61:
2054:
170:, and may have meant 'those belonging to the Frisii, descending from the Frisii'. However, scholars note that no historical or geographical relation can be established between the Frisii and the Frisiavones apart from the linguistic connection.
263:
No specific archaeological culture can be associated with the
Frisiavones, and we have no archaeological indication regarding their territory. Based on epigraphic evidence, a number of scholars associate their homeland with the western part of
260:. However, scholars generally reject the identification of the Lesser Frisii with the Frisiavones since the Frisii and Frisiavones were clearly perceived as two distinct groups by Roman writers of the 2nd century AD.
343:
The areas usually attributed to the
Frisiavones do not match with the regions where 'Frisian' pottery has been found, suggesting that the material cultures of the Frisii and Frisiavones were not related.
313:
is not known, they were treated as a separated region and had to pay taxes to Rome, suggesting that the
Frisiavones lived in a Romanized society. According to Wightman, the
101:
in particular, issued by Roman emperors in
Britain in the years 105–178 AD, complemented by five inscriptions found in Roman forts in Britain, mention a cohort named
375:(69–70 AD). According to Nico Roymans, "after the Batavian revolt the Frisiavones and the Cananefates were given an opportunity to express their own identity."
378:
From the end of the 1st century, the
Frisiavones were active participants in the Roman army, and they were given their own ethnic unit, the
39:
during the early first millennium AD. Little is known about them, but they appear to have resided in the area of what is today the southern
186:
during the reorganization of the newly conquered lands in northern Gauls during the second part of the 1st century BC. The Roman writer
964:
2011:
248:). Most authors agree that the Frisii were in fact divided among Greater and Lesser, and they generally place the Lesser Frisii in
2029:
900:
878:
774:
797:
573:
552:
1110:
851:
199:
1072:
367:, for whom they supplied auxiliary troops and contingents that came to be incorporated into Batavian units of the
2078:
2034:
1242:
292:
lay west and south of the Meuse rather than around it, thus including the territory of the
Frisiavones near the
2024:
1292:
1097:
957:
917:
240:, writing in the second half of the 1st century AD, divides the Frisii into two groups: the Greater Frisii (
1173:
194:
with two distinct areas. In one passage, he describes the
Frisiavones as an ethnic group distinct from the
355:, has been interpreted as related to the Frisiavones, although it could also bear the name of the Frisii.
2039:
1052:
2083:
1205:
1200:
387:
2057:
1237:
1144:
1137:
1115:
950:
97:
date back to the early 2nd century AD, and are found on votive, funerary and military monuments. Six
925:
1277:
1262:
1077:
1062:
183:
1392:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1087:
1067:
1024:
568:
547:
364:
293:
78:
934:
1794:
1227:
1222:
1149:
1044:
98:
68:, bearing the inscription "Velerius Vitalis, Centurion of the First Cohort of the Frisiavones".
785:
1092:
982:
762:
1183:
1154:
1057:
372:
257:
60:
8:
2019:
1232:
888:
1402:
1254:
1193:
1082:
1014:
990:
179:
157:
1178:
1029:
1004:
896:
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857:
847:
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793:
770:
749:
289:
182:
by Caesar, which suggests that they settled later in the region, possibly invited by
1601:
973:
820:
393:
32:
386:
was active in
Britain during the 2nd century. Some Frisiavones also served in the
1210:
1188:
1132:
1102:
986:
563:
542:
397:
187:
83:
65:
93:, however, it appears several times. The earliest inscriptions referring to the
1884:
1668:
1332:
1019:
285:
281:
36:
43:, possibly in two distinct regions, one in the islands of the river deltas of
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1432:
1161:
1120:
834:
753:
269:
265:
249:
1745:
861:
643:
1337:
1327:
1310:
1127:
871:
Ethnic
Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire
207:
87:
1819:
1777:
1700:
1481:
1471:
1382:
1166:
825:
808:
297:
40:
1996:
1784:
1767:
1715:
1705:
1690:
1658:
1648:
1526:
1476:
1352:
1347:
1315:
1034:
396:, which could mean that they were granted Roman citizenship during the
368:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1909:
1814:
1710:
1673:
1663:
1623:
1576:
1571:
1521:
1461:
1387:
1377:
1357:
1320:
1305:
304:, Batavians and Frisiavones, and thus stretching over two provinces.
253:
203:
145:
90:
1964:
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1929:
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1422:
1417:
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1342:
1300:
1009:
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314:
227:
219:
190:, who had visited the region in 47 AD, seems to associate the name
1981:
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276:. One votive inscription from the 2nd century AD refers to the
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769:(in German). Vol. 10. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 82–84.
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1859:
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1824:
1809:
1752:
1720:
1685:
1680:
1638:
1628:
1511:
1372:
1215:
809:"La Zélande à l'époque romaine et la question des Frisiavons"
322:
807:
Raepsaet, Georges; Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie-Thérèse (2013).
463:
410:
1944:
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427:
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222:. In another passage, he lists the Frisiavones among the
526:
524:
296:, Marsaci and Sturii. She mentions one inscription from
720:
696:
655:
626:
590:
578:
708:
684:
490:
439:
521:
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614:
160:
origin. It is presumed to stem from the tribal name
744:Galestin, M. C. (2007). "Frisii and Frisiavones".
2070:
788:. In Beck, H.; Geuenich, D.; Steuer, H. (eds.).
132:, which is probably an inaccurate spelling of *
371:. This situation may have persisted until the
958:
363:The Frisiavones were possibly clients of the
76:is only mentioned in one classical text, the
786:"Germani cisrhenani — die Aussage der Namen"
760:
472:
421:
989:origin primarily identified as speakers of
767:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
331:of the Frisiavones, or else in that of the
965:
951:
935:A complete Latin translation of Tacitus'
824:
382:, formed at the latest around 80 AD. The
358:
198:, and locates them in the islands of the
178:The Frisiavones are not listed among the
887:
743:
726:
702:
678:
666:
637:
608:
596:
584:
530:
515:
503:
457:
445:
433:
327:(smaller geographical units) within the
59:
2030:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
868:
783:
761:Neumann, Günter; Timpe, Dieter (1998).
714:
690:
484:
2071:
300:that refers to an area comprising the
946:
841:
650:Raepsaet & Raepsaet-Charlier 2013
620:
112:Besides the purely graphic variation
972:
35:living near the northern border of
13:
926:A complete English translation of
918:A complete Latin transcription of
895:. University of California Press.
790:Germanenprobleme in heutiger Sicht
47:, and one to the southeast of it.
14:
2095:
911:
144:According to Günter Neumann, the
2053:
2052:
2035:Christianization of Scandinavia
736:
557:
536:
55:
2025:Christianization of the Franks
1098:Continental Germanic mythology
873:. Amsterdam University Press.
307:Although the capital of their
1:
403:
288:proposed that the borders of
765:. In Hoops, Johannes (ed.).
252:, and the Greater Frisii in
173:
139:
124:may also be attested in the
7:
2040:Christianization of Iceland
846:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10:
2100:
338:
156:in particular, suggests a
126:Matribus Frisavis Paternis
2048:
2010:
1291:
1253:
1043:
997:
980:
351:, found on a votive near
244:) and the Lesser Frisii (
200:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
86:, published in 77 AD. In
1278:North Germanic languages
1263:Germanic parent language
842:Rives, James B. (1999).
784:Neumann, Günter (1999).
473:Neumann & Timpe 1998
422:Neumann & Timpe 1998
349:Matres Frisavae Paternea
128:and the dative singular
1283:West Germanic languages
1273:East Germanic languages
1268:Proto-Germanic language
1088:Proto-Germanic folklore
1025:Romano-Germanic culture
347:The name of a goddess,
166:attached to the suffix
99:Roman military diplomas
50:
2079:Early Germanic peoples
869:Roymans, Nico (2004).
359:Political organization
69:
1093:Anglo-Saxon mythology
983:Ethnolinguistic group
792:. Walter de Gruyter.
63:
826:10.3917/rdn.403.0209
436:, pp. 692, 705.
380:Cohors I Frisiavonum
82:by the Roman writer
2020:Gothic Christianity
652:, pp. 209–213.
611:, pp. 691–692.
518:, p. 687, 691.
460:, pp. 698–699.
1403:Germani cisrhenani
1111:Funerary practices
1015:Pre-Roman Iron Age
991:Germanic languages
928:Naturalis Historia
920:Naturalis Historia
889:Wightman, Edith M.
748:. 49/50: 687–708.
681:, pp. 54, 63.
569:Naturalis Historia
548:Naturalis Historia
389:equites singulares
180:Germani Cisrhenani
79:Naturalis Historia
70:
2084:History of Frisia
2066:
2065:
1238:Gothic and Vandal
1030:Germanic Iron Age
1005:Nordic Bronze Age
987:Northern European
902:978-0-520-05297-0
880:978-90-5356-705-0
776:978-3-11-015102-2
475:, pp. 82–84.
424:, pp. 83–84.
290:Germania Inferior
278:regio frisiavonum
2091:
2056:
2055:
2012:Christianization
1602:Ripuarian Franks
974:Germanic peoples
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960:
953:
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321:could have been
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1103:Norse mythology
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64:Stone found at
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282:Gallia Belgica
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1045:Early culture
1042:
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853:0-19-815050-4
849:
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814:
813:Revue du Nord
810:
805:
801:
795:
791:
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782:
778:
772:
768:
764:
763:"Frisiavones"
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
741:
728:
727:Galestin 2007
723:
716:
711:
704:
703:Galestin 2007
699:
692:
687:
680:
679:Wightman 1985
675:
668:
667:Galestin 2007
663:
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651:
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639:
638:Galestin 2007
634:
632:
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609:Galestin 2007
605:
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597:Galestin 2007
593:
586:
585:Galestin 2007
581:
575:
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554:
550:
549:
544:
539:
533:, p. 54.
532:
531:Wightman 1985
527:
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517:
516:Galestin 2007
512:
505:
504:Galestin 2007
500:
498:
496:
494:
486:
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469:
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459:
458:Galestin 2007
454:
447:
446:Galestin 2007
442:
435:
434:Galestin 2007
430:
423:
418:
416:
414:
409:
401:
399:
395:
392:of the Roman
391:
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336:
334:
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305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:South Holland
267:
266:North Brabant
261:
259:
255:
251:
250:North Holland
247:
243:
239:
235:
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209:
205:
202:, along with
201:
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137:
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81:
80:
75:
67:
62:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1613:
1338:Anglo-Saxons
1328:Adrabaecampi
1311:Bucinobantes
1053:Architecture
936:
927:
919:
892:
870:
843:
816:
812:
789:
766:
745:
737:Bibliography
722:
715:Roymans 2004
710:
698:
691:Roymans 2004
686:
674:
645:
616:
604:
592:
580:
567:
559:
546:
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511:
485:Neumann 1999
480:
453:
441:
429:
388:
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377:
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348:
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328:
323:
308:
306:
277:
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245:
241:
236:
208:Canninefates
191:
177:
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133:
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125:
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117:
113:
111:
106:
102:
94:
77:
73:
71:
56:Attestations
28:
24:
20:
18:
1778:Nahanarvali
1701:Hilleviones
1614:Frisiavones
1482:Cananefates
1472:Burgundians
1383:Banochaemae
1233:Anglo-Saxon
1184:Anglo-Saxon
1150:Anglo-Saxon
1133:Anglo-Saxon
1116:Anglo-Saxon
298:Bulla Regia
280:as part of
268:, southern
192:Frisiavones
150:Frisiavones
114:Frisaebones
103:Frisiavonum
95:Frisiavones
74:Frisiavones
41:Netherlands
29:Frisaebones
25:Frisaevones
21:Frisiavones
2073:Categories
1997:Vinoviloth
1785:Marcomanni
1768:Helveconae
1746:Heaðobards
1716:Istvaeones
1706:Ingaevones
1691:Hermunduri
1659:Ostrogoths
1649:Greuthungi
1527:Chattuarii
1353:Angrivarii
1348:Ampsivarii
1316:Lentienses
1145:Literature
1035:Viking Age
819:(4): 209.
621:Rives 1999
404:References
369:Roman army
122:Fris(i)avi
1992:Vidivarii
1987:Victohali
1977:Vangiones
1910:Thuringii
1815:Nuithones
1711:Irminones
1674:Visigoths
1664:Thervingi
1624:Gambrivii
1577:Dulgubnii
1572:Dauciones
1522:Chasuarii
1462:Brondings
1388:Bastarnae
1378:Baiuvarii
1358:Armalausi
1321:Raetovari
1255:Languages
1223:Symbology
1083:Folklore
1078:Festivals
835:0035-2624
754:0552-9344
258:Groningen
254:Friesland
204:Batavians
174:Geography
146:phonology
140:Etymology
107:Frisiavon
91:epigraphy
88:Roman-era
72:The name
31:) were a
2058:Category
1965:Hasdingi
1950:Usipetes
1930:Tubantes
1915:Toxandri
1895:Tencteri
1870:Suarines
1855:Sicambri
1850:Semnones
1830:Reudigni
1800:Mattiaci
1790:Marsacii
1741:Lombards
1731:Lacringi
1726:Juthungi
1557:Corconti
1542:Cherusci
1517:Charudes
1497:Chaedini
1467:Bructeri
1452:Bateinoi
1423:Eburones
1418:Condrusi
1413:Caeroesi
1408:Atuatuci
1343:Ambrones
1306:Brisgavi
1301:Alemanni
1179:Paganism
1068:Clothing
1063:Calendar
1010:Germania
937:Germania
891:(1985).
862:40423547
400:period.
317:and the
158:Germanic
1982:Varisci
1970:Silingi
1960:Vandals
1935:Tulingi
1925:Triboci
1920:Treveri
1900:Teutons
1890:Taifals
1865:Sitones
1805:Nemetes
1763:Helisii
1736:Lemovii
1654:Gutones
1587:Firaesi
1582:Favonae
1562:Cugerni
1552:Cobandi
1507:Chamavi
1502:Chaemae
1492:Casuari
1487:Caritni
1457:Betasii
1428:Paemani
1363:Auiones
1228:Warfare
1206:Scripts
1174:Numbers
998:History
398:Flavian
339:Culture
333:Menapii
329:civitas
315:Marsaci
310:civitas
274:Zeeland
246:minores
242:maiores
238:Tacitus
228:Baetasi
220:Marsaci
184:Agrippa
134:Frisavo
120:-stem *
45:Holland
2002:Warini
1955:Vagoth
1940:Tungri
1905:Thelir
1885:Swedes
1880:Sunici
1845:Saxons
1840:Rugini
1773:Manimi
1758:Diduni
1696:Heruli
1634:Gepids
1619:Frisii
1597:Franks
1547:Cimbri
1537:Chauci
1532:Chatti
1445:Nervii
1440:Morini
1398:Belgae
1393:Batavi
1368:Avarpi
1333:Angles
1293:Groups
1243:Viking
1189:Gothic
1167:Gothic
1073:Family
931:(1855)
899:
877:
860:
850:
833:
796:
773:
752:
384:Cohors
365:Batavi
353:Xanten
319:Sturii
302:Tungri
294:Batavi
232:Sunuci
224:Tungri
216:Sturii
212:Chauci
196:Frisii
130:Frisao
23:(also
1875:Suebi
1860:Sciri
1835:Rugii
1825:Quadi
1810:Njars
1795:Marsi
1753:Lugii
1721:Jutes
1686:Harii
1681:Gutes
1639:Goths
1629:Geats
1567:Danes
1512:Chali
1433:Segni
1373:Baemi
1216:Runes
1201:Rings
1194:Norse
1162:Names
1155:Norse
1138:Norse
1121:Norse
564:Pliny
543:Pliny
272:, or
188:Pliny
168:-avo-
163:Frisi
116:, an
1945:Ubii
1592:Fosi
1477:Buri
897:ISBN
875:ISBN
858:OCLC
848:ISBN
831:ISSN
794:ISBN
771:ISBN
750:ISSN
324:pagi
256:and
230:and
218:and
51:Name
19:The
1820:Osi
1128:Law
1058:Art
985:of
821:doi
817:403
148:of
105:or
27:or
2075::
856:.
829:.
815:.
811:.
657:^
628:^
572:,
566:.
551:,
545:.
523:^
492:^
465:^
412:^
335:.
284:.
234:.
226:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
154:f-
136:.
109:.
1105:)
966:e
959:t
952:v
905:.
883:.
864:.
837:.
823::
802:.
779:.
756:.
118:o
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