Middle East and North Africa: Women in the Workforce"
294:
1449:"Women's Gains in the Egyptian Constitution of 2014"
1427:"Declarations, Reservations and Objections to CEDAW"
635:"Women's Gains in the Egyptian Constitution of 2014"
1234:"Sexual violence in Egypt: 'The target is a woman'"
756:. World Education News and Reviews. 4 November 2013
707:. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis. 8 March 2006
178:
1384:"Doctor jailed after Egypt's first FGM conviction"
661:"Meet Egypt's first female political party leader"
310:
233:Most Egyptian women have experienced some form of
351:on December 18, 1979. The treaty seeks to define
2298:
705:"Egypt: Illiteracy still rife among rural women"
564:"INSIGHT: Quotas and Women in Egyptian Politics"
499:"Overview of Marriage and Divorce Laws in Egypt"
53:
28:and men's roles tied to the public sphere (see:
1907:
1114:. United Nation Population Fund. Archived from
938:"Survey of Young People in Egypt: Final report"
839:
776:"Egyptian female youth and their labour market"
522:"Egypt's women face rollback on divorce rights"
1893:
1500:
1486:
901:
899:
1419:
862:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1900:
1886:
1493:
1479:
1397:
955:
896:
880:. CIA World Factbook. 2012. Archived from
697:
627:
610:
493:
491:
95:
932:
930:
928:
746:
726:
724:
722:
604:
1381:
1274:
1213:. Amnesty International. 6 February 2013
1203:
1183:
1177:
1003:
977:
768:
637:. AGORA. 3 February 2014. Archived from
381:have also been emphasized and codified.
269:'s ouster. Again, during the removal of
223:
1306:
1231:
1225:
1211:"Egypt: Impunity fuels sexual violence"
800:
561:
488:
2299:
1104:
925:
719:
555:
540:
1881:
1474:
1441:
1382:Kingsley, Patrick (26 January 2015).
1359:
1257:
1251:
1078:
1031:
1025:
833:
513:
476:. Human Rights Watch. 21 January 2014
88:Egyptian marital laws also allow for
1160:
1154:
983:
870:
653:
582:
566:. Middle East Voices. Archived from
464:
228:
1287:. UNFPA. April 2009. Archived from
1052:
675:
546:
526:The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com
441:
13:
562:Coleman, Isobel (7 October 2013).
551:. Islam's Women – Jewels of Islam.
519:
399:Egyptian Centre for Women's Rights
295:Intimate partner/domestic violence
240:
166:
14:
2328:
1314:"Violence Against Women in Egypt"
1184:Kingsley, Patrick (5 July 2013).
1163:"Egypt's sexual assault epidemic"
685:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics
2208:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1978:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1861:
1852:
1851:
842:"Why Women Live Longer Than Men"
683:"UIS Statistics in Brief: Egypt"
447:
419:Operation Anti Sexual Harassment
179:Reproductive and maternal health
1375:
1353:
1331:
1232:Ramdani, Nabila (3 July 2013).
1130:
840:Perls, M.D., M.P.H., Thomas T.
807:Gender, Work & Organization
794:
611:Bar'el, Zvi (31 January 2014).
349:United Nations General Assembly
311:Female genital mutilation (FGM)
1819:British Indian Ocean Territory
549:"Islam's Position on Polygamy"
1:
1032:Simon, Ingram (25 May 2012).
434:
245:Total number of incidents of
136:
54:Legal status and marriage law
2307:Gender inequality by country
1909:Gender inequality in Africa
1258:Boros, Crina (12 Nov 2013).
1161:Trew, Bel (14 August 2013).
801:Barsoum, Ghada (July 2019).
429:Mass sexual assault in Egypt
113:
7:
1360:Black, Ian (30 June 2007).
1341:. World Health Organization
1339:"Female Genital Mutilation"
991:. World Health Organization
663:. Al Arabiya News. Feb 2014
384:
202:
10:
2333:
1502:Gender inequality in Asia
878:"Life Expectancy at Birth"
592:. Human Development Report
501:. Human Rights Watch. 2004
2221:
2196:
1915:
1847:
1806:
1766:
1508:
473:World Report 2014 – Egypt
316:Female genital mutilation
161:
1963:Central African Republic
1568:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1062:. UNICEF. Archived from
1036:. UNICEF. Archived from
909:. UNICEF. Archived from
844:. Harvard Medical School
124:Human Development Report
2312:Women's rights in Egypt
1829:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1451:. AGORA. Archived from
1112:"Gender-based violence"
96:Political participation
41:Gender Inequality Index
734:. The World Bank. 2010
304:Violence Against Women
2123:São Tomé and Príncipe
1983:Republic of the Congo
224:Gender-based violence
1743:United Arab Emirates
1040:on 21 September 2017
547:Philips, Dr. Bilal.
528:. The Jerusalem Post
2198:States with limited
1770:limited recognition
1066:on 14 December 2017
907:"Egypt: Statistics"
347:was adopted by the
1455:on 17 January 2018
819:10.1111/gwao.12285
641:on 17 January 2018
414:Judiciary of Egypt
207:As of 2012, known
197:maternal mortality
183:Women's access to
2294:
2293:
2225:other territories
1998:Equatorial Guinea
1875:
1874:
1812:other territories
1060:"Egypt: HIV/AIDS"
943:. Population Fund
782:. 28 October 2013
404:Feminism in Egypt
235:sexual harassment
229:Sexual harassment
45:religious beliefs
2324:
2286:
2285:(United Kingdom)
2281:Tristan da Cunha
2277:Ascension Island
2269:
2256:
2247:
2223:Dependencies and
1916:Sovereign states
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1824:Christmas Island
1510:Sovereign states
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1429:. United Nations
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1407:. United Nations
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1090:Daily News Egypt
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:. The World Bank
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
990:
984:Campbell, Oona.
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
965:. The World Bank
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
942:
934:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
894:
893:
891:
889:
884:on June 13, 2007
874:
868:
867:
861:
853:
851:
849:
837:
831:
830:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
780:Daily News Egypt
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
728:
717:
716:
714:
712:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
657:
651:
650:
648:
646:
631:
625:
624:
622:
620:
608:
602:
601:
599:
597:
586:
580:
579:
577:
575:
570:on 27 March 2017
559:
553:
552:
544:
538:
537:
535:
533:
520:Mayton, Joseph.
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
495:
486:
485:
483:
481:
468:
462:
461:
459:
457:
445:
90:multiple spouses
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:Sexism in Egypt
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2267:
2254:
2245:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2199:
2192:
1911:
1906:
1876:
1871:
1843:
1811:
1802:
1783:Northern Cyprus
1769:
1762:
1504:
1499:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1294:on 10 June 2014
1291:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1118:on 3 March 2016
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1092:. 28 April 2013
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
982:
978:
968:
966:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:
926:
916:
914:
913:on 15 July 2017
905:
904:
897:
887:
885:
876:
875:
871:
855:
854:
847:
845:
838:
834:
799:
795:
785:
783:
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
752:
751:
747:
737:
735:
730:
729:
720:
710:
708:
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
681:
680:
676:
666:
664:
659:
658:
654:
644:
642:
633:
632:
628:
618:
616:
609:
605:
595:
593:
588:
587:
583:
573:
571:
560:
556:
545:
541:
531:
529:
518:
514:
504:
502:
497:
496:
489:
479:
477:
470:
469:
465:
455:
453:
446:
442:
437:
387:
339:
313:
297:
247:sexual violence
243:
241:Sexual violence
231:
226:
205:
181:
173:Life expectancy
169:
167:Life expectancy
164:
139:
116:
98:
56:
50:
26:domestic sphere
12:
11:
5:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2270:
2257:
2248:
2234:Canary Islands
2230:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1440:
1418:
1396:
1374:
1352:
1330:
1305:
1273:
1250:
1224:
1202:
1176:
1153:
1129:
1103:
1077:
1051:
1024:
1002:
976:
954:
924:
895:
869:
832:
813:(7): 895–914.
793:
767:
745:
718:
696:
674:
652:
626:
603:
581:
554:
539:
512:
487:
463:
439:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
386:
383:
378:
377:
370:
367:
364:
353:discrimination
338:
335:
312:
309:
296:
293:
280:victim-blaming
242:
239:
230:
227:
225:
222:
204:
201:
180:
177:
168:
165:
163:
160:
138:
135:
133:respectively.
115:
112:
97:
94:
60:child marriage
55:
52:
30:Women in Egypt
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Guinea-Bissau
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:South Ossetia
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1006:
987:
980:
964:
958:
939:
933:
931:
929:
912:
908:
902:
900:
883:
879:
873:
865:
859:
843:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
781:
777:
771:
755:
749:
733:
727:
725:
723:
706:
700:
684:
678:
662:
656:
640:
636:
630:
614:
607:
591:
585:
569:
565:
558:
550:
543:
527:
523:
516:
500:
494:
492:
475:
474:
467:
451:
444:
440:
430:
427:
425:
424:Rape in Egypt
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
393:
389:
388:
382:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
308:
305:
302:
292:
288:
285:
281:
275:
272:
271:Mohamed Morsi
268:
267:Hosni Mubarak
264:
263:Tahrir Square
258:
256:
255:honor killing
252:
248:
238:
236:
221:
218:
213:
210:
200:
198:
193:
189:
186:
185:contraception
176:
174:
159:
155:
151:
148:
143:
134:
130:
127:
125:
120:
111:
108:
106:
101:
93:
91:
86:
84:
80:
75:
73:
67:
63:
61:
51:
48:
46:
42:
38:
35:In 2017, the
33:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2273:Saint Helena
2244:
2148:South Africa
2138:Sierra Leone
1992:
1943:Burkina Faso
1808:Dependencies
1738:Turkmenistan
1703:Saudi Arabia
1572:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1289:the original
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1238:The Guardian
1237:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1190:The Guardian
1189:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1165:. Al Jazeera
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1005:
993:. Retrieved
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
945:. Retrieved
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
872:
846:. Retrieved
835:
810:
806:
796:
784:. Retrieved
779:
770:
758:. Retrieved
748:
736:. Retrieved
709:. Retrieved
699:
687:. Retrieved
677:
665:. Retrieved
655:
643:. Retrieved
639:the original
629:
617:. Retrieved
606:
594:. Retrieved
584:
572:. Retrieved
568:the original
557:
542:
530:. Retrieved
525:
515:
503:. Retrieved
478:. Retrieved
472:
466:
454:. Retrieved
443:
391:
379:
358:
343:
340:
332:
328:
320:Christianity
314:
298:
289:
276:
259:
244:
232:
214:
206:
194:
190:
182:
170:
156:
152:
144:
140:
131:
128:
117:
109:
102:
99:
87:
76:
68:
64:
57:
49:
34:
18:gender roles
16:Traditional
15:
2200:recognition
2153:South Sudan
2043:Ivory Coast
1867:Asia portal
1768:States with
1688:Philippines
1628:South Korea
1623:North Korea
1518:Afghanistan
1367:15 February
754:"Education"
374:Islamic law
105:Arab Spring
2301:Categories
2255:(Portugal)
2213:Somaliland
2133:Seychelles
2098:Mozambique
2083:Mauritania
2068:Madagascar
2023:The Gambia
1958:Cape Verde
1748:Uzbekistan
1723:Tajikistan
1638:Kyrgyzstan
1618:Kazakhstan
1538:Bangladesh
1528:Azerbaijan
1389:15 January
1147:2022-04-08
456:10 January
435:References
147:World Bank
137:Employment
2088:Mauritius
1834:Hong Kong
1788:Palestine
1713:Sri Lanka
1708:Singapore
1588:Indonesia
1262:. Reuters
827:149958609
615:. Haaretz
409:HARASSmap
299:The 2009
114:Education
2279: /
2275: /
2268:(France)
2262: /
2240: /
2236: /
2188:Zimbabwe
2163:Tanzania
2013:Ethiopia
2008:Eswatini
1988:Djibouti
1953:Cameroon
1938:Botswana
1857:Category
1778:Abkhazia
1728:Thailand
1683:Pakistan
1663:Mongolia
1658:Maldives
1653:Malaysia
1553:Cambodia
1433:26 March
1411:27 March
1345:27 March
1323:26 March
1298:27 April
1266:26 March
1243:27 March
1217:27 March
1195:26 March
1169:26 March
1142:arij.net
1122:26 March
1096:27 March
1070:26 March
1044:27 March
1017:26 March
995:27 March
969:27 March
947:10 April
917:27 March
888:27 March
858:cite web
848:27 March
786:10 April
760:10 April
738:27 March
711:26 March
689:26 March
532:26 March
505:27 March
480:26 March
452:. online
385:See also
203:HIV/AIDS
119:Literacy
2264:Réunion
2260:Mayotte
2251:Madeira
2246:(Spain)
2242:Melilla
2173:Tunisia
2143:Somalia
2128:Senegal
2113:Nigeria
2103:Namibia
2093:Morocco
2058:Liberia
2053:Lesotho
2003:Eritrea
1973:Comoros
1948:Burundi
1923:Algeria
1753:Vietnam
1668:Myanmar
1648:Lebanon
1578:Georgia
1533:Bahrain
1523:Armenia
1459:8 April
667:8 April
645:8 April
619:8 April
596:8 April
590:"Egypt"
574:8 April
356:CEDAW.
2283:
2266:
2253:
2183:Zambia
2178:Uganda
2118:Rwanda
2073:Malawi
2033:Guinea
1928:Angola
1798:Taiwan
1733:Turkey
1698:Russia
1633:Kuwait
1613:Jordan
1603:Israel
1563:Cyprus
1548:Brunei
1543:Bhutan
825:
448:UNDP.
394:(film)
217:UNICEF
162:Health
2238:Ceuta
2158:Sudan
2108:Niger
2063:Libya
2048:Kenya
2028:Ghana
2018:Gabon
1993:Egypt
1933:Benin
1839:Macau
1758:Yemen
1718:Syria
1693:Qatar
1673:Nepal
1608:Japan
1583:India
1573:Egypt
1558:China
1317:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
941:(PDF)
823:S2CID
345:CEDAW
324:Islam
301:UNFPA
83:CEDAW
79:Khula
72:khula
22:Egypt
2168:Togo
2078:Mali
1968:Chad
1678:Oman
1643:Laos
1598:Iraq
1593:Iran
1461:2014
1435:2014
1413:2014
1391:2015
1369:2015
1347:2014
1325:2014
1300:2014
1268:2014
1245:2014
1219:2014
1197:2014
1171:2014
1124:2014
1098:2014
1072:2014
1046:2014
1019:2014
997:2014
971:2014
949:2014
919:2014
890:2014
864:link
850:2014
788:2014
762:2014
740:2014
713:2014
691:2014
669:2014
647:2014
621:2014
598:2014
576:2014
534:2014
507:2014
482:2014
458:2018
322:and
284:rape
251:rape
145:The
37:UNDP
1810:and
815:doi
392:678
209:HIV
39:'s
20:in
2303::
1236:.
1188:.
1140:.
1088:.
927:^
898:^
860:}}
856:{{
821:.
811:26
809:.
805:.
778:.
721:^
524:.
490:^
1901:e
1894:t
1887:v
1494:e
1487:t
1480:v
1463:.
1437:.
1415:.
1393:.
1371:.
1349:.
1327:.
1302:.
1270:.
1247:.
1221:.
1199:.
1173:.
1150:.
1126:.
1100:.
1074:.
1048:.
1021:.
999:.
973:.
951:.
921:.
892:.
866:)
852:.
829:.
817::
790:.
764:.
742:.
715:.
693:.
671:.
649:.
623:.
600:.
578:.
536:.
509:.
484:.
460:.
376:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.