1658:Лавров Л. И. Кавказская Тюмень // Из истории дореволюционного Дагестана. М. 1976, с. 163-165. Lavrov defined Tumen as "an ancient Kumyk possession with seaside town of Tumen, which consisted of a mixed population of Kumyks, Kabardins, Nogais, Astrakhans, Kazan Tatars and Persians". The possession of Tumen was located near Sulak river in Dagestan and refers to the possession of Tumen mentioned by Khalifa ibn Hayyat in the 8th century. As it was reported, warlord Marwan capturing Gumuk and Khunzakh, headed north, towards the possession of Tumen. Bakikhanov links Tumen with 'Tumen-shah' in the eastern sources. (Бейлис В. М. Сообщения Халифы ибн Хаййата ал-Усфури об арабо-хазарских войнах в VII - первой половине VIII в. // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1998. М.,2000. С.43).
754:(1514–1576). "First of all, in Persia at the time of the great festivities there were made on the right and left side of Shah's throne, the two seats on each side for the four noble defenders of the state against the four strongest powers, namely: for the khan of Kandahar, as a defender against India; for shamkhal, as a defender against Russia; for the king of Georgian, as a defender of the state against the Turks; for the khan who lives on the Arab border". According to A. Kayaev, the influence of Chopan-shamkhal in Caucasus was great so that he "intervened in the affairs of succession of Persion throne in Iran".
40:
1004:Шараф ад-Дин Йазди. Упоминание о походе счастливого Сахибкирана в Симсим и на крепости неверных, бывших там // Зафар-наме (Книга побед Амира Темура (сер. XV в.), в варианте перевода с персидского на староузбекский Муххамадом Али ибн Дарвеш Али Бухари (XVI в.)) / Пер. со староузбек., предисл., коммент., указатели и карта А. Ахмедова. — Академия наук Республики Узбекистан. Институт востоковедения имени Абу Райхана Беруни. — Ташкент: «SAN’AT», 2008. - С.421
708:. For the construction of the fortress "came princes Andrew Babichev and Peter Protasiev with many people, guns and musket". In 1567 trying to prevent the Russians to build their stronghold at the mouth of the Sunzha, Budai-shamkhal and his son Surkhay were killed on the battlefield as evidenced by their tombstones at the cemetery of shamkhals in Gazi-Kumukh.
763:
met in
Eastern Anatolia with honors. Chopan-shamkhal was given many gifts. For his services in the war with the Persians shamkhal was given sanjak Shaburan and his brother Tuchelav sanjak Akhty and Ikhyr. Ibrahim Pechevi reported that the governor of Shirvan Osman Pasha married a daughter Tuchelav. Chopan Shamkhal pledged to defend Shirvan.
136:], derived from the Turkic, Tatar spiritual tradition, as a reliance on their genealogical ancestry (nasab), not paying attention to the science or courtesies (edeb). The house of Chinghiz is highly esteemed amongst them (shawkhals), as Quraysh amongst Muslims. They didn't allow someone to stand higher than them or lift heads.
501:
Despite this
Tamerlane marched against the shamkhal and after several months of siege and battles captured fortress Kuli and Tayus. Sharafuddin Yezdi, Tamerlane's court historian, wrote about the capture of "Kazi-Kumuk": "Heavy resistance is overcome, fortresses captured, inhabitants defeated, shamkhal was killed himself".
530:". Academician M. Hasanov wrote: "Shamkhalate reached its height in the 15th century. Sources name shamkhals "walis" i.e. the rulers of entire Dagestan. The title did not match the reality. Shamkhal never managed to be the ruler of entire Dagestan. The emergence of the term speaks of the strengthening of shamkhalate".
391:
Ali Kayaev suggested the Seljuk invasion of
Dagestan in the beginning of the 12th century that established the authority of shamkhals in Kumukh. Ali Kayaev probably had one of the Turkic translations of Derbent-nameh. Referred to therein, Gazi-Qalandar, which means Islamic warlord, must have been the
94:
Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi called the
Shamkhal "a natural Oghuz". One of the arguments of the Turkic version is that Shamkhals were elected in the way that is traditional for Turkic peoples — tossing a red apple. Ancient pre-Muslim names of the Kumuk inhabitants, as fixed in Khuduk inscription —
31:
in the period of the 8th to 17th centuries with the capital in Gazi-Kumukh, and allegedly disintegrated in 1642. However, In the 16th century's
Russian archival sources Tarki is stated to be the "capital of Shamkhalate" and "the city of Shamkhal", while "Kazi-Kumuk" is mentioned as a residence. These
983:Магомедов Р.М. Общественно-экономический и политический строй Дагестана в XVIII – начале XIX веков. Махачкала: Дагкнигоиздат, 1957. С. 145. «все основания отнести этот термин к Золотой Орде, нежели арабам. Можно считать, что правитель кумыков в период господства татаро-монгол ими выдвинут в этот сан»
780:
In 1594 a
Khvorostinin's campaign into Dagestan took place who retreated after fighting. In 1599 Georgian ambassadors in Moscow, Saravan and Aram, reported to king Alexander of Kakheti that "neither you nor your men should be sent to fight shevkal (shamkhal), shevkal lives in the mountains, the road
500:
moved to Kaitag. Shamkhal with an army of 3,000 persons attacked
Tamerlane in the neighborhood of Akusha-Dargo. Nizameddin Shami reported that "Gazi-Kumuk" was an ally of the Golden Horde and that "shamkhal of Gazi-Kumuk had a custom to fight the unbelievers" that Tamerlane wanted to put to his use.
762:
IN 1577 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with his brother
Tuchelav-Bek, Gazi-Salih of Tabasaran and in alliance with the Turkish army undertook a military campaign against Sufi-Qizilbashes who were defeated. After the victory over Qizilbashes in Shirvan, Chopan-shamkhal carried out a visit to Turkey and was
253:
against the
Khazars in Dagestan appointed several governors, one of whom was Shakhbal of Kumukh. The authority of Shakhbal could not have been permanent in Kumukh if he was an Arab. It will be correct to assume that Shakhbal was a local ruler of Kumukh who among Laks held the title Shamkhal. He was
202:
and Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi) sources. Dagestani historian
Shikhsaidov wrote that the version claiming Arab descent was in favor of the dynasty and clerics (the descendants of Muhammad). A. Kandaurov wrote that the Arab version was elaborated by the Shamkhals themselves. Also, the title Shamkhals is
776:
At the end of the 16th century shamkhal feuded with krym-shamkhal who was supported by part of the "Kumyk land". King Alexander of Kakheti reported at the time that "shamkhal affair was bad as they (shamkhal and krym-shamkhal - E. K.) scold among themselves". In 1588 the Georgian ambassador Kaplan
604:
became regular. Historian Gadjiev V. wrote that "shamkhalate in the period of its political domination became a large state on the map of medieval Caucasus". Shamkhal and the ruler of Shirvan began competing for the hegemony in the northern Azerbaijan. King of Kakhetia Levan an ally and kinsman of
438:
Researchers thought of the Derbent-nameh chronicle as doubtful written by the people of shamkhal in the 17th century. This chronicle is not contrary to the history and describes the Arab invasion of Dagestan. There are some facts confirming this chronicle such as the mosque built at the end of the
387:
Al-Masudi's report about the Christian population of Gumik in the 10th century may not be reliable as Al-Masudi did not visit Gumik and in his works he could use only reports of the earliest centuries. Reports of eastern authors about Gumik should be related not to the period of their lives but to
378:
Oriental sources reported such names of Dagestani principalities as Derbent, Tabasaran, Gumik, Sarir, Lakz, Haidak, Philan, Shandan, Zirihgeran, Tumen, Djidan, Khamzin, Samandar and Balanjar. Oriental authors have not been to Kumukh and did not mention shamkhal (or utsmi, nutsal, maisum) and their
188:
As some Persian sources say, this people settled here under the Abumuselim shah, from the Gilan Province and served under the cleric official kazi, under the rule of Shamkhal. Because of that cleric and the people of Kumukh place, who resettled here from Gilan, or, better said, by the mixture with
815:
Shamkhalate rulers unable to unite against the Persians concluded a military and political alliance with Russia. Shamkhalate was ruled by prince Alibek I, son of Budai-shamkhan I. In 1614 Giray of Tarki and Tuchelav of Shamkhalate (Andi-shamkhal), son Alibek I, gave an oath of allegiance to the
666:
though there is no evidence for that. The rulers were called in Turkic as "Kazikumuks" and in Persian as "Lezgins". In the Iranian works "History of Persian tazkere" and "Safina-ye hoshgu" the rulers Shamkhalate and their descendants in the royal court of the Shah were referred to as "Lezgins".
613:
A common economic zone emerged with neighbouring regions. Almost every village was a workshop organization, supplying the needs of common internal and external market. The city of Tarki became a trading point of Caspian Sea passage that brought large revenues to the treasury. The second name of
550:
The possessions of Dagestan were prone to political independence and entered into alliances with the rulers in their own interests, such as the need to defend by united forces against the invaders. In the 15th century shamkhal was in alliance with such possessions as Agul, Kurakh, Akhti, Rutul,
308:
Historian Baileys V.M. reported about the campaign of Marwan in Dagestan: "He came to the fortress 'of the throne' killed and captured prisoners. ... He came to Gumik – a fortress where the 'house of possession' was and here the seat of 'the ruler of the throne' was, the ruler left fleeing and
266:
from Kaytak, Tabarsaran and Gyubechi ... If against Shakhbal comes any enemy from Avar or from the other side, then, when Shakhbal will assamble his troops, let there come to his aid the army of Kaytak with its ruler Hamza and with army of Tabarsaran – Mohammad Masoom and let join the army of
819:
In 1623 Eldar of Tarki was elected shamkhal. Coronation and large banquet took place in Gazi-Kumukh. In 1635 Aidemir of Andirey, son of Sultan-Mahmud, became shamkhal. Aidemir travelled to Gazi-Kumukh "where according to their customs shamkhal is crowned". In 1640 Surkhay of Tarki was elected
571:
According to Andunik-nutsal, the army of shamkhal numbered up to 100 thousand men. Turkic chronicler Mehmet Efendi wrote about Dagestanis that "when their security is threatened, under the banner of shamkhal there gathers one hundred thousand army of horsemen and footmen. It's a known fact".
667:
Iranian "Lezgins" corresponded to the modern name of "Dagestanis". The naming of shamkhalate as "Gazikumukh" is Turkic and refers to the invasion of Tamerlane at the end of the 14th century. The naming of shamkhalate can be original only according to the Lak language, as Lak shamkhalate.
317:
In 778 the Juma mosque of Kumukh was built where there is an ancient inscription: "In 162 AH, they built the sacred mosque for the Almighty Allah". This inscription was read by Arabists such as Anuchin D. (1882), D. B. Bushaev (1894), M. Alikhanov-Avar and E. Kazubski (1902).
32:
facts contradict "1642 disintegration" date. Moreover, there is absolutely no source before the 1950s containing the term "Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" or a statement that Gazi-Kumukh had ever been the capital of Shamkhalate. Historically, Shamkhalate is widely described as
144:, Shamkhalate was dominated by the Turkic Kumyks, and the Lak people hold the honorable title of Gazis (because of the earlier adoption of Islam). Apart from that, the Shamkhalate had a feudal class of Karachi-beks, a title exclusively related to Mongol-Turkic states.
434:
There are no reports from sources that the rulers of Kumukh embraced Islam before the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. The names of Kumukh rulers appear only after the Mongol invasion. Islamic "Gazi-Kumukh" was first mentioned in the 14th century.
189:
the indigenous Kumukh people, who originate from Dagestan Tatars, the name Kazikumuk emerged. This clerics were the ancestors of Khamutay , who following the example of others claimed in their parts independence and in the present times adopted the Khan title.
973:
Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997. S. 28) «После поражения Миран-Шаха от Аи Коюнлу кумыки "получили свою независимость, избрала себе хана из роди Чингизхана, которого величали по-своему
309:
arrived at the fortress called Humradzh where the golden throne was. Marwan spent winter and summer near it and then made peace with on conditions of – a thousand cattle and a hundred thousand Mudd – and then went from there into the land of Tumen."
95:
Budulay, Ahsuwar, Chupan and others — are of Turkic origin. On the graves of the Shamkhals in Kumukh there are Turkic inscriptions, as noted by professor of Caucasian studies L. Lavrov. The grave itself was called by the locals "Semerdalian" after the
74:
Russian professor of oriental studies, the Doctor of Historical Sciences I. Zaytsev, also shared the opinion that the Shamkhalate was a Kumyk state with the capital in the town of Kumuk (written thus in medieval sources). While studying works of the
460:, the highland capital of Laks. The siege of Kumukh fortress using machines and catapults lasted about six months. In 1240 on April 8, Kumukh was captured and destroyed. Ismey-Haji Guseinov wrote: "In spring of 1240 Bugdei, one of warlords of
1157:Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
1147:Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
1468:
In a "Testament" of Andunik-nutsal (1485), who estimating the military power of feudal rulers of Dagestan wrote that of a "100 thousand men in the army of Padishah al-Gumuki". А. Р. Шихсаидов. Завещание Андуник-нуцала. — Махачкала,
614:
Gazi-Kumukh was a "Large market" where a fair every Thursday was conducted. Ismey-Haji Guseinov writes: "Between Safavid shah and shamkhal a political and military alliance was made which was strengthened by a marriage between shah
777:
and Hursh reported that shamkhalate was in turmoil and asked the Russian tsar to send troops as a measure of military action against the raids shamkhal on Georgia. Russians captured Tumen principality in the northern Dagestan.
439:
8th century in Kumukh and the fame of Kumukh as the old residence of the influential shamkhal. The dynasty of rulers of Kumukh with the title shamkhal must have existed in the 8th century as the rulers of shamkhalate believed.
1604:И. Г. Гербер. Известия о находящихся на западной стороне Каспийского моря между Астраханью и рекою Курою народах и землях и о их состоянии в 1728г. // "Сочинения и переводы, к пользе и увеселению служащие". СПб. 1760, с.36-37.
1336:М. Г. Гаджиев, О. М. Давудов, А. Р. Шихсаидов. История Дагестана с древнейших времён до конца XV в.. — Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанского научного центра РАН. Махачкала: ДНЦ РАН, 1996, с. 216, 251, 252.
1176:Шанталь Лемерсье-Келкеже. Социальная, политическая и религиозная структура Северного Кавказа в XVI в. // Восточная Европа средневековья и раннего нового времени глазами французских исследователей. Казань. 2009. С.272-294.
1058:Аликберов А. К. Эпоха классического ислама на Кавказе: Абу Бакр ад-Дарбанди и его суфийская энциклопедия «Райхан ал-хака’ик» (XI—XII вв.) / А. К. Аликберов. Ответственный редактор С. М. Прозоров — М.: Вост. лит., 2003.
488:(1295–1304). According to Lavrov, Badr-shamkhal carried out a gazi-raid on Zirikh-Geran and built a mosque there. Records of Ali Kayaev showed that by the early 14th century in Kumukh along there were several mosques.
261:
The chronicle Derbent-Nameh gave the following description of the formation of the Dagestani principalities: "Hamri, Kura, Ahti, Rutul, Zeyhur – they are subject to Kumuk ... for the ruler of Derbent ordered to take
118:
Ali-Beg, who founded a new ruling dynasty, also had a title of "Shamkhal". According to the local story, starting from Ali-Beg until Khadjik, the rulers of their land spoke in the "language of the plains", i.e.
338:. Muslim rule in the mountainous Dagestan declined. In the 9th to 11th centuries some territories of southern Dagestan as Tabasaran, Kura, Akhti, Rutul and Tsakhur were under the influence of a stronger
407:. At the beginning of the 12th century Seljuks were not able to hold on to Shirvan. In 1123 a joint army of Georgians and Shirvanians defeated the Seljuks in the battle of Shamakha. In 1173 Shirvanshah
65:
Also it was supported by the historian Fahrettin Kirzioglu, the early 20th century historian D. H. Mamaev, Halim Gerey Sultan, Mehmet-Efendi, and others. Dagestanian historian R. Magomedov stated that:
158:
The first King of the Western Tatars was Sain. He was strong and mighty. He conquered Russia, Comania, Alania, Lak, Mengiar, Gugia and Khazaria, and before his conquest, they all belonged to Comans.
784:
In 1604 a Buturlin's campaign into Dagestan took place. In 1605 Russian army that occupied lowlands of Dagestan (about 8,000 men) was surrounded and routed in Karaman field 20 kilometres north of
596:
In the 16th century shamkhals , with the support of utsmi of Kaitag, maisum of Tabasaran and nutsal of Khunzakh, directed the energy of highlanders to external wars. Raids on "unbelievers" of
281:
692:
to help him against the raids of shevkalski tsar (shamkhal), Crimean khan and the Turks. Ivan the Terrible sent his general Cheremisov who took over Tarki but decided not to remain there.
70:
there is all necessary proofs to relate the term to the Golden Horde, but not to the Arabs. We may think that in the period of the Mongol-Tatars they put a Kumyk ruler in that status .
1577:В. Г. Гаджиев. Сочинение И. Г. Гербера «Описание стран и народов между Астраханью и рекою Курою находящихся» как исторический источник по истории народов Кавказа. – М., Наука, 1979.
684:
a number of rich gifts, one of which was extraordinary: an elephant, not seen up to that time in Moscow. Shamkhal's envoy to Russia had no success as in 1557 prince Temruk Idar of
254:
probably related to the Arabs and his title was distorted in pronunciation. Historians Barthold and Polievktov associated Shakhbal with Shamkhal, both meaning the ruler of Kumukh.
370:
wrote that in 1064 "the infidels of Gumik attacked the village of al-Bab, killed many Muslims and looted their property then obliged the survivors with kharaj and returned home".
584:(1447-1456) was defeated and killed on the banks of the Samur river. In 1488 Sheykh Haydar (1456-1488), the son of Junayd, was too defeated and killed in Tabasaran. In 1500 Shah
168:
The original population of the "Kazi-Kumykskiy" possession, as wrote F. Somonovich in 1796, were Dagestan Tatars (Kumyks). After the resettlement of some Lezginian peoples from
781:
to him is narrow". Georgian ambassador Cyril in 1603 reported in Moscow that "shevkal and his children live more in Gazi-Kumuk in the mountains, because that place is strong".
237:. It is known that the Arabs lost power in Dagestan on successful Khazars invasion and Laks then could have been in alliance with the Khazars. Arabs had to reconquer Dagestan.
1318:Бейлис В. М. Сообщения Халифы ибн Хаййата ал-'усфури об арабо-хазарских войнах в VII - первой половине VIII в. // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1998. М.,2000. С.43.
258:
wrote that in 734: "Abu Muslim advanced to Kumuk ... The main mosque and other buildings built by him in Kumuk still exist today. He left here Shakhbal ibn Abdullah a ruler".
1707:
The work of Johann Gerber "Description of the countries and peoples between Astrakhan and the Kura River" as a historical source on the history of the peoples of the Caucasus
395:
History shows that no Arab or Seljuk conquest of mountainous Dagestan took place during the 9th to 12th centuries. In this period there was a long feud that spanned southern
176:, under the rule of Shamkhal, the population mixed, and the power of Shamkhal decreased, and the new population formed their own Khanate independent of the Shamkhal dynasty:
844:
860:
366:
wrote in the 10th century that the residents of Gumik are "Christian and not subject to any king, but have chiefs (raissi) and live in peace with the kingdom of Alans".
828:
1167:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001. С. 55
898:Лавров Л.И -Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа на арабском, персидском и турецком языках. Памятники письменности Востока. - Москва: Наука - 1966 -
955:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001.
856:
852:
734:
In 1570 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with Turks and Crimeans undertook an expedition to capture Astrakhan. The city was not taken and the army retreated to
1234:
Belokurov, Sergey Alekseevich (1862-1918). Russia's relations with the Caucasus: Materials, extracts. from Moscow. chapters. archive M-va inostr. del
995:Сборник материалов, относящихся к истории Золотой Орды, том II. Извлечения из персидских сочинений, собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном. М.-Л. АН СССР. 1941
551:
Tsakhur, Andalal, Andi, Gidatl, Gotsatl, Karakh, Kusrakhi, Tsudakhar, Gubgen, Akusha, Kubachi, Tarki, Bujnak, Andirey and Tumen, that were managed by
836:
588:, the son of Heydar, made a foray into Dagestan, seized Tabasaran and brutally cracked down on the civilians in retaliation for the death of Haydar.
476:
In the middle of the 13th century the rulers of Kumukh converted to Islam and shamkhalate became an influential Islamic state. In 1302 the ruler of
198:
V. Bartold also stated, that the term "Shamkhal" is a later form of the original form Shawkhal, which is mentioned both in the Russian and Persian (
180:
The people of this province come from Dagestan Tatars, mixed with the Persian settlers; they follow the same law, and speak Lezginian languages.
937:
Kayaev Ali. Shamkhals // Soviet Dagestan. Makhachkala: Dagknigizdat, 1990. №3-4. С. 267; Рук. Фонд. ИИАЭ ДНЦ РАН. Ф.1. Оп. 1. Д. №431, Лл. 52, 64
580:
At this time the Persians decided to raise an army, seize Shirvan and Dagestan and "create a large Shi'ite state". In 1456 Iran's Safavid ruler
99:
city of Semender; the gravestones there are patterned in a Kipchak style. In the "Maza chronicle" Shamkhals are described as "a branch of the
1214:
61:
Shamkhal wasn't a descendant of Abbas Hamza but a Turk, who came with his companions. After him the Shamkhalate became a hereditary state.
832:
750:
In Persia in the court of the shah, shamkhal had an honorable place next to the shah. Sister of Chopan-shamkhal was married to shah
1402:Л. И. Лавров . Новое о Зирих-Геране и Казикумухских шамхалах // Из истории дореволюционного Дагестана. Махачкала, 1976. С. 216—217.
91:
studies O. Bubenok, call Gazi-Kumuk (also Gazi-Kumukluk in medieval sources) call the Shamkhalate area as the lands of Kumyks.
1363:Б. Г. Алиев, М. С. Умаханов. Дагестан в XV—XVI вв. (Вопросы исторической географии) / ИИАЭ ДНЦ РАН. Махачкала, 2004. С. 30-33.
1429:С. К. Каммаев. Легендарная Лакия: Краткий энциклопедический справочник о Лакии и лакцах. Т.1 — Махачкала: Тип. ДНЦ РАН, 2007.
392:
Arab commander Abu Muslim who in the 8th century captured Tabasaran, Kaitag and Kumukh, but decided not to move into Avaria.
1282:Полиевктов М. А. Из истории северокавказских феодалов XVII века. «Сб. статей академика Н. Я. Марра». — М. — Л. 1935. С. 746.
150:
mentioned from his travels that Khazaria and Lak, even before falling in the hands of the "Western Tatars", belonged to the
1748:
1067:К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюркского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с.
1013:О. Б. Бубенок - АЛАНЫ-АСЫ В ЗОЛОТОЙ ОРДЕ (XIII-XV ВВ.) ; Нац. акад. наук Украины, Ин-т востоковедения им. А. Крымского
1138:К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюрского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с.
464:, approaches Kumukh and after a fierce resistance of defenders of the fortress takes the capital of shamkhalate. However,
1568:Р. Г. Маршаев. Казикумухское шамхальство в русско-турецких отношениях во второй половине XVI — начале XVII вв. — М., 1963
1496:См. Сб. докум. Русско-дагестанские отношения в XVII перв. четв. XVIII вв. // Махачкала, 1957. Составитель Маршаев Р. Г.
111:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi mentioned the land as Gazi-Kumukluk, where the suffix "luk" suffi is a Turkic linguistic sign.
542:
where the viziers (advisers), qadis (Islamists), ameers (warlords) and shamkhal (ruler) were present in the meetings.
1505:Пахомов Е. А. Монетные клады Азербайджана и других республик Кавказа. Труды ИЯЛ АН Азерб. ССР, Вып. II. — Баку, 1944.
301:"moved from Kassak, crossed the river al-Kur and headed for the city called Shaki. From Shaki he went to the land of
647:
Ali Kayaev wrote about shamkhals that "their strong branch migrated from Gazi-Kumukh to the lowlands" of Dagestan.
1235:
468:
had not managed then to establish themselves in Lakia as well as in other regions in the mountains of Dagestan".
1095:
1372:И. Ш. Гусейнов. Образование казикумухского шамхальства: Автореф. дисс. канд. ист. наук. Махачкала, 1998, с. 15.
165:
also stated that the Arabic version is a compilation by local historians trying to merge legends with history.
87:, Soviet historians V. Romaskevich and S. Volin, and Uzbek historian Ashraf Ahmedov, as well as professor in
57:
Among the supporters of Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is Lak historian Ali Kayaev:
1201:Бартольд В. В. Сочинения. Т.III. Работы по исторической географии - Монография. М.: Наука, 1965 - С.412-413.
130:
The fact that the ruler in Dagestan was chosen from the Chinghiz dynasty and called shawkhal-khan [
1743:
1246:Бартольд В.В. Сочинения. Т.III. Работы по исторической географии - Монография. М.: Наука, 1965 - С.412-413.
964:
Halim Gerey Soltan. Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustots 1997.
408:
358:
Historians report that "in the first half of the 10th century Gumik was dependent upon neighboring Serir".
147:
141:
518:
and in that connection shamkhal assumed the functions of the ruler of entire Dagestan and was named as "
305:." In 738 according to Derbent-Nameh, Marwan obliged the rulers of mountainous Dagestan to pay tribute.
1049:
Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997.
680:
In 1556 diplomatic relations with the Moscow state were set. The peaceful embassy of shamkhal brought
946:Çelik (Fahrettin M.). Kızılalmanın Türesini Yaşatan Şamkallar’ın Soyu // Çinaraltı, 1942, №30, 31, 33
872:
659:
246:
1441:М. Р. Гасанов. История Дагестана / Учебное пособие. Махачкала, 2000. С. 81, 108, 120, 121, 134, 135.
23:" is a term introduced in Russian-Dagestan historiography starting from the 1950s–60s to denote the
1738:
738:
but then invaded Kabarda. Despite the demolition of the Sunzha fortress the Russian advance to the
700:
In 1566 prince Matlov of Kabarda asked the Moscow tsar to put a fortress at the confluence of the
84:
1125:
1110:
272:
1026:
918:Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона. — С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907.
514:
In the 15th century Shamkhalate became the largest political and Islamic center of southern
716:
255:
250:
212:
33:
1264:Гусейнов Г-Р. А-К. Шавхал (Вопросы этимологии)// КНКО: Вести. Вып. № 6-7, 2001, Махачкала.
8:
792:
715:. Territory of Chopan-shamkhal in the north extended beyond Terek river and adjoined the
362:
wrote in the 10th century that "the king of Serir has a fortress called Alal and Gumik".
331:
267:
Shakhbal". In 734 there were in Dagestan such principalities with their own rulers, as
218:
199:
104:
80:
1523:Р. Г. Маршаев. О термине «шамхал» и резиденции шамхалов. — Махачкала, 1959. С. 163—173
1478:Ильяс Каяев. Казикумухское Шамхальство XV—XVI вв. Настоящее Время. № 38. 26 сен. 2008.
1728:
1622:Эфендиев О. Азербайджанское государство сефевидов в XVI веке. Баку. 1981. С. 15. 156.
689:
681:
618:
and the daughter of shamkhal. The house of shamkhals became related to the rulers of
597:
412:
367:
335:
655:
The title "shamkhal" in the first half of the 16th century was passed by seniority.
848:
359:
327:
233:, a fact that could have obliged Laks to be in alliance with the Arabs against the
480:, who sent gifts to Badr-shamkhal of Kumukh was none other than the descendant of
1733:
169:
162:
120:
76:
1705:
1236:
https://www.amazon.ca/Russias-Relations-Caucasus-Issue-1578-1613/dp/551938567X
504:
203:
not mentioned in the works of the Medieval Arabic historians and geographers.
1722:
791:
In the early 17th century Dagestan was under the threat of Iranian conquest.
581:
796:
701:
663:
481:
465:
453:
276:
100:
1550:С. А. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом — М., 1888. 4.1. С. 29, 58-60.
785:
728:
705:
115:
39:
442:
47:
800:
601:
1640:Всеобщее историко-топографическое описание Кавказа (XVIII в.). 1784 г.
711:
In 1569 prince Chopan, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected shamkhal in
1076:Булатова А.Г. Лакцы. Историко-этнографические очерки. Махачкала, 1971
751:
615:
497:
477:
461:
416:
363:
298:
1345:В. Ф. Минорский. История Ширвана и Дербента X—XI веков. — М., 1963.
877:
739:
720:
685:
585:
519:
515:
428:
424:
420:
396:
222:
126:
Jamalutdin-haji Mamaev in the beginning of the 20th century wrote:
28:
1192:- Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых, 2010. 304 с., стр. 6-7
1631:Алиев К.М. В начале было письмо Газета Ёлдаш. Времена 13.04.2012.
1273:Очерки истории Дагестана. — Махачкала: Даггиз. 1957. Т. 1. С. 51.
840:
804:
724:
627:
619:
404:
400:
343:
339:
268:
234:
96:
1676:Н. М. Карамзин. История государства Российского. Т.XI. Кн. III.)
928:Али Каяев. Материалы по истории лаков. Рук. фонд. ИИЯЛ, д. 1642.
523:
1704:
Gadzhiev, Vladilen (1979). "Северный Кавказ (North Caucasus)".
907:С. А. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом — М., 1888, page 58
727:. In the south, territories of Chopan-shamkhal extended "up to
712:
631:
623:
485:
457:
379:
descriptions of Dagestani possessions had distorted character.
287:
263:
230:
173:
151:
24:
1300:Абу Мухаммад ибн А'сам аль-Куфи. Книга завоеваний. Баку, 1981.
766:
1085:Шихсаидов А.Р - Эпиграфические памятники Дагестана - М., 1985
552:
539:
347:
302:
291:
226:
88:
1586:Н. А. Смирнов. Россия и Турция в 16.-17 вв. М., 1946. С. 127
1541:М. А. Патимат. Валех Дагестани. «Ёлдаш/Времена», 01-03-2013.
221:, in its expansion to the north, engaged in the conquest of
1291:А. К. Бакиханов. Гюлистан и Ирам. Период второй 644—1258 г.
1027:
http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus3/Nizamaddin/frametext.htm
735:
556:
538:
Gazikumukh Shamkhalate was ruled by the supreme council or
527:
505:
Strengthening of shamkhalate in the 15th and 16th centuries
1327:Л. И. Лавров. Этнография Кавказа. Ленинград, 1982, с. 101.
388:
the time of Arab presence in Dagestan in the 8th century.
297:
Historian Al-Kufi reported that in 738 the Arab commander
1211:Описание Южного Дагестана Федором Симоновичем в 1796 году
560:
132:
771:
831:(740), Badr I (1295–1304), Akhsuvar I (14th century),
240:
1381:М. Курбиев. Монголы в Лакии. РИА Дагеста, 04.01.2009.
1354:См.: А. Р. Шихсаидов. К вопросу о локализации Филана.
1255:Шихсаидов А. Р. Дагестан в X—XIV вв. Махачкала, 1975.
443:
Mongolo-Tatar invasions in the 13th to 14th centuries
48:
Formation of shamkhalate in the 8th to 12th centuries
1420:Шами Низамеддин. Зафер-наме. Баку, Елм. 1992, с. 16.
1411:Тизенгаузен В. Г. Сборник. Т. 1. СПб., 1884. С. 233.
1040:. Книга путешествий. Выпуск 2. — М., 1979. — С. 794.
1024:ЗАФАР-НАМЭ VIII ИЗ "КНИГИ ПОБЕД" НИЗАМ-АД-ДИНА ШАМИ
27:state that existed on the territory of present-day
1532:Али Каяев. Настоящее Время. № 47, 4 декабря. 2009.
1720:
346:was formed. Kumukh Shamkhalate consisted of one
193:
1123:
1389:
1387:
1186:Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII–XVIII веков
1108:
719:. In the west his territory included part of
321:
1514:См. Б. Г. Алиев, М. С. Умаханов. Указ. соч.
767:Collapse of shamkhalate in the 17th century
658:The shamkhal rulers were assumed to be the
326:In the 9th century the anti-Arab revolt of
1384:
642:
225:. At the beginning of the 8th century the
1613:Нусрет-наме Кирзиоглу Ф. Указ. соч. С.279
1595:ЦГАДА. Крымские дела. Кн. 13. — Л. 71 об.
591:
294:which remained independent of the Arabs.
1703:
1437:
1435:
675:
491:
249:, the commander of the Arab army, after
38:
1685:ЦГАДА. Кумыкские дела. 1635. ЛЛ. 28–29.
810:
757:
650:
52:
1721:
107:in his 14th century Timurid chronicle
1694:См. Р. Маршаев, Б. Бутаев. Указ. соч.
1649:С. А. Белокуров. Указ. соч. С. 58–59.
1459:See Mohammed Rafi. "Tarikh Dagistan".
1432:
991:
989:
772:Aggression of Turkey, Russia and Iran
745:
742:by the end of the 1580s recommenced.
575:
217:In the middle of the 7th century the
43:The city of Tarki in the 18th century
1667:Белокуров С. Указ. раб. С. 302, 405.
1559:ПСРЛ. Т. XIII. 2-я пол. С. 324, 330.
1393:См. Исмей-Гаджи Гусейнов. Указ. соч.
894:
892:
608:
447:
1526:
1240:
605:shamkhal also feuded with Shirvan.
241:Campaigns of Maslamah and Marwan II
13:
1487:А. К. Бакиханов. Указ. раб. С. 80.
1195:
986:
823:
695:
662:from the dynasty of the rulers of
353:
206:
14:
1760:
949:
889:
670:
373:
334:led to the disintegration of the
16:Term denoting the Kumyk-Lak state
731:itself" according to I. Gerber.
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1228:
1204:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1117:
1102:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1031:
1016:
1007:
998:
977:
1309:Ибн аль-Асир, т. IV, стр. 245.
1022:НИЗАМ АД-ДИН ШАМИ КНИГА ПОБЕД
967:
958:
940:
931:
922:
910:
901:
312:
140:According to French historian
1:
883:
545:
533:
194:Critics of the Arabic version
509:
471:
409:Akhsitan I ibn Minuchihr III
142:Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay
7:
1749:Former monarchies of Europe
866:
845:Surkhay I ibn Umal-Muhammad
10:
1765:
382:
210:
873:History of the Lak people
861:Aidemir ibn Sultan Mahmud
841:Budai I ibn Umal-Muhammad
660:descent from Genghis Khan
637:
322:Collapse of the caliphate
247:Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
916:Шамхальство Тарковское
643:Relocation to the plain
566:
85:Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi
592:Expansion of territory
191:
182:
160:
138:
72:
63:
44:
21:Gazikumukh Shamkhalate
1710:. Makhachkala: Наука.
829:Shakhbal ibn Abdullah
676:Relations with Russia
492:Campaign of Tamerlane
186:
178:
156:
128:
68:
59:
42:
36:or just Shamkhalate.
1124:Шереф-ад-Дин Йезди.
811:Alliance with Russia
758:Alliance with Turkey
717:Khanate of Astrakhan
651:Election of shamkhal
456:advanced to capture
251:one of his victories
53:Turkic-Tatar version
1744:History of Dagestan
1109:Низам Ад-Дин Шами.
793:Iskandar Beg Munshi
299:Marwan ibn Muhammad
109:The Book of Triumph
1217:. www.vostlit.info
1190:Сост. В. Аталиков.
799:pursued Sunnis in
746:Alliance with Iran
576:Aggression of Iran
332:Anarchy at Samarra
219:Rashidun Caliphate
200:Nizam al-Din Shami
105:Nizam al-Din Shami
81:Nizam al-Din Shami
45:
1096:"Maza chronicles"
857:Eldar ibn Surkhay
690:Ivan the Terrible
682:Ivan the Terrible
609:Era of prosperity
448:Capture of Kumukh
368:Vladimir Minorsky
336:Abbasid Caliphate
34:Tarki Shamkhalate
1756:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
984:
981:
975:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
853:Andia ibn Chopan
849:Chopan ibn Budai
835:(16th century),
360:Ahmad ibn Rustah
328:Babak Khorramdin
285:
256:Bakikhanov A. K.
213:Arab–Khazar Wars
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1739:Laks (Caucasus)
1719:
1718:
1715:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
987:
982:
978:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
923:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
890:
886:
869:
837:Umal-Muhammad I
826:
824:Known shamkhals
813:
774:
769:
760:
748:
698:
696:Sunzha fortress
678:
673:
653:
645:
640:
611:
594:
578:
569:
548:
536:
512:
507:
494:
474:
450:
445:
419:waged a war on
385:
376:
356:
354:Eastern authors
344:Derbent emirate
324:
315:
279:
243:
215:
209:
207:Arabs in Kumukh
196:
55:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1714:
1713:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1227:
1203:
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816:Russian Tsar.
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803:and then took
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671:Foreign policy
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454:Mongolo-Tatars
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411:in union with
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374:Principalities
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330:and later the
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211:Main article:
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163:Vasily Bartold
103:generations".
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1126:"Книга Побед"
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1111:"Книга Побед"
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863:(1635–1640).
862:
859:(1623-1635),
858:
855:(1605–1623),
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851:(1569–1588),
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847:(1567–1569),
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843:(1566–1567),
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148:Piano Karpini
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1219:. Retrieved
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1038:Эвлия Челеби
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797:Shah Abbas I
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783:
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749:
733:
710:
699:
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612:
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482:Genghis Khan
475:
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172:province of
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93:
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
20:
18:
786:Makhachkala
713:Gazi-Kumukh
486:Ghazan Khan
313:Juma mosque
280: [
116:Andi people
101:Khan-Hakhan
79:historians
1723:Categories
1450:See above.
1221:2017-10-18
884:References
820:shamkhal.
801:Azerbaijan
664:Jochi Ulus
602:Cherkessia
546:Federalism
534:Government
421:Dagestanis
974:"шаухал"»
833:Surkhay I
752:Tahmasp I
616:Tahmasp I
510:Authority
498:Tamerlane
472:Alliances
462:Batu Khan
417:Byzantium
364:Al-Masudi
273:Tabasaran
229:captured
1729:Dagestan
878:Dagestan
867:See also
839:(1551),
740:Caucasus
729:Shemakha
721:Chechnya
686:Kabardia
586:Ismail I
520:padishah
516:Dagestan
496:In 1395
452:In 1239
429:Russians
425:Kipchaks
397:Dagestan
303:al-Sarir
223:Dagestan
29:Dagestan
805:Derbent
725:Kabarda
628:Kakheti
620:Kabarda
598:Georgia
553:Jamaats
526:" and "
466:Mongols
413:Georgia
405:Shirvan
401:Derbent
383:Sources
340:Shirvan
269:Derbent
245:In 734
235:Khazars
77:Timurid
1734:Kumyks
723:up to
702:Sunzha
688:asked
638:Rulers
632:Crimea
624:Persia
458:Kumukh
342:. The
277:Kaitag
264:kharaj
231:Kumukh
174:Persia
152:Cumans
97:Khazar
1469:1998.
706:Terek
557:Qadis
540:divan
348:Lakia
284:]
227:Arabs
170:Gilan
121:Kumyk
25:Kumyk
736:Azov
704:and
630:and
600:and
567:Army
561:Beks
528:tsar
524:wali
522:", "
478:Iran
427:and
415:and
403:and
292:Avar
290:and
184:and
89:Alan
83:and
1215:"Д"
559:or
288:Lak
154:.:
133:sic
1725::
1434:^
1386:^
1188:/
988:^
891:^
807:.
788:.
634:.
626:,
622:,
563:.
555:,
484:,
431:.
423:,
399:,
350:.
286:,
282:ru
275:,
271:,
123:.
1224:.
1128:.
1113:.
1098:.
19:"
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