Timur - Knowledge

679: 2252: 6953:"In Temür's government, as in those of most nomad dynasties, it is impossible to find a clear distinction between civil and military affairs, or to identify the Persian bureaucracy as solely civil or the Turko-Mongolian solely with military government. In fact, it is difficult to define the sphere of either side of the administration and we find Persians and Chaghatays sharing many tasks. (In discussing the settled bureaucracy and the people who worked within it I use the word Persian in a cultural rather than ethnological sense. In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'diwan' was Persian and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin.) Temür's Chaghatay emirs were often involved in civil and provincial administration and even in financial affairs, traditionally the province of Persian bureaucracy." 2734: 6284:

Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.

1489:; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a "systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: 574: 1800:

and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.

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occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.

1216: 4365:, "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir.", "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir." 98: 1817: 7655: 2205: 2139: 7921: 2263: 1552: 1063:, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son 2814:, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole." Hafez, undaunted, replied, "It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty." It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. 5071:, p. 320: "One of his followers was Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkic population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania ..." 1102:

while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya

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in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially

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Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood

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to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!". Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most

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and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and

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Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligent – not only

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His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh

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In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where

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The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all

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in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran

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Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from

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There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: "The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings." However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a

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was a messianic title, implying that Timur might potentially be the "awaited messiah descended from the prophetic line" who would "inaugurate a new era, possibly the last one before the end of time." Otherwise he depicted himself as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus claiming the lineage of both

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was one of Timur's largest and most devastating victories as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. The city of Delhi was sacked and reduced to ruins, with the population enslaved. After the fall of the city, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to

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Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the

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Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He became ill while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at

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In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of

1657:. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his 540:

in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of millions of people. Of all the areas he conquered,

375:. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as 1464:

Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son

3316:, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both 1027:

By about 1360, Timur had gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with

2779:, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the 5042:) Quotation: "Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking ... However, the Barlus tribe is considered one of the original Mongol tribes and there are "Barlus Ovogton" people who belong to Barlus tribe in modern Mongolia." 3418:

in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the "South Siberian Mongoloid type". At 5 feet 8 inches (173 centimeters), Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was

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In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.

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ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.

2787:, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet 1508:

were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan

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The birthdate commonly ascribed to Tīmūr, 25 S̲h̲aʿbān 736/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲ , the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last

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It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, "When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble". It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read,

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on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of the Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the

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Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a

605:. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the "bond of fatherhood and sonship" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the 2238:

Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son,

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them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at

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since 1320 had declined. Most of the provincial governors had asserted their independence, and the Sultanate was reduced to only a part of its former extent. This anarchy drew the attention of Timur, who in 1398 invaded

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Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis

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Timur was a member of the Turkicized Barlas tribe, a Mongol subgroup that had settled in Transoxania (now roughly corresponding to Uzbekistan) after taking part in Genghis Khan's son Chagatai's campaigns in that

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The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add.

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European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.

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The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Before the battle, Timur slaughtered some 100,000 slaves who had been captured previously in the Indian campaign. This was done out of fear that they might revolt.

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prisoner, it is no wonder that he has been misrepresented by the historians of those nations, who, in despite of truth, and against the dignity of history, have fallen into great excesses on this subject.

1673:. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. 1127:

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of

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To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He styled himself as a

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Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.

2107:, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. In 1394, the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. Timur had the ambassadors 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 2231:, had died from battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, 775:, which states that Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by 2059:

assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in

4235:. Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377. 1586:. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned 3246:

remarked that the former presented Timur as a "liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince" while the latter painted him as "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles".

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The title was referring to the conjunction of the two "superior planets", Saturn and Jupiter, which was held to be an auspicious sign and the mark of a new era. According to A. Azfar Moin,

840: 1453:. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. 742:

Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian

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peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests. He had thousands of Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.

3434:] opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I." Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend, which became known as the 3354:

tells us, that there are calumnies and impostures, which have been published by authors of romances, and Turkish writers who were his enemies, and envious at his glory: among whom is

678: 2111:, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither the Hongwu Emperor's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. 1902:, in his "The Mongol Warlords", quotes an anonymous contemporary historian who compared Timur's army to "ants and locusts covering the whole countryside, plundering and ravaging." 4207:

Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar city 2002.VIII.5-11): Summary of presentations

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Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as

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after a siege of six months. His invasion was unopposed as most of the nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance by a force of 2,000 under Malik

3084:. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of 7257: 1621:, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day 6731:

Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." The Cambridge History of Iran, edited by Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 86–87.

1390:. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son 4573: 2251: 2818:

purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.

2071:, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. 1473:, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of 1171:". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a "supernatural personal power" ordained by God. Timur's most famous title was 2705:. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the 833: 1040:

at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of

601:. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasized his role in the early history of the 6493:

William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Peter Avery, Lawrence Lockhart, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Richard Nelson Frye, Charles Melville, Gavin Hambly,

2900:, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile "as his very own son". 826: 1417:

revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the

4202:Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Н. Багабандийн ивээлд болж буй Олон Улсын Монголч Эрдэмтний VIII их хурал (Улаанбаатар хот 2002.VIII.5-11): Илтгэлүүдийн товчлол 6885: 3598: 2903:

According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the "lord of

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culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.

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Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.

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intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the

2772:). However, it was Persian which was held in distinction by Timur as it was the language not only of his court, but also that of his chancellery. 8853: 5439: 3618: 3591: 3264:, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the 6235:

The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem: Styled Afterwards, the Knights of Rhodes, and at Present, the Knights of Malta

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and V. Ia. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed "typical

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he lost two fingers. Both injuries disabled him for life. Some believe that these injuries occurred while serving as a mercenary to the khan of

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to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.

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Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, "By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge

2907:" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from 1140:, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a "protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, 8486: 3648: 2889:, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the 2589: 7679: 4078: 7670: 6796: 3023:

praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the

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Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah

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in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.

8001: 4979:, Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation:"Under his leadership, Timur united the Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.") 3967:

Manz, Beatrice F. (24 April 2012). "Tīmūr Lang". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

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Lady travelling. Samarkand or Central Asian painting, circa 1400. Possibly depicting the wedding of Timur with Dilshad Aqa in 1375.

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In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the

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Masters, Bruce (1999). "Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city". In Eldem, Edhem; Goffman, Daniel; Master, Bruce (eds.).

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suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur's campaigns have been characterized as

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The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur

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acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as "Demur han Gürgân" (

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and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.

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Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son

2048:, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the 524:

in the last years of his life. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the

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Knobler, Adam (2001). "Timur the (Terrible/Tartar) Trope: a Case of Repositioning in Popular Literature and History".

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cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in

1275:. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians, and in 1382, Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and 8479: 7522: 4331:

translated by A.M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. translated by A.M. Berrett. Transaction Publishers, p. 75.

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Ibn Khaldūn in Egypt: His Public Functions and His Historical Research, 1382–1406; a Study in Islamic Historiography

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The Mulfuzat Timury, Or, Autobiographical Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Timur: Written in the Jagtay Turky Language

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Teaching About Genocide: A Guidebook for College and University Teachers: Critical Essays, Syllabi, and Assignments

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First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan

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and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of

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Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end, Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes in the

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as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.

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Shterenshis, Michael V. "Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation." Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000).

7039:"So Despicable a Vessel: Representations of Tamerlane in Printed Books of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" 4996:, Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: "Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power." 8385: 8304: 8144: 8089: 7310: 3658: 2985: 2911:(China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of 2389: 2276: 2224: 1861: 1331: 853: 267: 6595: 6329: 2969: 8843: 8585: 6132: 5068: 4861: 4530: 4475: 4358: 4336: 3951: 3403: 2516: 1953:

on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year

1430: 1366:. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian 103: 6004: 1500:. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince 8443: 8132: 8059: 6897: 4446: 3607: 2862: 2848: 1607: 1583: 1255:

One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named

910: 6940: 6390: 8718: 8472: 8375: 8336: 7994: 6295: 2866: 2308:

Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir;

922: 573: 4817: 2666:

school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the

2166:, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body "was 2151:

on 17–18 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death, the Ming envoys such as

8641: 8251: 8169: 8154: 8094: 4209:] (in Mongolian). OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377 – via Google Books. 3243: 3213: 3203: 2738: 1709: 772: 684: 614: 6149:

Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household 1400–1800

2933:

A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from

8838: 8509: 8241: 8215: 5087: 3031:, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his 2896:

In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by

2890: 2454: 2130:, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. 946: 497:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a

7419: 5913: 5132: 4993: 4976: 3445:. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the 2897: 1957:

period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of

8358: 8231: 8204: 8184: 8174: 8137: 8029: 7966: 7749:

Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6

4929: 4677: 4612: 4226: 2757: 2606: 2232: 1618: 1184: 915: 747: 17: 7737:, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). 8863: 8848: 8276: 8226: 8194: 8126: 7867: 7241: 5052: 3036: 2968:

Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as

2744: 2632: 1887: 1579: 1434: 1159:

As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world,

991: 939: 903: 443: 7131:

Anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia: and the ethnogenesis of its peoples

5039: 3572:) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. 1890:. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. 1602:. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the 8580: 8411: 8236: 8209: 8104: 7987: 7548: 4096: 3643: 3324:. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for 3208: 3055: 3040: 2420: 1872: 1486: 1326:

Emir Timur's army attacks the survivors of the town of Nerges, in Georgia, in the spring of 1396.

1282: 929: 896: 618:

merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403,

8785: 8666: 7199: 7015: 4382:

Chann, Naindeep Singh (2009). "Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction: Origins of the Ṣāḥib-Qirān".

2821:

Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase

1942: 682:

Depiction of Timur granting audience on the occasion of his accession, in the near-contemporary

8595: 8406: 8064: 7925: 7666: 7075:

Knobler, Adam (November 1995). "The Rise of Timur and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405".

7010: 5207: 4578: 3538: 3502: 3486: 2637: 2625: 1748: 1286: 1276: 967: 619: 352: 45: 6950: 6745: 6400: 6344: 6233: 6162: 5886: 5861: 5832: 5774: 4467: 1119:, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. 8797: 8702: 8453: 8365: 8341: 8261: 8256: 8246: 8221: 8189: 8120: 8099: 7552: 7146: 6605: 6299: 6254:

The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413

6206: 6189: 5578: 4784: 4767: 4728: 4522: 4362: 4350: 4170: 2511: 2293: 2228: 2127: 1883: 1546: 1306: 1080: 986: 882: 37: 7173: 4651:

The Ocean and the Steppe: The Life and Times of the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan, 1155–1227

1259:. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern 8833: 8828: 8765: 8754: 8744: 8734: 8712: 8646: 8621: 8416: 8380: 8266: 8159: 6741: 6469:

Tombs of Paradise: The Shah-e Zende in Samarkand and Architectural Ceramics of Central Asia

4463: 3446: 3442: 3336: 3325: 3309: 3114:

Statue of Tamerlane in Uzbekistan. In the background are the ruins of his summer palace in

2953: 2923: 2878: 2858: 2776: 2546: 2485: 1790: 1501: 972: 743: 8600: 6838:. "Often known as Tamerlane chess, is traditionally attributed to the conqueror himself." 6269:

Osmanlılarda madenî paralar: Yapı ve Kredi Bankasının Osmanlı madenî paraları kolleksiyonu

4145: 8: 8748: 8590: 8575: 8565: 8529: 8495: 8438: 8426: 8199: 8179: 8079: 4274: 3465: 3313: 2853: 2383: 2372: 2322: 1990: 1977: 1954: 1930: 1915: 1728: 1322: 953: 811:, which is the origin of Tamerlane, the name by which he is generally known in the West. 388: 262: 8775: 5947: 2737:

Timur leading his troops at the 1393 Conquest of Baghdad. Near-contemporary portrait in

1898:

out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. British historian

1386:

ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a general to capture rebellious

1338:, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the 1195:

to designate themselves. In that regard, he simply pursued an existing tradition in the

1086: 8858: 8724: 8560: 8401: 8309: 8164: 8074: 8069: 7812: 7804: 7574: 7459: 7092: 5293: 4954: 4407: 4270: 3895: 3358:... As Timur-Bec had conquered the Turks and Arabians of Syria, and had even taken the 3355: 3218: 3198: 3187: 3096: 2765: 2601: 2541: 1998: 1986:

or "Warrior of Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.

1846: 1827: 1686: 1339: 1294: 877: 776: 655: 475: 8692: 8661: 7762: 7442:

Knobler, Adam (1995). "The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405".

6535: 5082: 3221:

wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into

646:

recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary

511: 8779: 8271: 8084: 8049: 7894: 7855: 7828: 7816: 7796: 7738: 7713: 7641: 7631: 7612: 7591: 7578: 7564: 7518: 7499: 7463: 7370: 7220: 7179: 7152: 7096: 6968: 6927: 6831: 6776: 6751: 6659: 6514: 6309: 6305: 6212: 6168: 6128: 5919: 5892: 5865: 5836: 5807: 5780: 5715: 5688: 5661: 5582: 5571: 5510: 5471: 5403: 5366: 5356: 5333: 5323: 5297: 5201: 5096: 5064: 5031: 5010: 4946: 4898: 4867: 4857: 4790: 4734: 4704: 4628: 4616: 4526: 4471: 4429: 4399: 4395: 4354: 4332: 4308: 4284: 4176: 4149: 4104: 4020: 3947: 3869:. Vol. 9. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1847. p. 377. 3730: 3533: 3521: 3415: 3273: 3138: 3104: 3089: 3085: 2791:, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a 2289: 2115: 2036:). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of 1994: 1868: 1854: 1497: 1116: 717: 557:, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of 498: 494: 467: 246: 213: 8760: 8636: 5353:

The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality : Studies in Anthropological History

4187:

Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor

2335:

Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of

1695: 1456: 1075: 662:

identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the

8706: 8676: 8570: 8539: 8370: 8149: 7905:

Yüksel, Musa Şamil. "Timur'un Yükselişi ve Batı'nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405."

7886: 7847: 7788: 7705: 7556: 7480: 7451: 7390: 7084: 7050: 6919: 6847:

Document preserved at Le Musée de l'Histoire de France, code AE III 204. Mentioned

5285: 4938: 4890: 4583: 4391: 3820: 3787: 3706: 3612: 3603: 3579: 3544: 3526: 3481: 3168: 3067: 2927: 2886: 2882: 2761: 2753: 2618: 2163: 2041: 1950: 1911: 1704:

Map of Timur's invasion of India in 1398-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the

1669:

explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian

1414: 1398: 1367: 1310: 1168: 1149: 1095: 1037: 1010: 934: 808: 728: 705: 606: 525: 479: 415: 169: 33: 8791: 5770: 4894: 4786:

The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia

4503: 3183: 2414:

Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa

2190:, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. 818: 466:, which fragmented shortly after his death. He spoke several languages, including 8626: 8555: 8421: 8353: 8286: 7940: 7747: 7606: 7542: 7493: 7129: 6107: 5801: 5709: 5682: 5655: 5504: 5423: 5397: 5317: 4698: 4681: 4649: 4620: 4341: 4278: 4230: 4200: 4138: 4014: 3888: 3561: 3549: 3514: 3509: 3172: 2957: 2836: 2472: 2464: 1982: 1969: 1804: 1723: 1719: 1705: 1015: 1005: 550: 520: 490: 451: 435: 372: 310: 6988: 3272:, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–1638, supposedly after discovering the 2874: 2013:, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. 803:. Timur's injuries and disability gave rise to the nickname "Timur the Lame" or 771:

powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown in the

8823: 8054: 8010: 7956: 7851: 7779:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy".

6617:"The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia" by Devin 3565: 3474: 3435: 3407: 3372: 3232: 3158: 3150: 2949:

A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.

2536: 2282:

Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of

2199: 2104: 2100: 1958: 1937: 1933:

never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it

1056: 1033: 872: 721: 647: 590: 493:, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting 486: 471: 463: 447: 356: 115: 8631: 7890: 7792: 7455: 7088: 7055: 7038: 6680:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

6440:

Beyond the Architecture of Death: Shrine of the Shah-i Zinda in Samarqand

5751:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

4942: 3308:, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as 3110: 2701:" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the 2299:

Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz;

2079: 1766:. Jasrat was defeated and taken away as captive. Next he captured the fort of 1405:. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of 8817: 8651: 8448: 8329: 8034: 7971: 7898: 7859: 7800: 7683:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 994–995. 7674: 7661: 7645: 7201:

Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

5370: 5337: 5127: 4950: 4403: 4040: 3586: 3569: 3265: 3032: 2993: 2973: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2675: 2647: 2528: 2302:

Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri;

2283: 2156: 1924:

This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan:

1899: 1875:

were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked

1526: 1510: 1240:. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in 1215: 767: 602: 594: 582: 562: 507: 399: 148: 7484: 6371: 4927:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1988). "Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty".

4871: 4686:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p. 9. 4198: 3377: 8348: 7753: 7697: 7288:"Facial Reconstruction, Nazis, and Siberia: The story of Mikhail Gerasimov" 7243:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress

6989:"Nestorianism | Definition, History, & Churches | Britannica" 5803:

The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture, c.1000–c.1500

4625:

Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson

4346: 3925: 3439: 3400: 3226: 3161: 3146: 3100: 3000: 2893:

a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.

2710: 2459: 2343: 2096: 2092: 2006: 1743:

and massacred its inhabitants. He sent an advance guard under his grandson

1626: 1598:

causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of

1595: 1571: 1560: 1556: 1534: 1379: 1264: 1196: 1137: 1133: 796: 780: 735: 586: 537: 533: 502: 459: 439: 427: 419: 384: 368: 41: 7709: 7560: 5289: 4554: 3633:(2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled "Tamerlane". 3438:, persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, 2243:

was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.

1187:, the paternal uncle of Muhammad and which was taken by the Mamluk Sultan 1152:

ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title

8728: 8671: 8433: 8324: 7838:

Novosel'tsev, A. P. (1973). "On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane".

6924:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant

3663: 3459: 3290: 3229: 3059: 3024: 3020: 2694: 2315: 2305:

Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;

1736: 1445:, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured 1418: 1302: 1285:

tradition states that later, in 1395, having reached the frontier of the

1260: 1229: 1067:

over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.

1064: 800: 784: 755: 643: 598: 407: 376: 360: 336: 97: 8696: 7808: 4989: 4972: 4411: 4079:"Counterview: Taimur's actions were uniquely horrific in Indian history" 3103:

but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the

1816: 1051:

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to

8769: 8319: 7336: 4958: 4772:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 37. 4510: 3900: 3393: 3382: 3269: 3123: 3115: 3028: 2934: 2912: 2780: 2698: 2683: 2663: 2596: 2395: 2329: 2216: 2208: 2187: 2175: 2123: 2084: 2064: 2056: 1849:. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in 1666: 1654: 1575: 1563: 1530: 1505: 1490: 1466: 1442: 1438: 1410: 1402: 1391: 1359: 1272: 1256: 1233: 1099: 697: 693: 635: 627: 623: 423: 411: 272: 197: 165: 132: 8464: 7314: 6775:. New Delhi: Westminster, Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 47–48. 5858:

History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period

3242:

s present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.

1441:

as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of

1409:, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to 1267:. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of 658:

suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century

8801: 8519: 8044: 8039: 7775:. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. 6816:(Second Printing, 1962 ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 59–60. 3617:(2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by 3493: 3411: 3386: 3359: 3340: 3329: 3301: 3131: 3081: 2938: 2807: 2580: 2415: 2401: 2336: 2267: 2240: 2212: 2068: 1838: 1637:. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. 1634: 1630: 1496:

Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking

1426: 1383: 1363: 1351: 1335: 1192: 1180: 1052: 783:. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of 751: 701: 651: 554: 529: 277: 201: 3207:, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, 2204: 83: 8738: 8616: 8314: 7827:, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. 6080:

The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul

5116:[Son of Bek Taragai from the Turkified Mongol Barlas tribe] 3556: 3127: 3071: 3019:, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, 2989: 2937:, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over 2697:

in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-

2428: 2167: 2019: 1962: 1850: 1763: 1614: 1603: 1518: 1387: 1371: 1347: 1104: 1041: 1029: 593:

was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son

546: 542: 431: 7825:

The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world

7660:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6041: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5377: 2186:

coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried". His tomb, the

746:

suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of

612:

The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The

8656: 8514: 7979: 5276:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Tamerlane's Career and Its Uses".

5091:(in Russian). Vol. 32: Televizionnaya bashnya - Ulan-Bator. 4700:

Indo-Central Asian Relations: From Early Times to Medieval Period

4283:. Translated by M. M. Khorramia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 4. 4168: 3867:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3773: 3321: 3063: 2811: 2722: 2557: 2119: 2060: 1894: 1864: 1767: 1740: 1650: 1646: 1522: 1482: 1474: 1450: 1355: 1343: 1298: 1249: 1245: 1188: 1164: 1060: 1045: 763: 667: 395: 305: 6125:

The Mongol Warlords Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane

5319:

The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam

4885:

Sinor, Denis (1990). "Introduction: The concept of Inner Asia".

4041:"Timur | Biography, Conquests, Empire, & Facts | Britannica" 3062:, and, in most of the territories that he incorporated into his 2956:

who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a

7920: 5740: 5092: 5060: 4518: 4101:

After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000

3653: 3317: 3305: 3012: 3004: 2997: 2942: 2908: 2904: 2792: 2769: 2702: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2138: 2002: 1973: 1842: 1824: 1821: 1771: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1665:

may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian

1622: 1587: 1514: 1478: 1470: 1446: 1422: 1406: 1290: 1241: 1220: 1160: 792: 759: 663: 639: 403: 76: 7214: 6802:(via Google Books). London: MacMillan & Co., 1874, p. 252. 3802: 3721: 3396:

from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the

1582:. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the 7178:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 3. 3498: 3277: 3222: 3154: 3076: 3016: 2977: 2788: 2679: 2551: 2183: 2179: 2152: 2148: 2108: 2037: 1941:

Painting depicting Bayezid I being held captive by Timur, by

1876: 1831: 1625:. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed 1599: 1375: 1268: 1237: 1141: 1132:

or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of

1112: 779:, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn 558: 455: 380: 185: 138: 7605:

Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine; Steinberg, Mark D. (2005).

6208:

Medusas Gaze: The Extraordinary Journey of the Tazza Farnese

5604:

Fisher, W.B.; Jackson, P.; Lockhart, L.; Boyle, J.A. :

2926:, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in 1949:

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the

692:

Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern

32:"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect here. For the poem, see 7398: 7344: 7127: 4491:(Second Printing ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 61. 4269: 3808: 3420: 3397: 3008: 2981: 2784: 2171: 1961:

authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of

1777:

While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the

1670: 1374:

dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with

1145: 713: 364: 351:(8 April 1336 – 17–18 February 1405), was a 111: 7698:"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia" 6412:

James Louis Garvin, Franklin Henry Hooper, Warren E. Cox,

6164:

The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History

6022: 5611: 5547: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 4058: 3088:

came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an

2674:, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor 2155:

and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson

634:, written decades later, says that she was related to the 418:

by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across

7728:

Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand

5114:Сын бека Тарагая из тюркизированного монг. племени барлас 4733:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 20. 4558:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2007. 3796: 3712: 3590:(1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by 3430: 2690: 2262: 2099:. The Ming dynasty during the reigns of its founder, the 1778: 1662: 1653:

village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in

1551: 960: 69: 6536:"Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Century Conqueror of Asia" 5254: 3914:

A Century of Princes: Sources on Timurid History and Art

3157:. He also gives important details on the then incumbent 1712:, in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1595–1600). 1517:

protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the

581:

Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of

577:

Genealogical relationship between Timur and Genghis Khan

7868:"Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam" 6722:, University of California Press, 1967, p. 51, footnote 6570: 6510:

Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources

6061: 6059: 5635: 5623: 5463: 5322:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 40–43. 5221: 4747: 2881:

and that of Timur played an important part in medieval

2001:, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in 1739:

on 30 September 1398 with a force of 90,000, he sacked

1676: 6513:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 201–203. 6251: 5958: 5523: 5484: 3926:ʻInāyat Khān; Muḥammad Ṭāhir Āšnā ʿInāyat Ḫān (1990). 3529:

which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.

2074: 7702:

The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia

6697: 5535: 5464:

Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996).

5242: 5178: 4250:. Vol. 14. P. F. Collier & son. p. 46. 4199:

International Association for Mongol Studies (2002).

3811: 3695:'royal son-in-law') to a princess of Chinggisid line. 3346:

In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's

3122:

Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in

2087:

was strengthened due to fear of an invasion by Timur.

1425:

was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of

1156:(royal son-in-law) to a princess of Chinggisid line. 1136:. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatayid Khan, 7604: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6056: 5776:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5734: 5573:

The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda

5383: 3878: 3876: 3805: 3793: 3709: 2227:, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson 1537:; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. 414:) in the 1320s, Timur gained control of the western 7541:Melville, Charles (2020). Melville, Charles (ed.). 7308: 7004: 7002: 6883: 6814:

Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1

6750:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 173–. 6685: 6590:

Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2

6456:

Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2

6247: 6245: 6204: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5509:. Cambridge University Press. pp. vii–xxxvii. 4856:(Rev. ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 4658: 4489:

Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1

4470:(page 174), Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1971, 4426:

Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements

3799: 3790: 3718: 3715: 1578:. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the 848: 7907:Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 7369:(Spanish ed.). Planeta Colombiana Editorial. 6981: 6682:(New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 114. 6094:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought 5855: 5753:(New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 116. 5570: 4553: 4137: 2030:), alongside his own as "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" ( 1882:Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking 1617:region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the 7515:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World 7246:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. A7238. 6621:, Vol. 115, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1995), pp. 612–634 6450: 6448: 6198: 6187: 5344: 4245: 4140:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World 4117: 3966: 3873: 3175:follows a fictionalized version of Timur's life. 2802:I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. 2358:Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; 2311:Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; 2292:(m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of 1837:Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with 1122: 501:on either side, he shared a common ancestor with 8815: 7837: 7544:The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran, Volume IX 7532:May, Timothy. "Timur ("the Lame") (1336–1405)". 7109: 7070: 7068: 7066: 6999: 6633:, Volume 1 By Vasilij Vladimirovič Bartold p. 19 6619:DeWeese Journal of the American Oriental Society 6242: 6231: 5826: 5559: 4840:The Story of the Turks: From Empire to Democracy 4619:; Michel M. Mazzaoui; Vera Basch Moreen (eds.). 4571: 3687:To legitimize his rule, Timur claimed the title 2314:Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan 1871:. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 1574:, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded 1529:returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from 758:, who died in that year. He was a member of the 7364: 6773:The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan (1398–1707 A.D) 5399:Icons and Saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church 4265: 4263: 4261: 3366: 3289:Timur arguably had a significant impact on the 1148:meaning general, and acting in the name of the 1103:Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to 482:, in which he wrote diplomatic correspondence. 7258:"Uzbekistan: On the bloody trail of Tamerlane" 7148:Diverging Paths of Development in Central Asia 6884:Frances Carney Gies (September–October 1978). 6826:Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). 6445: 6358:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 5271: 5269: 3099:, which had previously been a major branch of 2443: 2016:During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son 1555:Emir Timur and his forces advance against the 1183:a title that was used before him to designate 8480: 7995: 7420:"Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review" 7063: 7008: 6734: 6674: 6672: 5199: 4889:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–18. 4641: 4607: 4605: 4012: 3827: 3758: • Historically best known as 3517:, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. 2826: 2031: 2025: 2017: 1993:in February 1402, Timur was furious with the 1633:, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's 1570:In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the 1179:, 'Lord of Conjunction'), which is rooted in 834: 102:Facial reconstruction from Timur's skull, by 7628:Perpetual Happiness: the Ming Emperor Yongle 6482:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran 6238:. J.W. Leonard & Company. pp. 104–. 6160: 4808: 4806: 4329:Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube 4258: 4169:Donald M. Seekins; Richard F. Nyrop (1986). 3505:, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. 3197:The earliest known history of his reign was 2835:). He is credited with the invention of the 2439:Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha 998: 979: 700:), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of 630:, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The 438:, defeating in the process the Khans of the 7630:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7144: 6714: 6712: 6631:Four studies on the history of Central Asia 6533: 6167:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 164–. 6154: 6122: 5860:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 489– 5806:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 374, 390. 5653: 5266: 4323: 4321: 4129: 3842: 3772:'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his 3769: 3743: 3692: 3649:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 3054:Timur's short-lived empire also melded the 3035:. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of 8487: 8473: 8002: 7988: 7879:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 7588:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 7134:. Vol. 2. Peabody Museum. p. 39. 7030: 6795:Cowell, Professor (first name not given). 6669: 6369: 6181: 6106:ʻArabshāh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn (1976). 5577:. University of California Press. p. 5081:Kravets, S. L.; et al., eds. (2016). 4789:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 4690: 4602: 4305:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 3931:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–17. 3834: 3735: 3548:(published 1827): first published poem of 2574: 2355:Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; 1811: 1784: 841: 827: 458:, becoming the most powerful ruler in the 96: 7767:(Hardback). London: Thorndon Butterworth. 7054: 7036: 6805: 6288: 6266: 6211:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–. 6105: 6082:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 5779:. Rutgers University Press. p. 444. 5195: 5193: 4887:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4803: 4717: 4647: 3578:(The Lame Man; published 1932): story by 3217:drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. 1460:Timur's empire and his military campaigns 1163:, because the "office was limited to the 7665: 7540: 7121: 6918: 6820: 6811: 6740: 6709: 6559: 6495:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume VI 6294: 6096:, (Harvard University Press, 2008), 207. 5945: 5769: 5641: 5553: 5529: 5490: 5236: 5057:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 4776: 4486: 4318: 4221: 4219: 3941: 3376: 3238:As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two 3182: 3109: 3074:of administration and literary culture ( 2852: 2842: 2732: 2721:, and Timur's own attack on Ismailis at 2261: 2250: 2203: 2137: 2078: 2032: 2026: 1936: 1853:. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the 1841:, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the 1815: 1550: 1455: 1437:invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through 1321: 1214: 1085: 1074: 677: 638:tribe, whose lands bordered that of the 572: 536:, and had even attempted to restore the 8494: 7512: 7470: 7441: 7395: – Full Cast & Crew" 7215:Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov (1971). 7074: 6703: 6225: 6077: 6028: 5964: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5680: 5617: 5428:. Moscow Patriarchate. 1989. p. 3. 5395: 5260: 5248: 5184: 5080: 4765: 4759: 4135: 4076: 4064: 4000: 3903:, Vol I, p. 49. Printed in Lahore, 1985 3300:When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan 2246: 2142:Timurid Empire at Timur's death in 1405 1905: 1774:chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it. 1629:, the capital of the Golden Horde, and 1540: 1513:fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan 889: 462:. From these conquests, he founded the 40:. For people named Timur or Temur, see 14: 8854:Royalty and nobility with disabilities 8816: 7726:Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: " 7695: 6770: 6301:The Great Wall of China 221 BC–1644 AD 6123:Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998). 5946:Phillips, Charles (10 December 2023). 5831:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 5707: 5660:. Psychology Press. pp. 144–189. 5569:Chaliand, Gerard; Arnaud Blin (2007). 5190: 4851: 4696: 4095: 3975:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2670:scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In 2328:Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of 2044:. After Mehmed established himself in 1645:In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the 1397:Timur then headed west to capture the 1293:and started advancing towards Moscow. 1210: 585:, a male-line ancestor he shared with 514:, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. 8468: 7983: 7876: 7585: 7264:. London. 9 July 2006. Archived from 6576: 6363: 6151:; published by Continium, 2008; p. 58 6065: 5911: 5799: 5502: 5350: 5311: 5309: 5307: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4884: 4723: 4676: 4664: 4611: 4567: 4565: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4280:Tamerlane: The Life of the Great Amir 4225: 4216: 4103:. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 29, 92. 3630:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition 3178: 3145:. The book begins with the praise of 3095:Tamerlane virtually exterminated the 2522: 2408: 2321:Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of 1370:by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the 1317: 822: 787:is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. 553:sultan, astronomer and mathematician 8133:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391) 7781:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7778: 7760: 7625: 7491: 7444:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7239: 7118:Punctuation and spelling modernized. 7077:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6946: 6691: 6601: 6560:Nogueira, Adeilson (28 March 2020). 6534:Szczepanski, Kallie (21 July 2019). 6506: 6396: 6340: 6271:. Yapı ve Kredi Bankası. p. 64. 6109:Tamerlane: Or, Timur, the Great Amir 6005:"Battle of Delhi | 17 December 1398" 5756: 5629: 5541: 5315: 5275: 4926: 4782: 4753: 4501: 4123: 4077:Shahane, Girish (28 December 2016). 3882: 3748: • Sometimes spelled 3674: 3249: 3149:, Timur, and particularly the first 2922:A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to 2885:diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the 2266:Emir Timur feasts in the gardens of 1677:Campaign against the Delhi Sultanate 1314:Holy Mother of God was established. 1219:Timur besieges the historic city of 8525:Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) 7311:"Timurid Architecture in Samarkand" 7175:Southeast Asia: The Long Road Ahead 7171: 6962: 6747:The History of the Mongol Conquests 6127:. Brockhampton Press. p. 161. 5994:Ibn Tagrîbirdi, 1956, XII: 262–263. 5884: 5878: 5849: 5402:. Getty Publications. p. 177. 4468:The history of the Mongol conquests 3824: 2827: 2505: 2095:collapsed and was succeeded by the 2075:Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty 2055:While Timur was still in Anatolia, 1504:rebelled but was defeated, and the 1481:. When he arrived with his army at 1449:with little resistance, along with 1144:". Timur instead used the title of 24: 8252:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449) 8170:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488) 8009: 7877:Sykes, P. M. (1915). "Tamerlane". 7823:Marozzi, Justin. "Tamerlane", in: 7689: 7365:Enrique Serrano (2 January 2011). 6566:. Clube de Autores. pp. 9–10. 5820: 5304: 4911: 4562: 4368: 2839:variant, played on a 10×11 board. 2653: 1429:, where he began planning for his 1421:, was ravaged, and its capital at 1094:In this period, Timur reduced the 866: 814: 666:scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of 371:, becoming the first ruler of the 27:Turco-Mongol conqueror (1336–1405) 25: 8875: 8386:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi 7913: 7110:ad-DīnʿAlī Yazdī, Sharaf (1723). 6588:Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, 6454:Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, 6112:. Progressive Books. p. 168. 5687:. University Press. p. 235. 5009:, Oxford University Press, 2005, 4447:"The Rehabilitation of Tamerlane" 3284: 2747:in 1424–28. Published in 1435–36. 2713:in high regard for attacking the 2682:who is buried alongside Timur in 1980:, thus he referred to himself as 1032:, the dethroner and destroyer of 589:. Tumanay's great-great-grandson 36:. For people named Tamerlan, see 8205:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505) 8145:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403) 7919: 7653: 7412: 7383: 7358: 7329: 7302: 7280: 7250: 7233: 7208: 7192: 7165: 7138: 7128:Lev Vasil'evich Oshanin (1964). 7103: 6956: 6912: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6789: 6764: 6725: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6611: 6582: 6553: 6527: 6500: 6487: 6474: 6461: 6432: 6419: 6406: 6350: 6275: 6260: 6141: 6116: 6099: 6086: 6071: 5888:Ganga: The Many Pasts of a River 5735:Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005 5384:Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005 4627:. University of Utah Press: 97. 4396:10.1163/160984909X12476379007927 4307:A–L, Macmillan Reference, 2004, 3786: 3705: 2433:Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha 2377: 2352:Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; 1976:, a stronghold of the Christian 1733:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 1694: 1685: 1070: 549:. He was the grandfather of the 485:Timur was the last of the great 252: 8686:Neighbouring rulers and leaders 8305:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 8195:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511) 8138:Battle of the Terek River(1395) 8090:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah 7752: – Full text at 7735:Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406 7531: 7116:. Vol. 1. pp. xii–ix. 6252:Dimitris J. Kastritsis (2007). 6034: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5939: 5905: 5793: 5714:. Routledge. pp. 167–184. 5701: 5674: 5647: 5598: 5496: 5457: 5432: 5416: 5389: 5203:A brief history of eastern Asia 5165: 5152: 5120: 5074: 5045: 5020: 4999: 4982: 4965: 4878: 4845: 4832: 4670: 4582:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). 4546: 4495: 4480: 4457: 4439: 4418: 4297: 4239: 4192: 4162: 4089: 4070: 4033: 4006: 3960: 3659:Timurid conquests and invasions 2831:, meaning "truth is safety" or 2799:For the black mole on thy cheek 2743:, commissioned by his grandson 2349:Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; 2279:, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; 1857:, they took refuge behind him. 1658: 1521:prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern 1305:. The clergy brought the famed 1301:and halted at the banks of the 8586:Siege of Constantinople (1411) 7626:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). 7590:. Cambridge University Press. 7498:. Cambridge University Press. 7495:The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane 7492:Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). 6360:, see: "Northern Yuan Dynasty" 5985:Ibn Hacer, 1994, pp. II: 9–10. 5891:. Penguin Random House India. 5827:Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). 5355:. Leiden: Brill. p. 132. 5095:: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 4816:. AsianHistory. Archived from 3935: 3919: 3906: 3859: 3779: 3698: 3681: 3471:Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet 3464:(English, 1563–1594): play by 3452: 3276:originals in the library of a 2918:The French archives preserve: 2728: 2366: 1718:In the late 14th century, the 1207:Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. 1123:Legitimization of Timur's rule 125:9 April 1370 – 104:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov 13: 1: 8444:Timurid relations with Europe 8376:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif 8060:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor 7313:. Oxuscom.com. Archived from 5654:Shterenshis, Michael (2002). 5606:The Cambridge History of Iran 5038:, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. ( 4895:10.1017/chol9780521243049.002 4854:The new encyclopedia of Islam 4654:. Vantage Press. p. 322. 4016:Medieval Islamic Civilization 3669: 3130:now occupies the place where 2863:Timurid relations with Europe 2849:Timurid relations with Europe 2658:Timur was a practising Sunni 2342:Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of 2193: 1608:Battle of the Kondurcha River 1584:Battle of the Kondurcha River 1525:, but he was driven out when 1191:and by various rulers of the 673: 387:and his reign introduced the 8719:Demetrios Laskaris Leontares 6205:Marina Belozerskaya (2012). 6194:. P.F.Collier. pp. 51–. 6042:"The Turco-Mongol Invasions" 4648:Mackenzie, Franklin (1963). 4509:. In Freedman-Apsel, Joyce; 3852: 3537:(1811): equestrian drama by 3367:Exhumation and alleged curse 3003:, he is vilified by many in 2662:, possibly belonging to the 2118:and prepared all the way to 1770:which was being defended by 1606:region and destroyed at the 704:, part of what was then the 561:(1483–1530), founder of the 7: 8610:Ottoman princes and leaders 8267:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449) 8160:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461) 8155:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406) 8095:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara 7764:Tamerlane: The Earth Shaker 7611:. Oxford University Press. 7367:Tamerlan (Biblioteca Breve) 7219:. Hutchinson. p. 135. 7204:. Harvard University. 1964. 6886:"The Man Who Met Tamerlane" 6771:Holden, Edward S. (2004) . 5976:Ibn Arabşah, 1986: 164–166. 5918:. Harman Publishing House. 5856:Henry Miers Elliot (2013). 4766:Fischel, Walter J. (1952). 4175:. The Studies. p. 11. 4172:Afghanistan A Country Study 3828: 3637: 3143:The Travels of Dean Mahomet 3141:published his travel book, 2891:Kingdom of León and Castile 2552:Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur 2444:Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I 1731:during the reign of Sultan 1722:which had been ruling over 1710:Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq 1640: 1115:. He married Husayn's wife 568: 10: 8880: 8510:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 8242:Occupation of Balkh (1447) 8216:Timurid wars of succession 8200:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512) 8180:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501) 7852:10.2753/RSH1061-1983120337 7733:González de Clavijo, Ruy; 7434: 7037:Milwright, Marcus (2006). 6967:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 6416:, Volume 22 (1929), p. 233 6374:The Last Great Nomad Power 6188:Henry Cabot Lodge (1913). 5136:. 5 September 2023. § Life 5088:Great Russian Encyclopedia 5085:[Timúr Tamerlan]. 5007:The Turks in World History 4971:"Central Asia, history of 4246:Henry Cabot Lodge (1916). 4185:– via Google Books. 4019:. Routledge. p. 812. 3833: 3734: 3606:novel by Colombian writer 3370: 2846: 2795:with the following verse: 2404:– with Toghay Turkhan Agha 2370: 2197: 1909: 1788: 1762:river between Tulamba and 1661:and view of himself as an 1544: 444:Mamluks of Egypt and Syria 355:conqueror who founded the 31: 8685: 8609: 8548: 8502: 8394: 8297: 8287:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03) 8282:Siege of Samarkand (1494) 8232:Battle of Nishapur (1447) 8185:Siege of Samarkand (1501) 8175:Siege of Samarkand (1497) 8113: 8030:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir 8017: 7967:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir 7963: 7954: 7948: 7934: 7891:10.1080/03068371508724717 7840:Soviet Studies in History 7793:10.1017/S1356186300016412 7586:Nicol, Donald M. (1993). 7517:. London: HarperCollins. 7456:10.1017/S135618630000660X 7309:Mark & Ruth Dickens. 7240:Congress, United States. 7145:Berna Özcan, Gül (2018). 7089:10.1017/s135618630000660x 7056:10.1163/22118993-90000105 6372:"Tamerlane (1336–1405) – 6232:Vertot (abbé de) (1856). 5901:– via Google Books. 5711:Medieval Persia 1040–1797 5396:Tradigo, Alfredo (2006). 5171:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, 5158:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, 4943:10.1080/00210868808701711 4769:Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane 4572:Beatrice F. Manz (2000). 4428:, Canongate Books, 2011, 4144:. Da Capo Press. p. 3946:. Routledge. p. 27. 3901:Khafi Khan Nizam-ul-Mulki 3462:the Great, Parts I and II 2963: 2597:Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur 1619:Battle of the Terek River 1199:to designate conquerors. 1185:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib 863: 720:, his mother-tongue (cf. 688:(1424–1428), 1467 edition 495:Islamic gunpowder empires 359:in and around modern-day 332: 324: 316: 304: 295: 290: 286: 245: 219: 209: 192: 175: 158: 154: 144: 131: 121: 110: 95: 60: 55: 8277:Battle of Sarakhs (1459) 8272:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447) 8227:Battle of Damghan (1447) 8165:Battle of Qarabagh(1469) 7513:Marozzi, Justin (2004). 7113:The History of Timur-Bec 5800:Singh, Surinder (2023). 5681:Strange, Guy Le (1905). 5278:Journal of World History 5053:Clifford Edmund Bosworth 4703:. Manohar. p. 126. 4697:Haidar, Mansura (2004). 4136:Marozzi, Justin (2006). 3582:in which Timour appears. 3443:invaded the Soviet Union 3350:, the translator wrote: 2768:, Timur could not speak 2764:languages (according to 2689:Timur was known to hold 2644:Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan 2436:Bikijan – by Mengli Agha 2275:Turmish Agha, mother of 2133: 1968:In December 1402, Timur 1232:and to the banks of the 1090:Timur enthroned at Balkh 750:, the last ruler of the 470:, an ancestor of modern 8412:Turco-Persian tradition 8237:Battle of Tarnab (1448) 8210:Battle of Bajaur (1519) 8150:Battle of Ankara (1402) 7680:Encyclopædia Britannica 7667:Goldsmid, Frederic John 7549:University of Cambridge 7534:The Encyclopedia of War 7485:10.1163/157006701X00102 7172:Yah, Lim Chong (2001). 6812:Barthold, V.V. (1962). 6718:Walter Joseph Fischel, 6645:By Barbara Brend p. 130 6414:Encyclopædia Britannica 5912:Singh, Raj Pal (1988). 5316:Moin, A. Azfar (2012). 5133:Encyclopædia Britannica 5063:Regional Office, 1998, 4994:Encyclopædia Britannica 4977:Encyclopædia Britannica 4487:Barthold, V.V. (1962). 4384:Iran & the Caucasus 4232:Timur and Chinggis Khan 3942:Johanson, Lars (1998). 3644:List of largest empires 3339:, to send embassies to 3209:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi 3056:Turko-Persian tradition 2952:In addition, Byzantine 2898:Ruy González de Clavijo 2581:Mirza Muhammad Taraghay 2575:Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza 2421:Sultan Husayn Tayichiud 1812:Campaigns in the Levant 1785:Capture of Delhi (1398) 1663:executor of divine will 1487:immediately surrendered 855:conquests and invasions 597:in the governorship of 8642:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha 8417:Indo-Persian tradition 8407:Turco-Mongol tradition 8065:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 7771:Marlowe, Christopher. 7696:Abazov, Rafis (2008). 7009:Hameed ud-Din (2011). 6656:Tamerlane and the Jews 6507:Sims, Eleanor (2002). 6480:Beatrice Forbes Manz, 6467:Marthe Bernus-Taylor, 6191:The History of Nations 5708:Morgan, David (2014). 5657:Tamerlane and the Jews 5480:– via google.ca. 5351:Aigle, Denise (2014). 5206:. T.F. Unwin. p. 5200:Ian C. Hannah (1900). 4852:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 4617:Martin Bernard Dickson 4579:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4248:The History of Nations 4013:Josef W. Meri (2005). 3503:George Frideric Handel 3389: 3364: 3194: 3134:'s statue once stood. 3119: 2870: 2748: 2626:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 2473:Sultan Husayn Bayqarah 2271: 2256: 2220: 2143: 2088: 2018: 1946: 1935: 1834: 1567: 1461: 1327: 1287:Principality of Ryazan 1224: 1091: 1083: 748:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan 734:). It is cognate with 689: 578: 450:, as well as the late 46:Timur (disambiguation) 44:. For other uses, see 8844:Genocide perpetrators 8725:Nasireddin Mehmed Bey 8703:Manuel II Palaiologos 8454:Karsakpay inscription 8366:Great Mosque of Herat 8354:Herat Musalla Complex 8342:Ulugh Beg Observatory 8315:Registan of Samarkand 8262:Siege of Herat (1448) 8257:Siege of Balkh (1447) 8247:Siege of Herat (1448) 8222:Siege of Balkh (1447) 8190:Siege of Kabul (1504) 8121:Siege of Balkh (1370) 8114:Battles and conflicts 8100:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza 7909:1.18 (2005): 231–243. 7773:Tamburlaine the Great 7761:Lamb, Harold (1929). 7710:10.1057/9780230610903 7561:10.5040/9781838606169 7553:Bloomsbury Publishing 6963:Roy, Olivier (2007). 6798:MacMillan's Magazine, 6378:. Silkroad Foundation 6161:Kevin Reilly (2012). 5915:Rise of the Jat power 5885:Sen, Sudipta (2019). 5290:10.1353/jwh.2002.0017 4523:Human Rights Internet 4504:"Genocide in History" 3621:, and in maturity by 3428:"Whomsoever [ 3380: 3352: 3186: 3113: 2861:, 1402, a witness to 2856: 2843:Exchanges with Europe 2736: 2512:Muhammad Sultan Mirza 2265: 2254: 2207: 2141: 2082: 2011:The Ottoman Centuries 1940: 1926: 1819: 1735:. After crossing the 1659:religious persuasions 1596:very long summer days 1554: 1547:Karsakpay inscription 1459: 1325: 1307:Theotokos of Vladimir 1297:went with an army to 1218: 1089: 1079:Timur commanding the 1078: 795:in what is today the 681: 576: 402:confederation of the 38:Tamerlan (given name) 8745:Philibert de Naillac 8713:John VII Palaiologos 8667:Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey 8647:Imamzade Halil Pasha 8530:Crusade of Nicopolis 8127:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 8105:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza 7928:at Wikimedia Commons 7016:Encyclopædia Iranica 6965:The new Central Asia 6830:, p. 31. McFarland. 6678:Virani, Shafique N. 6654:Michael Shterenshis 6256:. Brill. p. 49. 5829:The History of India 5749:Virani, Shafique N. 5425:Moscow Church Herald 4502:Foss, Clive (1992). 4275:McChesney, Robert D. 3944:The Turkic Languages 3447:Battle of Stalingrad 3404:Mikhail M. Gerasimov 3337:Henry III of Castile 3310:Charles VI of France 2954:John VII Palaiologos 2924:Charles VI of France 2879:Henry III of Castile 2859:Charles VI of France 2777:John Joseph Saunders 2725:was equally brutal. 2633:Sultan Ibrahim Mirza 2547:Umar Shaikh Mirza II 2486:Muhammad Zaman Mirza 2247:Wives and concubines 1943:Stanisław Chlebowski 1906:Invasion of Anatolia 1820:Timur defeating the 1791:Sack of Delhi (1398) 1580:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 1541:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 1469:, who may have been 904:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 766:tribe that had been 744:Beatrice Forbes Manz 8591:Treaty of Selymbria 8576:Battle of Kosmidion 8566:Treaty of Gallipoli 8496:Ottoman Interregnum 8439:Timurid Renaissance 8080:Sultan Mahmud Mirza 7608:A History of Russia 7473:Medieval Encounters 7426:. 12 November 2019. 7268:on 20 December 2013 7011:"Abū Ṭāleb Ḥosaynī" 6896:(5). Archived from 6849:Dossier II, 7, J936 6427:Muslims in the USSR 6031:, pp. 269–274. 6009:History on this day 5632:, pp. 123–125. 5620:, pp. 267–287. 5005:Carter V. Findley, 4756:, pp. 164–165. 4683:The Timurid dynasty 4621:"Timur's Genealogy" 4303:Richard C. Martin, 4067:, pp. 341–342. 3466:Christopher Marlowe 3356:Ahmed Bin Arabschah 3314:Henry IV of England 3070:became the primary 2873:Timur had numerous 2867:Archives Nationales 2857:Letter of Timur to 2392:– with Turmish Agha 2384:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 2373:Timurid family tree 2323:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 2316:Khizr Khawaja Oglan 2103:, and his son, the 1991:Treaty of Gallipoli 1978:Knights Hospitalers 1955:Ottoman Interregnum 1916:Ottoman Interregnum 1873:of the local people 1803:The capture of the 1729:Indian subcontinent 1330:After the death of 1252:and Northern Iraq. 1211:Period of expansion 1167:, the tribe of the 1098:to the position of 389:Timurid Renaissance 263:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 8721:(Byzantine Empire) 8715:(Byzantine Empire) 8561:Battle of Tripolje 8310:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 8075:Sultan Ahmed Mirza 7704:. pp. 56–57. 6993:www.britannica.com 6890:Saudi Aramco World 6497:(1986), pp. 99–101 6429:(1980), pp. 63–64. 6425:Abdulla Vakhabov, 6267:Nuri Pere (1968). 6092:Margaret Meserve, 5952:www.britannica.com 5556:, pp. 97–100. 5470:. Dumbarton Oaks. 5175:(1424–1428), p. 75 5162:(1424–1428), p. 35 5051:M.S. Asimov & 5026:G. R. Garthwaite, 4783:Sela, Ron (2011). 4730:The Turks in India 4590:on 7 February 2015 4453:. 17 January 1999. 4271:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 4045:www.britannica.com 3896:Muntakhab-al Lubab 3390: 3326:Christian pilgrims 3219:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 3199:Nizam al-Din Shami 3195: 3188:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 3179:Historical sources 3126:. His monument in 3120: 3097:Church of the East 2871: 2766:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 2749: 2602:Ala al-Dawla Mirza 2583:– better known as 2523:Sons of Miran Shah 2409:Daughters of Timur 2398:– with Mengli Agha 2272: 2257: 2235:as his successor. 2221: 2144: 2126:sent his grandson 2089: 2033:محمد بن بايزيد خان 1947: 1847:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1835: 1828:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1568: 1485:in 1387, the city 1462: 1419:Mihrabanid dynasty 1401:, passing through 1328: 1318:Conquest of Persia 1295:Vasily I of Moscow 1289:, Timur had taken 1225: 1092: 1084: 690: 579: 487:nomadic conquerors 296:Shuja-ud-din Timur 229:Aljaz Turkhan Agha 8839:Founding monarchs 8811: 8810: 8601:Battle of Çamurlu 8596:Battle of İnceğiz 8462: 8461: 8337:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 8085:Mirza Shah Mahmud 8050:Abdal-Latif Mirza 7978: 7977: 7964:Succeeded by 7924:Media related to 7719:978-1-4039-7542-3 7618:978-0-19-515394-1 7290:. 25 January 2011 6920:Axworthy, Michael 6873:Dossier II, 7 ter 6861:Dossier II, 7 bis 6579:, pp. 17–19. 6306:Osprey Publishing 6296:Turnbull, Stephen 5948:"Battle of Delhi" 5813:978-1-032-65440-9 5786:978-0-8135-1304-1 5544:, pp. 67–71. 5409:978-0-89236-845-7 5362:978-90-04-27749-6 5263:, pp. 41–42. 5102:978-5-85270-369-9 5083:"ТИМУ́Р ТАМЕРЛАН" 4820:on 5 October 2011 4436:, section "Timur" 4327:Gérard Chaliand, 3912:W. M. Thackston, 3675:Explanatory notes 3576:Lord of Samarkand 3560:(1924): opera by 3534:Timour the Tartar 3525:(1772): opera by 3522:Il gran Tamerlano 3513:(1735): opera by 3392:Timur's body was 3381:Tomb of Timur in 3274:Chagatai language 3260:and the appended 3258:Malfuzat-i Timurī 3251:Malfuzat-i Timuri 3139:Sake Dean Mahomed 3105:Assyrian Triangle 3090:official language 3080:), regardless of 2564:Jahangir Mirza II 2386:– with Tolun Agha 2290:Saray Mulk Khanum 2209:Timur's mausoleum 2116:Mongolian Plateau 1970:besieged and took 1498:Persian Kurdistan 1431:Georgian campaign 1378:, capital of the 1117:Saray Mulk Khanum 1024: 1023: 738:'s birth name of 718:Chagatai language 510:and according to 499:direct descendant 342: 341: 300: 299: 226:Chulpan Mulk Agha 214:Saray Mulk Khanum 16:(Redirected from 8871: 8776:Stefan Lazarević 8707:Byzantine Empire 8677:Sheikh Bedreddin 8581:Battle of Edirne 8571:Battle of Ulubad 8540:Battle of Ankara 8489: 8482: 8475: 8466: 8465: 8371:Goharshad Mosque 8004: 7997: 7990: 7981: 7980: 7949:Preceded by 7932: 7931: 7923: 7902: 7863: 7820: 7768: 7723: 7684: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7649: 7622: 7601: 7582: 7537: 7528: 7509: 7488: 7467: 7446:. Third Series. 7428: 7427: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7079:. Third Series. 7072: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6960: 6954: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6828:A World of Chess 6824: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6803: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6676: 6667: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6443: 6436: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6370:Adela C.Y. Lee. 6367: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6338: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6158: 6152: 6147:Rhoads Murphey, 6145: 6139: 6138: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6103: 6097: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6044:. 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Archived from 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4508: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4443: 4437: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4379: 4366: 4325: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4267: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4143: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3982: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3846: 3845:'Timur the Lame' 3844: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3745: 3738: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3604:Spanish-language 3580:Robert E. Howard 3527:Josef Myslivecek 3485:(1701): play by 3473:(1675): play by 3424:beard were red. 3414:features", i.e. 3047:along with also 2887:Battle of Ankara 2830: 2829: 2678:, a leader from 2619:Yadigar Muhammad 2506:Sons of Jahangir 2492:Muzaffar Hussein 2396:Miran Shah Mirza 2344:Aq Sufi Qongirat 2164:Clements Markham 2128:Öljei Temür Khan 2083:The fortress at 2067:, leader of the 2063:, where he gave 2042:Battle of Ulubad 2035: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2023: 1951:Battle of Ankara 1912:Battle of Ankara 1845:sultan of Egypt 1698: 1689: 1649:, crippling the 1399:Zagros Mountains 1283:Russian Orthodox 1169:Prophet Muhammad 858: 856: 843: 836: 829: 820: 819: 706:Chagatai Khanate 526:Chagatai Khanate 416:Chagatai Khanate 347:, also known as 288: 287: 268:Jahangir Mirza I 256: 188:, Timurid Empire 182: 179:18 February 1405 170:Chagatai Khanate 127:18 February 1405 100: 53: 52: 34:Tamerlane (poem) 21: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8864:Timurid dynasty 8849:Muslim monarchs 8814: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8786:Đurađ Branković 8755:Íñigo de Alfaro 8681: 8662:Pasha Yiğit Bey 8622:Süleyman Çelebi 8605: 8556:Siege of Smyrna 8544: 8498: 8493: 8463: 8458: 8422:Timurid dynasty 8390: 8293: 8109: 8070:Abu Sa'id Mirza 8013: 8008: 7974: 7969: 7960: 7952: 7944: 7941:Timurid dynasty 7937: 7916: 7720: 7692: 7690:Further reading 7687: 7654: 7652: 7638: 7619: 7598: 7571: 7525: 7506: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7262:The Independent 7256: 7255: 7251: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7217:The face finder 7213: 7209: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7126: 7122: 7108: 7104: 7073: 7064: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7007: 7000: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6961: 6957: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6825: 6821: 6810: 6806: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6742:Saunders, J. J. 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6677: 6670: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6616: 6612: 6600: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6505: 6501: 6492: 6488: 6479: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6453: 6446: 6437: 6433: 6424: 6420: 6411: 6407: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6351: 6339: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6293: 6289: 6281:Stevens, John. 6280: 6276: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6243: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6203: 6199: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6159: 6155: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6121: 6117: 6104: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5768: 5757: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5363: 5349: 5345: 5330: 5314: 5305: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5166: 5157: 5153: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5079: 5075: 5050: 5046: 5025: 5021: 5004: 5000: 4987: 4983: 4970: 4966: 4930:Iranian Studies 4925: 4912: 4905: 4883: 4879: 4864: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4610: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4570: 4563: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4462: 4458: 4451:Chicago Tribune 4445: 4444: 4440: 4424:Matthew White: 4423: 4419: 4380: 4369: 4342:Limited preview 4326: 4319: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4268: 4259: 4244: 4240: 4224: 4217: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4094: 4090: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3986: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3940: 3936: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3757: 3747: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3640: 3608:Enrique Serrano 3562:Giacomo Puccini 3550:Edgar Allan Poe 3515:Antonio Vivaldi 3455: 3401:anthropologists 3375: 3369: 3287: 3254: 3211:wrote a second 3190:'s work on the 3181: 3173:Edgar Allan Poe 3086:Chagatai Turkic 2966: 2958:Dominican friar 2851: 2845: 2837:Tamerlane chess 2833:"veritas salus" 2731: 2656: 2654:Religious views 2614:Sultan Muhammad 2577: 2542:Abu Sa'id Mirza 2525: 2508: 2495:Ibrahim Hussein 2482:Muhammed Mu'min 2446: 2411: 2402:Shah Rukh Mirza 2380: 2375: 2369: 2249: 2229:Muhammad Sultan 2202: 2196: 2136: 2077: 2027:تيمور خان كركان 1918: 1910:Main articles: 1908: 1879:in Asia Minor. 1860:In 1400, Timur 1855:Turkoman rulers 1814: 1805:Delhi Sultanate 1793: 1787: 1724:Delhi Sultanate 1720:Tughlaq dynasty 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1706:Sultan of Delhi 1701: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1679: 1643: 1549: 1543: 1334:, ruler of the 1320: 1213: 1178: 1125: 1073: 1025: 1020: 911:Kondurcha River 859: 854: 849: 847: 817: 815:Military leader 754:descended from 676: 632:Mu'izz al-Ansab 571: 512:Gérard Chaliand 491:Eurasian Steppe 452:Delhi Sultanate 446:, the emerging 436:Southern Russia 410:(in modern-day 373:Timurid dynasty 282: 250: 249: 241: 205: 184: 180: 163: 126: 106: 89: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8877: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8773: 8763: 8761:İsfendiyar Bey 8758: 8757:(Hospitallers) 8752: 8742: 8732: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8700: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8637:Mustafa Çelebi 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8055:Abdallah Mirza 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8011:Timurid Empire 8007: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7976: 7975: 7965: 7962: 7957:Timurid Empire 7953: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7938: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7915: 7914:External links 7912: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7874: 7871: 7866:Paksoy, H. B. 7864: 7835: 7833:978-1847242594 7821: 7776: 7769: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7743:978-1843821984 7731: 7724: 7718: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7675:Chisholm, Hugh 7650: 7637:978-0295981246 7636: 7623: 7617: 7602: 7597:978-0521439916 7596: 7583: 7570:978-1838606152 7569: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7510: 7505:978-0521633840 7504: 7489: 7479:(1): 101–112. 7468: 7450:(3): 341–349. 7438: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7411: 7382: 7376:978-9584205407 7375: 7357: 7328: 7317:on 2 July 2013 7301: 7279: 7249: 7232: 7226:978-0091055103 7225: 7207: 7191: 7185:978-9813105843 7184: 7164: 7158:978-1351739429 7157: 7137: 7120: 7102: 7083:(3): 341–349. 7062: 7029: 6998: 6995:. 2 June 2023. 6980: 6974:978-1845115524 6973: 6955: 6939: 6933:978-1850437062 6932: 6926:. I.B.Tauris. 6911: 6900:on 8 July 2011 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6836:978-0786494279 6819: 6804: 6788: 6782:978-8120618831 6781: 6763: 6757:978-0812217667 6756: 6733: 6724: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6668: 6664:978-1136873669 6647: 6635: 6623: 6610: 6594: 6581: 6569: 6552: 6526: 6520:978-0300090383 6519: 6499: 6486: 6473: 6460: 6444: 6442:(1991), p. 238 6438:Roya Marefat, 6431: 6418: 6405: 6389: 6362: 6356:C. P. Atwood. 6349: 6328: 6315:978-1846030048 6314: 6308:. p. 23. 6287: 6274: 6259: 6241: 6224: 6218:978-0199876426 6217: 6197: 6180: 6174:978-1442213845 6173: 6153: 6140: 6133: 6115: 6098: 6085: 6070: 6068:, p. 314. 6055: 6033: 6021: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5967:, p. 267. 5957: 5938: 5925:978-8185151052 5924: 5904: 5898:978-9353054489 5897: 5877: 5871:978-1108055857 5870: 5848: 5842:978-1615301225 5841: 5819: 5812: 5792: 5785: 5771:Grousset, René 5755: 5739: 5727: 5721:978-1317871408 5720: 5700: 5694:978-1107600140 5693: 5673: 5667:978-0700716968 5666: 5646: 5644:, p. 109. 5634: 5622: 5610: 5597: 5593:isfahan Timur. 5588:978-0520247093 5587: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5522: 5516:978-1108056021 5515: 5503:Timur (2013). 5495: 5483: 5477:978-0884022350 5476: 5467:Mughal Gardens 5456: 5431: 5415: 5408: 5388: 5376: 5361: 5343: 5329:978-0231504713 5328: 5303: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5239:, p. 994. 5220: 5189: 5177: 5164: 5151: 5119: 5101: 5073: 5044: 5036:978-1557868602 5019: 5015:978-0195177268 4998: 4981: 4964: 4910: 4904:978-0521243049 4903: 4877: 4862: 4844: 4831: 4802: 4796:978-1139498340 4795: 4775: 4758: 4746: 4740:978-0898755343 4739: 4716: 4710:978-8173045080 4709: 4689: 4678:Woods, John E. 4669: 4657: 4640: 4634:978-0874803426 4633: 4613:Woods, John E. 4601: 4561: 4545: 4531: 4525:. p. 27. 4494: 4479: 4456: 4438: 4434:978-0857861252 4417: 4367: 4317: 4313:978-0028656045 4296: 4290:978-1784531706 4289: 4257: 4238: 4227:Woods, John E. 4215: 4191: 4182:978-0160239298 4181: 4161: 4155:978-0306814655 4154: 4128: 4116: 4110:978-1596917606 4109: 4088: 4069: 4057: 4032: 4026:978-0415966900 4025: 4005: 3984: 3959: 3952: 3934: 3918: 3916:(1989), p. 239 3905: 3887: 3872: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3829:Temūr(-i) Lang 3778: 3697: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3623:Gani Kulzhanov 3610: 3595: 3583: 3573: 3566:Giuseppe Adami 3553: 3541: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3490: 3478: 3475:Jacques Pradon 3468: 3454: 3451: 3436:Curse of Timur 3408:Lev V. Oshanin 3373:Curse of Timur 3371:Main article: 3368: 3365: 3360:Sultan Bajazet 3286: 3285:European views 3283: 3262:Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī 3253: 3248: 3233:Jacobus Golius 3180: 3177: 3159:Mughal Emperor 3151:Mughal emperor 2965: 2962: 2947: 2946: 2931: 2847:Main article: 2844: 2841: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2745:Ibrahim Sultan 2730: 2727: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2638:Abdullah Mirza 2630: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2537:Muhammad Mirza 2534: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2478:Badi' al-Zaman 2462: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2390:Jahangir Mirza 2387: 2379: 2376: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2287: 2280: 2277:Jahangir Mirza 2248: 2245: 2211:is located in 2200:Timurid Empire 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2135: 2132: 2105:Yongle Emperor 2101:Hongwu Emperor 2076: 2073: 1907: 1904: 1893:Timur invaded 1813: 1810: 1789:Main article: 1786: 1783: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1642: 1639: 1542: 1539: 1380:Kartid dynasty 1319: 1316: 1212: 1209: 1177:صَاحِبِ قِرَان 1176: 1124: 1121: 1096:Chagatai khans 1081:Siege of Balkh 1072: 1069: 1057:Tughlugh Timur 1034:Volga Bulgaria 1022: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 995: 994: 989: 976: 975: 970: 957: 956: 947:North Caucasia 943: 942: 937: 932: 919: 918: 913: 900: 899: 886: 885: 880: 875: 864: 861: 860: 846: 845: 838: 831: 823: 816: 813: 805:Temūr(-i) Lang 675: 672: 660:Books of Timur 607:Chagatai Khans 591:Qarachar Noyan 570: 567: 464:Timurid Empire 448:Ottoman Empire 394:Born into the 357:Timurid Empire 340: 339: 334: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 308: 302: 301: 298: 297: 293: 292: 284: 283: 281: 280: 275: 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8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8483: 8478: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8449:Mughal Empire 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8330:Dorut Tilavat 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 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7546: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7524:9780306815430 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7386: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7340: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7289: 7283: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7236: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7154: 7151:. Routledge. 7150: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7124: 7115: 7114: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7003: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6705: 6700: 6694:, p. 16. 6693: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6592:(1963), p. 31 6591: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6556: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6522: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6484:(2007), p. 16 6483: 6477: 6471:(2003), p. 27 6470: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6422: 6415: 6409: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6110: 6102: 6095: 6089: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5737:, p. 94. 5736: 5731: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5643: 5642:Melville 2020 5638: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5574: 5565: 5563: 5555: 5554:Melville 2020 5550: 5543: 5538: 5532:, p. 56. 5531: 5530:Melville 2020 5526: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5493:, p. 32. 5492: 5491:Melville 2020 5487: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5392: 5386:, p. 93. 5385: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5251:, p. 40. 5250: 5245: 5238: 5237:Goldsmid 1911 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5194: 5187:, p. 31. 5186: 5181: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5115: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4990:Islamic world 4985: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4842:(1959), p. 24 4841: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4667:, p. 90. 4666: 4661: 4653: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4566: 4556: 4549: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464:J.J. Saunders 4460: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4390:(1): 93–110. 4389: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3885:, p. 14. 3884: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3840: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3765:Sahib-i-Qiran 3761: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619:Emir Baygazin 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3592:Yusif Veliyev 3589: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3570:Renato Simoni 3567: 3564:(libretto by 3563: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3539:Matthew Lewis 3536: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3487:Nicholas Rowe 3484: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3244:William Jones 3241: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3192:Life of Timur 3189: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3049:sacking Delhi 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:own campaigns 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775:According to 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Sayyid Baraka 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2649: 2648:Muhammad Juki 2646: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607:Ibrahim Mirza 2605: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529:Khalil Sultan 2527: 2526: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378:Sons of Timur 2374: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284:Amir Qazaghan 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2182:, laid in an 2181: 2178:, wrapped in 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2157:Khalil Sultan 2154: 2150: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091:In 1368, the 2086: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2052:in Anatolia. 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2022: 2021: 2020:Mehmed Çelebi 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1900:David Nicolle 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1688: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Ahmad Jalayir 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Ahmad Jalayir 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1277:burned Moscow 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:Suyurghatmish 1135: 1131: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1071:Rise to power 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036:, he invaded 1035: 1031: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 983: 982: 981: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 964: 963: 962: 955: 952: 951: 950: 949: 948: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 926: 925: 924: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 907: 906: 905: 898: 895: 894: 893: 892: 891: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 868: 862: 857: 852: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 825: 824: 821: 812: 810: 806: 802: 799:in southwest 798: 794: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 730: 726: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 687: 686: 680: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616: 610: 608: 604: 603:Mongol Empire 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:Tumbinai Khan 575: 566: 564: 563:Mughal Empire 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 522: 515: 513: 509: 508:Mongol Empire 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 474:, as well as 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 338: 335: 331: 328:Tekina Khatun 327: 323: 320:Amir Taraghai 319: 315: 312: 309: 307: 303: 294: 289: 285: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 258: 255: 254: 248: 244: 237: 235:Dil Shad Agha 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 178: 174: 171: 167: 161: 157: 153: 150: 149:Khalil Sultan 147: 143: 140: 136: 134: 130: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 99: 94: 91: 86: 85: 81: 79: 78: 74: 72: 71: 67: 66: 65: 62: 59: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 8749:Hospitallers 8534: 8381:Green Mosque 8349:Shah-i-Zinda 8298:Architecture 8214: 8125: 8024: 7955: 7939: 7906: 7885:(1): 17–33. 7882: 7878: 7846:(3): 37–70. 7843: 7839: 7824: 7787:(1): 21–41. 7784: 7780: 7772: 7763: 7754:Google Books 7748: 7734: 7701: 7678: 7627: 7607: 7587: 7543: 7533: 7514: 7494: 7476: 7472: 7447: 7443: 7423: 7414: 7402:. Retrieved 7392: 7385: 7366: 7360: 7348:. Retrieved 7338: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7315:the original 7304: 7292:. Retrieved 7282: 7270:. Retrieved 7266:the original 7261: 7252: 7242: 7235: 7216: 7210: 7200: 7194: 7174: 7167: 7147: 7140: 7130: 7123: 7112: 7105: 7080: 7076: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7022:17 September 7020:. Retrieved 7014: 6992: 6983: 6964: 6958: 6942: 6923: 6914: 6902:. Retrieved 6898:the original 6893: 6889: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6827: 6822: 6813: 6807: 6797: 6791: 6772: 6766: 6746: 6736: 6727: 6719: 6706:, p. 9. 6704:Marozzi 2004 6699: 6687: 6679: 6655: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6613: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6572: 6562: 6555: 6543:. Retrieved 6539: 6529: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6481: 6476: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6439: 6434: 6426: 6421: 6413: 6408: 6392: 6380:. Retrieved 6373: 6365: 6357: 6352: 6319:. Retrieved 6300: 6290: 6282: 6277: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6234: 6227: 6207: 6200: 6190: 6183: 6163: 6156: 6148: 6143: 6124: 6118: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6088: 6079: 6073: 6046:. Retrieved 6036: 6029:Marozzi 2004 6024: 6014:28 September 6012:. Retrieved 6008: 5999: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5965:Marozzi 2004 5960: 5951: 5941: 5929:. Retrieved 5914: 5907: 5887: 5880: 5857: 5851: 5828: 5822: 5802: 5795: 5775: 5750: 5730: 5710: 5703: 5683: 5676: 5656: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5618:Strange 1905 5613: 5605: 5600: 5592: 5572: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5505: 5498: 5486: 5466: 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5424: 5418: 5398: 5391: 5379: 5352: 5346: 5318: 5281: 5277: 5261:Marozzi 2004 5256: 5249:Marozzi 2004 5244: 5211:. Retrieved 5202: 5185:Marozzi 2004 5180: 5172: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5145: 5138:. Retrieved 5131: 5122: 5113: 5106:. Retrieved 5086: 5076: 5056: 5047: 5028:The Persians 5027: 5022: 5006: 5001: 4984: 4967: 4934: 4928: 4886: 4880: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4834: 4822:. Retrieved 4818:the original 4785: 4778: 4768: 4761: 4749: 4729: 4725:Keene, H. G. 4719: 4699: 4692: 4682: 4672: 4660: 4650: 4643: 4624: 4592:. Retrieved 4588:the original 4577: 4574:"Tīmūr Lang" 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4514: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4425: 4420: 4387: 4383: 4347:Google Books 4340: 4328: 4304: 4299: 4279: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4231: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4171: 4164: 4139: 4131: 4126:, p. 1. 4119: 4100: 4097:Darwin, John 4091: 4082: 4072: 4065:Marozzi 2004 4060: 4050:28 September 4048:. 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His name 644:Ibn Khaldun 599:Transoxiana 408:Transoxiana 377:Ibn Khaldun 361:Afghanistan 337:Sunni Islam 238:Touman Agha 8818:Categories 8693:Junayd Bey 8627:İsa Çelebi 8503:Background 8402:Persianate 8320:Gur-e-Amir 7961:1370–1405 7294:9 November 6949:, p. 6871:Mentioned 6859:Mentioned 6658:Routledge 6604:, p. 6577:Woods 1991 6399:, p. 6134:1860194079 6066:Nicol 1993 5449:5 February 5140:26 October 5108:26 October 5069:9231034677 5030:, Malden, 4863:0759101892 4824:1 November 4665:Woods 1990 4532:189584200X 4476:0812217667 4359:076580204X 4337:076580204X 3970:Tīmūr Lang 3953:0415082005 3760:Amir Timur 3670:References 3416:East Asian 3383:Gur-e-Amir 3270:Shah Jahan 3167:The poem " 3124:Uzbekistan 3116:Shahrisabz 3029:Nader Shah 2980:and other 2935:Miran Shah 2913:Marco Polo 2875:epistolary 2828:راستی رستی 2781:sharia law 2684:Gur-e-Amir 2664:Naqshbandi 2371:See also: 2330:Miran Shah 2294:Qazan Khan 2217:Uzbekistan 2194:Succession 2188:Gur-e-Amir 2176:rose water 2124:Engke Khan 2085:Jiayu Pass 2065:Ali Safavi 2057:Qara Yusuf 2050:status quo 2040:after the 1667:Khwandamir 1655:Mazandaran 1576:Azerbaijan 1564:Tokhtamysh 1545:See also: 1531:Qara Yusuf 1506:Muzafarids 1491:Nader Shah 1467:Miran Shah 1443:Soltaniyeh 1439:Mazandaran 1411:Soltaniyeh 1403:Mazandaran 1392:Miran Shah 1360:Jalayirids 1309:icon from 1273:Azerbaijan 1257:Tokhtamysh 1011:2nd Ankara 1006:1st Ankara 698:Uzbekistan 694:Shahrisabz 674:Early life 628:Sultaniyya 624:Archbishop 532:, and the 412:Uzbekistan 400:Turkicized 273:Miran Shah 198:Gur-e-Amir 133:Coronation 8859:Samarkand 8802:Wallachia 8766:Mehmed II 8520:Bayezid I 8045:Ulugh Beg 8040:Shah Rukh 7899:0035-8789 7860:0038-5867 7817:154734091 7801:1356-1863 7669:(1911). 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