55:
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number of basic science research that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities.
475:
622:
which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have the potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future.
781:
It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The
776:
A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of
621:
Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for
580:
In addition to innovations, basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value. The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts. Through learning about the environment, conservation efforts can be strengthened using
733:
In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by the federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes. As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important.
777:
truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon the originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter.
1335:(11):1255–58, abstract: "Thoughtful changes in education provide the opportunity to improve understanding of fundamental sciences, the process of scientific inquiry, and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice".
581:
research as a basis. Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well, as seen with examples such as kingfishers' beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet trains in Japan.
592:
Despite smart people working on this problem for 50 years, we're still discovering surprisingly basic things about the earliest history of our world. It's quite humbling.
799:(science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other, although they may differ in the specifics such as methods and standards.
1484:
J N Clarke; S Arnold; M Everest & K Whitfield (Jan 2007). "The paradoxical reliance on allopathic medicine and positivist science among skeptical audiences".
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Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in
930:
903:
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John V Pickstone & Michael
Worboys (Mar 2011). "Focus: Between and beyond 'histories of science' and 'histories of medicine'—introduction".
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but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes
610:
that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be
1562:
P M Strong PM & K McPherson (1982). "Natural science and medicine: Social science and medicine: Some methodological controversies".
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1211:
2171:"Scientists and the marketplace of opinions: Scientific credibility takes on a different meaning when reaching out to the public"
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80:
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A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology. They can be grouped as
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772:. The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by the National Science Foundation.
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54:
85:
982:
Cook, Carly N.; Mascia, Michael B.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. (2013-04-10).
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via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes. Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in
900:
163:
2218:
1939:"The democratic fallacy in matters of clinical opinion: Implications for analysing cause-of-death data"
1815:"Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation: Restating the hypotheticodeductive model—part two"
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1712:(May 1983). "Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes: XI: Medicine seeks to be 'scientific'".
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Thomas
Marshall (Apr 1997). "Scientific knowledge in medicine: A new clinical epistemology?".
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95:
2120:"The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'"
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Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and
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1449:(Mar 1988). "Science in medicine: Too much or too little and too limited in scope?".
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2011:
2001:
1960:
1950:
1909:
1856:"New methodology in biomedical science: Methodological errors in classical science"
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1325:"Basic science right, not basic science lite: Medical education at a crossroad"
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141:
1610:
1263:"Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine"
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1519:
Eric
Holtzman (1981). "Science, philosophy, and society: Some recent books".
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2006:
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Lucien R Karhausen (2000). "Causation: The elusive grail of epidemiology".
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984:"Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary"
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1784:"Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking"
634:
1988:
M Brandon
Westover; Kenneth D Westover KD & Matt T Bianchi (2011).
1007:
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1048:"High Speed Train Inspired by the Kingfisher — Innovation — AskNature"
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436:
200:
1902:
Transactions of the
American Clinical and Climatological Association
1300:, "Science and the next fifty years", § "Applied vs basic science",
1073:"Why is the Earth Tilted? New Theory Offers Clues on a Dizzy Moment"
618:, or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common.
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573:. The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated
928:"ICSU position statement: The value of basic scientific research"
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41:
901:"Curiosity creates cures: The value and impact of basic research
1665:
1323:
Ruth-Marie E Fincher, Paul M Wallach & W Scott
Richardson,
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to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas
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2221:(Apr 2010). "Evidence: Philosophy of science meets medicine".
1131:"Billionaires with big ideas are privatizing American science"
310:
260:
2071:"Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence"
981:
789:(science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with
27:
Scientific discovery and improvement of scientific knowledge
250:
1990:"Significance testing as perverse probabilistic reasoning"
561:
natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by
1267:
Occasional Paper (Royal
College of General Practitioners)
814:
awards distinguish natural science from applied science.
295:
1561:
1373:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 146.
2039:
Alfredo
Morabia (2005). "Epidemiological causality".
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937:, International Council for Science, December 2004.
806:mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in
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557:or techniques, which can be used to intervene and
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1644:. Clio Medica. Vol. 48. pp. 108–32.
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1099:"Bell Labs kills fundamental physics research"
912:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
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683:The examples and perspective in this article
549:of natural or other phenomena. In contrast,
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2124:Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations
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2041:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
1936:
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2223:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1898:"Abe Flexner, where are you? We need you!"
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1749:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1212:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1166:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
764:uses portions of basic science to develop
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2005:
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721:Learn how and when to remove this message
1521:International Journal of Health Services
1512:
1403:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1392:
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30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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14:
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1071:Jacqueline Ronson (November 1, 2016).
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594:— Matija Ćuk, scientist at the
541:with the aim of improving scientific
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1599:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
1329:Journal of General Internal Medicine
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598:and lead researcher, November 2016
553:uses scientific theories to develop
2257:Medals, Awards & Prize lectures
1819:British Journal of General Practice
1399:"The trouble with medical journals"
1129:William J. Broad (March 15, 2014).
1111:from the original on 28 August 2008
24:
2269:
25:
2335:
2287:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
2075:Environmental Health Perspectives
1640:K Bayertz & P Nevers (1998).
1303:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
953:. Random House Publishing Group.
565:, basic research often fuels the
2292:Library of Economics and Liberty
2235:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01400.x
1761:10.1046/j.1365-2753.1997.00075.x
1726:10.1001/jama.1983.03330420025028
1160:Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000).
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2169:Georg W Kreutzberg (May 2005).
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1943:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
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1498:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.038
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2263:website, accessed 22 Sep 2013.
1097:Ganapati, Priya (2008-08-27).
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1564:Social Science & Medicine
1486:Social Science & Medicine
1351:. National Science Foundation
916:National Institutes of Health
883:. National Science Foundation
864:
665:
545:for better understanding and
1813:Kevork Hopayian (May 2004).
1576:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90454-3
1463:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90270-7
1451:American Journal of Medicine
1371:How Economics Shapes Science
738:Basic versus applied science
7:
1533:10.2190/l5eu-e7pc-hxg6-euml
1225:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
1178:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
817:
697:, discuss the issue on the
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10:
2340:
2278:"Research and Development"
1415:10.1177/014107680609900311
1397:Richard Smith (Mar 2006).
1162:"Limited scope of science"
741:
625:
281:Interdisciplinary sciences
29:
1346:"What is basic research?"
906:October 20, 2013, at the
878:"What is basic research?"
567:technological innovations
2187:10.1038/sj.embor.7400405
1788:Croatian Medical Journal
1261:James McCormick (2001).
770:research and development
575:research and development
336:Research and development
2276:Levy, David M. (2002).
1782:A Zalewski (Mar 1999).
1611:10.1023/A:1009970730507
1369:Stephan, Paula (2012).
1207:"The scientist's world"
849:Precautionary principle
812:Royal Society of London
2118:Andrew C Ward (2009).
2007:10.1186/1741-7015-9-20
1896:Ronald A Arky (2007).
1200:& "Technology" in
808:Physiology or Medicine
779:
748:Translational research
605:refuting or supporting
600:
243:Extrascientific fields
2137:10.1186/1742-5573-6-2
1956:10.1186/1742-7622-8-1
1642:Biology as technology
829:Hard and soft science
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589:
480:Philosophy portal
412:Science communication
256:Communication studies
1937:Peter Byass (2011).
1854:A Skurvydas (2005).
988:Conservation Biology
703:create a new article
695:improve this article
685:may not represent a
527:fundamental research
369:Scientific integrity
351:Vocational education
286:Knowledge management
176:Behavioural sciences
1000:2013ConBi..27..669C
824:Blue skies research
810:. In contrast, the
539:scientific research
18:Fundamental science
2282:David R. Henderson
1457:(3 Pt 1): 483–91.
1136:The New York Times
1008:10.1111/cobi.12050
933:2017-05-06 at the
645:. You can help by
465:Science portal
2261:The Royal Society
1380:978-0-674-04971-0
960:978-0-593-13324-8
947:Yong, Ed (2022).
839:Normative science
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705:, as appropriate.
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427:Scientific method
417:Science education
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341:Strategic studies
133:Scientific fields
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2290:(1st ed.).
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1082:October 18,
834:Metascience
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758:information
616:descriptive
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405:Instruments
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321:War studies
228:Engineering
1882:2015-03-08
1355:2014-05-31
1115:2008-08-28
1057:2022-11-29
969:1333131287
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