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have been torn down leaving only the foundation walls. Several other small churches (parekklesia) include the H. Menas, H. Ioannes
Theologos, H. Elissaios, H. Demetrios, Panagia he Elaiousa, H. Aikatherina, and Zoodochos Pege. Somewhere near Ganos on the way to Eudemion, according to Germides, there was also a small "Koimesis tes Theotokou" with an old Marian church which was damaged by the Bulgarians in 1913 and completely destroyed in 1916; this may have been identical to the Theotokos church in Ganos.
634:(one at Saraylar and another at Topagaç), and there were probably also kilns producing similar amphorae at other sites throughout the wine-producing region on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara. The kilns on Marmara Island probably used clay from Ganos itself. Günsenin I amphorae have been found alongside artifacts dated to the 11th and 12th centuries, indicating that they were made and used during at least that period.
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conclude that the monastery likely played a significant role in the local wine industry. Like some monasteries, it may have owned its own ships and employed skilled shipbuilders in town, and it likely derived a significant amount of its income from wine production. The monastery is known to have had several
629:
A particular type of amphora is associated with Ganos and its wine. These amphorae, which Nergis Günsenin classifies as "Günsenin I", are small, pear-shaped amphorae generally ranging from 28-48 cm in height and, unlike ancient Greek and Roman amphorae, without toes. The different sizes of Ganos
611:
Although there is an abundance of archaeological evidence, texts do not say anything about the "organization of viticulture" at Ganos, such as who controlled the production of wine and amphorae, or who owned the ships used to transport it. Günsenin uses analogy to other documented monastic centers to
641:
had begun to be produced at Ganos. This may be because of a combination of factors: increased demand and new technology. The increased demand would be from an increase in population — expanding wine production may have meant that new agricultural laborers were being employed, which meant more demand
529:
of Hagia
Paraskeve is also known in Ganos. As of 1999 there were still four allegedly post-Byzantine churches in the viciinity of Ganos, two of which were to the north of the town, which were likely the complexes of H. Paraskeve, H. Konstantinos, H. Elissaios, and H. Kyrillos, which in recent years
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The
Catalan Company captured Ganos in July 1306, after years of incursions in the area. They remained in the city for about a year before heading west. In October or November 1326, Turkish raiders who had crossed the Propontis from Asia Minor, came and caused devastation in the region between Ganos
670:
In the 19th century, glazed ceramic production at Ganos was "flourishing"; many vessels were shipped to
Istanbul, while others were traded further away. Most 19th-century glazed ware from Ganos was monochrome. The most common color was green, followed by yellow. The glazes were generally thick and
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On the eastern outskirts of the town, and on the beach, there are various chunks of marble structures whose function is unclear; these are probably from antiquity or the early
Byzantine period. There is also a fountain in this area with an Ottoman-era inscription and two large fragments of ancient
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impurities, which allowed pottery firing at a lower temperature. Under the old method, glazed pottery production had required specialized, fairly sophisticated kilns capable of reaching higher temperatures, but now glazed ceramics could be produced in the same basic kilns used to produce unglazed
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it was above average in quality. Several shipwrecks in the region around Ganos, sometimes loaded with over 1,000 amphorae at a time, also attest to the importance of the city's wine trade. It was consumed in all corners of the empire, as well as internationally: Ganos amphorae have been found at
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paid to the patriarch of
Constantinople). It held the status of metropolitan diocese by December 1329, when its metropolitan Menas was listed among the participants in a synod in Constantinople. Various other metropolitans of Ganos are attested in the 14th and 15th centuries, as late as 1561.
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On the acropolis above the present-day village, there are some remains of walls, as well as ruined buildings and many ceramic remains. As of 1922, it was reported that much of the fortifications, including both walls and towers, were in ruins. In the early 20th century there were three church
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Ceramic production does not seem to have been interrupted by the
Venetian rule in the early 1200s, but a later gap may have been caused by Catalan raids around 1300. This evidently continued into the early Ottoman period, as decreased wine production meant less demand for the ceramics. Ganos
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began campaigns against the Latins in the spring of 1235; these campaigns probably affected the hinterland of Ganos in some way. Ganos probably came under
Byzantine control again at this point. In 1264, there was an incursion of Tatars and Bulgarians into eastern Thrace; the emperor
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motifs were very common in
Byzantine pottery during this period, nothing from Ganos has been found with those designs — instead, they were decorated with simple linear designs or, sometimes, dots. This may indicate that it was intended for "local circulation" instead of export.
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Various ruins now mark the site of the old town, including traces of fortifications and several kilns. There were previously several old churches as well, but only the buildings' foundations are still extant. The present village of Gaziköy is located below the old town's
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buildings here. One was the
Metropolis, which was dedicated to the Taxiarches (Archangels Michael and Gabriel) and is the religious building in the settlement. The other two were the Hagios Nikolaos and Hagios Charalampes churches. Another church, dedicated to the
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or Laodegetria, stood in the lower town by the shore. The church of Hagios Charalampes was the site of storage of an 18th-century icon of St. Athanasios, which is one of the few surviving works of art that refer to the theologian's work on Mount Athos. A
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were manufactured to store it. The town had an advantageous location for this trade, since the climate was good for viticulture, there was plenty of clay that could be used to produce the amphorae, and with harbor access for ease of export.
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In Ganos, many ancient and Byzantine inscriptions have been found, including a fragment of a metrical inscription from the 12th or 13th century. There are also remains of kilns dating to the Byzantine period, from the 10th-13th centuries.
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were being produced at Ganos, possibly because of a population increase stimulating demand. Local ceramic production continued into the Ottoman period, with only a minor interruption in the early 14th century when the
337:. The coastal strip beneath the mountain is fertile and well-watered, and there are extensive clay deposits in the ground. This clay is "exceptionally pure and rich in minerals". The region's climate is well-suited to
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According to Armstrong and Günsenin, the growth of Ganos as a town was because of these vineyards producing wine for export — the town grew up around the harbor where the wine was shipped out. The wine was stored in
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and Rhaidestos. A severe earthquake happened on 6 November 1344, damaging Ganos and the nearby towns of Chora and Marmara. In the aftermath there was unrest in the area between supporters and opponents of
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pillaged both Mount Ganos and the town below. Many people from the surrounding area had taken refuge here; they were either killed or taken as prisoners. In 914, another Bulgar raid under Tsar
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amphorae may represent various multiples of some standard Byzantine unit of measurement. Kilns that produced these amphorae have been excavated at Ganos and nearby Chora, as well as two on
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The area around Ganos is still used for wine production; there are various major wineries in the area such as Mey and Doluca as well as local, small-scale wineries like Melen and Ganos.
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was in the region at the time, and he embarked on ship at Ganos to go to Constantinople. In late December 1284, church officials from the diocese of Ganos wrote to the emperor
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manufactured in kilns along the coast, including in the town of Ganos. The earliest amphorae from Ganos are dated to the early 11th century. By the late 11th century,
250:, it continued to serve a more local market. The town was also a center of ceramics production through the late Ottoman period, especially during the 19th century.
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420:. The vineyards may have been part of estates belonging to the monasteries on Mount Ganos. This monastic community is attested since at least the 10th century.
561:, a 10th-century encyclopedia, referred to Ganos primarily as a type of wine and secondarily as a place. Ganos wine was a sweet wine, and according to the
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ceramics. As a result, more places throughout the Byzantine world started producing glazed ceramics in the late 11th century; Ganos was one such place.
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Amphora production appears to have begun at Ganos in the early 11th century, at a time when its monastery was flourishing. By the late 11th century,
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In the village center, there is another fountain with an inscription dating from 1817, as well as the remains of two post-Byzantine churches.
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Ceramic production was interrupted for a few decades after the Ottoman conquest, but then resumed on a smaller scale, as did wine growing.
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on Marmara Island, which likely were also used for wine production. The monastery's actual share of the local wine industry is unknown.
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assigned Ganos to the Venetians. During the period of Latin rule, the local wine production does not seem to have been interrupted.
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In the middle Byzantine period, Ganos was part of a major wine-growing region which covered the triangle between Ganos, Chora, and
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706:. This is listed in a 1715 register as one of the 5 metropolitan dioceses of eastern Thrace, and also in a text from 1855.
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caused severe damage in Ganos and the village center was completely destroyed. In 1922 it had 1,037 Greek inhabitants.
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Ganos is already mentioned by the 4th century BCE; according to legend it was founded by settlers in the company of
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also mentioned Ganos in the 1st century CE. Little is known about the ancient Ganos. One local goddess, known as
242:. It was known for its wine production. The wine was exported via the town's harbor and shipped throughout the
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was the core of the ancient settlement, while the lower surrounding area is the core of the village today.
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896:
Günsenin, Nergis (2016). "Ganos wine and its circulation in the 11th century". In Mango, Marlia (ed.).
748:"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"
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Until the late 13th century, Ganos was still an ordinary diocese, subordinate to the metropolitan of
675:. 19th-century glazed Ganos ware is restricted to a few forms; mainly bowls, jugs, and cooking pots.
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Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange
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and Ganos were buying up supplies of grain at a cheap price and then reselling it overpriced.
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continued to produce amphorae in the Ottoman period, although for a more local market.
490:. After another earthquake damaged Ganos in 1354, the Ottomans were able to capture it.
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used in ceramics production throughout the Byzantine world. Both fluxes were mostly
234:. Its population is 372 (2022). It is a historically important town, located on the
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737:, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
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687:. In 1324, Ganos was elevated to an archbishopric (along with a donation of 50
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500:. In 1877 the Ganos area was recorded as having about 5,400 Greek inhabitants.
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and complained that cattle breeders in imperial service in the region between
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material, one of which may have originally been part of a sarcophagus lid.
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for pottery. As for the new technology, there was a shift in the type of
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and internationally. Although Ganos's wine trade declined under the
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Sometime after that, Ganos was merged with nearby Chora to form an
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high-quality and applied over an also thick and high-quality white
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wrote favorably about the spacious streets and shops of Ganos and
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Large amounts of wine were produced at Ganos, as well as many
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There was another Bulgarian invasion in 1199. In 1204, the
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285:(Greek: Γάννος) is attested. The 12th-century geographer
222:, is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of
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Tabula Imperii Byzantini Bd. 12. Ostthrakien (Eurōpē)
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325:, about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) north of
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1042:Külzer, Andreas; Koder, Johannes (2008).
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297:. Ganos also appears in various European
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1241:Geography of medieval Thrace
1236:History of Tekirdağ Province
902:. Routledge. pp. 145–53
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16:For the mountain, see
502:An earthquake in 1912
488:Ioannes Kantakouzenos
139:40.74778°N 27.33194°E
261:The ancient site of
498:a severe earthquake
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110:Show map of Marmara
1103:Neighbourhoods of
144:40.74778; 27.33194
77:Show map of Turkey
74:Location in Turkey
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1055:978-3-7001-3945-4
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1266:Turkish wine
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1115:Aşağıkalamış
1059:. Retrieved
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904:. Retrieved
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1153:İğdebağları
1061:13 November
370:Thea Ganeia
339:viticulture
335:Mount Ganos
279:Mount Ganos
240:Mount Ganos
142: /
18:Mount Ganos
1225:Categories
1133:Cumhuriyet
710:References
598:Kievan Rus
480:Kallipolis
379:Synekdemos
374:Θέα Γάνεια
189:Population
130:27°19′55″E
127:40°44′52″N
1193:Uçmakdere
1124:Camikebir
838:: 179–201
704:Ganochora
690:hyperpera
685:Herakleia
658:Although
590:Black Sea
522:Theotokos
508:Monuments
442:al-Idrisi
384:Hierokles
362:Byzantium
346:acropolis
317:Geography
287:al-Idrisi
273:The name
256:acropolis
198:Time zone
1199:Yayaağaç
1176:Mursallı
1159:İstiklal
1147:Güzelköy
1136:Eriklice
1127:Çengelli
906:21 March
842:26 March
660:Kufesque
625:Ceramics
615:metochia
570:Istanbul
544:amphorae
527:hagiasma
426:amphorae
372:(Greek:
331:Tekirdağ
178:District
171:Tekirdağ
166:Province
1205:Yeniköy
1202:Yayaköy
1190:Tepeköy
1187:Sofuköy
1180:Palamut
1172:Mürefte
1168:Kocaali
1162:Kirazlı
1156:İshaklı
1140:Gaziköy
1130:Çınarlı
1118:Beyoğlu
735:Mahalle
723:Gaziköy
698:called
696:eparchy
606:Sigtuna
538:Economy
452:as one
352:History
313:, etc.
311:Lo Gano
220:Gaziköy
155:Country
33:Gaziköy
1208:Yörgüç
1196:Ulaman
1184:Şenköy
1150:Hoşköy
1144:Gölcük
1121:Bulgur
1052:
652:silica
600:, and
594:Sarkel
586:Levant
582:Cyprus
574:Athens
450:Rusion
446:Panion
411:Symeon
327:Höşkoy
307:Longam
291:Arabic
283:Gannos
232:Turkey
224:Şarköy
183:Şarköy
159:Turkey
751:(XLS)
578:Crete
576:, on
418:Melio
389:polis
358:Byzas
303:Logam
295:Qānūs
275:Ganos
216:Ganos
203:UTC+3
101:Ganos
68:Ganos
30:Ganos
1063:2021
1050:ISBN
908:2023
844:2023
762:2023
755:TÜİK
673:slip
648:lead
644:flux
604:and
602:Lund
580:and
572:and
558:Suda
551:Wine
407:Krum
269:Name
702:or
398:of
382:of
341:.
293:as
207:TRT
192:372
1227::
916:^
852:^
834:.
830:.
770:^
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596:,
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309:,
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230:,
226:,
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
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205:(
20:.
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