80:: Long term changes in marine ecosystems. FMAP team members compiled data on historical changes in the abundance, distribution and diversity of marine species and analyzed them in combination with environmental and anthropogenic factors, in order to help determine the causes of long-term changes in marine biodiversity. The goal was to synthesize long-term trends and large-scale changes in marine animal populations and ecosystems to add a temporal dimension to spatial patterns and short-term dynamics in marine populations and diversity. Analyses of the underlying drivers and consequences of these changes were also explored in order to evaluate current and potential future trends in marine biodiversity.
1584:
74:: Global patterns on marine biodiversity. FMAP researchers overlaid spatial diversity patterns for different species groups, searching for local hotspots and coldspots, regional overlap between different groups and global spatial gradients in marine diversity. Overlaying standardized species richness patterns for diverse animal groups enabled description of taxon-specific and cross-taxa patterns as well as driving factors. The work of FMAP also aimed to understand the underlying processes and causes of such patterns and the factors that may deter them.
68:: Spatial distribution and movement of marine animal. FMAP team members analyzed electronic tracking data for large marine animals in combination with environmental data to better understand how environmental change may influence the movement of animals and consequently patterns in their distribution. In addition to gaining mechanistic knowledge of movement behaviours and patterns, maps were created of species' seasonal distributions, inferred from the tracking data.
1838:
28:(2000–2010). FMAP's mission was to describe and synthesize globally changing patterns of species abundance, distribution, and diversity, and to model the effects of fishing, climate change and other key variables on those patterns. This work was done across ocean realms and with an emphasis on understanding past changes and predicting future scenarios.
141:
A major output of the project was the development of advanced statistical tools for analyzing observational data to study how marine biodiversity is distributed and changing over time, and to better understand the movements and distribution of marine predators. FMAP's research was presented as part
189:
efforts over the last century have halted or even reversed the decline of biodiversity in some areas. Yet in areas where there are few management initiatives in place, the abundance and diversity of marine animal populations continues to decline, mostly in direct relation to multiple human
89:
The FMAP project coordinated major data synthesis efforts to derive global trends and patterns in marine biodiversity. From 2003 to 2011, FMAP team members have contributed over 110 scientific articles to peer review journals, including numerous publications in top-tier journals such as
766:
142:
of the culmination of The Census of Marine Life, which was celebrated in
October 2010 in London, England. FMAP research formed an integral part of the overall findings of the program, which were disseminated through major media outlets around the globe.
257:
of marine animals. Results indicate that spatial patterns of animal behaviours are markedly discrete and predictable both seasonally and inter-annually, implying strong connections to environmental drivers and prey
767:
Worm, B; Hilborn, R; Baum, JK; Branch, TA; Collie, JS; Costello, C; Fogarty, MJ; Fulton, EA; Hutchings, JA; Jennings, S; Jensen, OP; Lotze, HK; Mace, PA; McClanahan, TR; Minto, C;
169:
Identified ecosystem consequences of losing marine biodiversity: changes in abundance and diversity have negatively impacted ecosystem productivity and resilience, and compromised
238:
Examined how marine biodiversity might change over the next 50 years. The future of marine animal populations is likely determined in large part by two key variables: the rate of
2174:
1827:
154:
Reported severe depletion of large marine animals over the past 50 to 500 years. An up to 90% reduction in the abundance of large, commercially exploited marine
98:. Publications by FMAP scientists have also included many book chapters, policy publications and outreach articles. Topics of research have included patterns of
1568:
227:
abundance since the beginning of oceanographic measurements in the late 19th century that appeared to be linked to gradual ocean warming and increased
1349:
1154:
855:
2184:
1810:
1857:
1960:
1805:
291:
1932:
2093:
628:
Lotze, H; Lenihan, HS; Bourque, BJ; Bradbury, RH; Cooke, RG; Kay, MC; Kidwell, SM; Kirby, MX; Peterson, CH; Jackson, JBC (2006).
285:
1815:
1342:
273:
1867:
929:"Historical Changes in Marine Resources, Food-web Structure and Ecosystem Functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean"
2189:
1922:
1917:
1257:
355:
1398:
279:
246:
and recovery. Where they continue to rise, the loss of marine biodiversity and associated services will be severe.
151:
New discovered method estimates that Earth is home to 8.7 million species, of which 2.1 million live in the ocean.
2119:
1975:
1335:
1169:
1089:
928:
870:
772:
699:
629:
576:
510:
431:
118:
and other key human threats on these patterns. FMAP has performed analyses on a variety of organisms, including
2312:
1453:
220:
was found to be the primary oceanographic driver of marine animal distribution and diversity at global scales.
216:, and identified water temperature as the main environmental predictor of biodiversity patterns in the ocean.
2088:
2078:
1985:
1483:
1087:
2302:
2159:
2068:
1563:
1518:
1573:
694:
Worm, B; Barbier, EB; Beaumont, N; Duffy, JE; Folke, C; Halpern, BS; Jackson, JBC; Lotze, HK; Micheli, F;
2114:
2003:
41:
2268:
2263:
2240:
2149:
1980:
1955:
111:
797:
2154:
1887:
1862:
1533:
1508:
212:
Used the entire Census database to identify global hotspots of marine biodiversity across 13 major
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2245:
1907:
1800:
1478:
1433:
1418:
217:
2169:
2029:
1702:
792:
1583:
343:
2307:
2053:
1927:
1553:
1448:
1148:
849:
268:
174:
25:
1912:
1892:
1852:
1822:
1769:
1286:
1181:
1101:
1039:
998:
940:
882:
784:
711:
641:
522:
242:, and the rate of exploitation. Where those rates are low, it will increase the chance for
228:
186:
103:
53:
37:
1275:"Rapid Global Expansion of Invertebrate Fisheries: Trends, Drivers, and Ecosystem Effects"
1088:
Tittensor, D; C. Mora, D. Ricard, W. Jetz, H.K. Lotze, E. Vanden Berghe, B. Worm. (2010).
8:
2073:
2063:
1996:
1965:
1950:
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1737:
1493:
1463:
182:
99:
71:
1290:
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886:
788:
715:
645:
526:
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2034:
1877:
1657:
1309:
1274:
1249:
1205:
1125:
1062:
1027:
956:
826:
768:
735:
695:
665:
546:
486:
457:
1273:
Anderson, S; Mills
Flemming, J; Watson, R; Lotze, HK (2011). Bograd, Steven J. (ed.).
2139:
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1458:
1403:
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491:
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178:
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107:
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2019:
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1443:
1428:
1423:
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1209:
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802:
719:
649:
588:
550:
530:
481:
471:
296:
170:
163:
77:
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2083:
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1602:
1503:
1299:
1052:
476:
254:
45:
2215:
2144:
2058:
1707:
1687:
1667:
1642:
1592:
1523:
1513:
1473:
1413:
1376:
592:
250:
239:
158:
has occurred since human impacts began, along with a reduction of total animal
1764:
952:
630:"Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas"
2291:
2235:
2230:
2134:
1897:
1795:
1765:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1498:
1236:"Changes in marine biodiversity as an indicator of climate and global change"
206:
127:
65:
806:
723:
653:
1717:
1632:
1612:
1558:
1468:
1438:
1318:
1272:
1201:
1121:
1071:
902:
822:
731:
661:
600:
542:
495:
462:
232:
135:
123:
869:
Ferretti, F; Worm, B; Britten, GL; Heithaus, MR; Lotze, HK (August 2010).
209:, which are different from those generalized for terrestrial environments.
1970:
1882:
1732:
1712:
1697:
1682:
1677:
1627:
1408:
1327:
987:"Effects of temperature on global patterns of tuna and billfish richness"
771:; Parma, AM; Ricard, D; Rosenberg, AA; Watson, R; Zeller, D (July 2009).
115:
1193:
1113:
814:
534:
2194:
1902:
1692:
1672:
627:
243:
131:
119:
49:
1837:
1235:
1213:
1133:
1011:
986:
964:
906:
868:
834:
743:
673:
604:
554:
435:
2164:
2129:
1742:
1722:
411:
391:
371:
155:
1239:
871:"Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean"
372:"FMAP website. Spatial distribution and movements of tagged animals"
2014:
1548:
1538:
1488:
1090:"Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa"
693:
224:
198:
48:
from 2002 to 2007 and from 2007 to 2010 was under the direction of
1028:"Global Diversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Sharks"
2210:
2179:
2109:
2009:
1543:
1358:
348:
Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity, Distribution and
Abundance
762:
760:
341:
213:
202:
24:) project was one of the core projects of the international
757:
194:
984:
700:"Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services"
52:, Heike Lotze and Ian Jonsen in the Biology Department at
698:; Sala, E; Selkoe, KA; Stachowicz, JJ; Watson, R (2006).
511:"Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities"
1371:
1083:
1081:
1025:
458:"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"
350:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford. pp. 315–330.
1167:
392:"FMAP website. Global patterns of marine biodiversity"
1078:
926:
412:"FMAP website. Long-term changes in ocean ecosystems"
315:
1170:"Global phytoplankton decline over the past century"
337:
335:
333:
331:
2289:
1241:Climate Change. Observed Impacts on Planet Earth
40:in 2002 and was funded from 2003 to 2010 by the
2185:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
1811:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
577:"Historical baselines for large marine animals"
342:Worm, B; Lotze, HK; Jonsen, I; Muir, C (2010).
328:
249:Developed new methods to better understand the
193:Discovered global patterns of biodiversity for
623:
621:
1343:
1233:
1153:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
854:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
574:
508:
1961:List of commercially important fish species
1806:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
618:
292:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1357:
1350:
1336:
985:Boyce, D; D.P. Tittensor; B. Worm (2008).
1308:
1298:
1061:
1051:
1010:
796:
485:
475:
456:Mora, C.; et al. (August 23, 2011).
344:"The future of marine animal populations"
1933:Regional fishery management organisation
1026:Lucifora, L; Garcia, V; Worm, B (2011).
455:
145:
59:
2290:
1168:Boyce, D; M.R. Lewis; B. Worm (2010).
286:Ocean Biogeographic Information System
1763:
1370:
1331:
927:Lotze, H; Coll, M; Dunne, JA (2011).
36:FMAP emerged from a workshop held at
1816:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
274:Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project
1991:Future of Marine Animal Populations
1868:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
1858:Monitoring control and surveillance
449:
223:Reported a slow, global decline in
18:Future of Marine Animal Populations
13:
1250:10.1016/b978-0-444-53301-2.00014-2
14:
2329:
2190:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
1923:National Marine Fisheries Service
1918:European Fisheries Control Agency
581:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1836:
1582:
1399:Population dynamics of fisheries
895:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x
280:Natural Geography in Shore Areas
84:
2120:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
1976:Environmental impact of fishing
1266:
1227:
1161:
1019:
978:
920:
862:
687:
2094:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1454:Otolith microchemical analysis
1244:. Elsevier. pp. 263–279.
991:Marine Ecology Progress Series
568:
502:
424:
404:
384:
364:
308:
1:
2089:European Environmental Agency
2079:Grey nurse shark conservation
1986:Destructive fishing practices
1484:Pop-up satellite archival tag
773:"Rebuilding global fisheries"
302:
2069:Marine conservation activism
1519:Climate change and fisheries
1300:10.1371/journal.pone.0014735
1053:10.1371/journal.pone.0019356
477:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
432:"FMAP publications reprints"
7:
1234:Worm, B; Lotze, HK (2009).
262:
10:
2334:
2115:Marine Stewardship Council
1908:EU Common Fisheries Policy
593:10.1016/j.tree.2008.12.004
575:Lotze, H; Worm, B (2009).
509:Myers, R; Worm, B (2003).
42:Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
31:
2269:Glossary of fishery terms
2264:Index of fishing articles
2254:
2203:
2102:
2046:
1981:Fishing down the food web
1956:Maximum sustainable yield
1943:
1845:
1834:
1788:
1784:
1759:
1591:
1580:
1514:Match/mismatch hypothesis
1387:
1383:
1366:
953:10.1007/s10021-010-9404-8
346:. In MacIntyre AD (ed.).
112:effects of climate change
44:. The project was led by
2155:Save Our Seas Foundation
1888:Individual fishing quota
1863:Vessel monitoring system
1509:Hydrographic containment
1801:Exclusive economic zone
1479:GIS and aquatic science
1434:Standard weight in fish
807:10.1126/science.1173146
724:10.1126/science.1132294
654:10.1126/science.1128035
218:Sea surface temperature
2030:Turtle excluder device
1703:Shoaling and schooling
1238:. In Letcher T (ed.).
434:. FMAP. Archived from
166:of particular species.
2313:Ecology organizations
2054:Marine protected area
1928:Regional fishery body
1554:Census of Marine Life
1449:Catch per unit effort
269:Census of Marine Life
146:Scientific highlights
26:Census of Marine Life
1893:Minimum landing size
1853:Fisheries management
1828:Magnuson–Stevens Act
1823:Fisheries Convention
1574:Fisheries scientists
60:Core research topics
54:Dalhousie University
38:Dalhousie University
2303:Fisheries databases
2170:Defying Ocean's End
2074:Salmon conservation
2064:Marine conservation
2004:The End of the Line
1997:The Sunken Billions
1966:Sustainable seafood
1951:Sustainable fishery
1564:Fisheries databases
1494:Age class structure
1464:Fisheries acoustics
1291:2011PLoSO...614735A
1194:10.1038/nature09268
1186:2010Natur.466..591B
1114:10.1038/nature09329
1106:2010Natur.466.1098T
1100:(7310): 1098–1101.
1044:2011PLoSO...619356L
1003:2008MEPS..355..267B
945:2011Ecosy..14..198L
887:2010EcolL..13.1055F
789:2009Sci...325..578W
716:2006Sci...314..787W
646:2006Sci...312.1806L
640:(5781): 1806–1809.
535:10.1038/nature01610
527:2003Natur.423..280M
72:Marine biodiversity
2259:Outline of fishing
1878:Fisheries observer
1529:Aquatic ecosystems
179:ecosystem services
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2241:Threatened sharks
2140:Ocean Conservancy
2125:Friend of the Sea
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1663:Lobster fisheries
1608:Diversity of fish
1404:Shifting baseline
1373:Fisheries science
1180:(7306): 591–596.
1012:10.3354/meps07237
783:(5940): 578–585.
521:(6937): 280–283.
100:species abundance
78:Marine ecosystems
2325:
2221:Marine pollution
2025:Cetacean bycatch
2020:Incidental catch
1840:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1760:
1728:Humboldt current
1586:
1504:Trophic cascades
1444:Data storage tag
1429:Fish measurement
1424:Stock assessment
1385:
1384:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1212:. Archived from
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1085:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
963:. Archived from
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
905:. Archived from
881:(8): 1055–1071.
866:
860:
859:
853:
845:
843:
842:
833:. Archived from
800:
764:
755:
754:
752:
751:
742:. Archived from
710:(5800): 787–90.
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
672:. Archived from
625:
616:
615:
613:
612:
603:. Archived from
572:
566:
565:
563:
562:
553:. Archived from
506:
500:
499:
489:
479:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
428:
422:
421:
419:
418:
408:
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401:
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388:
382:
381:
379:
378:
368:
362:
361:
339:
326:
325:
323:
322:
312:
297:Sloan foundation
251:dynamic movement
164:local extinction
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2273:
2250:
2246:Threatened rays
2226:Mercury in fish
2199:
2098:
2084:Shark sanctuary
2042:
1939:
1873:Catch reporting
1841:
1832:
1780:
1747:
1653:Krill fisheries
1618:Coral reef fish
1603:Ocean fisheries
1594:
1587:
1578:
1419:Condition index
1390:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1326:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1086:
1079:
1024:
1020:
983:
979:
970:
968:
925:
921:
912:
910:
875:Ecology Letters
867:
863:
847:
846:
840:
838:
798:10.1.1.417.4642
765:
758:
749:
747:
692:
688:
679:
677:
626:
619:
610:
608:
573:
569:
560:
558:
507:
503:
470:(8): e1001127.
454:
450:
441:
439:
430:
429:
425:
416:
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410:
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405:
396:
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329:
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309:
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265:
148:
87:
62:
46:Ransom A. Myers
34:
12:
11:
5:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Marine animals
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Fish slaughter
2213:
2207:
2205:
2204:Related issues
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Ocean Outcomes
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
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2086:
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2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Marine reserve
2056:
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2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1944:Sustainability
1941:
1940:
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1935:
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1910:
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1774:sustainability
1757:
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1749:
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1740:
1735:
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1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Marine habitat
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Shrimp fishery
1665:
1660:
1658:Kelp fisheries
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Crab fisheries
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
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1589:
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1556:
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1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Marine biology
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Coded wire tag
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Fish mortality
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1377:wild fisheries
1364:
1363:
1361:science topics
1355:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1265:
1258:
1226:
1160:
1077:
1018:
977:
939:(2): 198–222.
919:
861:
756:
686:
617:
587:(5): 254–262.
567:
501:
448:
423:
403:
383:
363:
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229:stratification
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175:fishery yields
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128:marine mammals
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66:Marine animals
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2236:Shark finning
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2231:Shark culling
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2160:Sea Around Us
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2135:Seafood Watch
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2036:Shrimp-Turtle
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1898:Pulse fishing
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1648:Eel fisheries
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1638:Cod fisheries
1636:
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1623:Demersal fish
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1499:Trophic level
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1259:9780444533012
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1216:on 2011-04-25
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837:on 2011-04-25
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746:on 2011-04-25
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676:on 2011-04-25
675:
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607:on 2011-04-25
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438:on 2011-04-25
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357:9781444396201
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258:distribution.
256:
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240:ocean warming
237:
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171:water quality
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137:
136:invertebrates
133:
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85:Contributions
79:
76:
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67:
64:
63:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
29:
27:
23:
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2308:Biogeography
2047:Conservation
2035:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1778:conservation
1733:Algal blooms
1718:Water column
1633:Pelagic fish
1613:Coastal fish
1559:OSTM/Jason-2
1534:Bioeconomics
1469:Acoustic tag
1439:Fish counter
1282:
1278:
1268:
1240:
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1177:
1173:
1163:
1149:cite journal
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1097:
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980:
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874:
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850:cite journal
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815:11336/100063
780:
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703:
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678:. Retrieved
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637:
633:
609:. Retrieved
605:the original
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580:
570:
559:. Retrieved
555:the original
518:
514:
504:
467:
463:PLOS Biology
461:
451:
440:. Retrieved
436:the original
426:
415:. Retrieved
406:
395:. Retrieved
386:
375:. Retrieved
366:
347:
319:. Retrieved
310:
233:water column
183:Conservation
140:
124:pelagic fish
104:distribution
95:
91:
88:
35:
21:
17:
15:
1971:Overfishing
1883:Catch share
1713:Marine snow
1698:Sardine run
1683:Fish screen
1678:Fish ladder
1628:Forage fish
997:: 267–276.
769:Palumbi, SR
696:Palumbi, SR
255:habitat use
132:sea turtles
120:coral reefs
116:overfishing
2292:Categories
2195:Greenpeace
1903:Slot limit
1846:Management
1770:management
1738:Dead zones
1693:Salmon run
1673:Eel ladder
1569:Institutes
1409:Fish stock
1220:2009-01-01
1140:2009-01-01
971:2009-02-16
933:Ecosystems
913:2009-02-16
841:2009-02-16
750:2009-02-16
680:2010-06-10
611:2010-06-10
561:2009-01-01
442:2011-05-05
417:2011-05-05
397:2011-05-05
377:2011-05-05
321:2011-05-05
303:References
244:adaptation
187:management
177:and other
110:, and the
50:Boris Worm
2165:WorldFish
2130:SeaChoice
1743:Fish kill
1723:Upwelling
1688:Migration
1595:fisheries
1389:Fisheries
793:CiteSeerX
156:megafauna
108:diversity
2175:HERMIONE
2103:Advocacy
2015:Discards
1549:FishBase
1539:EconMult
1489:EcoSCOPE
1319:21408090
1279:PLOS ONE
1202:20671703
1122:20668450
1072:21573162
1032:PLOS ONE
961:45894582
903:20528897
823:19644114
740:37235806
732:17082450
670:12703389
662:16794081
601:19251340
543:12748640
496:21886479
282:(NaGISA)
263:See also
225:plankton
199:billfish
190:impacts.
162:and the
122:, large
2318:Zoology
2211:CalCOFI
2180:PROFISH
2110:FishAct
2010:Bycatch
1544:Ecopath
1459:Biomass
1391:science
1359:Fishery
1310:3050978
1287:Bibcode
1210:2413382
1182:Bibcode
1130:4424240
1102:Bibcode
1063:3088674
1040:Bibcode
999:Bibcode
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785:Bibcode
777:Science
712:Bibcode
704:Science
642:Bibcode
634:Science
551:2392394
523:Bibcode
487:3160336
231:of the
160:biomass
92:Science
32:History
2150:Oceana
1913:EU MLS
1317:
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1174:Nature
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203:sharks
96:Nature
1206:S2CID
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253:and
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