Marine mammal - Knowledge

3298: 2535: 2297: 10281: 2119:) seals. Polar bears hunt primarily at the interface between ice, water, and air; they only rarely catch seals on land or in open water. The polar bear's most common hunting method is still-hunting: The bear locates a seal breathing hole using its sense of smell, and crouches nearby for a seal to appear. When the seal exhales, the bear smells its breath, reaches into the hole with a forepaw, and drags it out onto the ice. The polar bear also hunts by stalking seals resting on the ice. Upon spotting a seal, it walks to within 100 yards (90 m), and then crouches. If the seal does not notice, the bear creeps to within 30 to 40 feet (9 to 10 m) of the seal and then suddenly rushes to attack. A third hunting method is to raid the birth lairs that female seals create in the snow. They may also feed on fish. 2195: 3281:

In the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years on average, and up to 70–80 years in rare cases. Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average, and up to 50–60 years. Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat, and captive whales' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild. Captive life is also stressful due to the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behavior, as well as restricting pool size. Wild killer whales may travel up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day, and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity. Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of

3421: 2992: 261: 2123: 1645: 3094: 2416: 2621: 1951:. Wading and bottom-feeding animals (such as manatees) need to be heavier than water in order to keep contact with the floor or to stay submerged. Surface-living animals (such as sea otters) need the opposite, and free-swimming animals living in open waters (such as dolphins) need to be neutrally buoyant in order to be able to swim up and down the water column. Typically, thick and dense bone is found in bottom feeders and low bone density is associated with mammals living in deep water. Some marine mammals, such as polar bears and otters, have retained four weight-bearing limbs and can walk on land like fully terrestrial animals. 3432:

There were five marine mammal teams, each purposed for one of the three tasks: MK4 (dolphins), MK5 (sea lions), MK6 (dolphins and sea lions), MK7 (dolphins) and MK8 (dolphins); MK is short for mark. The dolphin teams were trained to detect and mark mines either attached to the seafloor or floating in the water column, because dolphins can use their echolocative abilities to detect mines. The sea lion team retrieved test equipment such as fake mines or bombs dropped from planes usually out of reach of divers who would have to make multiple dives. MK6 protects harbors and ships from enemy divers, and was operational in the

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grooves on their throat to expand, increasing the amount of water the mouth can store. They ram a baitball at high speeds in order to feed, but this is only energy-effective when used against a large baitball. Gulp-feeders swim with an open mouth, filling it with water and prey. Prey must occur in sufficient numbers to trigger the whale's interest, be within a certain size range so that the baleen plates can filter it, and be slow enough so that it cannot escape.

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that can be viewed underwater with rock-mimicking cement as haul-out areas. The most common pinniped species kept in captivity is the California sea lion as it is abundant and easy to train. These animals are used to perform tricks and entertain visitors. Other species popularly kept in captivity include the grey seal and harbor seal. Larger animals like walruses and Steller sea lions are much less common. Pinnipeds are popular attractions because they are "

10991: 3489: 283: 136:, others eat fish, squid, shellfish, or seagrass, and a few eat other mammals. While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land, their roles in various ecosystems are large, especially concerning the maintenance of marine ecosystems, through processes including the regulation of prey populations. This role in maintaining ecosystems makes them of particular concern as 23% of marine mammal species are currently threatened. 1812: 3461: 10609: 2270:, it is thought that great whales were a major food source; however, after their sharp decline, killer whales have since expanded their diet, leading to the decline of smaller marine mammals. A decline in Aleutian Islands sea otter populations in the 1990s was controversially attributed by some scientists to killer whale predation, although with no direct evidence. The decline of sea otters followed a decline in 2957:(MMC) was established to review existing policies and make recommendations to the Service and NOAA to better implement the MMPA. The Service is responsible for ensuring the protection of sea otters and marine otters, walruses, polar bears, the three species of manatees, and dugongs; and NOAA was given responsibility to conserve and manage pinnipeds (excluding walruses) and cetaceans. 1785:, and traveling seals may use various features of their environment to reach their destination including geomagnetic fields, water and wind currents, the position of the sun and moon and the taste and temperature of the water. Baleen whales famously migrate very long distances into tropical waters to give birth and raise young, possibly to prevent predation by killer whales. The 3475: 2582:

reduced the length of the hunting season and implemented measures to protect adult females. Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, Antarctic fur seals may be as numerous as they were prior to harvesting. The northern elephant seal was hunted to near extinction in the late 19th century, with only a small population remaining on

1589:, and down the North American coast. In comparison to cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, which entered the water approximately 50, 40, and 20 mya, respectively, the sea otter is a relative newcomer to marine life. In some respects though, the sea otter is more fully adapted to water than pinnipeds, which must haul out on land or ice to give birth. 2901:

near extinction or migration of polar bears. Arctic sea ice is the polar bear's habitat. It has been declining at a rate of 13% per decade because the temperature is rising at twice the rate of the rest of the world. By the year 2050, up to two-thirds of the world's polar bears may vanish if the sea ice continues to melt at its current rate.

3014:. There are 23 member states. The Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS) was adopted alongside ACCOBAMS to establish a special protection area for Europe's increasingly threatened cetaceans. Other anti-whaling efforts include a ten-year moratorium in 1986 by the IWC on all whaling, and an 2056:. It is the only marine mammal that catches fish with its forepaws rather than with its teeth. Under each foreleg, sea otters have a loose pouch of skin that extends across the chest which they use to store collected food to bring to the surface. This pouch also holds a rock that is used to break open shellfish and clams, an example of 1479:(even-toed ungulates). The term "Cetartiodactyla" reflects the idea that whales evolved within the ungulates. The term was coined by merging the name for the two orders, Cetacea and Artiodactyla, into a single word. Under this definition, the closest living land relative of the whales and dolphins is thought to be the 3591:

Perrin, William F.; Baker, C. Scott; Berta, Annalisa; Boness, Daryl J.; Brownell Jr., Robert L.; Domning, Daryl P.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Srembaa, Angie; Jefferson, Thomas A.; Kinze, Carl; Mead, James G.; Oliveira, Larissa R.; Rice, Dale W.; Rosel, Patricia E.; Wang, John Y.; Yamada, Tadasu, eds. (2014).

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and other inhibitors, which prevent the dolphins from foraging for food while working. The Navy states that this is to prevent them from ingesting harmful objects, but conservation activists say this is done to reinforce the trainers' control over the dolphins, who hand out food rewards. The means of

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The large size and playfulness of pinnipeds make them popular attractions. Some exhibits have rocky backgrounds with artificial haul-out sites and a pool, while others have pens with small rocky, elevated shelters where the animals can dive into their pools. More elaborate exhibits contain deep pools

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campaign against the practice of keeping cetaceans, particularly killer whales, in captivity. In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60–90% of male killer whales. Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies, on average only living into their twenties.

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are particularly problematic for entanglement by dolphins. By-catch affects all cetaceans, both small and big, in all habitat types. However, smaller cetaceans and pinnipeds are most vulnerable as their size means that escape once they are entangled is highly unlikely and they frequently drown. While

2241:), routinely scavenge polar bear kills. The relationship between ringed seals and polar bears is so close that the abundance of ringed seals in some areas appears to regulate the density of polar bears, while polar bear predation in turn regulates density and reproductive success of ringed seals. The 3443:

The use of marine mammals by the Navy, even in accordance with the Navy's policy, continues to meet opposition. The Navy's policy says that only positive reinforcement is to be used while training the military dolphins, and that they be cared for in accordance with accepted standards in animal care.

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and World Animal Protection, object to keeping pinnipeds and other marine mammals in captivity. They state that the exhibits could not be large enough to house animals that have evolved to be migratory, and a pool could never replace the size and biodiversity of the ocean. They also oppose using sea

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are the most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train and have a long lifespan in captivity. Hundreds of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine. The dolphin "smile" makes them popular attractions,

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levels in the atmosphere. Raised sea levels, rising sea temperatures and changed currents are expected to affect marine mammals by altering the distribution of important prey species, and changing the suitability of breeding sites and migratory routes. The Arctic food chain would be disrupted by the

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Commercial sealing was historically just as important as the whaling industry. Exploited species included harp seals, hooded seals, Caspian seals, elephant seals, walruses and all species of fur seal. The scale of seal harvesting decreased substantially after the 1960s, after the Canadian government

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in whales and dolphins. Toothed whales emit a focused beam of high-frequency clicks in the direction that their head is pointing. Sounds are generated by passing air from the bony nares through the phonic lips. These sounds are reflected by the dense concave bone of the cranium and an air sac at its

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Sirenians, the sea cows, became aquatic around 40 million years ago. The first appearance of sirenians in the fossil record was during the early Eocene, and by the late Eocene, sirenians had significantly diversified. Inhabitants of rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters, they were able

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Bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions are used in the United States Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP) to detect mines, protect ships from enemy soldiers, and recover objects. The Navy has never trained attack dolphins, as they would not be able to discern allied soldiers from enemy soldiers.

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Baleen whales use their baleen plates to sieve plankton, among others, out of the water; there are two types of methods: lunge-feeding and gulp-feeding. Lunge-feeders expand the volume of their jaw to a volume bigger than the original volume of the whale itself by inflating their mouth. This causes

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Marine mammals form a diverse group of 129 species that rely on the ocean for their existence. They are an informal group unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding. Despite the diversity in anatomy seen between groups, improved foraging efficiency has been the main driver in

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Schipper, J.; Chanson, J. S.; Chiozza, F.; Cox, N. A.; Hoffmann, M.; Katariya, V.; Lamoreux, J.; Rodrigues, A. S. L.; Stuart, S. N.; Temple, H. J.; Baillie, J.; Boitani, L.; Lacher, T. E.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Smith, A. T.; Absolon, D.; Aguiar, J. M.; Amori, G.; Bakkour, N.; Baldi, R.; Berridge, R.

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as a result of consuming dolphin meat, though the government continues to monitor people in areas where dolphin meat consumption is high. The Japanese government recommends that children and pregnant women avoid eating dolphin meat on a regular basis. Similar concerns exist with the consumption of

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to prevent the further depletion and possible extinction of marine mammal stocks. It prohibits the taking ("the act of hunting, killing, capture, and/or harassment of any marine mammal; or, the attempt at such") of any marine mammal without a permit issued by the Secretary. Authority to manage the

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that are important prey species for marine mammals. Pinnipeds have been especially affected by the direct loss of food supplies and in some cases the harvesting of fish has led to food shortages or dietary deficiencies, starvation of young, and reduced recruitment into the population. As the fish

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Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Kawato, Masaru; Yamamoto, Tomoko; Yamanaka, Toshiro; Sato-Okoshi, Waka; Noda, Chikayo; Tsuchida, Shinji; Komai, Tomoyuki; Cubelio, Sherine S.; Sasaki, Takenori; Jacobsen, Karen; Kubokawa, Kaoru; Fujikura, Katsunori; Maruyama, Tadashi; Furushima, Yasuo; Okoshi, Kenji; Miyake,

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The Act was updated on 1 January 2016 with a clause banning "the import of fish from fisheries that cannot prove they meet US standards for protecting marine mammals". The requirement to show that protection standards are met is hoped to compel countries exporting fish to the US to more strictly

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Sirenians are referred to as "sea cows" because their diet consists mainly of seagrass. When eating, they ingest the whole plant, including the roots, although when this is impossible they feed on just the leaves. A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach contents, and evidence

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The Faroe Islands population was exposed to methylmercury largely from contaminated pilot whale meat, which contained very high levels of about 2 mg methylmercury/kg. However, the Faroe Islands populations also eat significant amounts of fish. The study of about 900 Faroese children showed that

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The term "marine mammal" encompasses all mammals whose survival depends entirely or almost entirely on the oceans, which have also evolved several specialized aquatic traits. In addition to the above, several other mammals have a great dependency on the sea without having become so anatomically

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Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle varies considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers. Pinnipeds are semiaquatic; they spend the majority of their time in the water but need to return to land for important

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Upon death, whale carcasses fall to the deep ocean and provide a substantial habitat for marine life. Evidence of whale falls in present-day and fossil records shows that deep-sea whale falls support a rich assemblage of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other

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guide. This can be an important source of income for small communities, as guided hunts bring in more income than selling the polar bear hide on markets. The United States, Russia, Norway, Greenland, and Canada allow subsistence hunting, and Canada distributes hunting permits to indigenous

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feeders, but a few are specialists. They typically hunt non-schooling fish, slow-moving or immobile invertebrates or endothermic prey when in groups. Solitary foraging species usually exploit coastal waters, bays and rivers. When large schools of fish or squid are available, pinnipeds

132:. Sea otters tend to live in kelp forests and estuaries. In contrast, the polar bear is mostly terrestrial and only go into the water on occasions of necessity, and are thus much less adapted to aquatic living. The diets of marine mammals vary considerably as well; some eat 8324:

Meyer, Wynn K.; Jamison, Jerrica; Richter, Rebecca; Woods, Stacy E.; Partha, Raghavendran; Kowalczyk, Amanda; Kronk, Charles; Chikina, Maria; Bonde, Robert K.; Crocker, Daniel; Gaspard, Joseph; Lanyon, Janet; Marsillach, Judit; Furlong, Clement; Clark, Nathan (2018-08-10).

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seals. Compared to the Antarctic, where there is no major surface predator, Arctic seals use more breathing holes per individual, appear more restless when hauled out on the ice, and rarely defecate on the ice. The fur of Arctic pups is white, presumably to provide

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in California have also thrived without sea otters, with sea urchin populations apparently controlled by other factors. The role of sea otters in maintaining kelp forests has been observed to be more important in areas of open coast than in more protected bays and

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may dive to depths of −1,000 to −2,500 feet (−300 to −760 m) in search of food. Sirenians live in shallow coastal waters, usually living 30 feet (9.1 m) below sea level. However, they have been known to dive to −120 feet (−37 m) to forage deep-water

2266:), large baleen whales, and nearly 20 species of pinniped. The predation of whale calves may be responsible for annual whale migrations to calving grounds in more tropical waters, where the population of killer whales is much lower than in polar waters. Prior to 3374:. Born at the Miami Aquarium and Tackle Company on July 21, 1948, Snooty was one of the first recorded captive manatee births. He was raised entirely in captivity, and died at the age of 69. Manatees can also be viewed in a number of European zoos, such as the 1689:. The variation observed in range size is a result of the different ecological requirements of each species and their ability to cope with a broad range of environmental conditions. The high degree of overlap between marine mammal species richness and areas of 1635:

invasions of the sea have become more frequent in the Cenozoic than they were in the Mesozoic. Factors contributing to this trend include the increasing productivity of near-shore marine environments, and the role of endothermy in facilitating this transition.

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also harvests several hundred Antarctic and North Pacific minke whales each year, ostensibly for scientific research in accordance with the moratorium. However, the illegal trade of whale and dolphin meat is a significant market in Japan and some countries.

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Marine mammals are widely distributed throughout the globe, but their distribution is patchy and coincides with the productivity of the oceans. Species richness peaks at around 40° latitude, both north and south. This corresponds to the highest levels of

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The Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS), founded in 1996, specifically protects cetaceans in the Mediterranean area, and "maintains a favorable status", a direct action

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projects, and aquaculture both degrade the environment and take up valuable habitat. For example, extensive shellfish aquaculture takes up valuable space used by coastal marine mammals for important activities such as breeding, foraging and resting.

2348:, scavenge soft tissue at a rapid rate over a period of months to as long as two years. This is followed by the colonization of bones and surrounding sediments (which contain organic matter) by enrichment opportunists, such as crustaceans and 3440:. The dolphins would swim up behind enemy divers and attach a buoy to their air tank, so that they would float to the surface and alert nearby Navy personnel. Sea lions would hand-cuff the enemy, and try to outmaneuver their counter-attacks. 1764:

Many marine mammals seasonally migrate. Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes, and seals migrate in response to these changes. In turn, polar bears must follow their prey. In

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Killer whales are apex predators throughout their global distribution, and can have a profound effect on the behavior and population of prey species. Their diet is very broad and they can feed on many vertebrates in the ocean including

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The inevitable stresses involved in training are topics of controversy, as their treatment is unlike the animals' natural lifestyle, especially towards their confined spaces when not training. There is also controversy over the use of

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Lunn, Nicholas J.; Servanty, Sabrina; Regehr, Eric V.; Converse, Sarah J.; Richardson, Evan; Stirling, Ian (2016). "Demography of an apex predator at the edge of its range – impacts of changing sea ice on polar bears in Hudson Bay".

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from anthropogenic activities is another major concern for marine mammals. This is a problem because underwater noise pollution interferes with the abilities of some marine mammals to communicate, and locate both predators and prey.

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Marine mammals have evolved a wide variety of features for feeding, which are mainly seen in their dentition. For example, the cheek teeth of pinnipeds and odontocetes are specifically adapted to capture fish and squid. In contrast,

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from farms, which creates significant problems for marine farmers. While there are usually legal mechanisms designed to deter marine mammals, such as anti-predator nets or harassment devices, individuals are often illegally shot.

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have long, oily, and waterproof fur in order to trap air to provide insulation. In contrast, other marine mammals—such as whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, dugongs, and walruses—have lost long fur in favor of a thick, dense

9041: 2443:. The effects of these are only localized, as hunting efforts were on a relatively small scale. Commercial hunting took this to a much greater scale and marine mammals were heavily exploited. This led to the extinction of the 143:

for food and other resources. Many were also the target for commercial industry, leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species, such as whales and seals. Commercial hunting led to the extinction of the

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Agnarsson, I.; May-Collado, LJ. (2008). "The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies".

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Sound travels differently through water, and therefore marine mammals have developed adaptations to ensure effective communication, prey capture, and predator detection. The most notable adaptation is the development of

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transportation is also an issue for conservation activists, since they are hauled in dry carriers, and switching tanks and introducing the dolphin to new dolphins is potentially dangerous as they are territorial.

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into the marine environment accumulate in the bodies of marine mammals when they are stored unintentionally in their blubber along with energy. Contaminants that are found in the tissues of marine mammals include

1773:, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as "ice-floe breakup"), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through the months until the next freeze-up. In the 8777: 6746: 2606:

communities. The selling of these permits is a main source of income for many of these communities. Their hides can be used for subsistence purposes, kept as hunting trophies, or can be bought in markets.

5764:"Coastal Stock(s) of Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin: Status Review and Management Proceedings and Recommendations from a Workshop held in Beaufort, North Carolina, 13 September 1993 – 14 September 1993" 1468:. The level of dependence on the marine environment varies considerably with species. For example, dolphins and whales are completely dependent on the marine environment for all stages of their life; 2912:, including those found in the widely used pesticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Marine mammals may be increasingly exposed to these compounds due to agricultural runoff reaching the world's oceans. 1696:

Most marine mammals, such as seals and sea otters, inhabit the coast. Seals, however, also use a number of terrestrial habitats, both continental and island. In temperate and tropical areas, they

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at the ocean's surface; their excrement is important for fisheries because it is rich in iron and nitrogen. The whale feces are liquid and instead of sinking, they stay at the surface where

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features to overcome the unique challenges associated with aquatic living. Some of these features are very species-specific. Marine mammals have developed a number of features for efficient

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Mangel, J. C.; Whitty, T.; Medina-Vogel, G.; Alfaro-Shigueto, J.; Cáceres, C.; Godley, B. J. (2010). "Latitudinal variation in diet and patterns of human interaction in the marine otter".

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is caused by a number of human activities. Marine mammals that live in coastal environments are the most likely to be affected by habitat degradation and loss. Developments such as sewage

2558:, maritime fur traders shifted to California until the southern sea otter was likewise nearly extinct. The British and American maritime fur traders took their furs to the Chinese port of 2153:

Sea otters are a classic example of a keystone species; their presence affects the ecosystem more profoundly than their size and numbers would suggest. They keep the population of certain

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Geisler, Jonathan H.; Uden, Mark D. (2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Extinct Cetartiodactyls: Results of Simultaneous Analyses of Molecular, Morphological, and Stratigraphic Data".

2006:. Individual members then take turns plowing through the ball, feeding on the stunned fish. Coralling is a method where dolphins chase fish into shallow water to catch them more easily. 2965: 1475:

The cetaceans became aquatic around 50 million years ago (mya). Based on molecular and morphological research, the cetaceans genetically and morphologically fall firmly within the

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are still killed annually, mainly during the summer. Today, dolphin meat is consumed in a small number of countries worldwide, which include Japan and Peru (where it is referred to as

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from fisheries, where for example they can become entangled in nets and drown or starve. Increased ocean traffic causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and large marine mammals.

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An apex predator affects prey population dynamics and defense tactics (such as camouflage). The polar bear is the apex predator within its range. Several animal species, particularly

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of brown bear, as assessed by their mtDNA, are more closely related to polar bears than to other brown bears, meaning that the polar bear might not be considered a species under some

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McAlpine, D. F.; Stevick, P. T.; Murison, L. D. (1999). "Increase in Extralimital Occurrences of Ice-Breeding Seals in the Northern Gulf of Maine Region: More Seals or Fewer Fish?".

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video of two cute sea otters holding paws drew 1.5 million viewers in two weeks, and had over 20 million views as of January 2015. Filmed five years previously at the

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Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms, and Implications: A Bayesian Network Modeling Approach to Forecasting the 21st Century Worldwide Status of Polar Bears

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Lindqvist, C.; Schuster, S. C.; Sun, Y.; Talbot, S. L.; Qi, J.; Ratan, A.; Tomsho, L. P.; Kasson, L.; Zeyl, E.; Aars, J.; Miller, W.; Ingolfsson, O.; Bachmann, L.; Wiig, O. (2010).

3119:. The meat is harvested from legal, non-commercial hunts that occur twice a year in the spring and autumn. The meat is stored and eaten throughout the winter. The skin and blubber ( 10440: 3318:

lions for entertainment, claiming the tricks performed are "exaggerated variations of their natural behaviors" and distract the audience from the animal's unnatural environment.

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larger cetaceans are capable of dragging nets with them, the nets sometimes remain tightly attached to the individual and can impede the animal from feeding sometimes leading to

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Otters are the only marine animals that are capable of lifting and turning over rocks, which they often do with their front paws when searching for prey. The sea otter may pluck

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Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M.; Lehman, N.; Petrov, E. A.; Väinölä, R. (2006). "Pinniped phylogeny and a new hypothesis for their origin and dispersal".

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became the first institution to raise sea otters from conception to adulthood with the birth of Tichuk in 1979, followed by three more pups in the early 1980s. In 2007, a

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base. The focused beam is modulated by a large fatty organ known as the 'melon'. This acts like an acoustic lens because it is composed of lipids of differing densities.

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A 2010 study considered whales to be a positive influence to the productivity of ocean fisheries, in what has been termed a "whale pump". Whales carry nutrients such as

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Waits, L. P.; Talbot, S. L.; Ward, R. H.; Shields, G. F. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography of the North American Brown Bear and Implications for Conservation".

3350:, it was YouTube's most popular animal video at the time, although it has since been surpassed. Otters are often viewed as having a "happy family life", but this is an 2888:. An increase in ultraviolet radiation has the capacity to decrease phytoplankton abundance, which forms the basis of the food chain in the ocean. The second effect of 9357: 9068: 7163:

Roman, Joe; Estes, James A.; Morissette, Lyne; Smith, Craig; Costa, Daniel; McCarthy, James; Nation, J.B.; Nicol, Stephen; Pershing, Andrew; Smetacek, Victor (2014).

8785: 1685:. Total species range is highly variable for marine mammal species. On average most marine mammals have ranges which are equivalent or smaller than one-fifth of the 5535:

Whitehead, H.; Reeves, R. R.; Tyack, P. L. (2000). "Science and the conversation, protection, and management of wild cetaceans". In Mann, J.; Connor, R. C. (eds.).

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The fishery industry not only threatens marine mammals through by-catch, but also through competition for food. Large-scale fisheries have led to the depletion of

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Savage, R. J. G.; Domning, Daryl P.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (1994). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. V. the Most Primitive Known Sirenian,

1898:(shunting most of the oxygen to vital organs such as the brain and heart) to allow extended diving times and cope with oxygen deprivation. If oxygen is depleted ( 8641: 8458: 8213: 7959: 7008:

Demaster, D; Trites, A; Clapham, P; Mizroch, S; Wade, P; Small, R; Hoef, J (2006). "The sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis: Testing with existing data".

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Wursig, Bernd; Gailey, Glenn A. (2002). "Marine Mammals and Aquaculture: Conflicts and Potential Resolutions". In Stickney, Robert R.; McVey, James P. (eds.).

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seas, polar bears retreat each summer to the ice further north that remains frozen year-round. Seals may also migrate to other environmental changes, such as

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There have been human health concerns associated with the consumption of dolphin meat in Japan after tests showed that dolphin meat contained high levels of

1740:. Seals may move further inland and rest in sand dunes or vegetation, and may even climb cliffs. Most cetaceans live in the open ocean, and species like the 8079:

Madronich, S.; McKenzie, R. L.; Björn, L. O.; Caldwell, M. M. (1998). "Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface".

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to the north. The fur of the Californian southern sea otter was less highly prized and thus less profitable. After the northern sea otter was hunted to

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Price, SA.; Bininda-Emonds, OR.; Gittleman, JL. (2005). "A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals – Cetartiodactyla".

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Shellfish aquaculture takes up space so in effect creates competition for space. However, there is little direct competition for aquaculture shellfish

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of populations of marine mammals by commercial fishers has been initiated in a number of areas in order to protect fish stocks for human consumption.

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when seagrass is scarce. West Indian manatees eat up to 60 different species of plants, as well as fish and small invertebrates to a lesser extent.

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Estes, J. A.; Tinker, M. T.; Williams, T. M.; Doak, D. F. (1998). "Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems".

4400:

Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M. R.; Tedford, R. H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia".

9170: 8902: 5387: 5302: 10465: 8876: 5763: 2985: 2950: 2908:

showed that the ancestors of many marine mammals stopped producing a certain enzyme that today protects against some neurotoxic chemicals called

2743:

shows projected changes in polar bear habitat from 2005 to 2095. Red areas indicate loss of optimal polar bear habitat; blue areas indicate gain.

4158:"Relationships of Cetacea -Artiodactyla- Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution" 9704: 8816: 2650:

levels for both cetaceans and pinnipeds, however, entanglements in long lines, mid-water trawls, and both trap and pot lines are also common.

4110:"Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA mitochondrial sequences" 2806:; impair the reproductive system, and lower the immune system of individuals, leading to a higher number of deaths. Other pollutants such as 2278:

populations, the killer whale's preferred prey, which in turn may be substitutes for their original prey, now reduced by industrial whaling.

7590:

Johnson, W. M.; Karamanlidis, A. A.; Dendrinos, P.; de Larrinoa, P. F.; Gazo, M.; González, L. M.; Güçlüsoy, H.; Pires, R.; Schnellmann, M.

9957: 7338: 5761: 3037: 10305: 9926: 4942:

J.; Bielby, J.; Black, P. A.; Blanc, J. J.; Brooks, T. M.; Burton, J. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Catullo, G.; Chapman, R.; et al. (2008).

2905: 2730: 10050: 7364: 3033:, enforced in 1991, prohibits the killing or harassment of seals in the Wadden Sea, specifically targeting the harbor seal population. 8842: 5958: 2590:. Conversely, the Mediterranean monk seal was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched from the Mediterranean to the 9920: 10280: 8702: 8158: 9401: 8980: 6253: 5840:

Sanders, Jon G.; Beichman, Annabel C.; Roman, Joe; Scott, Jarrod J.; Emerson, David; McCarthy, James J.; Girguis, Peter R. (2015).

3411: 10455: 10240: 9614: 2673:

can cause major injuries or death when they collide with marine mammals. Collisions occur both with large commercial vessels and

9681:

Mühling, P. (1985). "Zum ersten Mal: Drei Seekuhgeburten in einem Zoo. Erfolgreiche Haltung und Zucht von Rundschwanz-Seekühen (

9489: 7300: 3903: 7214: 9833: 9803: 9740: 9522: 9465: 9304: 9271: 9201: 9112: 9017: 8686: 8567: 8401: 7793: 7566: 7515: 7475: 6925: 6701: 6471: 6438: 6348: 6315: 6229: 6169: 6096: 5816: 5723: 5588: 5548: 5258: 5229: 5188: 5155: 5114: 5076: 5037: 4914: 4534: 4501: 4329: 3913: 3780: 3562: 2669:

Vessel strikes cause death for a number of marine mammals, especially whales. In particular, fast commercial vessels such as

9372: 10470: 9077: 7438: 2933: 2662:. Abandoned or lost nets and lines cause mortality through ingestion or entanglement. Marine mammals also get entangled in 6581: 6496: 2312:, reversing an earlier presumption that whales accelerate the loss of nutrients to the bottom. This nitrogen input in the 10568: 10430: 9364: 6777: 3314: 3252:

Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity. These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks and

2988:(UNCLOS) adopted a pollution prevention approach to conservation, which many other conventions at the time also adopted. 6120: 3297: 2316:

is more than the input of all rivers combined emptying into the gulf, some 25,000 short tons (23,000 t) each year.

9555: 2165:, causing the kelp to drift away and die. Loss of the habitat and nutrients provided by kelp forests leads to profound 2060:. The sea otters eat while floating on their backs, using their forepaws to tear food apart and bring to their mouths. 8650: 8248: 8212:

Amstrup, S. C.; Marcot, B. G.; Douglas, D. C. (2008). DeWeaver, Eric L.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; Tremblay, L.-Bruno (eds.).

7896:

Rosen, D. A.; Trites, A. W. (2000). "Pollock and the decline of Steller sea lions: Testing the junk-food hypothesis".

7532: 2018:

and other sharks and rays by flipping them upside down. Other whales with a blunt snout and reduced dentition rely on

10460: 9874: 8242: 7394:(1996). "Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products from commercial markets in Korea and Japan". 3631: 3068: 2968:(CMS) is the only global organization that conserves a broad range of animals, which includes marine mammals. Of the 2084: 2491:), are much lower than their pre-whaling levels. Because whales generally have slow growth rates, are slow to reach 10095: 9950: 7960:"Spatial and temporal variation in the density of northern cod and a review of hypotheses for the stock's collapse" 2925: 2503: 1556:(earless seals) are known to have existed for at least 15 mya, and molecular evidence supports a divergence of the 8590: 2340:. Deterioration of whale carcasses happens through a series of three stages. Initially, moving organisms, such as 7740:

Anderson, Paul K. (2001). "Marine Mammals in the Next One Hundred Years: Twilight for a Pleistocene Megafauna?".

6726: 6278: 5762:

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service.

5710: 2799: 1690: 1612:

and the Kolym Peninsula). The oldest known polar bear fossil is a 130,000-to-110,000-year-old jaw bone, found on

8159:"Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change" 8056: 8039: 6003:

Goldbogen, J. A.; Calambokidis, J.; Oleson, E.; Potvin, J.; Pyenson, N. D.; Schorr, G.; Shadwick, R. E. (2011).

5267: 4240: 4223: 2393:. In particular, declines in the populations of completely marine mammals tend to go unnoticed 70% of the time. 1511:, were both confined to the Eocene, and were pig-sized, four-legged, amphibious creatures. The first members of 10922: 3277: 3056: 2942: 2194: 2014:

have also been known to drive their prey onto a beach to feed on it. Killer whales have been known to paralyze

5101: 2002:. One common feeding method is herding, where a pod squeezes a school of fish into a small volume, known as a 116:. They are an informal group, unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding and survival. 8649:. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. Washington, D.C. 1946. pp. 1–3. Archived from 6005:"Mechanics, hydrodynamics and energetics of blue whale lunge feeding: efficiency dependence on krill density" 2594:

and northwest Africa, and remains only in the northeastern Mediterranean and some parts of northwest Africa.

2372:. This stage may last for decades and supports a rich assemblage of species, averaging 185 species per site. 1856: 1155: 8300: 7857:

Constantine, R.; Brunton, D. H.; Dennis, T. (2004). "Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (

7164: 3269:

in humans; however, the smile is due to a lack of facial muscles and subsequent lack of facial expressions.

3216:

supplement. In 2001, two percent of Canada's raw seal oil was processed and sold in Canadian health stores.

3208:

is an important source of food for residents of small coastal communities. The seal blubber is used to make

3044:), the United States and the Soviet Union outlawed the unregulated hunting of polar bears from aircraft and 1789:

has the longest recorded migration of any mammal, with one traveling 14,000 miles (23,000 km) from the

10942: 10927: 7656: 7613:

Wiig, Ø.; Amstrup, S.; Atwood, T.; Laidre, K.; Lunn, N.; Obbard, M.; Regehr, E. & Thiemann, G. (2015).

4788:

Vermeij, G. J.; Motani, R. (2018). "Land to sea transitions in vertebrates: the dynamics of colonization".

3060: 2546:

were those of sea otters, especially the northern sea otter which inhabited the coastal waters between the

9162: 7045:"Causes and consequences of marine mammal population declines in southwest Alaska: a food-web perspective" 2991: 10937: 9943: 6758:. Seattle: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Northwest Regional Office. p. 18. Archived from 6064: 2841:

research. They can cause injuries such as hemorrhaging of the lungs, and contusion and ulceration of the

8903:"Dolphin meat widely available in Peruvian stores: Despite protected status, 'sea pork' is popular fare" 8459:"A new law will try to save the planet's whales and dolphins through America's seafood purchasing power" 3127:, beluga, or narwhal is also valued, and is eaten raw or cooked. Whaling has also been practiced in the 10245: 9578: 8936: 4353:

Samonds, K. E.; Zalmout, I. S.; Irwin, M. T.; Krause, D. W.; Rogers, R. R.; Raharivony, L. L. (2009). "

3527: 2862: 2678: 2625: 2424: 2245:

of polar bear predation on seals probably accounts for some significant differences between Arctic and

1644: 169: 7819:"Vessel speed restrictions reduce risk of collision-related mortality for North Atlantic right whales" 5770: 1862:

Marine mammals are able to dive for long periods. Both pinnipeds and cetaceans have large and complex

1567:) lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately two mya, giving rise to the now-extinct † 10553: 10447: 8932: 8615: 8482: 6951:"Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?" 6603: 5796:

Intentional beaching by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico.

3618: 3189: 2865:

used by aquaculture facilities to scare away marine mammals emit loud and noxious underwater sounds.

2484: 2305: 1998:. Some may forage with other kinds of animals, such as other species of whales or certain species of 193: 8285: 8278: 8198: 8093: 7985: 7843: 7723: 7274: 7149: 6893: 6624: 6220:

Lavinge, D. M.; Kovacs, K. M.; Bonner, W. N. (2001). "Seals and Sea lions". In MacDonald, D. (ed.).

5989: 5890: 5695: 5449: 5404: 5001: 4943: 4248: 4208: 4142: 4094: 4044: 4001: 3838: 11006: 10799: 10794: 10090: 9708: 7637: 6879:

Ford, J. K. B.; Reeves, R. R. (2008). "Fight or flight: antipredator strategies of baleen whales".

4559: 4357:, new Middle Eocene seacow (Mammalia, Sirenia) from the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagascar". 3172: 2954: 2726: 2166: 5419: 3310:", and consequently, people often anthropomorphize them with a curious, funny, or playful nature. 2296: 1797:. During the winter, manatees living at the northern end of their range migrate to warmer waters. 11027: 10707: 10518: 10412: 10140: 10130: 9428: 9368: 3273: 3136: 3015: 2097: 1613: 480: 7342: 6618: 5842:"Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores" 5614:"Sound transmission in archaic and modern whales: Anatomical adaptations for underwater hearing" 5576: 5348: 4491: 1620:(mtDNA) of the polar bear diverged from the brown bear roughly 150,000 years ago. Further, some 10533: 10523: 10225: 10210: 8088: 6888: 5910:"Stretchy nerves are an essential component of the extreme feeding mechanism of rorqual whales" 5068: 5062: 3965: 3507: 3080: 2755: 2740: 2057: 165: 9823: 9793: 9730: 9007: 8557: 8391: 7556: 7542: 6428: 5280: 5246: 4317: 10952: 10879: 10814: 10679: 10654: 10629: 10513: 10260: 10040: 9512: 9451: 9226: 9102: 8676: 7677:

Perrin, W. F. (1994) "Status of species" in Randall R. Reeves and Stephen Leatherwood (eds.)

7465: 6691: 5147: 3152: 2946: 2889: 2873: 2587: 2390: 2242: 1890:

which all have the capacity to hold a high concentration of oxygen. They are also capable of

1418: 173: 9076:(4th ed.). Humane Society of the United States. pp. 13, 42, 43, 59. Archived from 8327:"Ancient convergent losses of Paraoxonase 1 yield potential risks for modern marine mammals" 7589: 7368: 5026: 3552: 3184:

prenatal exposure to methylmercury resulted in neuropsychological deficits at 7 years of age

2961:

control their fisheries that no protected marine mammals are adversely affected by fishing.

10687: 10649: 9980: 9457: 8850: 8338: 8222: 8012: 7932: 7870: 7403: 7253: 7176: 7110: 7017: 6962: 6800: 6651: 6531: 6393: 5921: 5853: 5472: 4958: 4844: 4797: 4744: 4642: 4409: 4366: 4271: 4169: 3868: 3722: 3663: 3367: 3168: 2981: 2920: 2826: 2444: 2103:

The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of

1907: 145: 125: 8728: 7681:. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 4126: 4109: 3985: 2435:

historically for food and other resources. These subsistence hunts still occur in Canada,

1526:. Their evolutionary link to terrestrial mammals was unknown until the 2007 discovery of † 8: 10909: 10563: 10372: 10330: 10100: 10060: 9638:"Snooty the famous manatee dies in 'heartbreaking accident' days after his 69th birthday" 8706: 8181: 7591: 6263: 5463:

Hochachka, P.; Storey, K. (1975). "Metabolic consequences of diving in animals and man".

4631:"Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear" 3108: 2885: 2858: 2747: 2689:

can also negatively impact on marine mammals by interfering with their natural behavior.

2468: 2352:, throughout a period of years. Finally, sulfophilic bacteria reduce the bones releasing 2169:

on the marine ecosystem. North Pacific areas that do not have sea otters often turn into

2093: 2089: 1915: 1382: 498: 289: 266: 189: 181: 157: 8984: 8342: 8226: 8016: 7936: 7874: 7407: 7257: 7180: 7114: 7021: 6966: 6804: 6655: 6535: 6397: 6307: 6301: 6161: 6155: 5925: 5857: 5612:

Nummela, Sirpa; Thewissen, J.G.M; Bajpai, Sunil; Hussain, Taseer; Kumar, Kishor (2007).

5476: 4962: 4848: 4801: 4748: 4646: 4413: 4370: 4275: 4173: 3872: 3726: 3667: 10829: 10824: 10692: 10634: 10528: 10377: 10295: 10180: 10160: 10070: 10013: 8367: 8326: 8266: 8061: 7944: 7757: 7712: 7504: 7419: 7415: 7320: 7133: 7098: 7069: 7044: 6812: 6563: 6409: 6257: 5978: 5874: 5841: 5537: 5504: 4990: 4867: 4832: 4813: 4770: 4713: 4705: 4665: 4630: 4581: 4433: 4382: 4295: 4192: 4157: 4083: 3946: 3884: 3745: 3710: 3686: 3651: 3466: 3387: 3371: 3347: 3327: 3261: 3245: 3225: 2543: 2515: 2511: 2432: 2406: 2212: 2011: 1806: 1666: 1569: 460: 312: 140: 9137: 8750: 8559:

Regional Co-operation and Protection of the Marine Environment Under International Law

8126:"The impacts of climate change on marine mammals: Early signs of significant problems" 8102: 7301:"Baleen whales: Conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations" 6985: 6950: 6728:

Forecasting the range-wide status of polar bears at selected times in the 21st Century

6280:

Forecasting the range-wide status of polar bears at selected times in the 21st Century

3594:"The Society for Marine Mammalogy's Taxonomy Committee List of Species and subspecies" 10839: 10717: 10664: 10583: 10250: 10215: 10155: 10115: 10085: 10055: 9966: 9870: 9839: 9829: 9799: 9746: 9736: 9528: 9518: 9471: 9461: 9310: 9300: 9277: 9267: 9207: 9197: 9118: 9108: 9023: 9013: 8962: 8682: 8563: 8407: 8397: 8372: 8354: 8238: 8106: 8024: 7799: 7789: 7692: 7614: 7572: 7562: 7521: 7511: 7481: 7471: 7316: 7266: 7241: 7162: 7138: 7074: 6990: 6931: 6921: 6902: 6707: 6697: 6667: 6614: 6555: 6547: 6477: 6467: 6444: 6434: 6354: 6344: 6321: 6311: 6235: 6225: 6206: 6175: 6165: 6102: 6092: 6026: 5939: 5879: 5822: 5812: 5729: 5719: 5684: 5676: 5635: 5594: 5584: 5554: 5544: 5496: 5488: 5438: 5254: 5225: 5194: 5184: 5161: 5151: 5140: 5120: 5110: 5082: 5072: 5043: 5033: 4982: 4944:"The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge" 4920: 4910: 4872: 4762: 4701: 4670: 4540: 4530: 4507: 4497: 4471: 4425: 4335: 4325: 4287: 4197: 4131: 4075: 4033: 3990: 3909: 3827: 3786: 3776: 3750: 3691: 3627: 3568: 3558: 3391: 3282: 3266: 3163: 3147:

and the Faroe Islands, dolphins are traditionally considered food, and are killed in

3019: 2787: 2674: 2666:

nets, however, these are rare events and not prevalent enough to impact populations.

2575: 2460: 2420: 2353: 2337: 2015: 1832: 1617: 1233: 1229: 153: 9890: 7716: 7423: 7324: 6413: 5508: 5325: 4994: 4817: 4717: 4386: 4299: 4087: 3950: 2415: 10947: 10639: 10543: 10495: 10407: 10300: 9998: 9825:

Animals in the Military: From Hannibal's Elephants to the Dolphins of the U.S. Navy

9548:"Guinness World Records names Snooty of Bradenton as 'Oldest Manatee in Captivity'" 9453:

Social Media for Business: 101 Ways to Grow Your Business Without Wasting Your Time

9241: 8529: 8362: 8346: 8230: 8173: 8137: 8098: 8051: 8020: 7974: 7940: 7905: 7878: 7830: 7749: 7704: 7632: 7411: 7312: 7261: 7240:

Hiroshi; Miyazaki, Masayuki; Nogi, Yuichi; Yatabe, Akiko; Okutani, Takashi (2007).

7184: 7128: 7118: 7064: 7056: 7025: 6980: 6970: 6898: 6861: 6808: 6659: 6567: 6539: 6401: 6202: 6016: 5970: 5929: 5905: 5869: 5861: 5666: 5625: 5480: 5343: 5323: 4974: 4966: 4862: 4852: 4805: 4774: 4752: 4697: 4660: 4650: 4571: 4463: 4437: 4417: 4374: 4279: 4235: 4187: 4177: 4121: 4067: 4025: 3980: 3938: 3880: 3876: 3817: 3740: 3730: 3681: 3671: 3415: 3351: 3339: 2803: 2686: 2615: 2583: 2555: 2527: 2499: 2357: 2275: 2148: 1944: 1895: 1844: 1625: 1582: 1381:

specialized, otherwise known as "quasi-marine mammals". This term can include: the

950: 61: 1544:

had a long tail, short limbs and webbed feet instead of flippers. The lineages of

1148:

The taxa in bold are marine. Taxa indicated with a † symbol are recently extinct.

10917: 10884: 10745: 10697: 10573: 10548: 10357: 10310: 10235: 10080: 10065: 9609: 8430: 7882: 7391: 7123: 7029: 6543: 4857: 4182: 3966:"Molecular evidence for the inclusion of cetaceans within the order Artiodactyla" 3676: 3375: 3289:

behaviors, including waving and kissing—behaviors wild dolphins would rarely do.

3286: 3176: 3144: 2909: 2877: 2872:

due to anthropogenic activity threaten marine mammals. The first is increases in

2821: 2567: 2492: 2309: 2019: 1899: 1528: 1196: 1162: 850: 574: 320: 185: 21: 9902: 9662:

Blaszkiewitz, B. (1995). "Die Seekuhanlage im Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde".

9227:"Swimming with captive dolphins: current debates and post-experience dissonance" 7442: 7099:"The Whale Pump: Marine Mammals Enhance Primary Productivity in a Coastal Basin" 4467: 4029: 2701:

between marine mammals and fisheries has sometimes led to conflict. Large-scale

1835:

such as torpedo-shaped bodies to reduce drag; modified limbs for propulsion and

10781: 10735: 10730: 10702: 10669: 10538: 10397: 10325: 10315: 10165: 10110: 10028: 10023: 10018: 9866: 7753: 6604:"Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator" 5218: 5213: 4600: 3502: 3480: 2897: 2893: 2811: 2795: 2751: 2670: 2647: 2598: 2547: 2506:(IWC). There are only two nations remaining which sanction commercial whaling: 2386: 1948: 1794: 1790: 1508: 1430: 1203: 909: 715: 648: 597: 547: 214: 26: 9914: 9424: 8142: 8125: 7708: 6816: 6405: 6124: 5934: 5909: 4352: 4071: 3942: 2495:, and have a low reproductive output, population recovery has been very slow. 1493:, was found in Jamaica, unlike other marine mammals which originated from the 11021: 10995: 10889: 10854: 10755: 10750: 10255: 10220: 10195: 10045: 10008: 9843: 9750: 9532: 9475: 9122: 9027: 8981:"Eskimo Art, Inuit Art, Canadian Native Artwork, Canadian Aboriginal Artwork" 8411: 8358: 7803: 7623: 7576: 6711: 6551: 6448: 6358: 5904:

Vogle, A. W.; Lillie, Margo A.; Piscitelli, Marina A.; Goldbogen, Jeremy A.;

5826: 5680: 5598: 5492: 5442: 5334: 4511: 4339: 3790: 3494: 3445: 3420: 3383: 3159: 3128: 3124: 3101: 2937: 2842: 2834: 2767: 2654: 2563: 2321: 2313: 2234: 2170: 1824: 1649: 1533: 1504: 1390: 1189: 1182: 929: 9314: 9281: 9211: 8507: 8393:

Wired Wilderness: Technologies of Tracking and the Making of Modern Wildlife

8350: 7525: 7485: 6975: 6935: 6865: 6481: 6325: 6239: 6179: 6106: 5733: 5558: 5165: 5124: 5086: 5047: 4970: 4924: 4831:

Kaschner, K.; Tittensor, D. P.; Ready, J.; Gerrodette, T.; Worm, B. (2011).

4655: 4544: 3735: 3650:

Kaschner, K.; Tittensor, D. P.; Ready, J.; Gerrodette, T.; Worm, B. (2011).

3572: 2037: 1503:

from the early middle Eocene. The earliest known sea cows, of the families †

10981: 10760: 10740: 10644: 10382: 10265: 10185: 10145: 10135: 10105: 8376: 7978: 7679:

Dolphins, porpoises, and whales: 1994–1998 action plan for the conservation

7142: 7078: 7060: 6994: 6671: 6030: 5943: 5883: 5688: 5639: 5484: 5198: 4986: 4876: 4766: 4674: 4475: 4429: 4291: 4201: 4079: 4037: 3831: 3754: 3695: 3424:

A dolphin wearing a locating pinger, performing mine clearance work in the

3395: 3253: 3071:

who are known for taking direct-action tactics to expose illegal activity.

3011: 3001: 2783: 2677:

and cause injury to whales or smaller cetaceans. The critically endangered

2620: 2523: 2410: 2317: 2112: 2061: 2027: 2007: 1968: 1928: 1924: 1863: 1778: 1737: 1686: 1653: 1553: 1519: 1515:

appeared by the middle Eocene. At this point, sea cows were fully aquatic.

1480: 1476: 1289: 1248: 1240: 1214: 1168: 584: 444: 401: 85: 42: 9887:

Sea Mammals: The Past and Present Lives of Our Oceans’ Cornerstone Species

9143:. Humane Society International and the Humane Society of the United States 8778:"Warning over contaminated whale meat as Faroe Islands' killing continues" 8110: 6776:

Pyle, Peter; Schramm, Mary Jane; Keiper, Carol; Anderson, Scot D. (1999).

6559: 4135: 3994: 37: 10894: 10869: 10864: 10834: 10617: 10593: 10558: 10367: 10270: 10190: 10150: 10003: 7835: 7818: 5500: 4399: 4378: 3773:

Marine Mammals of the World A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification

3437: 3097: 3049: 2996: 2838: 2774: 2698: 2693: 2663: 2498:

A number of whales are still subject to direct hunting, despite the 1986

2349: 2271: 2263: 2104: 2076: 1979: 1972: 1891: 1774: 1750: 1741: 1705: 1697: 1601: 1489: 1455: 1269: 1262: 1218: 1178: 395: 385: 133: 9765:"Manatees move into world's largest freshwater aquarium at River Safari" 8809:"Faroe Island Whaling, a 1,000-Year Tradition, Comes Under Renewed Fire" 7693:"An ecological view of the tuna—dolphin problem: impacts and trade-offs" 6219: 5982: 5974: 4809: 4592: 4421: 2475:). Today, populations of species that were historically hunted, such as 2092:

in large groups, locating and herding their prey. Some species, such as

1578: 1472:

feed in the ocean but breed on land; and polar bears must feed on land.

184:

also threatens marine mammals and their ability to find and catch food.

10874: 10809: 10598: 10578: 10362: 10335: 10120: 10033: 8705:. Oslo, Norway: IUCN/ Polar Bear Specialist Group. 1973. Archived from 8177: 8065: 7999:

Baker, J. R.; Jones, A. M.; Jones, T. P.; Watson, H. C. (1981). "Otter

7761: 7612: 6192: 6021: 6004: 5865: 5138:

Silverstein, Alvin; Silverstein, Virginia; Silverstein, Robert (1995).

4709: 4585: 3888: 3557:. Food and Agriculture Department of the United Nations. pp. 1–2. 3307: 3112: 3084: 3064: 3045: 3030: 2869: 2659: 2551: 2519: 2476: 2385:

Due to the difficulty to survey populations, 38% of marine mammals are

2291: 2287: 2251: 2246: 2226: 2158: 2068: 1991: 1987: 1875: 1840: 1828: 1786: 1766: 1754: 1593: 1549: 1512: 1398: 1358: 1351: 1328: 1322: 1296: 1207: 1174: 1021: 894: 793: 781: 682: 643: 557: 429: 357: 252: 221: 161: 113: 10990: 9908: 7049:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Visser, Ingrid N. (2005). "First Observations of Feeding on Thresher (

5365:"Renal cellular and tissue specializations in the bottlenose dolphin ( 3806:"Evolution of marine mammals: Back to the sea after 300 million years" 3488: 3240: 1964: 1782: 1437:) which is usually found in freshwater but can be found along coastal 10899: 10804: 10588: 10352: 10345: 10320: 10230: 9935: 9923:

An agency that focuses on the conditions of the ocean and the climate

9732:

Eyewitness Travel Family Guide Italy: Milan & the Northwest Italy

9138:"Killer Controversy: Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity" 8532:. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 8510:. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 8483:"Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals" 7242:"Three-year investigations into sperm whale-fall ecosystems in Japan" 6372:

Dyck, M. G.; Romberg, S. (2007). "Observations of a wild polar bear (

6061:

Waddlers and Paddlers: A Sea Otter Story–Warm Hearts & Cold Water

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1749:. Sea otters live in protected areas, such as rocky shores, 1600:, that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the 160:. After commercial hunting ended, some species, such as the 10340: 9889:(Princeton University Press, 2023) ISBN 978-0-691-23664-3. 8057:

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Mammals that rely on marine environments for feeding

9905:

A conservation group that focuses on marine mammals

9067:Rose, Naomi; Parsons, E. C. M.; Farinato, Richard. 8156: 5577:"In Search of Impulse Sound Sources in Odontocetes" 5456: 2712:. On the other hand, marine mammals regularly take 2638:is the incidental capture of non-target species in 2562:(Canton), where they worked within the established 329: 9299:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 80–83. 8618:. International Whaling Commission. Archived from 7967:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 7503: 7470:. University of Washington Press. pp. 53–58. 6786:) and a possible case of competitive displacement" 6608:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 5536: 5217: 5139: 5109:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 5025: 3029:The Agreement on the Conservation of Seals in the 2538:Historical and modern range of northern sea otters 1405:) which often scavenges polar bear kills, coastal 64:for their existence. They include animals such as 7739: 7510:. 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The sea otter evolved initially in northern 10241:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 9951: 9422: 9005: 8963:"平成１５年６月３日に公表した「水銀を含有する魚介類等の摂食に関する注意事項」について" 8877:"Taiji officials: Dolphin meat 'toxic waste'" 8870: 8868: 8843:"Details on how Japan's dolphin catches work" 8769: 8584:"List of Contracting Parties and Signatories" 8123: 7558:Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation 7548: 7506:The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses 7096: 6915: 6290: 5028:The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses 4787: 3040:between Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway ( 2829:are used for a variety of purposes including 1878:, which serve to store greater quantities of 9795:Beasts of War: The Militarization of Animals 9782: 9661: 9449: 9294: 9224: 9070:The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity 7957: 7783: 5244: 5205: 5008: 4624: 4622: 4551: 3963: 3038:Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears 2857:and oceanographic acoustic experimentation. 2681:is particularly affected by vessel strikes. 1265:(oceanic dolphins), 17 genera and 38 species 10306:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 9817: 9815: 9514:Otters: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation 9163:"Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate" 9135: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8037: 7895: 7655:. Polar Bears International. Archived from 7492: 6734:. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. 6685: 6683: 6681: 6286:. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. 6153: 6138: 6071: 5709:Klinowska, Margaret; Cooke, Justin (1991). 5655:"Anatomical Adaptations of Aquatic Mammals" 5570: 5568: 5349:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22103A9356917.en 5224:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 5064:Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean 5023: 4904: 4781: 4444: 4315: 4222:Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil (2001). 3928: 3901: 3285:. Dolphins are often trained to do several 2818:threaten the livelihood of marine mammals. 2731:Effects of climate change on marine mammals 2375: 1639: 1560:(monk seals) and Phocinae lineages 22 mya. 9958: 9944: 9261: 9185: 8865: 8425: 8423: 8421: 7816: 7367:. The Húsavík Whale Museum. Archived from 7341:. The Húsavík Whale Museum. Archived from 6878: 6494: 6365: 5652: 5646: 5181:The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean 4393: 4261: 3908:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 192. 2904:A study by evolutionary biologists at the 1354:(eared seals), seven genera and 15 species 1258:(beaked whales), six genera and 21 species 207:Marine mammals of varying sizes and shapes 9234:International Journal of Tourism Research 9191: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8366: 8141: 8092: 8055: 7834: 7636: 7430: 7357: 7331: 7265: 7212: 7132: 7122: 7068: 6984: 6974: 6920:. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. 6892: 6306:. Manakato, MN: Capstone Press. pp. 6086: 6020: 5956: 5933: 5873: 5794:Gregory K. Silber, Dagmar Fertl (1995) – 5670: 5629: 5347: 4866: 4856: 4756: 4664: 4654: 4619: 4575: 4239: 4191: 4181: 4125: 3984: 3902:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2007). 3821: 3744: 3734: 3685: 3675: 3204:and are also hunted and eaten in Alaska. 3167:dolphin meat in the Faroe Islands, where 3135:settlements on the islands. Around 1,000 1986:. Toothed whales mostly feed on fish and 1660:(n = 32), based on data from 1990 to 1999 1563:Fossil evidence indicates the sea otter ( 1372:(earless seals), 14 genera and 18 species 1272:(porpoises), two genera and seven species 9812: 9605:"A manatee milestone: Snooty turning 60" 9576: 9155: 8961:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 8894: 8841:Matsutani, Minoru (September 23, 2009). 8674: 8544: 8003:L. Mortality and marine oil pollution". 7436: 7169:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6948: 6678: 6636: 6634: 5574: 5565: 5543:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5431:Journal of the Marine Research Institute 5362: 5245:Lockyer, C. J. H.; Brown, S. G. 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London: Academic Press. p. 430. 5417: 4936: 4934: 4518: 3616: 1522:from other caniforms 50 mya during the 11020: 9965: 9635: 9602: 8967:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 8831: 8775: 8453: 8451: 8389: 8298: 8124:Simmonds, M. P.; Isaac, S. J. (2007). 7850: 7538: 7463: 7457: 7213:Smith, Craig R.; Baco, Amy R. (2003). 7165:"Whales as marine ecosystem engineers" 6852:) Specialising on Elasmobranch Prey". 6839: 6043: 5749: 5420:"Body composition of the sperm whale, 5276: 5178: 4730: 4598: 4489: 4322:Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory 3766: 3764: 3645: 3643: 1413:) populations which predominantly eat 10494: 10493: 9977: 9939: 9791: 9510: 9482: 9100: 7788:. 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Archived from 9350: 9321: 9288: 9264:Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos 9218: 9173:from the original on 4 June 2011 9129: 9094: 9060: 9034: 8999: 8973: 8954: 8800: 8743: 8721: 8695: 8668: 8634: 8616:"Catch Limits and Catches Taken" 8608: 8589:. ACCOBAMS. 2011. Archived from 8576: 8522: 8500: 8475: 8383: 8317: 8284: 8205: 8197: 8150: 8117: 8072: 8031: 7992: 7984: 7951: 7916: 7889: 7842: 7810: 7722: 7684: 7671: 7645: 7606: 7583: 7317:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00035.x 7273: 7267:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00150.x 7148: 6903:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x 6623: 6497:"Using the West Indian Manatee ( 6207:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00414.x 5988: 5889: 5769:. pp. 56–57. Archived from 5694: 5448: 5403: 5183:. New York: Dover Publications. 5000: 4702:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x 4247: 4207: 4141: 4093: 4043: 4000: 3837: 3487: 3473: 3459: 3313:Some organizations, such as the 3109:indigenous peoples of the Arctic 2926:International Whaling Commission 2800:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2542:The most profitable furs in the 2504:International Whaling Commission 2202: 2193: 1823:Marine mammals have a number of 1540:, Canada. Like a modern otter, † 1429:outside the lambing season, the 1192:(pygmy right whale), one species 330:Classification of extant species 304: 281: 259: 236: 213: 10441:Latin America and the Caribbean 9927:Introduction to the Desmostylia 9431:from the original on 2021-11-17 9423:cynthiaholmes (19 March 2007). 8807:Lee, Jane J. (September 2014). 8776:Nguyen, Vi (26 November 2010). 7383: 7232: 7206: 7156: 7036: 7001: 6942: 6909: 6872: 6833: 6769: 6738: 6718: 6596: 6515: 6488: 6455: 6420: 6332: 6270: 6246: 6213: 6186: 6009:Journal of Experimental Biology 5996: 5950: 5897: 5833: 5800: 5788: 5755: 5702: 5605: 5411: 5356: 5317: 5286: 5238: 5172: 5131: 5093: 5054: 4824: 4724: 4482: 4346: 4255: 4215: 4149: 4114:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4101: 4051: 4008: 3973:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3964:Graur, D.; Higgins, G. (1994). 3957: 3922: 3895: 3219: 2697:stocks have been depleted, the 2396: 2332:biodiversity hotspots, such as 2030:of their herbivorous ancestry. 1935:and small fish from the water. 1691:human impact on the environment 10923:Ecological values of mangroves 10466:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 9863:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 9798:. Lulu.com. pp. 126–128. 9687:Tiergarten Aktuell (Nuremberg) 9192:Armstrong, Susan Jean (2003). 9012:. iUniverse Inc. p. 358. 8299:Zimmer, Carl (9 August 2018). 7786:Responsible marine aquaculture 6154:VanBlaricom, Glenn R. (2001). 5908:; Shadwick, Robert E. (2015). 5581:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins 5060: 4493:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 3931:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3881:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011569 3797: 3610: 3544: 3520: 3370:'s Parker Manatee Aquarium in 3278:Whale and Dolphin Conservation 3171:exposure to methylmercury and 3162:. There are no known cases of 3057:non-governmental organizations 2943:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2880:, and this mainly affects the 2628:after it collided with a ship 2431:Marine mammals were hunted by 2071:, followed by crustaceans and 1800: 1552:(walrus) split almost 28 mya. 1: 9579:"He's a captive of affection" 9460:: Maximum Press. p. 86. 9006:Kets de Vries, F. R. (2014). 8675:Braathen, Jonette N. (1998). 8103:10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00182-1 6778:"Predation on a white shark ( 6584:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada 6338: 6299: 5957:Goldbogen, Jeremy A. (2010). 4909:. San Diego: Academic Press. 3513: 2915: 2833:activities, construction and 2685:boats designed for whale and 2514:are harvested each year; and 2281: 1857:counter-current heat exchange 1251:), two genera and two species 1156:List of marine mammal species 196:degrade Arctic environments. 62:marine (saltwater) ecosystems 10943:Marine conservation activism 10928:Fisheries and climate change 8025:10.1016/0006-3207(81)90017-3 7883:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.12.009 7390:Baker, C. S.; Cipriano, F.; 7124:10.1371/journal.pone.0013255 7030:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.02.007 6544:10.1126/science.282.5388.473 5253:. CUP Archive. p. 111. 5214:"Distribution and Abundance" 4858:10.1371/journal.pone.0019653 4183:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 3677:10.1371/journal.pone.0019653 3230: 3061:marine conservation activism 2949:, which is delegated to the 2849:, the oil and gas industry, 2721:Habitat loss and degradation 2079:and warm-blooded prey (like 1604:or from the eastern part of 1459:, an early sirenian (40 mya) 1444: 1347:(sealions, walruses, seals) 337:Phylogeny of marine mammals 7: 10938:Human impact on marine life 10815:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 10051:Aquatic population dynamics 9603:Pitman, Craig (July 2008). 8849:. p. 3. Archived from 8436:(act). 2007. pp. 1–113 7898:Canadian Journal of Zoology 7464:Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). 6848:) Sharks by Killer Whales ( 6222:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 5653:Reidenberg, Joy S. (2007). 5418:Lockyer, Christina (1991). 4468:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.022 4030:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046 3554:Marine Mammals of the World 3452: 3405: 3244:Performing killer whale at 3179:deficits amongst children. 3005:, a Japanese whaling vessel 2924:Signatory countries of the 2610:Ocean traffic and fisheries 1855:, circulatory adjustments ( 1815:The labelled, anatomy of a 199: 10: 11044: 7467:Alaska: An American Colony 6382:Myoxocephalus quadricornis 5386:(2): 75–84. Archived from 5363:Pfeiffer, Carl J. (1997). 3409: 3326:Sea otters can do well in 3223: 3078: 3074: 2868:Two changes to the global 2863:acoustic deterrent devices 2724: 2679:North Atlantic right whale 2626:North Atlantic right whale 2613: 2400: 2380: 2285: 2146: 1959: 1954: 1894:(reduced heart rate), and 1804: 1573:and the modern sea otter, 1417:and marine carcasses, the 1153: 317:Balaenoptera acutorostrata 170:North Atlantic right whale 10969: 10908: 10780: 10716: 10678: 10625: 10616: 10605: 10554:Marine primary production 10506: 10502: 10489: 10448:List of marine ecoregions 10423: 10288: 10277: 9991: 9987: 9973: 9822:Kistler, John M. (2011). 8933:World Health Organization 8143:10.1017/S0030605307001524 6406:10.1007/s00300-007-0338-3 5935:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.007 5247:"The Migration of Whales" 4072:10.1017/s1464793105006743 3943:10.1007/s10914-005-4963-8 3212:, which is marketed as a 3190:World Health Organization 2485:North Pacific right whale 2433:coastal aboriginal humans 1938:Polar bears, otters, and 1292:(manatees), three species 1036: 1018: 1000: 993: 966: 945: 925: 905: 898: 888: 866: 846: 839: 829: 811: 804: 797: 779: 772: 765: 747: 740: 713: 680: 640: 622: 615: 595: 588: 578: 568: 561: 551: 496: 476: 456: 449: 426: 419: 399: 389: 371: 361: 351: 319:), a member of the order 273:), members of the family 194:effects of global warming 192:mammals, and the ongoing 10800:Coastal biogeomorphology 10795:Marine coastal ecosystem 9903:The Marine Mammal Center 9492:. CBC News. 3 April 2007 8390:Benson, Etienne (2010). 7754:10.1093/jmammal/82.3.623 7010:Progress in Oceanography 6949:Springer, A. M. (2003). 6380:) and Fourhorn sculpin ( 6339:Matthews, Downs (1993). 6300:Hemstock, Annie (1999). 5575:Cranford, T. W. (2000). 5179:Kenyon, Karl W. (1975). 3402:features seven of them. 3137:long-finned pilot whales 3107:For thousands of years, 2955:Marine Mammal Commission 2906:University of Pittsburgh 2727:Marine mammals and sonar 2510:, where several hundred 2389:, especially around the 2376:Interactions with humans 2130:feeding on the sea-floor 1640:Distribution and habitat 1631:In general, terrestrial 647:(toothed whales, except 10708:Paradox of the plankton 10519:Diel vertical migration 10413:Freshwater swamp forest 10131:GIS and aquatic science 9979:General components and 9369:World Animal Protection 9337:Selasetur Working Paper 8901:Hall, Kevin G. (2003). 8351:10.1126/science.aap7714 8005:Biological Conservation 7863:Biological Conservation 7709:10.1023/A:1008854816580 7594:. monachus-guardian.org 7555:Beckman, D. W. (2012). 7437:Harrison, John (2008). 6976:10.1073/pnas.1635156100 6866:10.1578/AM.31.1.2005.83 6644:Ecological Applications 6063:(Documentary). U.S.A.: 5249:. In Aidley, D. (ed.). 4971:10.1126/science.1165115 4656:10.1073/pnas.0914266107 4355:Eotheroides lambondrano 3736:10.1073/pnas.1101525108 3532:montereybayaquarium.org 3274:World Animal Protection 3265:as this is a welcoming 3016:environmental agreement 2999:are dragged aboard the 2995:An adult and sub-adult 2884:and other areas of the 2356:enabling the growth of 2215:pups (left) vs. Arctic 1669:around North and South 1614:Prince Charles Foreland 481:Trichechus senegalensis 10534:Large marine ecosystem 10226:Shoaling and schooling 9930:Museum of Paleontology 9636:Meller, Katie (2017). 9425:"Otters holding hands" 9101:White, Thomas (2007). 9042:"5 Forslag til tiltak" 8875:Harnell, Boyd (2007). 7979:10.1139/cjfas-53-5-943 7592:"Monk Seal Fact Files" 7061:10.1098/rstb.2008.0231 6780:Carcharodon carcharias 5485:10.1126/science.163485 5212:Stirling, Ian (1988). 5061:Whitehead, H. (2003). 4609:Acta Zoologica Fennica 4558:DeMaster, Douglas P.; 4525:Love, John A. (1992). 3857:Prorastomus sirenoides 3508:Marine mammal training 3428: 3390:in France, and in the 3302: 3272:Organizations such as 3249: 3194: 3104: 3081:Marine mammals as food 3006: 2929: 2853:, and military use of 2843:gastrointestinal tract 2744: 2741:U.S. Geological Survey 2632: 2539: 2518:, where quotas of 150 2473:Neomonachus tropicalis 2428: 2427:, Alaska, in the 1890s 2301: 2131: 2045: 1975: 1820: 1661: 1460: 1425:) which normally eats 465:(West Indian manatee) 271:Zalophus californianus 251:), a member of family 228:), a member of family 166:northern elephant seal 50: 34: 31:Megaptera novaeangliae 10953:Marine protected area 10880:Salt pannes and pools 10655:Marine larval ecology 10630:Census of Marine Life 10514:Deep scattering layer 10471:San Francisco Estuary 10436:Africa and Madagascar 10261:Underwater camouflage 10041:Aquatic biomonitoring 9981:freshwater ecosystems 9792:Eglan, Jared (2015). 9378:on September 30, 2018 9339:(107). Archived from 9295:Nowak, R. M. (2003). 8853:on September 27, 2009 8819:on September 13, 2014 8556:Ora, Nilufer (2013). 7958:Hutchins, J. (1996). 7925:Marine Mammal Science 7631:: e.T22823A14871490. 6793:Marine Mammal Science 6782:) by a killer whale ( 6195:Marine Mammal Science 6123:. BBC. Archived from 5846:Nature Communications 5659:The Anatomical Record 5618:The Anatomical Record 5371:Delphinapterus leucas 5293:Lee, Jane J. (2015). 3810:The Anatomical Record 3423: 3300: 3243: 3181: 3096: 2994: 2947:Secretary of Commerce 2923: 2890:global climate change 2874:ultraviolet radiation 2827:Underwater explosions 2762:, blasting, dumping, 2738: 2725:Further information: 2623: 2614:Further information: 2588:population bottleneck 2537: 2481:Balaenoptera musculus 2418: 2391:Antarctic Polar Front 2299: 2262:, rays, sharks (even 2243:evolutionary pressure 2147:Further information: 2135:exists they will eat 2125: 2040: 1967: 1814: 1805:Further information: 1647: 1452: 1419:North Ronaldsay sheep 296:), a member of order 174:critically endangered 40: 24: 10688:Marine bacteriophage 10650:Marine invertebrates 9583:St. Petersburg Times 9511:Kruuk, Hans (2006). 9458:Gulf Breeze, Florida 9196:. Psychology Press. 9194:Animal Ethics Reader 9136:Rose, N. A. (2011). 8596:on 12 September 2019 8044:Journal of Mammalogy 8038:Harwood, J. (2001). 7836:10.1890/ES13-00004.1 7742:Journal of Mammalogy 7691:Hall, M. A. (1998). 7502:Riedman, M. (1990). 7339:"History of Whaling" 5906:Pyenson, Nicholas D. 5369:) and beluga whale ( 5342:: e.T22103A9356917. 5024:Riedman, M. (1990). 4690:Conservation Biology 4379:10.1671/039.029.0417 3804:Uhen, M. D. (2007). 3368:South Florida Museum 2982:Wadden Sea Agreement 2083:). Most species are 1908:anaerobic glycolysis 1338:(bears), one species 968:all other mustelids 267:California sea lions 10564:Ocean fertilization 10373:Trophic state index 10331:Lake stratification 10061:Aquatic respiration 9664:Zoologischer Garten 8813:National Geographic 8709:on 21 December 2016 8343:2018Sci...361..591M 8227:2008GMS...180..213A 8017:1981BCons..20..311B 7937:1999MMamS..15..906M 7875:2004BCons.117..299C 7445:on 10 February 2013 7408:1996MolEc...5..671B 7258:2007MarEc..28..219F 7181:2014FrEE...12..377R 7115:2010PLoSO...513255R 7055:(1524): 1647–1658. 7022:2006PrOce..68..329D 6967:2003PNAS..10012223S 6961:(21): 12223–12228. 6805:1999MMamS..15..563P 6656:2016EcoAp..26.1302L 6536:1998Sci...282..473E 6398:2007PoBio..30.1625D 5975:10.1511/2010.83.124 5926:2015CBio...25.R360V 5858:2015NatCo...6.8285S 5477:1975Sci...187..613H 5299:National Geographic 4963:2008Sci...322..225S 4849:2011PLoSO...619653K 4810:10.1017/pab.2017.37 4802:2018Pbio...44..237V 4749:2007Natur.446..250M 4731:Marris, E. (2007). 4647:2010PNAS..107.5053L 4422:10.1038/nature07985 4414:2009Natur.458.1021R 4371:2009JVPal..29.1233S 4276:2001Natur.413..625D 4174:2009PLoSO...4.7062S 3873:1994JVPal..14..427S 3727:2011PNAS..10813600P 3721:(33): 13600–13605. 3668:2011PLoSO...619653K 3262:Bottlenose dolphins 2945:(Service), and the 2886:Southern Hemisphere 2859:Acoustic harassment 2748:Habitat degradation 2597:Polar bears can be 2512:common minke whales 2469:Caribbean monk seal 2117:Erignathus barbatus 2012:bottlenose dolphins 1383:greater bulldog bat 499:Trichechus inunguis 290:West Indian manatee 182:Habitat degradation 158:Caribbean monk seal 120:activities such as 10830:Intertidal wetland 10825:Intertidal ecology 10693:Marine prokaryotes 10635:Deep-sea community 10529:Iron fertilization 10452:Specific examples 10378:Upland and lowland 10296:Freshwater biology 10161:Microbial food web 10071:Aquatic toxicology 10014:Aquatic adaptation 9967:Aquatic ecosystems 9891:online book review 9865:(Third ed.). 9683:Trichechus manatus 8622:on 8 December 2016 8305:The New York Times 8178:10.14430/arctic935 7859:Tursiops truncatus 7659:on 4 November 2016 6844:) and Hammerhead ( 6499:Trichechus manatus 6464:Fauna of Australia 6378:Salvelinus alpinus 6022:10.1242/jeb.048157 5963:American Scientist 5866:10.1038/ncomms9285 5367:Tursiops truncatus 5328:Trichechus manatus 4599:Kurtén, B (1964). 3467:Marine life portal 3429: 3388:ZooParc de Beauval 3372:Bradenton, Florida 3348:Vancouver Aquarium 3303: 3250: 3246:SeaWorld San Diego 3226:Marine mammal park 3177:neuropsychological 3105: 3007: 2930: 2745: 2675:recreational boats 2646:cause the highest 2642:. Fixed and drift 2633: 2540: 2526:per year are set. 2489:Eubalaena japonica 2465:Zalophus japonicus 2449:Hydrodamalis gigas 2429: 2421:northern fur seals 2407:History of whaling 2338:hydrothermal vents 2302: 2213:Antarctic fur seal 2132: 2090:hunt cooperatively 2046: 2016:great white sharks 1978:All cetaceans are 1976: 1839:; tail flukes and 1821: 1807:Aquatic locomotion 1667:primary production 1662: 1570:Enhydra macrodonta 1548:(eared seals) and 1461: 1387:Noctilio leporinus 485:(African manatee) 461:Trichechus manatus 313:common minke whale 294:Trichechus manatus 141:aboriginal peoples 51: 35: 11015: 11014: 10996:Oceans portal 10965: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10840:Hydrothermal vent 10776: 10775: 10665:Seashore wildlife 10496:Marine ecosystems 10485: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10251:Thermal pollution 10216:Ramsar Convention 10156:Microbial ecology 10116:Fisheries science 10056:Aquatic predation 9885:Berta, Annalisa. 9835:978-1-59884-346-0 9805:978-1-329-51613-7 9769:The Straits Times 9742:978-1-336-12080-8 9546:Aronson, Claire. 9524:978-0-19-856586-4 9467:978-1-931644-91-4 9306:978-0-8018-7343-0 9273:978-1-57958-174-9 9203:978-0-415-27589-7 9169:. March 1, 2010. 9114:978-1-4051-5779-7 9019:978-1-4917-3034-8 8907:The Seattle Times 8788:on 30 August 2017 8688:978-92-893-0198-5 8569:978-90-04-25085-7 8403:978-0-8018-9710-8 8337:(6402): 591–594. 7795:978-0-85199-604-2 7568:978-0-7637-7350-2 7517:978-0-520-06497-3 7477:978-0-295-98249-6 7396:Molecular Ecology 6927:978-0-89658-545-4 6703:978-0-472-10100-9 6530:(5388): 473–476. 6473:978-0-644-06056-1 6440:978-0-521-88828-8 6392:(12): 1625–1628. 6350:978-0-8118-0204-8 6317:978-0-7368-0031-0 6231:978-0-7607-1969-5 6171:978-0-89658-562-1 6098:978-0-931397-14-1 6015:(Pt 1): 131–146. 5818:978-0-12-397002-2 5776:on 7 October 2006 5725:978-2-88032-936-5 5590:978-1-4612-7024-9 5550:978-0-226-50340-0 5471:(4177): 613–621. 5305:on April 16, 2015 5260:978-0-521-23274-6 5231:978-0-472-10100-9 5190:978-0-486-21346-0 5157:978-1-56294-418-6 5116:978-92-807-2130-0 5078:978-0-226-89518-5 5039:978-0-520-06497-3 4916:978-0-12-093225-2 4743:(7133): 250–253. 4568:Mammalian Species 4564:"Ursus Maritimus" 4536:978-1-55591-123-2 4503:978-0-0809-1993-5 4408:(7241): 1021–24. 4331:978-1-107-03581-2 4270:(6856): 625–627. 4234:(12): 1037–1049. 3915:978-0-07-302819-4 3782:978-0-12-383853-7 3564:978-92-5-103292-3 3392:Aquarium of Genoa 3267:facial expression 3164:mercury poisoning 3123:) taken from the 3111:have depended on 3020:international law 2896:due to increased 2804:endocrine systems 2624:The remains of a 2576:Treaty of Kyakhta 2550:to the south and 2461:Japanese sea lion 2445:Steller's sea cow 2425:Saint Paul Island 2354:hydrogen sulphide 2239:Larus hyperboreus 1618:mitochondrial DNA 1453:Illustration of † 1152: 1151: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1051: 977: 976: 877: 876: 868:all other ursids 726: 725: 702: 701: 693: 692: 669: 668: 660: 659: 537: 536: 528: 527: 519: 518: 510: 509: 154:Japanese sea lion 146:Steller's sea cow 47:Hydrurga leptonyx 11035: 11005: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10984: 10982:Lakes portal 10980: 10979: 10978: 10948:Marine pollution 10640:Deep-water coral 10623: 10622: 10611: 10544:Marine chemistry 10504: 10503: 10491: 10490: 10408:Freshwater marsh 10301:Freshwater biome 10283: 9999:Acoustic ecology 9989: 9988: 9975: 9974: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9937: 9936: 9880: 9848: 9847: 9819: 9810: 9809: 9789: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9711:on 7 August 2016 9701: 9695: 9694: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9613:. Archived from 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9404:on June 19, 2009 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9362: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9334: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9259: 9250: 9249: 9231: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9075: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9048:on 16 April 2008 9038: 9032: 9031: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8929: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8838: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8815:. Archived from 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8784:. Archived from 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8655: 8648: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8553: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8487: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8455: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8427: 8416: 8415: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8253: 8247:. Archived from 8220: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8180:. Archived from 8163: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8096: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8059: 8035: 8029: 8028: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7982: 7964: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7904:(7): 1243–1250. 7893: 7887: 7886: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7781: 7766: 7765: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7688: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7552: 7546: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7509: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7365:"Modern Whaling" 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7296: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7191:. Archived from 7160: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7146: 7136: 7126: 7094: 7083: 7082: 7072: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7016:(2–4): 329–342. 7005: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6978: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6842:Alopias vulpinus 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6815:. Archived from 6790: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6687: 6676: 6675: 6650:(5): 1302–1320. 6638: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6297: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6266:on 16 June 2008. 6250: 6244: 6243: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6151: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6084: 6078: 6077:Nickerson, p. 21 6075: 6069: 6068: 6056: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5887: 5877: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5717: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5674: 5672:10.1002/ar.20541 5650: 5644: 5643: 5633: 5631:10.1002/ar.20528 5609: 5603: 5602: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5542: 5532: 5513: 5512: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5428: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5377: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5301:. Archived from 5290: 5284: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5251:Animal Migration 5242: 5236: 5235: 5223: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5108: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5031: 5021: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4957:(5899): 225–30. 4948: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4902: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4760: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4658: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4365:(4): 1233–1243. 4350: 4344: 4343: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4284:10.1038/35098072 4259: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4185: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4129: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3988: 3970: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3937:(1–2): 145–160. 3926: 3920: 3919: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3825: 3823:10.1002/ar.20545 3801: 3795: 3794: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3738: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3689: 3679: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3524: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3416:Military dolphin 3352:anthropomorphism 3340:Seattle Aquarium 3192: 3145:Taiji (in Japan) 2910:organophosphates 2687:dolphin watching 2616:Cetacean bycatch 2599:hunted for sport 2584:Guadalupe Island 2556:local extinction 2457:Neogale macrodon 2358:chemoautotrophic 2276:Steller sea lion 2206: 2197: 2149:Keystone species 2143:Keystone species 1896:vasoconstriction 1845:thermoregulation 1700:on to sandy and 1626:species concepts 1583:Aleutian Islands 1043:(earless seals) 996: 995: 951:Neogale macrodon 901: 900: 891: 890: 842: 841: 832: 831: 807: 806: 800: 799: 775: 774: 768: 767: 743: 742: 629:(baleen whales) 618: 617: 591: 590: 581: 580: 571: 570: 564: 563: 554: 553: 452: 451: 422: 421: 392: 391: 364: 363: 354: 353: 344: 343: 334: 333: 308: 285: 263: 240: 217: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11011: 10988: 10987: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10957: 10918:Coral bleaching 10904: 10885:Seagrass meadow 10782:Marine habitats 10772: 10746:Coral reef fish 10712: 10698:Marine protists 10674: 10612: 10603: 10574:Ocean turbidity 10549:Marine food web 10498: 10477: 10419: 10358:River ecosystem 10311:Freshwater fish 10284: 10275: 10081:Bioluminescence 10066:Aquatic science 9983: 9969: 9964: 9899: 9877: 9857: 9855:Further reading 9852: 9851: 9836: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9790: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9743: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9679: 9675: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9642:Washington Post 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9610:Tampa Bay Times 9601: 9597: 9587: 9585: 9575: 9571: 9561: 9559: 9558:on 28 June 2015 9544: 9540: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9468: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9307: 9293: 9289: 9274: 9260: 9253: 9246:10.1002/jtr.599 9229: 9223: 9219: 9204: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9115: 9099: 9095: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9020: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8959: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8930: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8881:The Japan Times 8873: 8866: 8856: 8854: 8839: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8805: 8801: 8791: 8789: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8734: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8712: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8656:on 7 April 2014 8653: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8554: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8467: 8465: 8457: 8456: 8449: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8419: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8322: 8318: 8309: 8307: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8235:10.1029/180GM14 8218: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8161: 8155: 8151: 8122: 8118: 8094:10.1.1.319.3101 8077: 8073: 8036: 8032: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7921: 7917: 7910:10.1139/z00-060 7894: 7890: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7815: 7811: 7796: 7782: 7769: 7738: 7731: 7721: 7689: 7685: 7676: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7617:Ursus maritimus 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7569: 7553: 7549: 7537: 7533: 7518: 7500: 7493: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7435: 7431: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7297: 7282: 7272: 7237: 7233: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7198: 7196: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7095: 7086: 7041: 7037: 7006: 7002: 6947: 6943: 6928: 6914: 6910: 6894:10.1.1.573.6671 6877: 6873: 6854:Aquatic Mammals 6846:Sphyrna zygaena 6838: 6834: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6788: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6755: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6704: 6688: 6679: 6664:10.1890/15-1256 6639: 6632: 6622: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6520: 6516: 6493: 6489: 6474: 6460: 6456: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6374:Ursus maritimus 6370: 6366: 6351: 6337: 6333: 6318: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6232: 6218: 6214: 6191: 6187: 6172: 6152: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6099: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6058: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5955: 5951: 5914:Current Biology 5902: 5898: 5888: 5838: 5834: 5819: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5741: 5726: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5651: 5647: 5610: 5606: 5591: 5573: 5566: 5551: 5533: 5516: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5426: 5422:Physeter cation 5416: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5380:Aquatic Mammals 5375: 5361: 5357: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5210: 5206: 5191: 5177: 5173: 5158: 5136: 5132: 5117: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5079: 5059: 5055: 5040: 5022: 5009: 4999: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4917: 4903: 4884: 4829: 4825: 4786: 4782: 4758:10.1038/446250a 4729: 4725: 4686: 4682: 4641:(11): 5053–57. 4627: 4620: 4603:Ursus maritimus 4597: 4593: 4577:10.2307/3503828 4556: 4552: 4537: 4523: 4519: 4504: 4487: 4483: 4452: 4445: 4398: 4394: 4351: 4347: 4332: 4314: 4307: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3853: 3846: 3836: 3802: 3798: 3783: 3769: 3762: 3707: 3703: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3589: 3580: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3418: 3410:Main articles: 3408: 3287:anthropomorphic 3233: 3228: 3222: 3193: 3188: 3091: 3079:Main articles: 3077: 3059:participate in 3012:against whaling 2984:. In 1982, the 2918: 2878:ozone depletion 2822:Noise pollution 2796:organochlorides 2752:marine outfalls 2733: 2723: 2671:container ships 2618: 2612: 2568:Russian America 2493:sexual maturity 2413: 2399: 2383: 2378: 2318:Whales defecate 2310:biological pump 2294: 2286:Main articles: 2284: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2167:cascade effects 2151: 2145: 2020:suction feeding 1962: 1957: 1931:to filter feed 1809: 1803: 1693:is of concern. 1642: 1529:Puijila darwini 1447: 1391:fish-eating bat 1197:Balaenopteridae 1163:Cetartiodactyla 1158: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1053: 978: 934:(marine otter) 878: 851:Ursus maritimus 727: 703: 694: 670: 661: 575:Cetartiodactyla 538: 529: 520: 511: 332: 327: 326: 325: 324: 323: 321:Cetartiodactyla 309: 301: 300: 286: 278: 277: 264: 256: 255: 241: 233: 232: 226:Ursus maritimus 218: 209: 208: 202: 186:Noise pollution 17: 12: 11: 5: 11041: 11031: 11030: 11028:Marine mammals 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 10999: 10985: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10736:Saltwater fish 10733: 10731:Marine reptile 10728: 10722: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10703:Marine viruses 10700: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10682: 10680:Microorganisms 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10670:Wild fisheries 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10584:Thorson's rule 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10539:Marine biology 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10510: 10508: 10500: 10499: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10450: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10398:Brackish marsh 10395: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10326:Lake ecosystem 10323: 10318: 10316:Hyporheic zone 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10166:Microbial loop 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10111:Eutrophication 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10091:Cascade effect 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10019:Aquatic animal 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9985: 9984: 9971: 9970: 9963: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9898: 9897:External links 9895: 9894: 9893: 9882: 9881: 9875: 9867:Academic Press 9856: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9834: 9811: 9804: 9781: 9756: 9741: 9722: 9696: 9673: 9654: 9628: 9617:on 6 June 2014 9595: 9569: 9538: 9523: 9503: 9481: 9466: 9442: 9415: 9389: 9349: 9346:on 2016-09-15. 9320: 9305: 9287: 9272: 9251: 9240:(2): 131–146. 9217: 9202: 9184: 9154: 9128: 9113: 9093: 9059: 9033: 9018: 8998: 8972: 8969:(in Japanese). 8953: 8919: 8893: 8864: 8830: 8799: 8768: 8742: 8720: 8694: 8687: 8667: 8633: 8607: 8575: 8568: 8543: 8521: 8499: 8474: 8447: 8417: 8402: 8382: 8316: 8291: 8275:|journal= 8243: 8204: 8172:(3): 294–306. 8149: 8116: 8071: 8050:(3): 630–640. 8030: 8011:(4): 311–321. 7991: 7973:(5): 943–962. 7950: 7931:(3): 906–911. 7915: 7888: 7869:(3): 299–307. 7861:) behaviour". 7849: 7809: 7794: 7767: 7748:(3): 623–629. 7729: 7683: 7670: 7644: 7605: 7582: 7567: 7547: 7531: 7516: 7491: 7476: 7456: 7429: 7402:(5): 671–685. 7392:Palumbi, S. R. 7382: 7356: 7330: 7280: 7252:(1): 219–230. 7246:Marine Ecology 7231: 7205: 7189:10.1890/130220 7175:(7): 377–385. 7155: 7109:(10): e13255. 7084: 7035: 7000: 6941: 6926: 6908: 6871: 6832: 6799:(2): 563–568. 6768: 6765:on 2008-06-26. 6737: 6717: 6702: 6677: 6630: 6613:(3): 569–575. 6595: 6573: 6514: 6487: 6472: 6454: 6439: 6419: 6364: 6349: 6331: 6316: 6303:The Polar Bear 6289: 6269: 6254:"Arctic Bears" 6245: 6230: 6212: 6185: 6170: 6137: 6112: 6097: 6079: 6070: 6048: 6046:, pp. 806–813. 6036: 5995: 5969:(2): 124–131. 5949: 5920:(9): 360–361. 5896: 5832: 5817: 5799: 5787: 5754: 5752:, pp. 570–572. 5739: 5724: 5701: 5665:(6): 507–513. 5645: 5624:(6): 716–733. 5604: 5589: 5564: 5549: 5514: 5455: 5410: 5355: 5316: 5285: 5266: 5259: 5237: 5230: 5204: 5189: 5171: 5156: 5130: 5115: 5092: 5077: 5053: 5038: 5007: 4930: 4915: 4882: 4823: 4796:(2): 237–250. 4780: 4723: 4696:(2): 408–417. 4680: 4618: 4591: 4562:(8 May 1981). 4550: 4535: 4517: 4502: 4481: 4462:(2): 345–354. 4443: 4392: 4345: 4330: 4305: 4254: 4214: 4148: 4120:(5): 550–559. 4100: 4066:(3): 445–473. 4050: 4024:(3): 964–985. 4007: 3979:(3): 357–364. 3956: 3921: 3914: 3905:Marine Biology 3894: 3867:(3): 427–449. 3844: 3796: 3781: 3760: 3701: 3639: 3632: 3609: 3578: 3563: 3543: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3503:Aquatic animal 3499: 3498: 3484: 3481:Mammals portal 3470: 3454: 3451: 3407: 3404: 3394:in Italy. The 3360: 3359: 3324: 3323: 3295: 3294: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3224:Main article: 3221: 3218: 3186: 3141:chancho marino 3076: 3073: 2917: 2914: 2898:carbon dioxide 2894:global warming 2812:plastic debris 2766:construction, 2722: 2719: 2611: 2608: 2548:Columbia River 2398: 2395: 2387:data deficient 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2283: 2280: 2235:glaucous gulls 2231:Vulpes lagopus 2211: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2171:urchin barrens 2144: 2141: 2098:South American 1990:, followed by 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1802: 1799: 1795:Baja Peninsula 1791:Sea of Okhotsk 1650:toothed whales 1641: 1638: 1575:Enhydra lutris 1509:Protosirenidae 1481:hippopotamuses 1446: 1443: 1441:, and others. 1431:Eurasian otter 1403:Vulpes lagopus 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1365:), one species 1355: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303:), one species 1293: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1237: 1222: 1221:), one species 1211: 1210:), one species 1204:Eschrichtiidae 1200: 1193: 1186: 1154:Main article: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1007:(eared seals) 999: 994: 992: 984: 983: 980: 979: 975: 974: 971: 970: 965: 962: 961: 958: 957: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 910:Enhydra lutris 904: 899: 897: 889: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 845: 840: 838: 830: 828: 822: 821: 818: 817: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 790: 789: 786: 785: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 758: 757: 754: 753: 746: 741: 739: 733: 732: 729: 728: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716:Perissodactyla 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 700: 699: 696: 695: 691: 690: 687: 686: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 667: 666: 663: 662: 658: 657: 654: 653: 649:river dolphins 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 621: 616: 614: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598:Hippopotamidae 594: 589: 587: 579: 577: 569: 567: 562: 560: 552: 550: 548:Laurasiatheria 544: 543: 540: 539: 535: 534: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 521: 517: 516: 513: 512: 508: 507: 504: 503: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 455: 450: 448: 440: 439: 436: 435: 425: 420: 418: 410: 409: 406: 405: 398: 390: 388: 382: 381: 378: 377: 370: 362: 360: 352: 350: 342: 339: 338: 331: 328: 310: 303: 302: 287: 280: 279: 265: 258: 257: 249:Enhydra lutris 242: 235: 234: 219: 212: 211: 210: 206: 205: 204: 203: 201: 198: 54:Marine mammals 27:humpback whale 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11040: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11008: 11000: 10997: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10890:Sponge ground 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10855:Marine biomes 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10756:Demersal fish 10754: 10752: 10751:Deep-sea fish 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10726:Marine mammal 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10610: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10287: 10282: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Trophic level 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10221:Sediment trap 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Phytoplankton 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10046:Aquatic plant 10044: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10009:Anoxic waters 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9961: 9956: 9954: 9949: 9947: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9907: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9876:9780128043271 9872: 9868: 9864: 9859: 9858: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9818: 9816: 9807: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9788: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9692: 9689:(in German). 9688: 9684: 9677: 9669: 9666:(in German). 9665: 9658: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9599: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9557: 9553: 9552:bradenton.com 9549: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9515: 9507: 9491: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9446: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9359: 9353: 9342: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9256: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9097: 9083:on 2020-08-03 9079: 9072: 9071: 9063: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9002: 8987:on 2013-05-30 8986: 8982: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8869: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8835: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8787: 8783: 8782:The Ecologist 8779: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8730: 8724: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8690: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8671: 8652: 8645: 8644: 8637: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8571: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8531: 8525: 8509: 8503: 8484: 8478: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8452: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8280: 8268: 8254:on 2017-02-22 8250: 8246: 8244:9781118666470 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8217: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8187:on 2019-09-28 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8087:(1–3): 5–19. 8086: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7987: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7845: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7734: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7674: 7658: 7654: 7653:"Overharvest" 7648: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7609: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7498: 7496: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7371:on 2011-07-22 7370: 7366: 7360: 7345:on 2009-06-21 7344: 7340: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7305:Mammal Review 7302: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7195:on 2020-02-11 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6918:Killer Whales 6912: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6881:Mammal Review 6875: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6822:on 2012-03-22 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6772: 6761: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6730: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6386:Polar Biology 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6294: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6127:on 2010-12-03 6126: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6045: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5423: 5414: 5406: 5393:on 2014-04-26 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142:The Sea Otter 5134: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4843:(5): e19653. 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560:Stirling, Ian 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3859:Owen, 1855". 3858: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3816:(6): 514–22. 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662:(5): e19653. 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3633:9780763783440 3629: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3495:Oceans portal 3490: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384:Nuremberg Zoo 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3299: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254:dolphinariums 3247: 3242: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3160:methylmercury 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:Faroe Islands 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3102:Faroe Islands 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2938:Richard Nixon 2935: 2927: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:oceanographic 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2768:hydroelectric 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739:Map from the 2737: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564:Canton System 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2324:feed off it. 2323: 2322:phytoplankton 2319: 2315: 2314:Gulf of Maine 2311: 2307: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2062:Marine otters 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Killer whales 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1929:baleen plates 1927:have evolved 1926: 1925:baleen whales 1920: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1906:that support 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:physiological 1818: 1813: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1755:barrier reefs 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1738:oil platforms 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1656:(n = 14), D) 1655: 1654:baleen whales 1652:(n = 69), C) 1651: 1646: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616:in 2004. The 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:early Miocene 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505:Prorastomidae 1502: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Myotis vivesi 1392: 1388: 1384: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1331:, two species 1330: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190:Cetotheriidae 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005: 998: 997: 991: 990: 986: 985: 982: 981: 973: 972: 969: 964: 963: 960: 959: 956: 954: 953: 952: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 933: 932: 931: 930:Lontra felina 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 913: 912: 911: 903: 902: 896: 893: 892: 886: 885: 882: 881: 873: 872: 869: 864: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855:(polar bear) 854: 853: 852: 844: 843: 837: 834: 833: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 809: 808: 802: 801: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 777: 776: 770: 769: 763: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 745: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 722: 721: 718: 717: 711: 710: 707: 706: 698: 697: 689: 688: 685: 684: 678: 677: 674: 673: 665: 664: 656: 655: 652: 650: 646: 645: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 628: 627: 620: 619: 613: 612: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 593: 592: 586: 583: 582: 576: 573: 572: 566: 565: 559: 556: 555: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 533: 532: 524: 523: 515: 514: 506: 505: 502: 500: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 484: 483: 482: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 464: 463: 462: 454: 453: 447: 446: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 432: 431: 424: 423: 417: 416: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 397: 394: 393: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 369: 366: 365: 359: 356: 355: 349: 346: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 322: 318: 314: 307: 299: 295: 291: 284: 276: 272: 268: 262: 254: 250: 246: 239: 231: 227: 223: 216: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60:that rely on 59: 55: 48: 44: 39: 32: 28: 23: 19: 10910:Conservation 10761:Pelagic fish 10741:Coastal fish 10725: 10645:Marine fungi 10383:Water garden 10266:Water column 10211:Productivity 10186:Pelagic zone 10146:Macrobenthos 10136:Hydrobiology 10106:Ecohydrology 9929: 9886: 9862: 9824: 9794: 9772:. Retrieved 9768: 9759: 9731: 9725: 9713:. Retrieved 9709:the original 9699: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9645:. Retrieved 9641: 9631: 9619:. Retrieved 9615:the original 9608: 9598: 9586:. Retrieved 9582: 9572: 9560:. Retrieved 9556:the original 9551: 9541: 9513: 9506: 9494:. Retrieved 9484: 9452: 9445: 9433:. Retrieved 9418: 9406:. Retrieved 9402:the original 9392: 9380:. Retrieved 9373:the original 9352: 9341:the original 9336: 9323: 9296: 9290: 9263: 9237: 9233: 9220: 9193: 9187: 9175:. Retrieved 9166: 9157: 9145:. Retrieved 9131: 9103: 9096: 9085:. Retrieved 9078:the original 9069: 9062: 9050:. Retrieved 9046:the original 9036: 9008: 9001: 8989:. Retrieved 8985:the original 8975: 8966: 8956: 8944:. Retrieved 8942:. p. 36 8910:. Retrieved 8906: 8896: 8884:. Retrieved 8880: 8855:. Retrieved 8851:the original 8846: 8821:. Retrieved 8817:the original 8812: 8802: 8790:. Retrieved 8786:the original 8781: 8771: 8759:. Retrieved 8754: 8745: 8733:. Retrieved 8723: 8711:. 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Retrieved 5771:the original 5757: 5711: 5704: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5580: 5538: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5413: 5395:. Retrieved 5388:the original 5383: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5307:. Retrieved 5303:the original 5298: 5288: 5250: 5240: 5219: 5207: 5180: 5174: 5141: 5133: 5102: 5095: 5063: 5056: 5027: 4954: 4950: 4906: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4793: 4790:Paleobiology 4789: 4783: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4638: 4634: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4570:(145): 1–7. 4567: 4553: 4526: 4520: 4492: 4484: 4459: 4455: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4321: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4168:(9): e7062. 4165: 4161: 4151: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3976: 3972: 3959: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3904: 3897: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3772: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3659: 3655: 3619: 3612: 3600:. Retrieved 3553: 3546: 3535:. Retrieved 3531: 3522: 3442: 3430: 3396:River Safari 3361: 3325: 3312: 3304: 3271: 3251: 3220:In captivity 3195: 3182: 3157: 3140: 3106: 3054: 3035: 3028: 3008: 3002:Nisshin Maru 3000: 2963: 2959: 2953:(NOAA). The 2931: 2903: 2867: 2861:devices and 2820: 2784:heavy metals 2775:Contaminants 2773: 2746: 2707: 2691: 2668: 2634: 2596: 2580: 2566:. Furs from 2541: 2524:minke whales 2497: 2488: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2430: 2419:Men killing 2411:Seal hunting 2397:Exploitation 2384: 2326: 2303: 2264:white sharks 2256: 2238: 2230: 2227:Arctic foxes 2224: 2152: 2133: 2116: 2109:Pusa hispida 2108: 2102: 2066: 2047: 2032: 1977: 1969:Killer whale 1937: 1921: 1916:echolocation 1912: 1864:blood vessel 1861: 1847:using dense 1822: 1763: 1751:kelp forests 1706:rocky shores 1695: 1687:Indian Ocean 1663: 1630: 1598:Ursus arctos 1597: 1591: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1541: 1536:deposits in 1527: 1517: 1498: 1488: 1485: 1477:Artiodactyla 1474: 1462: 1454: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1402: 1394: 1386: 1379: 1290:Trichechidae 1241:Monodontidae 1215:Physeteridae 1169:Whippomorpha 1038: 1037: 1020: 1019: 1002: 1001: 987: 967: 949: 947: 946: 928: 927: 926: 914:(sea otter) 908: 907: 906: 867: 849: 848: 847: 812: 780: 748: 714: 681: 642: 641: 624: 623: 609: 596: 585:Whippomorpha 497: 479: 478: 477: 459: 458: 457: 445:Trichechidae 443: 428: 427: 413: 402:Elephantidae 400: 372: 316: 293: 270: 248: 225: 190:echolocating 138: 118: 53: 52: 46: 43:leopard seal 30: 18: 10895:Sponge reef 10870:Rocky shore 10865:Oyster reef 10835:Kelp forest 10718:Vertebrates 10618:Marine life 10594:Viral shunt 10559:Marine snow 10461:Maharashtra 10368:Stream pool 10271:Zooplankton 10191:Photic zone 10151:Meiobenthos 10004:Algal bloom 9427:. YouTube. 9177:6 September 9147:21 December 8847:Japan Times 8757:. July 2010 8735:28 November 8731:. MarineBio 8713:31 December 8660:28 November 8626:28 November 8600:7 September 8536:7 September 8514:7 September 8492:7 September 8001:Lutra lutra 7663:31 December 7543:pp. 585–588 7539:Perrin 2009 7439:"Fur trade" 6693:Polar Bears 6588:29 November 6121:"Sea otter" 6044:Perrin 2009 5750:Perrin 2009 5277:Perrin 2009 5220:Polar Bears 3528:"Sea otter" 3438:Vietnam War 3153:drive hunts 3098:Pilot whale 3050:hibernation 3046:icebreakers 3018:(a type of 2997:Minke whale 2839:geophysical 2794:, but also 2699:competition 2694:fish stocks 2664:aquaculture 2477:blue whales 2467:), and the 2350:polychaetes 2272:harbor seal 2219:pup (right) 2159:sea urchins 2077:zooplankton 2075:, and then 2069:cephalopods 1992:crustaceans 1988:cephalopods 1980:carnivorous 1973:Weddel seal 1892:bradycardia 1841:dorsal fins 1801:Adaptations 1742:sperm whale 1602:Pleistocene 1594:brown bears 1585:, mainland 1490:Prorastomus 1456:Prorastomus 1435:Lutra lutra 1411:Canis lupus 1283:(sea cows) 1270:Phocoenidae 1263:Delphinidae 1219:sperm whale 1025:(walruses) 955:(sea mink) 396:Proboscidea 386:Tethytheria 374:Procaviidae 134:zooplankton 114:polar bears 10875:Salt marsh 10810:Coral reef 10599:Whale fall 10579:Photophore 10456:Everglades 10424:Ecoregions 10363:Stream bed 10336:Macrophyte 10289:Freshwater 10121:Food chain 10034:Water bird 9693:(1): 8–16. 9670:: 175–181. 9496:15 January 9087:2019-03-18 8468:2018-08-13 8310:2018-08-13 8258:2017-09-04 8191:2016-06-13 7228:: 311–354. 7199:2019-12-14 6826:2016-08-02 6341:Polar Bear 6259:PBS Nature 6162:22, 33, 69 6157:Sea Otters 6131:2007-12-31 5397:2014-04-25 5309:23 January 4527:Sea Otters 4228:BioScience 3537:2024-06-05 3514:References 3308:disneyfied 3256:, such as 3113:whale meat 3085:Whale meat 3065:Greenpeace 3031:Wadden Sea 2970:agreements 2916:Protection 2870:atmosphere 2786:, such as 2779:discharged 2660:starvation 2552:Cook Inlet 2520:fin whales 2500:moratorium 2483:) and the 2401:See also: 2370:sea snails 2334:cold seeps 2292:Whale fall 2288:Whale pump 2282:Whale pump 2252:camouflage 2179:ecosystems 2094:California 2085:generalist 2042:Sea otters 1971:hunting a 1876:hemoglobin 1833:locomotion 1829:anatomical 1787:gray whale 1767:Hudson Bay 1747:seagrasses 1718:tide pools 1558:Monachinae 1550:Odobenidae 1518:Pinnipeds 1513:Dugongidae 1423:Ovis aries 1399:arctic fox 1359:Odobenidae 1345:Pinnipedia 1329:Mustelidae 1323:Caniformia 1316:carnivores 1297:Dugongidae 1208:gray whale 1175:Balaenidae 1022:Odobenidae 989:Pinnipedia 895:Mustelidae 794:Caniformia 782:Feliformia 683:Ruminantia 644:Odontoceti 558:Euungulata 433:(dugongs) 430:Dugongidae 368:Hyracoidea 358:Afrotheria 253:Mustelidae 222:polar bear 162:gray whale 110:sea otters 10900:Tide pool 10805:Cold seep 10589:Upwelling 10353:Rheotaxis 10346:Fish pond 10321:Limnology 10246:Substrate 10231:Siltation 10101:Dead zone 9844:741119653 9751:934043451 9533:137241436 9476:656846644 9123:122974162 9028:881660311 8946:29 August 8440:20 August 8412:502874368 8359:0036-8075 8277:ignored ( 8267:cite book 8089:CiteSeerX 7823:Ecosphere 7804:228169018 7577:613421445 7311:: 37–62. 6889:CiteSeerX 6712:757032303 6619:0706-652X 6552:0036-8075 6511:: 95–104. 6449:773872519 6359:488971350 5827:905649783 5681:255630658 5599:840278009 5493:0036-8075 5443:0484-9019 4512:316226747 4340:850909221 3791:326418543 3400:Singapore 3366:, at the 3358:Sirenians 3332:aquariums 3328:captivity 3322:Sea otter 3293:Pinnipeds 3236:Cetaceans 3231:Aquariums 3206:Seal meat 3117:seal meat 3089:Seal meat 3036:The 1973 2964:The 1979 2882:Antarctic 2777:that are 2648:mortality 2644:gill nets 2640:fisheries 2630:propeller 2592:Black Sea 2560:Guangzhou 2544:fur trade 2441:Caribbean 2437:Greenland 2364:, clams, 2247:Antarctic 2217:harp seal 2184:estuaries 2081:sea birds 2024:gut flora 2004:bait ball 2000:pinnipeds 1984:predatory 1945:epidermis 1940:fur seals 1872:myoglobin 1771:James Bay 1759:drift ice 1722:sea caves 1714:mud flats 1704:beaches, 1683:Australia 1610:Kamchatka 1546:Otariidae 1500:Pezosiren 1495:Old World 1466:evolution 1445:Evolution 1407:gray wolf 1352:Otariidae 1343:Suborder 1321:Suborder 1312:Carnivora 1256:Ziphiidae 1167:Suborder 1004:Otariidae 826:Arctoidea 762:Carnivora 750:Pholidota 626:Mysticeti 275:Otariidae 245:sea otter 98:sirenians 90:sea lions 82:pinnipeds 78:porpoises 66:cetaceans 11022:Category 11007:Category 10933:HERMIONE 10850:Mangrove 10660:Seagrass 10206:Pleuston 10201:Plankton 10181:Particle 10126:Food web 9429:Archived 9315:51087217 9282:42213993 9212:51818774 9171:Archived 9167:CBS News 8935:(2008). 8857:June 18, 8755:BBC News 8377:30093596 7717:32946729 7703:: 1–34. 7526:19511610 7486:49225731 7424:83971988 7325:35737511 7143:20949007 7103:PLOS ONE 7079:19451116 6995:14526101 6936:46973039 6672:27755745 6606:(PDF). 6482:27492815 6414:31644963 6326:38862448 6240:48048972 6180:46393741 6107:13760343 6031:21147977 5983:27859477 5944:25942546 5884:26393325 5852:: 8285. 5734:24110680 5689:17516440 5640:17516434 5559:42309843 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4745:Bibcode 4710:2387511 4666:2841953 4643:Bibcode 4615:: 1–30. 4605:Phipps" 4586:3503828 4438:4371413 4410:Bibcode 4367:Bibcode 4272:Bibcode 4193:2740860 4170:Bibcode 4136:9159933 3995:8015431 3889:4523580 3869:Bibcode 3746:3158205 3723:Bibcode 3687:3100303 3664:Bibcode 3602:25 June 3446:muzzles 3344:YouTube 3202:Nunavut 3149:harpoon 3125:bowhead 3075:As food 3052:sites. 2876:due to 2788:mercury 2714:finfish 2710:harvest 2703:culling 2683:Tourism 2572:Kyakhta 2516:Iceland 2403:Whaling 2381:Threats 2366:limpets 2362:mussels 2346:hagfish 2330:neritic 2268:whaling 2175:Big Sur 2155:benthic 2113:bearded 2028:remnant 1960:Dietary 1955:Ecology 1900:hypoxia 1884:muscles 1853:blubber 1817:dolphin 1793:to the 1783:El Niño 1775:Chukchi 1730:jetties 1720:and in 1671:America 1633:amniote 1606:Siberia 1565:Enhydra 1554:Phocids 1542:Puijila 1538:Nunavut 1427:seaweed 1397:), the 1389:), the 1368:Family 1357:Family 1350:Family 1336:Ursidae 1334:Family 1327:Family 1301:dugongs 1295:Family 1288:Family 1281:Sirenia 1268:Family 1261:Family 1254:Family 1245:narwhal 1239:Family 1224:Family 1213:Family 1202:Family 1195:Family 1188:Family 1183:bowhead 1173:Family 836:Ursidae 814:Canidae 611:Cetacea 415:Sirenia 298:Sirenia 230:Ursidae 178:bycatch 130:molting 106:dugongs 58:mammals 10845:Lagoon 10171:Nekton 10029:Mammal 10024:Insect 9873: 9842: 9832: 9802: 9749: 9739: 9531: 9521: 9474: 9464: 9313: 9303: 9280: 9270: 9210: 9200: 9121: 9111: 9026: 9016: 8685: 8566: 8488:. 1979 8463:Quartz 8410: 8400: 8375: 8365: 8357: 8241: 8166:Arctic 8136:: 19. 8109: 8091: 8064: 7802: 7792: 7760: 7715: 7575: 7565: 7524: 7514: 7484: 7474: 7422: 7323: 7141: 7131: 7077: 7067: 6993: 6986:218740 6983: 6934: 6924: 6891: 6710: 6700: 6670: 6617: 6566: 6558: 6550: 6480: 6470: 6447: 6437: 6412: 6357: 6347: 6324: 6314: 6238: 6228: 6178: 6168: 6105: 6095: 6029: 5981: 5942: 5882: 5872: 5825: 5815: 5732: 5722: 5687: 5679: 5638: 5597: 5587: 5557: 5547: 5507: 5501:163485 5499: 5491: 5441: 5281:p. 360 5257: 5228: 5197: 5187: 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