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in 1933, that
Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II.
223:, Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics at the
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345:, the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the
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Van
Cittert, P. H. (1934). "Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene".
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provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s,
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He also made another contribution in the field of optics, relating to the efficient description of the imaging defects or
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In 1954, Zernike became an
Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA). Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the
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Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems".
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expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations.
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in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life. His granddaughter is journalist
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at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to professor of mathematical physics.
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306:. The representation of aberrations was originally based on the theory developed by
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Analytical solution of the
Ornstein-Zernike equation for a multicomponent fluid
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Dora van Bommel van Vloten (1930-1945) Lena
Koperberg-Baanders (since 1954)
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203:; 16 July 1888 â 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the
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A History of
Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference
561:"The early history of thermal noise: The long way to paradigm change"
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Multilevel wavelet solver for the
Ornstein-Zernike equation Abstract
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803:
256:
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709:; Van Helden, A.; Palm, L. (1999). "Frits Zernike 1888â1966".
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Members of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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New York Times
Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz"
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30:
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that occur to the left and right of each primary line in
886:
The Ornstein-Zernike equation in the canonical ensemble
219:
Frederick "Frits" Zernike was born on 16 July 1888 in
867:
biography at the National library of the Netherlands.
871:
The Ornstein-Zernike equation and integral equations
511:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
388:, an instrument that permits the study of internal
251:were jointly responsible for the derivation of the
2884:
751:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
508:Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966".
235:In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on
830:including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1953
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375:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
270:In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into
2948:Academic staff of the University of Groningen
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255:in critical-point theory. In 1915, he became
853:, in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
786:"Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview"
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239:in gases. In 1913, he became assistant to
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341:Zernike's work helped awaken interest in
310:in the middle of the nineteenth century.
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507:
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320:Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials
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749:"Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888â1966)"
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373:In 1946, Zernike became member of the
296:aberrations of optical imaging systems
274:when he discovered that the so-called
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414:is named after him, as is the crater
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2918:Foreign members of the Royal Society
843:Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars
715:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 609â611.
13:
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243:at the astronomical laboratory of
230:
14:
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856:Prominente Groningse hoogleraren
796:
619:Zeitschrift fĂŒr technische Physik
546:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953"
418:on the Moon and the minor planet
207:in 1953 for his invention of the
802:
837:Extended NijboerâZernike theory
832:How I discovered phase contrast
777:
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2943:University of Amsterdam alumni
2559:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
729:
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410:) to the north of the city of
392:structure without the need to
1:
2913:20th-century Dutch physicists
693:10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2
658:10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90026-4
489:
2903:20th-century Dutch inventors
2448:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
479:Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
324:Zernike's circle polynomials
314:representation was based on
7:
447:
384:, for his invention of the
347:Van CittertâZernike theorem
152:Fellow of the Royal Society
123:Van CittertâZernike theorem
16:Dutch physicist (1888â1966)
10:
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2933:Nobel laureates in Physics
850:Zernike, Frits (1888â1966)
2938:Scientists from Amsterdam
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865:Frits Zernike (1888â1966)
859:Frits Zernike (1888â1966)
559:Dörfel, G. (2012-08-15).
396:and thus kill the cells.
386:phase-contrast microscope
380:In 1953, Zernike won the
253:OrnsteinâZernike equation
209:phase-contrast microscope
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119:OrnsteinâZernike equation
111:Phase-contrast microscopy
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406:The university complex (
352:
215:Early life and education
606:Frits Zernike 1888-1966
425:Zernike's great-nephew
357:He died in hospital in
247:. In 1914, Zernike and
225:University of Amsterdam
200:[ËfrÉȘtËsÉrnikÉ]
101:University of Amsterdam
2816:Nobel Prize recipients
2787:Physiology or Medicine
2627:Physiology or medicine
2599:Martinus J. G. Veltman
2567:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
926:Nobel Prize in Physics
771:"OSA Honorary Members"
585:10.1002/andp.201200736
524:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021
444:and Frederik Zernike.
431:Nobel Prize in Physics
382:Nobel Prize in Physics
282:created by means of a
205:Nobel Prize in Physics
147:Nobel Prize in Physics
2908:Dutch Nobel laureates
436:The Oz Enterprise, a
261:theoretical mechanics
2801:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2583:Nicolaas Bloembergen
811:at Wikimedia Commons
265:mathematical physics
245:Groningen University
196:Dutch pronunciation:
180:Groningen University
817:Frits Zernike Photo
685:1938Phy.....5..785Z
650:1934Phy.....1..201V
577:2012AnP...524..117D
326:are widely used in
284:diffraction grating
115:Zernike polynomials
2757:George C. Marshall
2714:Hermann Staudinger
2652:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2644:Christiaan Eijkman
2591:Simon van der Meer
824:on Nobelprize.org
738:September 25, 2005
565:Annalen der Physik
474:Optical aberration
440:, was named after
438:Linux distribution
369:Honours and awards
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2738:Winston Churchill
2662:
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2501:Tjalling Koopmans
2484:Economic sciences
2399:
2398:
841:Museum Boerhaave
807:Media related to
707:Van Berkel, Klaas
469:Live cell imaging
189:
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160:Scientific career
45:Frederick Zernike
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644:(1â6): 201â210.
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459:Coherence theory
454:Leonard Ornstein
442:Leonard Ornstein
343:coherence theory
249:Leonard Ornstein
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241:Jacobus Kapteyn
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231:Academic career
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75:(1966-03-10)
55:16 July 1888
2898:1966 deaths
2893:1888 births
2697:Nobel Prize
2472:Ben Feringa
2456:Peter Debye
1873:Steinberger
1789:K. Siegbahn
1781:Bloembergen
1502:Chamberlain
1235:Schrödinger
1145:M. Siegbahn
1074:W. H. Bragg
1070:W. L. Bragg
518:: 392â402.
300:microscopes
276:ghost lines
237:opalescence
89:Nationality
63:Netherlands
2887:Categories
2795:Hans Krebs
2725:Literature
2615:Andre Geim
2390:L'Huillier
2354:Hasselmann
2310:Strickland
2278:Kosterlitz
2202:Perlmutter
1941:Brockhouse
1646:Schrieffer
1518:Hofstadter
1470:C. N. Yang
1227:Heisenberg
1204:De Broglie
625:: 454â457.
490:References
359:Amersfoort
330:, optical
304:telescopes
288:Wageningen
81:Amersfoort
51:1888-07-16
2716:(Germany)
2706:Chemistry
2699:laureates
2439:Chemistry
2374:Zeilinger
2194:Novoselov
2162:Kobayashi
2086:Abrikosov
1933:J. Taylor
1913:de Gennes
1905:R. Taylor
1797:K. Wilson
1745:R. Wilson
1729:Van Vleck
1700:1976â2000
1690:Rainwater
1686:Mottelson
1662:Josephson
1610:Gell-Mann
1574:Schwinger
1562:Prokhorov
1522:Mössbauer
1482:Cherenkov
1474:T. D. Lee
1398:Cockcroft
1389:1951â1975
1188:C. Wilson
1167:1926â1950
1113:Guillaume
1002:Michelson
962:Becquerel
933:1901â1925
922:Laureates
593:0003-3804
532:123209453
433:in 1999.
412:Groningen
332:metrology
221:Amsterdam
59:Amsterdam
2382:Agostini
2270:Thouless
2262:McDonald
2250:Nakamura
2218:Wineland
2150:GrĂŒnberg
2106:Politzer
2090:Ginzburg
2078:Giacconi
2058:Ketterle
2013:'t Hooft
1997:Laughlin
1989:Phillips
1969:Osheroff
1897:Friedman
1869:Schwartz
1865:Lederman
1785:Schawlow
1761:Weinberg
1570:Tomonaga
1462:Brattain
1454:Shockley
1363:Blackett
1355:Appleton
1347:Bridgman
1294:Lawrence
1274:Davisson
1254:Chadwick
1137:Millikan
1121:Einstein
1010:Lippmann
978:Rayleigh
970:M. Curie
966:P. Curie
448:See also
429:won the
312:Seidel's
2768:Physics
2534:Physics
2370:Clauser
2334:Penrose
2318:Peebles
2274:Haldane
2242:Akasaki
2230:Englert
2222:Haroche
2206:Schmidt
2166:Maskawa
2118:Glauber
2110:Wilczek
2094:Leggett
2074:Koshiba
2054:Cornell
2045:present
2029:Kroemer
2025:Alferov
2017:Veltman
2001:Störmer
1921:Charpak
1901:Kendall
1885:Dehmelt
1853:Bednorz
1753:Glashow
1741:Penzias
1737:Kapitsa
1709:Richter
1682:A. Bohr
1658:Giaever
1638:Bardeen
1602:Alvarez
1586:Kastler
1578:Feynman
1458:Bardeen
1422:Zernike
1414:Purcell
1184:Compton
1129:N. Bohr
1018:Marconi
950:Lorentz
942:Röntgen
924:of the
755:17 July
681:Bibcode
673:Physica
646:Bibcode
638:Physica
573:Bibcode
416:Zernike
280:spectra
170:Physics
2654:(1973)
2646:(1929)
2638:(1924)
2617:(2010)
2609:(1999)
2601:(1999)
2593:(1981)
2585:(1981)
2577:(1953)
2569:(1913)
2561:(1910)
2553:(1902)
2545:(1902)
2524:(1911)
2503:(1975)
2495:(1969)
2474:(2017)
2466:(1995)
2458:(1936)
2450:(1901)
2386:Krausz
2380:2023:
2366:Aspect
2364:2022:
2358:Manabe
2350:Parisi
2348:2021:
2338:Genzel
2332:2020:
2326:Queloz
2316:2019:
2306:Mourou
2302:Ashkin
2300:2018:
2294:Thorne
2290:Barish
2284:2017:
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2258:Kajita
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2240:2014:
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2062:Wieman
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2011:1999:
1995:1998:
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1965:D. Lee
1963:1996:
1957:Reines
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1911:1991:
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1881:Ramsey
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1857:MĂŒller
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1845:Rohrer
1841:Binnig
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1817:Rubbia
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1809:Fowler
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1618:Alfvén
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1600:1968:
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1546:Jensen
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1176:Perrin
1174:1926:
1153:Franck
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1143:1924:
1135:1923:
1127:1922:
1119:1921:
1111:1920:
1103:1919:
1097:Planck
1095:1918:
1089:Barkla
1087:1917:
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1052:1913:
1044:1912:
1036:1911:
1028:1910:
1016:1909:
1008:1908:
1000:1907:
992:1906:
986:Lenard
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976:1904:
960:1903:
954:Zeeman
948:1902:
940:1901:
719:
591:
530:
257:lector
166:Fields
149:(1953)
144:(1952)
137:Awards
129:Spouse
2847:1953
2749:Peace
2695:1953
2513:Peace
2322:Mayor
2286:Weiss
2246:Amano
2234:Higgs
2210:Riess
2182:Smith
2178:Boyle
2158:Nambu
2138:Smoot
2102:Gross
2070:Davis
2043:2001â
2033:Kilby
1945:Shull
1929:Hulse
1837:Ruska
1773:Fitch
1757:Salam
1654:Esaki
1630:Gabor
1594:Bethe
1558:Basov
1498:SegrĂš
1486:Frank
1446:Kusch
1434:Bothe
1410:Bloch
1339:Pauli
1323:Stern
1286:Fermi
1239:Dirac
1212:Raman
1157:Hertz
1105:Stark
1046:Dalén
1022:Braun
528:S2CID
394:stain
353:Death
298:like
92:Dutch
2872:1958
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2190:Geim
2146:Fert
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2005:Tsui
1953:Perl
1889:Paul
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1713:Ting
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1622:NĂ©el
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1442:Lamb
1430:Born
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1062:Laue
1038:Wien
757:2015
717:ISBN
589:ISSN
390:cell
334:and
302:and
263:and
70:Died
41:Born
2174:Kao
1981:Chu
689:doi
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259:in
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