Game design - Knowledge

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elements in the game. However, due to a lack of unified and standardized teaching and understanding of narrative elements in games, individual interpretations, methods, and terminology vary wildly. Because of this, most narrative elements in games are created unconsciously and intuitively. However, as a general rule, game narratives increase in complexity and scale as player choice or game mechanics increase in complexity and scale. One example of removing a player's ability to directly affect the plot for a limited time. This lack of player choice necessitates an increase in mechanical complexity and could be used as a metaphor to symbolize depression that is felt by a character in the narrative.

91: 34: 1830: 1722: 1904: 1799: 1677: 1551: 211: 6283: 1253:" (also known as "Eurogames" or "designer games"). The design emphasis of these board games is to give players meaningful choices. This is manifested by eliminating elements like randomness and luck to be replaced by skill, strategy, and resource competition, by removing the potential for players to fall irreversibly behind in the early stages of a game, and by reducing the number of rules and possible player options to produce what 1394: 487: 1918: 1463: 1154: 556:"What makes a game good?" "Good" can be taken to mean many different things, including providing an entertaining and engaging experience, being easy to learn and play, and being innovative, and having novel experiences. Different approaches to studying this problem have included looking at describing how to design games and extracting guidelines and rules of thumb for making better games 1095:

design has remained relatively unexplored. It is known that game design has clear benefits from prototyping, such as exploring new game design possibilities and technologies, the field of game design has different characteristics than other types of software industries that consider prototyping in game design in a different category and need a new perspective

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goal of board game design. To achieve this, board game designers emphasize different aspects such as social interaction, strategy, and competition, and target players of differing needs by providing for short versus long-play, and luck versus skill. Beyond this, board game design reflects the culture in which the board game is produced.

544:. As the video game revolution took off in the early 1980s, so did academic interest in games, resulting in a field that draws on diverse methodologies and schools of thought. These influences may be characterized broadly in three ways: the social science approach, the humanities approach, and the industry and engineering approach. 1246:), were rooted in educational efforts to explain political concepts to the masses. By the 1930s and 1940s, board game design began to emphasize amusement over education, and characters from comic strips, radio programmes, and (in the 1950s) television shows began to be featured in board game adaptations. 1442:, whereas the odds of a given card being drawn are affected by all the previous cards drawn or revealed from a deck. Dice game design often centers around forming scoring combinations and managing re-rolls, either by limiting their number, as in Yahtzee or by introducing a press-your-luck element, as in 975:

where the teacher pays attention to specific elements of the play activity and provides encouragement and feedback on children's learning. When children engage in real-life and imaginary activities, play can be challenging in children's thinking. To extend the learning process, sensitive intervention

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required to engage in new experiences and environments. Key ways that young children learn include playing, being with other people, being active, exploring and new experiences, talking to themselves, communicating with others, meeting physical and mental challenges, being shown how to do new things,

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As cards are typically shuffled and revealed gradually during play, most card games involve randomness, either initially or during play, and hidden information, such as the cards in a player's hand. This is in contrast to many board games, in which most of the game's current state is visible to all

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Many games described as "single-player" or "cooperative" could alternatively be described as puzzles or recreations, in that they do not involve strategic behavior (as defined by game theory), in which the expected reaction of an opponent to a possible move becomes a factor in choosing which move to

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Most games require multiple players. Single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a single-player game is against an element of the environment, against one's own

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From an industry perspective, a lot of game studies research can be seen as the academic response to the videogame industry's questions regarding the products it creates and sells. The main question this approach deals with can be summarized as "How can we create better games?" with the accompanying

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design is the development of rules and presentational aspects of a board game. When a player takes part in a game, it is the player's self-subjection to the rules that create a sense of purpose for the duration of the game. Maintaining the players' interest throughout the gameplay experience is the

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Game testing is a major part of game development. During testing, players play the game and provide feedback on its gameplay, the usability of its components or screen elements, the clarity of its goals and rules, ease of learning, and enjoyment to the game developer. The developer then revises the

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In general terms, the humanities approach has concerned itself with the question of "What meanings are made through games?" Using tools and methods such as interviews, ethnographies, and participant observation, researchers have investigated the various roles that videogames play in people's lives

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Broadly speaking, the social scientific approach has concerned itself with "What do games do to people?" Using tools and methods such as surveys, controlled laboratory experiments, and ethnography researchers have investigated both the positive and negative impacts that playing games could have on

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A game prototype is a draft version of a game used for testing. Typically, creating a prototype marks the shift from game design to game development and testing. Although prototyping in regards to human-computer interaction and interaction design are both studied, the use of prototyping in game

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Stories told in games may focus on narrative elements that can be communicated through the use of mechanics and player choice. Narrative plots in games generally have a clearly defined and simplistic structure. Mechanical choices on the part of the designer(s) often drastically affect narrative

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During design, a game concept is fleshed out. Mechanisms are specified in terms of components (boards, cards, on-screen entities, etc.) and rules. The play sequence and possible player actions are defined, as well as how the game starts, ends, and what is its winning condition. In video games,

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phase of video game development. In the video game industry, game design describes the creation of the content and rules of a video game. The goal of this process for the game designer is to provide players with the opportunity to make meaningful decisions in relation to playing the game.

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do not utilise any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an

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To maximise player entertainment, casino games are designed with simple easy-to-learn rules that emphasize winning (i.e. whose rules enumerate many victory conditions and few loss conditions), and that provide players with a variety of different gameplay postures (e.g.

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Game studies or gaming theory is a discipline that deals with the critical study of games, game design, players, and their role in society and culture. Prior to the late-twentieth century, the academic study of games was rare and limited to fields such as history and

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Often, the game designer also invents the game's title and, if the game is not abstract, its theme. Sometimes these activities are done by the game publisher, not the designer, or maybe dictated by a licensed property (such as when designing a game based on a film).

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Rules generally determine turn order, the rights and responsibilities of the players, each player's goals, and how game components interact with each other to produce changes in a game's state. Player rights may include when they may spend resources or move tokens.

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After the rise of commercial game publishing in the late 19th century, many games that had formerly evolved via folk processes became commercial properties, often with custom scoring pads or preprepared material. For example, the similar public domain games

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includes specific design elements developed during the prototype phase. Prototypes are very common in the later stages of board game design, and "prototype circles" in many cities today provide an opportunity for designers to play and critique each other's

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Many graphic elements of games are created by the designer when producing a prototype of the game, revised by the developer based on testing, and then further refined by the artist and combined with artwork as a game is prepared for publication or release.

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people. More sociologically informed research has sought to move away from simplistic ideas of gaming as either 'negative' or 'positive', but rather seeking to understand its role and location in the complexities of everyday life.

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rules provide a framework within which players will operate, while the addition of narrative structures provide players with a reason to care about playing the game. To establish the rules and narrative, an internally consistent

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Often the game designer is also its developer, although some publishers do extensive development of games to suit their particular target audience after licensing a game from a designer. For larger games, such as

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Whitebread, D., Coltman, P., Jameson, H. & Lander, R. (2009). Play, cognition, and self-regulation: What exactly are children learning when they learn through play? Educational & Child Psychology, 26(2),

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Play develops children's content knowledge and provides children the opportunity to develop social skills, competencies, and disposition to learn. Play-based learning is based on a Vygotskian model of

3259: 758:, enough change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their rules, but even then, there are often immutable 589:, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant or participants. Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and has developed into an 1222:

Traditional board games date from the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Whereas ancient board game design was primarily focused on rules alone, traditional board games were often influenced by

1381:, rules limiting communication between players on the same team become an important part of the game design. This idea of limited communication has been extended to cooperative card games, such as 2395:

Martlew, J., Stephen, C. & Ellis, J. (2011). Play in the primary school classroom? The experience of teachers supporting children's learning through a new pedagogy. Early Years, 31(1), 71–83.

110:. Games can be created for entertainment, education, exercise or experimental purposes. Additionally, elements and principles of game design can be applied to other interactions, in the form of 1660:. GNS Theory has been abandoned by its creator, partly because it neglects emotional investment, and partly because it just did not work properly. There are techniques that people use (such as 1775:" (and sometimes an even broader scope "game bible" document) provides overall contextual guidance on ambient mood, appropriate tone, and other less tangible aspects of the game world. 669:). In places where the use of leather is well established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as 1069:

to intellectual property in other media may solicit game concepts from several designers before picking one to design a game, typically paying the designer in advance against future

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Konzack, Lars (2007). "Rhetorics of Computer and Video Game Research" in Williams & Smith (ed.) The Players' Realm: Studies on the Culture of Video Games and gaming. McFarland.

1358:, involve playing cards to form a "tableau", a spatial layout or board. Many board games, in turn, uses specialized cards to provide random events, such as the Chance cards of 467:. Later games will often exploit the distinctive properties of a new medium. Adapting older games and creating original games for new media are both examples of game design. 625:

for each player such that, when these strategies are employed, no player can profit by unilaterally deviating from their strategy. These equilibrium strategies determine an

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How players play their cards, revealing information and interacting with previous plays as they do so, is central to card game design. In partnership card games, such as

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Unlike the majority of other games which are designed primarily in the interest of the player, one of the central aims of casino game design is to optimize the

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of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers". An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is

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A game developer is the person who fleshes out the details of a game's design, oversees its testing, and revises the game in response to player feedback.

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for each outcome. (Rasmusen refers to these four "essential elements" by the acronym "PAPI".) A game theorist typically uses these elements, along with a

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include games with cards that are custom-tailored to the game, as in many modern games, as well as those whose design is constricted by the type of the

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has noted that it is much more common for casino game designers today to make successful variations than entirely new casino games. Gambling columnist

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The two most fundamental rules of casino game design are that the games must be non-fraudable (including being as nearly as possible immune from

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design can entail the creation of an entirely new casino game, the creation of a variation on an existing casino game, or the creation of a new

4819: 1519:). Player entertainment value is also enhanced by providing gamblers with familiar gaming elements (e.g. dice and cards) in new casino games. 315:. The rules of these games were not codified until early modern times and their features gradually evolved and changed over time, through the 1370:

participants, even though players may also have a small amount of private information, such as the letter tiles on each player's rack during

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The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. To be fully defined, a game must specify the following elements: the

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The line between dice and board games is not clear-cut, as dice are often used as randomization devices in board games, such as Monopoly or

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assumes that people want one of three things out of the game – a better, more interestingly challenging game, to create a more interesting

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Johnson, Bruce E. "Board games: affordable and abundant, boxed amusements from the 1930s and '40s recall the cultural climate of an era."

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studies strategic decision making (primarily in non-game situations). Games have historically inspired seminal research in the fields of

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Whigfield, Nick. "Video Hasn't Killed Interest in Board Games; New Technologies Have Contributed to Revival of Tabletop Entertainment".

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A game concept is an idea for a game, briefly describing its core play mechanisms, who the players represent, and how they win or lose.

114:. Game designer and developer Robert Zubek defines game design by breaking it down into its elements, which he says are the following: 1249:

Recent developments in modern board game design can be traced to the 1980s in Germany, and have led to the increased popularity of "

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meant that early American game designers eschewed their use in board games entirely. Even traditional games that did use dice, like

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in character and their design is primarily focused on a core set of simple rules. Of those that are still played today, games like

1763:. The amount of work that is required to accomplish this often demands the use of a design team which may be divided into smaller 693:. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of 6068: 3293:

The Game Inventor's Guidebook: How to Invent and Sell Board Games, Card Games, Role-Playing Games, & Everything in Between!

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theory because different people want such different things out of the games. Probably the most famous category of RPG theory,

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mores. Academic (e.g. history and geography) and moral didacticism were important design features for traditional games, and

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A game artist is an artist who creates art for one or more types of games. Game artists are often vital to and credited in

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process, with repeated phases of testing and revision. During revision, additional design or re-design may be needed.

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Game design is part of a game's development from concept to its final form. Typically, the development process is an

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and most video games, a team is used and the designer and developer roles are usually split among multiple people.

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Games can be characterized by "what the player does" and what the player experiences. This is often referred to as

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Wood, E. and J. Attfield. (2005). Play, learning, and the early childhood curriculum. 2nd ed. London: Paul Chapman

1511:. Successful casino game design works to provide entertainment for the player and revenue for the gambling house. 629:

to the game—a stable state in which either one outcome occurs, or a set of outcomes occur with known probability.

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A game designer (or inventor) is the person who invents a game's concept, its central mechanisms, and its rules.

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are among the oldest known games and have often been associated with gambling. Non-gambling dice games, such as

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facilitating the production of game pieces and board game prototypes. A modern adaptation of figure games are

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Neyfakh, Leon. "Quest for fun; Sometimes the most addictive new technology comes in a simple cardboard box".

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differ from other single-player games in that the algorithms used usually do incorporate strategic behavior.

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Whereas games are often characterized by their tools, they are often defined by their rules. While rules are

641:. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game. 404:. Accurate topographic maps produced as lithographs and provided free to Prussian officers helped popularize 1633:

is left to the players. Likewise, the progression of a role-playing game is determined in large part by the

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are known, respectively, to have existed for at least nine thousand, six thousand, and four thousand years.

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Modern technological advances have had a democratizing effect on board game production, with services like

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design, its components, presentation, and rules before testing it again. Later testing may take place with

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involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as

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has described as "elegant game design". The concept of elegant game design has been identified by

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with custom boards. Inexpensive (hollow) lead figurine casting contributed to the development of

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are developed constantly, to focus on certain aspects of the game, or just for variation's sake.

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in the 19th century to train staff officers. They are also played as a hobby for entertainment.

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Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board,

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Wadley, Carma. "Rules of the game: Do you have what it takes to invent the next 'Monopoly'?"

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Learning, playing, and interacting. Good practice in the early years foundation stage. Page 9

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of video games. The primary function of game testing is the discovery and documentation of

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Lubin, Dan. "Casino Game Design: From Cocktail Napkin Sketch to Casino Floor". Available:

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in the mid-1990s, for example, as a successful variation on an existing casino game type.

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A game concept may be "pitched" to a game publisher in a similar manner as film ideas are

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Common win conditions are being first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in

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The most ancient board games known today are over 5000 years old. They are frequently

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To maximise success for the gambling house, casino games are designed to be easy for

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In Asian cultures, special sets of tiles can serve the same function as cards, as in

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The line between card and board games is not clear-cut, as many card games, such as

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Tabletop games played today whose descent can be traced from ancient times include

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may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces.

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Human growth and the development of personality, Jack Kahn, Susan Elinor Wright,

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games are believed to have developed from Asian tile games in the 18th century.

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combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most

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can be provided with adult support when necessary during play-based learning.

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Technological advances have provided new media for games throughout history.

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is the process of creating and shaping the mechanics, systems and rules of a

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is created, requiring visual, audio, and programming development for world,

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Proceedings of Hci 2011 - 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

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expertise, analytic competence, critical evaluation skills, and endurance.

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to potential film producers. Alternatively, game publishers holding a game

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The first games in a new medium are frequently adaptations of older games.

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Games are often classified by the components required to play them (e.g.

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Player experience, which is how users feel when they are playing the game

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to describe how a child can learn to make sense of the world around them

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Dice games differ from card games in that each throw of the dice is an

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A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy,

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A paper prototype made as part of the design process of the video game

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Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games

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All casino games are designed to mathematically favor the house. The

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Game development process of designing the content and rules of a game

1550: 1272:" from his 1990 book, "Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience". 912:

Most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example,

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created during the pre-production design phase are often used as a

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whose individual campaign design may be directed by one of several

1523: 1482: 1393: 1371: 1336: 894: 858: 745: 638: 370: 328: 118: 1656:, or a better simulation – in other words better rules to support 1279:

providing designers with essential startup capital and tools like

1115:

issues may be identified, requiring changes to the game's design.

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Sports games have the same rules as the sport they are based on.

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and activities and the meaning they assign to their experiences.

397: 340: 308: 304: 296: 2741:"The Designer's Notebook: Designing and Developing Sports Games" 2149:"Violent video games and aggression: A review of the literature" 1427:, while serving as the central drivers of play in games such as 193:. Applying game design to itself is a current research topic in 5820: 5611: 5563: 4729: 3380: 1617:

The design of role-playing games requires the establishment of

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The Games We Played: The Golden Age of Board & Table Games

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skills, against time, or against chance. This is also true of

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Game Design Theory: A New Philosophy for Understanding Games

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Different types of games pose different game design issues.

916:

and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while

831:, or a combination thereof, and are classified accordingly. 463:, one of the first widely disseminated video games, adapted 6193: 4481: 2608:

Hesse, Monica. "Rolling the dice on a jolly good pastime".

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Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory

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for the implementation of new rules or gameplay features.

958:

By learning through play children can develop social and

611:

available to each player at each decision point, and the

2939:"Wie preußische Militärs den Rollenspiel-Ahnen erfanden" 2906:"Video Game Values – Play as Human-Computer Interaction" 2303: • R. Aumann and S. Hart, ed. (1992, 2002). 127:

and systems, which are the rules and objects in the game

1737:

Video game design is a process that takes place in the

1362:, or as the central mechanism driving play, as in many 1316:

Latin decks. Card games can be played for fun, such as

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aspects of game development that call for visual art

881:, and often require special equipment to play them. 3085:

Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture

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The Ultimate Guide to Video Game Writing and Design

2797: 3261:Game Audio Programming 2: Principles and Practices 2305:Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications 1046:Video game artists are responsible for all of the 621:of their choosing, to deduce a set of equilibrium 170:games benefit from the principles of game design. 967:practicing and repeating skills, and having fun. 6297: 2712:". Wizardofodds.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014. 708:, or an intangible item such as a point scored. 400:tiles, to be mass-produced, leading to many new 2881:Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design 2656:". Wizardofodds.com. Retrieved 9 December 2013. 2408: 1108:to test consumer reactions before publication. 3218: 2897: 2825: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 6178: 5261: 3365: 2793: 2791: 2446:Manker, Jon; Arvola, Mattias (January 2011). 3101: 2850: 2445: 2113: 2065:Social And Cultural History Of Ancient India 724:can be radically different depending on the 559: 2973:(2nd ed.). Thomson Course Technology. 2688: 1778:Important aspects of video game design are 1579:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1496:points to the emergence of community-style 369:Similarly, many sports, such as soccer and 239:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6282: 6185: 6171: 5268: 5254: 3372: 3358: 3122:Moore, Michael E.; Novak, Jeannie (2010). 2788: 2574: 2572: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2489: 2427:Gamespot UK – So You Want To Be An: Artist 2187:Rollings and Morris, 2000; Rouse III, 2001 1474:can range widely between 2 and 15 percent. 947: 905:; most require equipment such as cards or 593:for the logical side of decision science. 3025: 2883:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 57–81. 2556: 2554: 2552: 2513: 2146: 2082: 1746:such as the establishment of fundamental 1599:Learn how and when to remove this message 962:skills, mature emotionally, and gain the 837:include games of physical skill, such as 527:Learn how and when to remove this message 259:Learn how and when to remove this message 78:Learn how and when to remove this message 5275: 4889:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art) 3241:The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses 3198: 3082: 2903: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2420: 2391: 2389: 2324: 2258:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2238:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2196:Fabricatore et al., 2002; Falstein, 2004 2119: 1828: 1720: 1461: 1420:became popular in the mid-20th century. 1392: 1152: 789: 89: 41:This article includes a list of general 3290: 3257: 3221:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals 2936: 2569: 2525: 2477: 2253: 806:Games against opponents simulated with 498:not related to the topic of the article 6298: 3238: 3140: 3006: 2878: 2549: 2177:from the original on 26 November 2013. 2088: 1860:Modern war games are designed to test 979: 440:, leading to the wide availability of 346:Today, many commercial games, such as 6166: 5249: 4934: 4894:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum) 4637: 4082: 3409: 3353: 3328: 3309: 3063: 3044: 2930: 2805:. Charles River Media. pp. 2–5. 2659: 2386: 1981: 1540: 813: 769: 173:Academically, game design is part of 3179: 2990:Complete Kobold Guide to Game Design 2987: 2830:. Cengage Learning. pp. 43–45. 2771:"Fundamentals of Sports Game Design" 2318: 2235:2008). "game theory", Introduction, 2061: 1793: 1671: 1577:adding citations to reliable sources 1544: 857:, and games of mental skill such as 822: 574:. Specifically, it is "the study of 570:Game theory is a study of strategic 480: 392:The printing press allowed packs of 237:adding citations to reliable sources 204: 27: 3102:Kankaanranta, Marja Helena (2009). 2710:Ten Commandments for Game Inventors 2654:House Edge of casino games compared 2415:Exhibitions: The Art of Video Games 1613:List of role-playing game designers 1086:and screen mockups may be created. 991: 735: 13: 4935: 4838:American Institute of Graphic Arts 2962: 2439: 2296:Game Theory and Economic Modelling 2271: 2212:Harvard University Press, p. 2210:Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict, 1351:(or "trading card game") in 1993. 1230:associations between dice and the 632: 47:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 6327: 5582:Dynamic game difficulty balancing 5529:Real-time vs. turn-based gameplay 4848:Design and Industries Association 3258:Somberg, Guy (6 September 2018). 3068:. Princeton Architectural Press. 2783:from the original on 13 May 2015. 1010: 756:subject to variations and changes 732:course, even with the same cars. 436:contributed to the popularity of 362:, are descended from traditional 6281: 2937:Lischka, Konrad (22 June 2009). 2858:. Lone Eagle. pp. 137–149. 2625:"First modern trading card game" 1982:Zubek, Robert (18 August 2020). 1916: 1902: 1797: 1675: 1549: 1320:, or as gambling games, such as 998: 644: 485: 209: 32: 6192: 3410: 3104:Design and Use of Serious Games 2872: 2844: 2826:Lecky-Thompson, Guy W. (2008). 2819: 2763: 2748: 2743:. Gamasutra. 24 September 1999. 2733: 2715: 2643: 2617: 2602: 2587: 2501: 2465: 2398: 2377: 2368: 2348: 2247: 2223: 2199: 2190: 2156:Aggression and Violent Behavior 1953: 1451: 452:have led to a proliferation of 282: 4843:Chartered Society of Designers 4083: 3219:Salen Tekinbad, Katie (2003). 2785:Retrieved on 15 December 2014. 2745:Retrieved on 15 December 2014. 2181: 2140: 2131: 2104: 2055: 2029: 1975: 1710: 1148: 1026: 585:. The subject first addressed 1: 4914:Prince Philip Designers Prize 3557:Architectural lighting design 3329:Zubek, Robert (August 2020). 3143:The Design of Everyday Things 2854:; Platten, John Zuur (2007). 2803:Challenges for Game Designers 2760:Retrieved on 14 December 2014 2685:. Retrieved 13 December 2014. 2331:Chris Crawford on Game Design 2216:. Chapter-preview links, pp. 2168:10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00055-4 1969: 1959:a term used in education and 1872:in full scale exercises with 1744:Elements of video game design 1644:There is no central core for 1388: 1296: 1264:s Leon Neyfakh as related to 1209: 1198: 1187: 507:or discuss this issue on the 4720:Electronic design automation 4703:Virtual home design software 3675:Automotive suspension design 3182:The Game Inventor's Handbook 3126:. Delmar: Cengage Learning. 3045:Elias, George Skaff (2012). 2436:– Accessed 17 November 2012. 2417:– Accessed 17 November 2012. 1789: 1485:on an existing casino game. 1089: 384: 7: 5637:Role-playing battle systems 3579:Environmental impact design 3295:. Morgan James Publishing. 3160: 2756:"Game Design: Sports Games" 2519: 2495: 1895: 1627:gameplay rules or mechanics 1488:Casino game mathematician, 416:. Cheap custom dice led to 339:led to the commercial game 19:For video game design, see 10: 6332: 4858:International Forum Design 4228:Engineering design process 3379: 3141:Norman, Donald A. (2002). 3124:Game Industry Career Guide 3121: 2968: 2828:Video Game Design Revealed 2727:The Press of Atlantic City 2507: 2483: 2471: 1780:human-computer interaction 1714: 1646:tabletop role-playing game 1639:role-playing game theories 1610: 1507:and maximize revenue from 1455: 1098: 1053: 951: 739: 563: 474: 200: 18: 6279: 6201: 6122: 6061: 6008: 5962: 5929: 5751: 5665: 5562: 5519:Player versus environment 5434: 5348: 5307: 5281: 5193: 4941: 4930: 4871: 4830: 4773: 4663: 4659: 4633: 4089: 4078: 3980:Integrated circuit design 3915: 3902:Stage/set lighting design 3834: 3791:Hardware interface design 3750: 3707:Hardware interface design 3658: 3540: 3420: 3416: 3405: 3387: 2801:; Schreiber, Ian (2009). 2432:12 September 2013 at the 1667: 1140: 1076: 869:include checkers, chess, 560:Strategic decision making 470: 4815:Industrial design rights 4803:Fashion design copyright 4715:Design quality indicator 4164:Creative problem-solving 3955:Electrical system design 3811:Sonic interaction design 3722:Photographic lens design 3596:Healthy community design 3083:Huizinga, Johan (1971). 3064:Hofer, Margaret (2003). 3047:Characteristics of Games 3026:Costikyan, Greg (2013). 3011:. A K Peters/CRC Press. 2681:4 September 2012 at the 2277:• Eric Rasmusen (2007). 2254:Leonard, Robert (2010), 1947: 1769:software design document 1251:German-style board games 1111:During testing, various 885:include gambling games ( 6069:Artificial Intelligence 5011:New product development 4976:Enterprise architecture 4904:IF Product Design Award 4863:Design Research Society 4415:Reliability engineering 3332:Elements of Game Design 3310:Woods, Stewart (2012). 3291:Tinsman, Brian (2008). 2988:Baur, Wolfgang (2012). 2089:Soubeyrand, Catherine. 1985:Elements of Game Design 1765:game design disciplines 1266:Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 948:Use as educational tool 808:artificial intelligence 187:artificial intelligence 97:Diamond Trust of London 62:more precise citations. 5901:Tool-assisted speedrun 5416:Six degrees of freedom 4467:Top-down and bottom-up 3816:User experience design 3717:Packaging and labeling 3690:Electric guitar design 3628:Landscape architecture 3239:Schell, Jesse (2008). 3199:Peterson, Jon (2012). 3161:Oxland, Kevin (2004). 3007:Burgun, Keith (2012). 2879:Rogers, Scott (2010). 2629:Guinness World Records 2147:Griffiths, M. (1999). 1842: 1734: 1475: 1402: 1168: 1037:collectible card games 1021:collectible card games 697:. Other games such as 377:, invented in 1891 by 100: 5463:Cooperative gameplay 5283:Subjects relating to 4996:Innovation management 4879:European Design Award 4645:Intellectual property 4462:Theory of constraints 4425:Responsibility-driven 4265:For manufacturability 4169:Creativity techniques 4007:Nuclear weapon design 3821:User interface design 3685:Corrugated box design 3606:Interior architecture 3180:Peek, Steven (1993). 2279:Games and Information 1832: 1724: 1465: 1396: 1349:collectible card game 1156: 954:Learning through play 952:Further information: 903:rock, paper, scissors 790:Single or multiplayer 750:balance (game design) 496:may contain material 323:in the modern sense. 93: 6094:Non-player character 5524:Player versus player 5276:Game design elements 5041:Unintelligent design 5021:Philosophy of design 4735:Design specification 4688:Comprehensive layout 4260:For behaviour change 4233:Probabilistic design 3995:Power network design 3532:Visual merchandising 3489:Instructional design 3467:Postage stamp design 3201:Playing at the World 3028:Uncertainty in Games 2758:. stevevincent.info. 2706:Shackleford, Michael 2650:Shackleford, Michael 2127:. London: Routledge. 2062:Bose, M. L. (1998). 1773:game design document 1573:improve this section 1364:card-driven wargames 1344:Magic: The Gathering 897:, etc.), as well as 505:improve this section 233:improve this section 6287:List of game genres 5406:Probability of kill 4961:Creative industries 4884:German Design Award 4793:Design infringement 4678:Architectural model 4017:Organization design 4012:Nucleic acid design 3960:Experimental design 3513:Traffic sign design 3184:. Betterway Books. 3163:Gameplay and design 2992:. Open Design LLC. 2969:Bates, Bob (2004). 2918:on 27 February 2013 2611:The Washington Post 2566:. 18 November 2008. 2091:"The Game of Senet" 1876:at venues like the 1853:, were designed in 1845:The first military 1526:to operate and for 1490:Michael Shackleford 1268:'s the concept of " 1243:The Landlord's Game 1240:(based on the 1906 1160:'s 1935 patent for 980:Development process 576:mathematical models 442:video game consoles 414:miniature wargaming 191:optimization theory 6316:Leisure activities 5761:Actions per minute 5602:Monster infighting 5572:Character creation 5514:Nonlinear gameplay 5401:Point of no return 5386:Kingmaker scenario 5026:Process simulation 5001:Intelligent design 4325:Intelligence-based 4320:Integrated topside 4250:Framework-oriented 3935:Behavioural design 3806:Information design 3484:Information design 3264:. CRC Press 2019. 3203:. Unreason Press. 3165:. Addison Wesley. 2799:Brathwaite, Brenda 2584:. 1 December 1997. 1924:Video games portal 1843: 1809:. You can help by 1735: 1687:. You can help by 1631:character creation 1541:Role-playing games 1535:advantage gambling 1476: 1403: 1285:miniature wargames 1169: 1119:Video game testing 1033:role-playing games 930:trick-taking games 899:snakes and ladders 814:Storyline and plot 770:Victory conditions 663:a board and pieces 434:Personal computers 343:in the mid-1950s. 152:role-playing games 101: 6293: 6292: 6160: 6159: 5990:Damage per second 5851:Sequence breaking 5499:Last man standing 5289:video game design 5243: 5242: 5189: 5188: 4956:Conceptual design 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4909:James Dyson Award 4765:Website wireframe 4755:Technical drawing 4629: 4628: 4477:Transgenerational 4218:Ecological design 4094:Activity-centered 4074: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4052:Spacecraft design 3846:Public art design 3784:Video game design 3762:Experience design 3732:Production design 3712:Motorcycle design 3670:Automotive design 3574:Ecological design 3452:Film title design 3335:. The MIT Press. 3223:. The MIT Press. 3172:978-0-321-20467-7 3133:978-1-4283-7647-2 2980:978-1-59200-493-5 2730:. 28 August 2013. 2614:. 29 August 2011. 2484:Moore, Novak 2010 2364:978-1-59486-068-3 2341:978-0-88134-117-1 2075:978-81-7022-598-0 1988:. The MIT Press. 1942:Video game design 1827: 1826: 1717:Video game design 1705: 1704: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1440:independent event 1039:and video games. 938:Settlers of Catan 914:American football 867:Games of strategy 823:Luck and strategy 797:cooperative games 776:Settlers of Catan 537: 536: 529: 275:), gambling, and 273:history of sports 269: 268: 261: 189:, economics, and 88: 87: 80: 21:Video game design 6323: 6285: 6284: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6152:Persistent world 6104:Player character 5985:Damage over time 5632:Random encounter 5622:Quick time event 5597:Leveled gameplay 5592:Instance dungeon 5494:King of the hill 5459:Capture the flag 5371:Experience point 5366:Difficulty level 5270: 5263: 5256: 5247: 5246: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 4932: 4931: 4809:Geschmacksmuster 4783:Community design 4661: 4660: 4635: 4634: 4395:Process-centered 4191:Design–bid–build 4159:Cradle-to-cradle 4139:Concept-oriented 4080: 4079: 4057:Strategic design 4027:Processor design 4002:Mechanism design 3970:Geometric design 3930:Algorithm design 3870:Jewellery design 3801:Immersive design 3695:Furniture design 3640:Landscape design 3418: 3417: 3407: 3406: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3325: 3306: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3274:. Archived from 3254: 3234: 3214: 3195: 3176: 3156: 3137: 3117: 3098: 3087:. Beacon Press. 3079: 3060: 3041: 3022: 3003: 2984: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2911:. Archived from 2910: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2722:Grochowski, John 2719: 2713: 2703: 2686: 2672: 2657: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2621: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2547: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2322: 2316: 2287:chapter-preview. 2275: 2269: 2268: 2251: 2245: 2227: 2221: 2206:Roger B. Myerson 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2039:. Archived from 2033: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1979: 1964: 1957: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1822: 1819: 1801: 1794: 1731:proof of concept 1700: 1697: 1679: 1672: 1604: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1553: 1545: 1290:Warhammer 40,000 1260:The Boston Globe 1214: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1192: 1189: 1131:software defects 1123:software testing 992:Development team 736:Rule development 619:solution concept 532: 525: 521: 518: 512: 489: 488: 481: 264: 257: 253: 250: 244: 213: 205: 83: 76: 72: 69: 63: 58:this article by 49:inline citations 36: 35: 28: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6275: 6197: 6191: 6161: 6156: 6118: 6057: 6004: 5958: 5925: 5826:Online creation 5786:Circle strafing 5747: 5738:Twitch gameplay 5728:Syntax guessing 5708:Micromanagement 5703:Macromanagement 5661: 5657:Virtual economy 5558: 5554:Turn-based game 5430: 5421:Technology tree 5344: 5340:Meaningful play 5330:Lusory attitude 5303: 5277: 5274: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5185: 4986:Futures studies 4937: 4918: 4867: 4826: 4775: 4769: 4655: 4654: 4625: 4531:Value sensitive 4521:User innovation 4400:Public interest 4365:Object-oriented 4085: 4066: 4047:Software design 4037:Research design 3990:Physical design 3945:Database design 3919: 3917: 3911: 3887:Property design 3882:Game art design 3836: 3830: 3753: 3746: 3661: 3654: 3611:Interior design 3562:Building design 3543: 3536: 3423: 3412: 3401: 3383: 3378: 3343: 3322: 3303: 3281: 3279: 3278:on 9 April 2022 3272: 3251: 3231: 3211: 3192: 3173: 3153: 3145:. 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6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6132:Invisible wall 6128: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5876:Strafe-jumping 5873: 5871:Spray and pray 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5836:Rocket jumping 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5766:Button mashing 5763: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Special attack 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5683:Finishing move 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5627:Random dungeon 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5301:game mechanics 5282: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5053: 5051:Wicked problem 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936:Related topics 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4853:Design Council 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4820:European Union 4812: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4506: 4501: 4499:Usage-centered 4496: 4495: 4494: 4492:Design for All 4484: 4479: 4474: 4472:Transformation 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420:Research-based 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Platform-based 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4335:KISS principle 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4245:Fault-tolerant 4242: 4240:Error-tolerant 4237: 4236: 4235: 4225: 4223:Energy neutral 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179:Design fiction 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4062:Systems design 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4032:Protein design 4029: 4024: 4022:Process design 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3985:Circuit design 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3907:Textile design 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3865:Costume design 3860:Fashion design 3857: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3742:Service design 3739: 3737:Sensory design 3734: 3729: 3727:Product design 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3645:Spatial design 3642: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3623:Keyline design 3620: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3589:Computer-aided 3581: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3457:Graphic design 3454: 3449: 3447:Exhibit design 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3326: 3321:978-0786467976 3320: 3307: 3302:978-1600374470 3301: 3288: 3270: 3255: 3250:978-0123694966 3249: 3236: 3230:978-0262240451 3229: 3216: 3210:978-0615642048 3209: 3196: 3191:978-1558703155 3190: 3177: 3171: 3158: 3152:978-0465067107 3151: 3138: 3132: 3119: 3113:978-9048181414 3112: 3099: 3094:978-0807046814 3093: 3080: 3075:978-1568983974 3074: 3061: 3056:978-0262017138 3055: 3042: 3037:978-0262018968 3036: 3023: 3018:978-1466554207 3017: 3004: 2999:978-1936781065 2998: 2985: 2979: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2929: 2904:Barr, Pippin. 2896: 2890:978-0470970928 2889: 2871: 2865:978-1580650663 2864: 2843: 2837:978-1584506072 2836: 2818: 2812:978-1584505808 2811: 2787: 2762: 2747: 2732: 2714: 2687: 2658: 2642: 2616: 2601: 2599:. 12 May 2014. 2586: 2581:Country Living 2568: 2548: 2524: 2512: 2510:, pp. 178, 180 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2438: 2419: 2407: 2397: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2356:Pergamon Press 2347: 2340: 2334:. New Riders. 2317: 2292:David M. Kreps 2270: 2264: 2246: 2222: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2162:(2): 203–212. 2139: 2137:Consalvo, 2007 2130: 2112: 2103: 2081: 2074: 2054: 2028: 2019:|website= 1994: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1913: 1897: 1894: 1825: 1824: 1804: 1802: 1791: 1788: 1739:pre-production 1715:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1682: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1607: 1606: 1557: 1555: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1453: 1450: 1401:and a dice cup 1390: 1387: 1347:was the first 1298: 1295: 1158:Charles Darrow 1150: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1078: 1075: 1055: 1052: 1028: 1025: 1012: 1011:Game developer 1009: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 981: 978: 949: 946: 835:Games of skill 824: 821: 815: 812: 791: 788: 771: 768: 742:Game mechanics 737: 734: 711:Games such as 646: 643: 634: 631: 587:zero-sum games 564:Main article: 561: 558: 535: 534: 493: 491: 484: 475:Main article: 472: 469: 438:computer games 386: 383: 379:James Naismith 321:design process 313:pick-up sticks 284: 281: 267: 266: 217: 215: 208: 202: 199: 134:Games such as 132: 131: 128: 122: 86: 85: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6328: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6288: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:Line of sight 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6001: 6000:Status effect 5998: 5996: 5995:Splash damage 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Straferunning 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:Kill stealing 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791:Crowd control 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771:Bunny hopping 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5577:Dialogue tree 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Single-player 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:New Game Plus 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Interactivity 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5166:specification 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:architectural 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:Visualization 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966:Cultural icon 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831:Organizations 4829: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Design patent 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788:Design around 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4648:Organizations 4647: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509:User-centered 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457:Tableless web 4455: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380:Participatory 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:For Six Sigma 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4213:Domain-driven 4211: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4201:architect-led 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144:Configuration 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4109:Brainstorming 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4042:Social design 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3965:Filter design 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940:Boiler design 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3892:Scenic design 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3877:Floral design 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3584:Garden design 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567:Passive solar 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3542:Environmental 3539: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504:Retail design 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3422:Communication 3419: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3344: 3342:9780262043915 3338: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314:. McFarland. 3313: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3277: 3273: 3271:9781138068919 3267: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243:. CRC Press. 3242: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049:. MIT Press. 3048: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030:. 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