42:
267:
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from the OAU, 0.14% of the total amount donated by the body to different
African liberation movements at the time. The FLCS evolves in its demands between the request of integration in a possible "Great Somalia" or the simple independence of the territory. In 1975 FLCS approaches the African People's
258:
between 1 October and 21 November 1966. The first
Secretary General of the FLCS was Abdourrahman Ardeye, replaced in 1966 by a close collaborator of Harbi, Abdourrahaman Ahmed Hassan, known as "Gabode", who was succeeded 1966 after serving a two-year prison sentence, from the end of 1969, by
233:: officially, it was to fight against illegal Somali immigration; but it is also a tool for political control of populations supported by the French army - something that Pierre Messmer, Minister of the Armed Forces, deplored, and which constituted an argument for his opposition to
396:
from 28 March to 1 April 1977. Constituent
Assembly elections were held on 8 May 1977, and the People's Rally for Independence (Rassemblement Populaire pour Independence-RPI) won 65 out of 65 seats in the assembly. Some 99 percent of Djibouti voters favored independence from
290:
was renamed the French
Territory of the Afars and the Issas on 3 July 1967. Legislative elections were held on 17 November 1968, and the Afar Democratic Rally (Rassemblement Démocratique Afar–RDA) won 20 out of 32 seats in the assembly. FLCS began armed activities outside
212:
episodes of his
African tour, exclaimed: "The signs, which we were able to read, and the agitations of those who wore them, are certainly not enough to demonstrate the democratic will of the French territory here. It is possible that a day will come when, through
286:) in a referendum held on 19 March 1967. French government troops suppressed demonstrations in Djibouti City on 20 March 1967, resulting in the deaths of eleven individuals. Four individuals were killed by French government troops on 6 April 1967.
193:. In July 1966, anger grew and voices demanded independence. In August 1966, on the road to his world tour (made famous by the Phnom Penh speech then his “atomic” tour in the Pacific), de Gaulle made a stopover in
337:. In February 1976, the FLCS claims the hijacking of a school bus, which ends with the death of the hostage-takers and two children. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) sent a 15-member fact-finding mission (
241:
stands out as a fierce supporter of this wall, denounced as a “wall of shame” by the nationalists of the Front for the
Liberation of the Somali Coast. The French government deported some 6,000 ethnic Somalis to
250:
on 13–21 September 1966, resulting in the deaths of 21 individuals. On 21 September 1966, Governor-General Louis Saget announced the French government's decision to hold a referendum on the status of
425:. At independence of the territory on 27 June 1977, 2,000 to 2,500 FLCS militants are integrated into the new Djiboutian Armed Forces, but not those of the MLD despite the request of
310:. Eleven individuals were killed in political violence in Djibouti on 25–26 May 1975. In 1975 the Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis kidnapped the ambassador of France in
17:
225:
on 25–26 August 1966, resulting in the deaths of ten civilians and one government policeman. Twenty-seven individuals were arrested for their involvement in the
380:
was elected prime minister by the
Chamber of Deputies on 29 July 1976. Representatives of the French government and Djibouti nationalists held negotiations in
565:
456:
73:
469:
283:
295:
in 1968. In
January 1970 the Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis claimed an attack on the popular Palm in Zinc, a bar in
560:
555:
479:
372:
on 2 May 1976, resulting in the death of one individual. Thirteen individuals were killed in political violence in
41:
145:. The Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS) was recognized as a national liberation movement by the
146:
302:
Legislative elections were held on 18 November 1973. The
Majorité coalition, consisting mostly of ethnic
149:(OAU), which participated in its financing. FLCS was able to obtain support from Arab countries such as
388:
facilitated negotiations between representatives of the French government and
Djibouti nationalists in
177:. Its founding president was Adan Abdulle. Djibouti was a France strategic and military stronghold in
516:
After independence : making and protecting the nation in postcolonial & postcommunist states
226:
318:, Jean Guery, to be exchanged against two activists of FLCS members who was imprisoned in mainland
170:
137:) was a nationalist organization, and later a guerrilla group that fought for the independence of
401:
in a referendum held on 8 May 1977. On 27 June 1977, officially marking Djibouti's independence.
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means, the territory will express an opinion different from the one it has expressed until now.”
266:
377:
307:
89:
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League for the Independence and finally opts for independence path, causing tensions with
185:, remains jealously guarded within the French perimeter. It is the military stronghold of
8:
330:
260:
445:
475:
287:
251:
201:
68:
263:. Eighteen individuals were arrested for their involvement in the demonstrations.
412:
as a national liberation movement. In the 1971–1972 period, the FLCS received 1500
323:
173:. The Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS) was established in 1960 by
162:
413:
238:
234:
130:
122:
114:
174:
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and Arabs, favored remaining as an overseas territory of France (known as the
549:
296:
279:
255:
230:
222:
496:
Oil, power and politics : conflict in Arabia, the Red Sea and the Gulf
247:
246:
between August 1966 and March 1967. Djibouti nationalists demonstrated for
190:
84:
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Alwan, Daoud Aboubaker; Aboubaker, Daoud Alwan; Mibrathu, Yohanis (2000).
303:
275:
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The FLCS' military struggle was actively supported by the government of
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tried to regain control and, a bit like in August 1958 with the
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254:. Six individuals were killed by French government troops near
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The background of the FLCS can be traced back to the growing
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government policemen and Djiboutian nationalists clashed in
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385:
322:. In December 1975, it claimed a failed attack against
467:
189:, with its legionnaires and its air base, open to the
365:, Zaire) to the region from 29 April to 11 May 1976.
333:
called on the French government to withdraw from the
368:French government troops fired on demonstrators in
547:
408:. The group also received assistance from the
229:. A barbed wire barrier was built to surround
270:Joint FLCS-LPAI delegation to Kampala in 1976
111:Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast
566:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
522:: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2006. p. 117-118
74:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
119:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis
40:
35:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis
18:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis
274:Some 60 percent of voters, mostly ethnic
265:
284:French Territory of the Afars and Issas
14:
548:
510:
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127:Jabhadda Xoreynta Xeebta Soomaaliyeed
384:beginning on 28 February 1977. The
27:Guerrilla group in French Somaliland
505:
134:
24:
237:on the Djiboutian issue. However,
25:
577:
471:Historical Dictionary of Djibouti
539:: Matinus Nijhoff, 1981. p. 272
306:, won most of the seats in the
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13:
1:
514:Barrington, Lowell W. (ed.).
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147:Organization of African Unity
561:Military history of Djibouti
7:
10:
582:
531:Gonidec, Pierre François.
200:Speaking in the Assembly,
181:and at the gateway to the
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135:جبهة تحرير الساحل الصومالي
329:On 31 December 1975, the
96:
80:
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56:
48:
39:
34:
556:Rebel groups in Djibouti
171:decolonization of Africa
378:Abdallah Mohamed Kamil
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502:: Cass, 1974. p. 144
90:Unified armed forces
331:UN General Assembly
92:(post-independence)
272:
261:Aden Robleh Awaleh
87:(pre-independence)
494:Abir, Mordechai.
376:on 10 July 1976.
288:French Somaliland
252:French Somaliland
169:sentiments since
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69:French Somaliland
16:(Redirected from
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533:African Politics
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414:pounds sterling
239:Jacques Foccart
235:Jacques Foccart
165:and Djiboutian
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248:independence
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85:Paramilitary
60:27 June 1977
29:
179:East Africa
167:nationalist
76:(1967–1977)
71:(1960–1967)
550:Categories
457:Liberation
433:References
427:Ahmed Dini
351:Mozambique
278:with some
215:democratic
210:Senegalese
537:The Hague
520:Ann Arbor
446:La Nation
419:Mogadishu
312:Mogadishu
202:de Gaulle
57:Disbanded
52:1960–1977
374:Djibouti
370:Tadjoura
359:Tanzania
308:assembly
293:Djibouti
195:Djibouti
139:Djibouti
423:Somalia
406:Somalia
355:Senegal
347:Liberia
316:Somalia
280:Somalis
244:Somalia
206:Guinean
183:Red Sea
157:History
151:Algeria
65:Country
500:London
478:
399:France
363:Uganda
343:Guinea
335:colony
320:France
219:French
187:France
143:France
131:Arabic
123:Somali
115:French
49:Active
394:Ghana
390:Accra
382:Paris
339:Egypt
304:Afars
276:Afars
141:from
100:3,000
476:ISBN
208:and
191:Gulf
109:The
97:Size
81:Type
410:OAU
386:OAU
552::
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507:^
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314:–
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133::
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113:(
20:)
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