686:
511:, the new revolutionary government adopted a policy of promotion of French as a unifying and modernizing language, simultaneously denigrating the status of minority languages as bulwarks of feudalism, Church control of the state, and backwardness in general. In less than a year after coming to power (1792), the Committee for Public Instruction mandated that the newly-expanded public education be fortified by sending French-speaking teachers to areas that spoke other languages. This programme achieved many of its aims during the 19th century: by the 1860s, nearly 80% of the national population could speak French.
566:. The Italian language was the official language of the County of Nice, used by the Church, at the town hall, taught in schools, used in theaters and at the Opera, was immediately abolished and replaced by French. The French government implemented a policy of Francization of society, language and culture of the County of Nice. The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County have been francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice, as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").
258:, part of the French Empire. French culture, in aspects of architecture, culinary and linguistics, has been integrated into the local ones, although the latter remained highly distinct. French used to be the official language and was considerably popular and influential in these colonies, but after they were decolonised and gained independence, the new governments generally removed its influence, by implementing the native language as the only official language in the newly independent states. Currently, the presence of the French language in these countries is minor than before.
100:
767:, for example: the city of Edmundston went from around 89% French-speaking in 1996 to 93.4% in 2006, the city of Moncton from 30.4% in 1996 to 33% in 2006, Dalhousie (from 42.5% to 49.5%) and Dieppe (from 71.1% in 1996 to 74.2% in 2006). Some cities even passed 50% of French speakers between 1991 and 2006 like Bathurst, which passed from 44.6% of French speakers in 1996 to 50.5% in 2006, or Campbellton, from 47% in 1996 to 55% in 2006.
515:
91:
Forecasts expect that the number of French speakers in Africa alone will reach 400 million in 2025, 715 million (readjusted in 2010) by 2050 and reach 1 billion and 222 million in 2060 (readjusted in 2013). The worldwide French-speaking population is expected to quadruple, whereas the world population is predicted to grow by half.
599:; however, it has yet to ratify it, with general agreement among the political class that supportive measures are neither popular enough to attract wide support nor banal enough to be uncontroversial, with concerns specifically about courts forcing the state to act if the rights enshrined in the charter are recognised.
729:
from 13.1% to 8.8% of the province's population between 1971 and 2016 while knowledge of French among people with
English as a mother tongue rose from 37% to 69% over the same period. In 1971, only 14.6% of allophone students were studying in a french school. In 2012, that number had reached 87.5%
735:
is a particular interesting case because, unlike the rest of Quebec, the French-speaking proportion of the population diminished. However, this does not mean that the francization programmes failed, as the share of
English speakers diminished as well; it seems more likely that the decrease was caused
754:
The
Charter of the French Language has been a complete success, according to Hervé Lavenir de Buffon (general secretary of the « Comité international pour le français, langue européenne »), who said in 2006: "Before Bill 101, Montreal looked like an American city. Now Montreal looks like a
708:
has francization policies intended to establish French as the primary language of business and commerce. All businesses are required to provide written communications and schedules in French, and may not make knowledge of a language other than French a condition of hiring unless this is justified by
658:
and
Brussels expanded beyond its original city boundaries. From 1880 onwards, more and more Dutch-speaking people became bilingual, resulting in a rise of monolingual French speakers after 1910. Halfway through the twentieth century, the number of monolingual French-speakers carried the day over the
742:
The success of francization of Quebec can also be seen over the borders of its territory: in
Ontario, the proportion of English speakers dropped from 70.5% in 2001 to 68% in 2006, while the proportion of French speakers went up from 4.06% (488 815) in 2006 to 4.80% (580 000) in 2009. However, this
717:
As part of the francization programme, the Quebec government provides free language courses for recent immigrants (from other countries or other provinces) who do not speak French or whose command of French is weak. The government also provides financial assistance for those who are unable to find
713:
in order to become eligible for a francization certificate, which is granted if the linguistic requirements are met. If not, employers are required to adopt a francization programme, which includes having employees, especially ones in managerial positions, who do not speak French or whose grasp of
728:
The francization programs have been considered a great success. Although French as a mother tongue has gone from 80.6% to 77.4% in the province between 1971 and 2016, knowledge of French among the province's population went from 88.5% to 94.5% over the same period. English as a mother tongue fell
159:
French became the most spoken language in Africa after Arabic and
Swahili in 2010. The number of speakers changed very rapidly between 1992 and 2002, with the number of French learners in sub-Saharan Africa increasing by 60.37%, from 22.33 million to 34.56 million people. A similar trend in the
434:
With the decline of Latin, French became increasingly important for writing. Often, people were encouraged or compelled to adopt French, thereby developing a French identity at the expense of their existing one. Use of other languages was often suppressed. This occurred, for example, among the
90:
The number of
Francophones in the world has been rising substantially since the 1980s. In 1985, there were 106 million Francophones around the world. That number quickly rose to 173.2 million in 1997, 200 million in 2005, 220 million in 2010 (+10% from 2007). and reached 274 million in 2014.
297:
became the language of the poor population and French the language of the court and wealthy population. It is said that during this period, people in
England spoke more French than those in France. Today, it is estimated that 50% to 60% of the English language comes from French or Latin.
168:
for the
Maghreb region were combined with those of the Middle East, the exact count for the Maghreb countries alone is not possible. In this larger region (Maghreb and Middle East), an increase from 10.47 million to 18 million people learning French was observed between 1992 and 2002.
79:(French-language speakers) is underestimated because it only counts people who can write, understand and speak French fluently, thus excluding a majority of African French-speaking people, who do not know how to write. French has the world's fastest-growing relative share of speakers.
2296:
750:
None of the Quebec statistics are adjusted to compensate for the percentage—approximately 20%—of
Anglophones who departed the province by the mid-1980s as a consequence of linguistic nationalism. By 2001, over 60% of the 1971 population of Quebec Anglophones had left the province.
2252:
602:
Initiatives to encourage the use of minority languages are limited by the refusal of the French Government to recognize them, on the basis of the French Constitution, which states that "The language of the Republic of France is French". This view was upheld in 2021, when Deputy
2144:
2019:"Indicateurs linguistiques : secteur de l'éducation / coordination et rédaction, Direction des statistiques et de l'information décisionnelle, Direction générale de la recherche, de l'évaluation et des statistiques, Secteur des politiques et du soutien à la gestion"
736:
by the fact that 93% of new immigrants to Quebec choose to settle in Montreal, with a corresponding rise in languages other than English and French. The government of Quebec estimates that, over the next 20 years, the Francophone proportion of Montreal will go back up.
2274:
2122:
1007:
415:. These aimed to impose or maintain the dominance of the French language and French culture. Before the Revolution, French was still a minority language in France by number of speakers, but was the prestige language. The
747:, especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The number of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tends to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec tend to leave.
86:
claimed French will become the world's most-spoken language by 2050. However, critics of the study state that French coexists with other languages in many countries and the study's estimates are prone to exaggeration.
594:
Historically, no official language was recognized by the French Constitution. In 1994, French was declared constitutionally to be the language of the French Republic. In 1998, France became a signatory of the
577:, and openly tried to strengthen the centralised state by instilling a French national identity in the population. French was presented as the language of modernity, as opposed to regional languages such as
63:
use—either through willful adoption or coercion—by more and more social groups who had not before used the language as a common means of expression in daily life. As a linguistic concept, known usually as
503:
was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Francization occurred in Corsica, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy.
1011:
2033:"Annexe | Le français langue commune :enjeu de la société québécoise :bilan de la situation de la langue française au Québec en 1995 :rapport | Conseil supérieur de la langue française"
220:
The French language currently plays an important role in Africa, serving more and more as a common language or mother tongue (in Gabon, Ivory Coast, Congo, Cameroon and Benin in particular). The
739:
But those estimations seem to underestimate the francization of Montreal for some experts, because statistics show that the proportion has already risen from 55.6% (1996) to 56.4% (2001).
1574:
585:, labelled as barbaric or tribal. Pupils caught speaking these languages were punished by making them display tokens of shame. In Occitan-speaking areas that school policy was called the
1395:
721:
Another aspect of francization in Quebec regards the quality of the French used in Quebec. The Quebec Office of the French language has, since its formation, undertaken to discourage
1828:
770:
Rates of francization may be established for any group by comparing the number of people who usually speak French to the total number of people in the minority language group. See
227:
Francophone African countries counted 370 million inhabitants in 2014. This number is expected to reach between 700 and 750 million by 2050. There are already more francophones in
1033:
1990:
172:
Consideration should be given to the number of French speakers in each country to get an idea of the importance the French language holds in African as a second language.
1728:
2058:
2090:
1885:
1754:
1265:
1238:
2176:
1869:
1851:"De historische kracht van de Vlaamse beweging in België: de doelstellingen van gister, de verwezenlijkingen vandaag en de culturele aspiraties voor morgen"
2473:
596:
660:
1797:
2488:
1108:
2624:
2335:
1152:
710:
692:
1339:
663:
and the socio-economic development of Flanders was in full effect, could Dutch stem the tide of increasing French use. The francization of the
176:
165:
120:
72:
1197:
611:
to allow for immersive education in minority languages in state-run schools. The Assembly's decision was immediately contested by the French
2468:
2697:
2032:
1825:
128:
Africa has 32 French-speaking countries, more than half its total (53); French was also the most widely spoken language in Africa in 2015.
1527:
1302:
68:, it is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in French.
2629:
1041:
2375:
1953:
1549:
1644:
2855:
1421:
926:
698:
1848:
1826:"Thuis in gescheiden werelden" — De migratoire en sociale aspecten van verfransing te Brussel in het midden van de 19e eeuw"
2441:
1781:
411:"Francization" is also used to mean any of many cultural assimilation policies implemented by French authorities since the
2328:
1889:
744:
523:
2065:
2097:
551:
850:" in French spellings and being occasionally adopted by the persons themselves as a French equivalent of their names (
2208:
1839:, XXI, 1990, 3-4, pp. 383-412, Machteld de Metsenaere, Eerst aanwezend assistent en docent Vrije Universiteit Brussel
1700:
1086:
2183:
416:
2976:
2922:
1867:
612:
107: Countries normally considered as francophone (usually used as a working language, but not as mother tongue)
2165:
Statistics Canada. "Factors Affecting the Evolution of Language Groups". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2006-10-27
2004:
835:
for the name of her dynasty. (The Scots had dual nationality and Mary, Queen of Scots was brought up in France.)
3114:
2321:
276:
2585:
2370:
1447:
1801:
1492:
213:
2833:
1599:
Large, Didier (1996). "La situation linguistique dans le comté de Nice avant le rattachement à la France".
667:
still continues because of the continued immigration of French speakers coming from Wallonia and Brussels.
221:
2994:
2230:
3089:
3031:
2573:
2419:
1063:
685:
633:
535:
496:
1130:
2981:
1972:
1934:
1850:
608:
526:
annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The area in red had already become part of France before 1860.
293:
from Normandy in 1066, a king who spoke exclusively French and imposed the French language in England.
17:
709:
the nature of the duties. Businesses with more than fifty employees are required to register with the
2253:"Profils des communautés de 2006 - Région métropolitaine de recensement/Agglomération de recensement"
1849:
J. Fleerackers, Chief of staff of the Belgian Minister for Dutch culture and Flemish affairs (1973).
1160:
1008:"TV5MONDE : TV internationale francophone : Info, Jeux, Programmes TV, Météo, Dictionnaire"
406:
1347:
3109:
2744:
2595:
2530:
2458:
887:
The same exists for other languages, for example, English, in which case objects or persons can be
135:
2726:
2677:
131:
However, Nigeria, the most populous country on the continent, is predominantly English speaking.
2870:
2036:
2018:
743:
statistic must be examined in conjunction with the effects of Quebec francophone out-migration.
659:(mostly) bilingual Flemish inhabitants. Only since the 1960s, after the fixation of the Belgian
543:
3011:
2380:
916:
531:
431:, in all documents. Other languages, such as Occitan, began to disappear as written languages.
398:
615:, which struck out the parliament's vote. The Council also deemed unconstitutional the use of
3104:
3094:
2813:
2776:
2732:
2344:
2005:"Results from the 2016 Census: English-French bilingualism among Canadian children and youth"
1469:
1369:
1153:"274 millions de francophones dans le monde - Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"
574:
290:
272:
156:
during the colonial period. The process of francization continued after the colonial period.
3048:
3016:
1729:"Le Conseil constitutionnel censure l'essentiel de la loi Molac sur les langues régionales"
824:
705:
8:
3099:
3053:
3026:
2436:
2429:
444:
420:
1911:
2709:
2397:
1669:
1314:
1285:
664:
655:
175:
Many African countries without French as an official language have recently joined the
2177:"Migration and ethnic nationalism: Anglophone exit and the 'decolonisation' of Québec"
1973:"The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016"
1935:"The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016"
424:
3043:
2662:
1696:
1289:
843:
563:
492:
412:
853:
792:
484:
3021:
2954:
2886:
2682:
1277:
616:
500:
436:
301:
Cookery gives a good example of this tendency: the names of many farm animals have
282:
255:
40:
36:
569:
By 1900, French had become the mother tongue of the majority of adults in France.
508:
428:
3068:
2988:
2966:
2949:
2756:
2721:
2562:
2552:
2508:
2503:
2402:
2365:
1873:
1832:
1785:
1396:"Want To Know The Language of the Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French"
1087:"Le français sera la langue la plus parlée dans le monde en 2050 - Rue89 - L'Obs"
903:, Spanish followers of French culture and politics in the 18th and 19th centuries
828:
582:
578:
555:
480:
456:
141:
60:
52:
1779:
3058:
2961:
2944:
2860:
2840:
2808:
2761:
2751:
2704:
2692:
2651:
2646:
2612:
2602:
2580:
2542:
2513:
2498:
2448:
2424:
2355:
945:
911:
861:
771:
643:
547:
519:
476:
44:
1281:
3083:
3038:
2971:
2912:
2845:
2828:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2766:
2739:
2672:
2656:
2641:
2636:
2590:
2568:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2520:
2463:
2453:
2387:
1954:"Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada"
888:
857:
764:
647:
472:
468:
305:
roots. However, the names of their meat (once exclusive to the wealthy) have
201:
646:-speaking city to a bilingual city with French as the majority language and
2917:
2896:
2865:
2850:
2823:
2818:
2771:
2716:
2667:
2619:
2607:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2360:
539:
76:
1755:"Langues régionales : le Conseil constitutionnel rabote la loi Molac"
3063:
2891:
2687:
2392:
900:
804:
570:
550:
was ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the
302:
294:
286:
2313:
786:
There are many examples of francization in history and popular culture:
650:. The language shift began in the eighteenth century and accelerated as
447:-speaking inhabitants of Lorraine after these regions were conquered by
113: Countries sometimes considered as francophone (cultural influence)
1239:"La résistance de la langue française face à l'hégémonie anglo-saxonne"
725:
and to promote high standards of French-language education in schools.
722:
604:
306:
207:
183:
1550:"Histoire du français: La Révolution française et la langue nationale"
2412:
2407:
1836:
921:
906:
464:
448:
99:
983:
Nouveau Vocabulaire Français, Où L'on A Suivi L'orthographe Adoptée
732:
639:
587:
559:
460:
452:
402:
247:
952:(in French). Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales
798:
755:
French-speaking city; that proves how well Bill 101 has worked!"
651:
514:
488:
353:
349:
243:
161:
153:
83:
1695:. University of Nevada, Center for Basque Studies. p. 210.
1131:"La Francophonie ne progresse pas qu'en Afrique - Général - RFI"
374:
332:
2209:"Find more at North.ca | All Canadian : All The Time"
1631:
Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe
1616:
Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe
1109:"Le français sera-t-il la langue la plus parlée en 2050 ?"
971:
Dictionnaire Général Et Grammatical, Des Dictionnaires Français
880:
809:
440:
380:
363:
357:
342:
321:
232:
228:
149:
145:
119: Countries not considered francophone but that joined the
2297:"Profils des communautés de 2006 - Subdivision de recensement"
384:
370:
195:
189:
2145:"Profils des communautés de 2006 – Province/Territoire"
1971:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 February 2018).
1933:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (21 February 2018).
1064:"FRANCE - Le français, langue la plus parlée en 2050 ?"
134:
The Francophone zone of Africa is two times the size of the
338:
317:
251:
224:
was established in 2001 to manage the linguistic heritage.
1991:"A Portrait of the English-speaking Communities in Québec"
1628:
1613:
1231:
1952:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 August 2017).
1601:
Recherches régionales Côte d'Azur et contrées limitrophes
328:
313:
164:
region is occurring. However, as figures provided by the
1693:
Modern Basque History: Eighteenth Century to the Present
423:
prescribed the official use of the French language, the
1422:"How Many People Speak French, And Where Is It Spoken?"
1912:"English section- The Charter of the French language"
1709:
1034:"L'Afrique, un continent refuge pour la francophonie"
627:
1970:
1951:
1932:
718:
employment because they are unable to speak French.
1515:
Le français et les langues historiques de la France
697:'s main office, located in the old building of the
289:. This was a result of the conquest of England by
573:introduced free, compulsory education during the
3081:
1575:"Histoire du français: Le français contemporain"
1340:"Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"
714:French is weak attend French-language training.
1490:
607:unexpectedly won a majority vote in the French
2174:
1855:Digitale bibliotheek voor Nederlandse Letteren
619:not used in French, such as the tilde in "ñ".
73:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
2329:
2299:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 5 February 2010
2255:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 5 February 2010
2147:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 5 February 2010
1084:
874:
868:
790:
763:The policy has been even more successful in
690:
2277:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 12 March 2002
2125:(in French). 2.statcan.gc.ca. 12 March 2002
1662:
1445:
2336:
2322:
1303:List of countries and dependencies by area
2343:
1493:"Histoire du français: le moyen français"
1886:"Information from the Quebec government"
1394:Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel (21 March 2014).
946:"FRANCISÉ : Définition de FRANCISÉ"
684:
513:
98:
1773:
1448:"Histoire du français: Ancien français"
1263:
995:Le Québécois - Dictionnaires et Langues
693:Office québécois de la langue française
451:during the seventeenth century, to the
14:
3082:
1715:
1690:
597:European Charter on Minority Languages
82:In 2014, a study from the French bank
2317:
2182:. Jsis.washington.edu. Archived from
1816:
1790:
1598:
1393:
1198:"Un milliard de francophones en 2060"
927:List of French expressions in English
1842:
1517:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113
879:, replacing e-mail (originally from
846:being traditionally changed to "-esc
711:Quebec Office of the French language
1629:Paul Gubbins and Mine Holt (2002).
1614:Paul Gubbins and Mike Holt (2002).
1491:Jacques Leclerc (14 October 2014).
1266:"Coming of age: English in Nigeria"
776:Language Shift in the United States
24:
2233:. Canalacademie.com. 3 August 2006
1187:, vol. 31, n° 2, 2003, p. 273-294.
781:
628:Brussels and the Flemish periphery
552:Second Italian War of Independence
427:dialect spoken at the time in the
285:, was deeply francized during the
25:
3126:
2275:"Profils des communautés de 2001"
2123:"Profils des communautés de 2001"
2035:. Cslf.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from
1228:, vol. 32, no 2, 2003, p. 273-294
1040:. 15 October 2010. Archived from
665:Flemish periphery around Brussels
75:(OIF), the figure of 220 million
2231:"L'avenir du français en Europe"
1528:"Mediterraneo e lingua italiana"
1495:(in French). Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1472:(in French). Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1450:(in French). Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1419:
1226:Cahiers québécois de démographie
1185:Cahiers québécois de démographie
1089:(in French). Rue89.nouvelobs.com
758:
699:École des beaux-arts de Montréal
670:
642:transformed from an exclusively
27:Expansion of the French language
2289:
2267:
2245:
2223:
2201:
2168:
2159:
2137:
2115:
2083:
2051:
2025:
2011:
1997:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1926:
1904:
1878:
1861:
1747:
1721:
1684:
1637:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1567:
1542:
1520:
1507:
1484:
1462:
1439:
1413:
1387:
1362:
1332:
1307:
1296:
1257:
1216:
1190:
1175:
1145:
1123:
534:was signed in 1860 between the
216:(official language: Portuguese)
210:(official language: Portuguese)
204:(official language: Portuguese)
186:(official language: Portuguese)
1672:(in Italian). 20 February 2009
1101:
1085:Pierre Haski (25 March 2014).
1078:
1056:
1026:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
938:
507:Shortly after the fall of the
417:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
277:Influence of French on English
123:in prospect of a francization.
13:
1:
1245:(in French). 27 February 2012
1066:. France24.com. 26 March 2014
932:
813:over the traditional English
807:choosing the French spelling
2918:Romanization of the writings
1374:African Academy of Languages
495:to France in 1769 after the
222:African Academy of Languages
198:(official language: English)
7:
3032:Forced religious conversion
1800:. Ulaval.ca. Archived from
1798:"Université Laval: Accueil"
1264:Awonusi, Victor O. (1990).
894:
638:In the last two centuries,
634:Frenchification of Brussels
524:Italian kingdom of Sardinia
281:England, and therefore the
192:(official language: Arabic)
10:
3131:
1243:Le Bréviaire des Patriotes
631:
622:
396:
270:
266:
3004:
2995:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2937:
2905:
2880:Assimilation by religions
2879:
2351:
1282:10.1017/S0266078400004715
1133:. Rfi.fr. 21 October 2010
1010:. Tv5.org. Archived from
778:(1983) for a discussion.
745:Interprovincial migration
691:
680:
675:
439:-speaking inhabitants of
407:Language policy in France
392:
261:
94:
2906:Assimilation by writings
1761:(in French). 21 May 2021
1735:(in French). 21 May 2021
1691:Watson, Cameron (2003).
827:, choosing the spelling
542:as a consequence of the
522:showing the area of the
136:United States of America
2091:"OQLF_FasLin-01-d.indd"
2059:"OQLF_FasLin-01-e.indd"
1831:15 October 2018 at the
1579:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1554:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1513:Abalain, Hervé, (2007)
385:
375:
364:
358:
343:
333:
322:
238:
3012:Cultural globalization
1872:8 October 2006 at the
1784:5 January 2007 at the
1670:"Un'Italia sconfinata"
1470:"Histoire du français"
917:French colonial empire
875:
869:
801:" on restaurant menus.
791:
701:
613:Constitutional Council
527:
399:French colonial empire
125:
59:, is the expansion of
3115:Cultural assimilation
2345:Cultural assimilation
876:courrier Ă©lectronique
688:
575:French Third Republic
517:
291:William the Conqueror
273:Anglo-Norman language
214:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
102:
3049:Internal colonialism
3017:Cultural imperialism
2698:Northern Afghanistan
2175:David Pettinicchio.
1977:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1939:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1344:www.francophonie.org
1157:www.francophonie.org
842:" final particle in
825:Mary, Queen of Scots
797:replacing the word "
706:Government of Quebec
544:Plombières Agreement
497:Treaty of Versailles
383:from the Old French
356:from the Old French
341:from the Old French
320:from the Old French
138:(including Alaska).
3054:Jewish assimilation
3027:Forced assimilation
2565:or Castilianization
2103:on 28 December 2006
2071:on 28 December 2006
2039:on 6 September 2007
1958:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1426:The Babbel Magazine
445:Lorraine Franconian
421:Francis I of France
3090:French nationalism
2678:Montenegrinization
1633:. pp. 91–100.
1618:. pp. 91–100.
1350:on 10 January 2011
1315:"Langues du monde"
1163:on 7 November 2014
702:
536:Victor Emmanuel II
528:
254:were once part of
144:was introduced in
126:
3077:
3076:
3044:Identity politics
2933:
2932:
2663:Macedonianization
2007:. 3 October 2019.
1914:. Oqlf.gouv.qc.ca
1759:France 3 Bretagne
1446:Jacques Leclerc.
1420:Wood, Ed M.
617:diacritical marks
609:National Assembly
564:Piedmont-Sardinia
493:Republic of Genoa
413:French Revolution
71:According to the
55:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
3122:
3022:Dominant culture
3005:Related concepts
2967:De-russification
2955:De-stalinization
2950:De-communization
2887:Christianization
2877:
2876:
2729:or Latinization
2683:Norwegianization
2659:or Hungarization
2633:
2474:Colombianization
2376:Native Americans
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2096:. Archived from
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2064:. Archived from
2063:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1888:. Archived from
1882:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1346:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1159:. Archived from
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1111:. Lesinrocks.com
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:on 5 August 2014
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
973:, Tome 2°, 1851.
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
878:
872:
838:The common "-esc
796:
696:
695:
491:passed from the
388:
378:
367:
361:
352:(Anglo-Saxon) –
346:
336:
325:
316:(Anglo-Saxon) –
283:English language
256:French Indochina
118:
112:
106:
41:Canadian English
37:American English
21:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3110:Transliteration
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:Monoculturalism
3000:
2989:De-sinicization
2962:De-nazification
2938:Opposite trends
2929:
2901:
2875:
2757:Sanskritization
2722:Romanianization
2688:Pakistanization
2627:
2563:Hispanicization
2553:Hawaiianization
2509:Europeanization
2504:Estonianization
2459:Canadianization
2366:Americanization
2347:
2342:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1892:on 3 April 2007
1884:
1883:
1879:
1874:Wayback Machine
1866:
1862:
1847:
1843:
1833:Wayback Machine
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1804:on 19 June 2009
1796:
1795:
1791:
1786:Wayback Machine
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1204:. 20 March 2013
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1044:on 9 April 2012
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
955:
953:
944:
943:
939:
935:
897:
784:
782:Of the language
761:
683:
678:
673:
661:language border
636:
630:
625:
532:Treaty of Turin
457:French Flanders
409:
395:
279:
269:
264:
241:
124:
116:
114:
110:
108:
104:
97:
61:French language
57:Frenchification
53:British English
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Language shift
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2945:De-arabization
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2871:Zairianization
2868:
2863:
2861:Westernization
2858:
2856:Vietnamization
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Turkmenization
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Talibanization
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2762:Serbianization
2759:
2754:
2752:Saffronization
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2705:Persianization
2702:
2701:
2700:
2693:Pashtunization
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:Lithuanization
2649:
2647:Latvianization
2644:
2639:
2634:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:Japanification
2605:
2603:Italianization
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2581:Indigenization
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Georgification
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:Westernization
2506:
2501:
2499:Dutchification
2496:
2491:
2489:Cypriotization
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Bosniakization
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2425:Belarusization
2422:
2420:Araucanization
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2356:Africanization
2352:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2288:
2266:
2244:
2222:
2200:
2189:on 29 May 2015
2167:
2158:
2136:
2114:
2082:
2050:
2024:
2010:
1996:
1982:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1903:
1877:
1860:
1841:
1815:
1789:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1718:, p. 211.
1708:
1701:
1683:
1661:
1636:
1621:
1606:
1591:
1566:
1541:
1519:
1506:
1483:
1461:
1438:
1412:
1386:
1361:
1331:
1306:
1295:
1256:
1230:
1215:
1189:
1174:
1144:
1122:
1100:
1077:
1055:
1038:Afrique Avenir
1025:
999:
987:
975:
963:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
912:Englishisation
909:
904:
896:
893:
885:
884:
866:
862:Marthe Bibesco
854:Eugène Ionesco
836:
822:
802:
793:Crème anglaise
783:
780:
772:Calvin Veltman
760:
757:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
632:Main article:
629:
626:
624:
621:
548:County of Nice
520:County of Nice
394:
391:
390:
389:
368:
347:
326:
268:
265:
263:
260:
240:
237:
218:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
115:
109:
103:
96:
93:
45:Oxford English
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3127:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Globalization
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Korenizatsiia
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Cyrillization
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Ukrainization
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:Turkification
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Taiwanization
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Swedification
2802:
2800:
2799:Swahilization
2797:
2795:
2794:Sovietization
2792:
2790:
2789:Slovakization
2787:
2785:
2784:Slavicization
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Sinhalization
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:Russification
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Mongolization
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:Magyarization
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Kurdification
2640:
2638:
2637:Koreanization
2635:
2631:
2626:
2625:Kazakhization
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:Israelization
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:Indianization
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Hellenization
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Germanization
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Gaelicization
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Finnicization
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Chilenization
2467:
2465:
2464:Celticization
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Bulgarization
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:Bengalization
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Anglicization
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2298:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2248:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2204:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1716:Watson (2003)
1712:
1704:
1702:1-877802-16-6
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1857:(in Dutch).
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956:30 December
901:Afrancesado
805:Anne Boleyn
656:independent
571:Jules Ferry
419:under King
303:Anglo-Saxon
295:Old English
287:Middle Ages
3100:Neologisms
3084:Categories
2834:placenames
2574:placenames
2442:placenames
2371:immigrants
1823:(in Dutch)
1534:2 November
933:References
889:anglicized
723:anglicisms
605:Paul Molac
530:After the
397:See also:
307:Old French
271:See also:
208:Mozambique
184:Cape Verde
51:(in other
18:Gallicized
2710:societies
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1837:BTNG-RBHC
1290:145623958
1202:Le Figaro
922:Gallicism
907:Anglicism
481:Corsicans
467:, and to
465:Occitania
459:, to the
449:Louis XIV
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359:pouletrie
309:origins:
2531:Brussels
2211:. Qln.ca
2075:24 April
1896:11 April
1870:Archived
1829:Archived
1782:Archived
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895:See also
870:Courriel
844:Romanian
733:Montreal
640:Brussels
588:vergonha
560:Lombardy
554:against
477:Catalans
461:Occitans
453:Flemings
443:and the
403:Vergonha
248:Cambodia
231:than in
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1765:20 June
1739:17 June
833:Stewart
799:custard
654:became
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489:Corsica
485:Niçards
473:Bretons
469:Basques
393:France
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350:Chicken
267:England
244:Vietnam
162:Maghreb
154:Belgium
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2408:Blacks
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810:Boleyn
681:Quebec
676:Canada
583:Basque
579:Breton
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381:Mutton
262:Europe
233:Europe
229:Africa
150:France
146:Africa
142:French
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386:moton
379:) –
371:Sheep
365:poule
196:Ghana
190:Egypt
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