221:
280:
Thence the
Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by a bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them. (Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 60:20)
42:
2380:
117:
263:. They retained the honour of the ancient association with the Romans, not required to pay tribute or taxes and used by the Romans only for war: "They furnished to the Empire nothing but men and arms", Tacitus remarked. Well regarded for their skills in horsemanship and swimmingâfor men and horses could cross the Rhine without losing formation, according to Tacitus.
199:
Archeological evidence suggests they lived in small villages, composed of six to 12 houses in the very fertile lands between the rivers, and lived by agriculture and cattle-raising. Finds of horse skeletons in graves suggest a strong equestrian preoccupation. On the south bank of the Waal (in what is
279:
The barbarians thought that Romans would not be able to cross it without a bridge, and consequently bivouacked in rather careless fashion on the opposite bank; but he sent across a detachment of
Germanic tribesmen, who were accustomed to swim easily in full armour across the most turbulent streams.
284:
It is uncertain how they were able to accomplish this feat. The late fourth century writer on Roman military affairs
Vegetius mentions soldiers using reed rafts, drawn by leather leads, to transport equipment across rivers. But the sources suggest the Batavi were able to swim across rivers actually
540:
However, a disadvantage of this historical nationalism soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society polarized into three parts. After 1945, the tribal knowledge lost its grip on
180:
Tacitus also reports that before their arrival the area had been "an uninhabited district on the extremity of the coast of Gaul, and also of a neighbouring island, surrounded by the ocean in front, and by the river Rhine in the rear and on either side". This view, however, is contradicted by the
376:, the Romans' lost two legions, while two others (I Germanica and XVI Gallica) were controlled by the rebels. The rebellion became a real threat to the Empire when the conflict escalated to northern Gaul and Germania. The Roman army retaliated and invaded the
384:, where the warring parties approached each other on both sides to negotiate peace. The narrative was told in great detail in Tacitus' History, book iv, although, unfortunately, the narrative breaks off abruptly at the climax. Following the uprising,
417:
added inhabitants of
Batavia to his legions, "of whose discipline we still make use." It has been assumed they merged with the Salii shortly before or after and, after having been expelled by another tribe (it has been proposed this was the
85:, from the second half of the first century BC to the third century AD. The name is also applied to several military units employed by the Romans that were originally raised among the Batavi. The tribal name, probably a derivation from
799:
485:
to a popular public; it was being reprinted as late as 1802. Contemporary Dutch virtues of independence, fortitude and industry were fully recognizable among the
Batavians in more scholarly history represented in
169:"), who were forced by internal dissension to move to their new home. The time when this happened is unknown, but Caesar does describe forced movements of tribes from the east in his time, such as the
360:
Despite the alliance, one of the high-ranking Batavi, Julius
Paullus, to give him his Roman name, was executed by Fonteius Capito on a false charge of rebellion. His kinsman
184:
The strategic position, to wit the high bank of the Waal offering an unimpeded view far into
Germania Transrhenana (Germania Beyond the Rhine), was recognized first by
372:, he was retained at Rome, and when he returned to his kin in the year of upheaval in the Roman Empire, 69, he headed a Batavian rebellion. He managed to capture
259:
XXIX) described the Batavi as the bravest of the tribes of the area, hardened in the
Germanic wars, with cohorts under their own commanders transferred to
537:. Being politically and geographically inclusive, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the 1890â1914 era.
868:(2000). "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850".
295:
regiment swam across a river floating on their shields "as on a canoe" (357). Since the shields were wooden, they may have provided sufficient buoyancy
481:) by the Augustinian friar and humanist Cornelius Gerardi Aurelius, first published in 1517, brought the spare remarks in Tacitus' newly rediscovered
667:
865:
561:. Echoes of this cultural continuity can still be found among various areas of Dutch modern culture, such as the very popular replica of the
615:
1290:
208:
was a fortified warehouse, where a tribe's treasures were stored and guarded. This centre was razed during the
Batavian Revolt. The
2337:
498:("Mirror of the State of the United Netherlands," 1706), which also ran to many editions, and it was revived in the atmosphere of
411:, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.
2355:
545:
are made more accurate by pointing out that the
Batavians were one part of the ancestry of the Dutch people - together with the
330:
Numerous altars and tombstones of the cohorts of Batavi, dating to the second century and third century, have been found along
2419:
1099:
1068:
976:
953:
930:
688:
150:
839:
824:
I. Schöffer, "The Batavian myth during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries," in P. A. M. Geurts and A. E. M. Janssen,
641:
1436:
849:
2424:
2404:
1398:
730:
469:, the Batavians came to be regarded as their ancestors during their national struggle for independence during the
2414:
2360:
1568:
628:
460:
285:
wearing full armour and weapons. This would only have been possible by the use of some kind of buoyancy device:
2350:
1618:
1423:
1283:
137:, which was at least in later generations dominated by Batavi. But he did mention the "Batavian island" in the
1131:"Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Vlpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: Two successive civitas-capitals"
255:
1499:
220:
129:
2365:
1378:
448:
1531:
1526:
511:
312:
718:
Germania Inferior: Besiedlung, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft an der Grenze der römisch-germanischen Welt
533:
The success of this tale of origins was mostly due to resemblance in anthropology, which was based on
181:
archeological evidence, which shows continuous habitation from at least the third century BC onward.
2383:
1563:
1470:
1463:
1441:
1276:
611:
17:
1603:
1588:
1403:
1388:
591:
31:
447:, which was named after the Batavi. The town's name is old as it shows the typical effects of the
1608:
1598:
1593:
1413:
1393:
1350:
633:
310:. They also provided a contingent for their indirect successors, the Emperor's horse guards, the
35:
2120:
1553:
1548:
1475:
1370:
716:
Coinages and the Ethnogenesis of the Batavians", in: T. GrĂŒnewald & H.-J. Schalles (eds.),
432:
1209:
Woodside, M. St. A. (1937). "The Role of Eight Batavian Cohorts in the Events of 68-69 A.D.".
964:
941:
1418:
1308:
965:"Ethnic identity in the Roman frontier. The epigraphy of Batavi and other Lower Rhine tribes"
581:
1509:
1480:
1383:
754:
499:
470:
361:
355:
286:
272:
185:
8:
2345:
1558:
1172:
Weeda, Leendert; van der Poel, Marc (2014). "Vergil and the Batavians ("Aeneid" 8.727)".
942:"Hercules and the construction of a Batavian identity in the context of the Roman empire"
562:
776:
1728:
1580:
1519:
1408:
1340:
1316:
1226:
1197:
1160:
1085:
1074:
1059:
Martin, Stéphane (2019), "The Batavian Countryside: Storage in a Non-Villa Landscape",
1047:
1039:
1010:
893:
841:
Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia. Volume 9 of Integration and Conflict Studies
414:
299:
228:
209:
90:
54:
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972:
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897:
885:
845:
637:
507:
503:
331:
134:
1263:
655:
Batavi, a Germanic people, living on the lower Rhine... an offshoot of the Chatti...
465:
In the 16th-century emergence of a popular foundation story and origin myth for the
1927:
1299:
1218:
1181:
1142:
1031:
877:
619:
534:
530:, i.e. "People of Batavia" â a name ultimately derived from the ancient Batavians.
212:
was instrumental in settling the debate about the exact location of the Batavians.
82:
41:
2409:
1536:
1514:
1458:
1428:
1312:
1089:
920:
800:
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
427:
100:"island, land near water"), refers to the region's fertility, today known as the
71:
2429:
2210:
1994:
1658:
1345:
881:
623:
404:
385:
268:
141:. The island's easternmost point is at a split in the Rhine, one arm being the
66:
1185:
1063:, From Archaeology to Economic History, vol. 8, Brill, pp. 106â127,
2398:
1969:
1932:
1892:
1758:
1487:
1446:
1193:
1156:
1006:
889:
542:
520:
408:
373:
124:
2071:
1663:
1653:
1636:
1453:
922:
Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire
794:
526:
487:
466:
165:, a tribe in Germany also never mentioned by Caesar (unless they were his "
142:
2145:
2103:
2026:
1939:
1807:
1797:
1708:
1492:
1022:
Hassall, M. W. C. (1970). "Batavians and the Roman Conquest of Britain".
339:
264:
235:
138:
75:
1201:
1164:
1147:
1130:
1110:
1061:
Rural Granaries in Northern Gaul (Sixth Century BCE â Fourth Century CE)
1014:
812:
2322:
2110:
2093:
2041:
2031:
2016:
1984:
1974:
1852:
1802:
1678:
1673:
1641:
1360:
343:
335:
1230:
1043:
815:: A Study Pack from the Department of Dutch, University College London
803:, (New York) 1987, ch. II "Patriotic Scripture", especially pp. 72 ff.
196:) in imperial style. The latter was in use until the Batavian revolt.
2317:
2312:
2302:
2235:
2140:
2036:
1999:
1989:
1949:
1902:
1897:
1847:
1787:
1713:
1703:
1683:
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1211:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
423:
260:
146:
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2255:
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1335:
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anthropology and mostly vanished. Modern variants of the Batavian
2307:
2295:
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2245:
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2190:
2130:
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1812:
1753:
1738:
1688:
515:
419:
381:
291:
205:
158:
116:
777:"Zosimus, New History. London: Green and Chaplin (1814). Book 3"
298:
The Batavi were used to form the bulk of the Emperor's personal
2327:
2280:
2265:
2230:
2205:
2170:
2165:
2098:
2083:
2021:
1959:
1944:
1922:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1770:
1765:
1723:
1693:
969:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
946:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
554:
550:
440:
324:
162:
105:
502:
in the late eighteenth-century reforms that saw a short-lived
200:
now Nijmegen) a Roman administrative center was built, called
96:"good, excellent", which is also in the English "better", and
2200:
2185:
2160:
2150:
2135:
2078:
2046:
2011:
2006:
1964:
1954:
1837:
1698:
1541:
903:
586:
369:
307:
239:
166:
133:, although he is often thought to have founded his dynasty's
78:
2270:
1917:
403:
The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of
365:
319:
A Batavian contingent was used in an amphibious assault on
46:
518:, its inhabitants up to the present still call themselves
514:. Though since Indonesian independence the city is called
407:(317â361), when their island was already dominated by the
558:
494:(1610). The origin was perpetuated by Romeyn de Hooghe's
993:
Brunt, P. A. (1960). "Tacitus on the Batavian revolt".
327:
by surprise, as they were only expecting Roman ships.
246:
led by Arminius during the campaigns of Germanicus in
225:
The Conspiracy of the Batavians under Claudius Civilis
1128:
1129:Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015).
271:against the "barbarians"âthe British Celtsâ at the
161:wrote that they had originally been a tribe of the
668:"C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War, Book 4, chapter 10"
57:. The bodyguard, Indus, was of the Batavian tribe.
1171:
1091:Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperor's Horseguard
2396:
828:('Gravenhage) 1981:84â109, noted by Schama 1987.
30:"Batavians" redirects here. For other uses, see
234:The first Batavi commander we know of is named
1284:
496:Spiegel van Staat der Vereenigden Nederlanden
475:Cronyke van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vriesland
115:
1315:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1117:. A Study Pack from the Department of Dutch
492:Liber de Antiquitate Republicae Batavicorum
461:History of the Netherlands § Batavians
267:describes this surprise tactic employed by
123:The Batavi themselves are not mentioned by
1291:
1277:
610:
1146:
81:delta in the area that the Romans called
1208:
422:), shared their subsequent migration to
238:, who led a charge across the VÄ«surgis (
219:
40:
2356:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1108:
1084:
1021:
967:. In Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.).
944:. In Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.).
939:
918:
454:
349:
14:
2397:
1058:
157:, "Island of the Batavi"). Much later
1272:
992:
962:
864:
837:
398:
364:was paraded in chains in Rome before
65:
1298:
380:. A bridge was built over the river
473:. The mix of fancy and fact in the
74:tribe that lived around the modern
24:
986:
25:
2441:
1238:
439:The name of the Bavarian town of
395:to keep an eye on the Batavians.
215:
2379:
2378:
346:, Hungary, Romania and Austria.
188:, who built a massive fortress (
2361:Christianization of Scandinavia
912:
858:
831:
826:Geschiedschrijving in Nederland
818:
806:
787:
769:
629:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2351:Christianization of the Franks
1424:Continental Germanic mythology
971:. Amsterdam University Press.
948:. Amsterdam University Press.
925:. Amsterdam University Press.
844:. Berghahn Books. p. 91.
760:
748:
735:
723:
706:
693:
678:
660:
604:
102:fruitbasket of the Netherlands
13:
1:
712:N. Roymans, "The Lower Rhine
368:; though he was acquitted by
256:De origine et situ Germanorum
2420:Netherlands in the Roman era
130:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
7:
2366:Christianization of Iceland
575:
568:that can today be found in
510:, a capital that was named
449:High German consonant shift
111:
10:
2446:
882:10.1177/026569140003000402
870:European History Quarterly
838:Knorr, Jacqueline (2014).
612:Drinkwater, John Frederick
506:and, in the colony of the
458:
353:
313:Equites singulares Augusti
273:battle of the River Medway
29:
2374:
2336:
1617:
1579:
1369:
1323:
1306:
1186:10.1163/1568525X-12341310
1115:University College London
557:â by tracing patterns of
342:. As well as in Germany,
45:Funerary stela of one of
1604:North Germanic languages
1589:Germanic parent language
1260:and neighbouring tribes.
720:(2000), 93â145, esp. 94.
597:
592:List of Germanic peoples
443:descends from the Roman
430:there was a unit called
2425:Prehistoric Netherlands
2405:Batavi (Germanic tribe)
1609:West Germanic languages
1599:East Germanic languages
1594:Proto-Germanic language
1414:Proto-Germanic folklore
1351:Romano-Germanic culture
1264:Cohors Primae Batavorum
766:Tacitus Agricola 18.3â5
634:Oxford University Press
451:(b > p, t > ss).
323:, taking the assembled
2415:Early Germanic peoples
1256:of the Roman province
1109:van Groesen, Michiel.
1079:10.1163/j.ctvrxk32d.11
940:Roymans, Nico (2009).
919:Roymans, Nico (2004).
686:Germany and its Tribes
391:was housed in a stone
282:
231:
192:) and a headquarters (
153:(hence the Latin name
120:
58:
1419:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1309:Ethnolinguistic group
793:This section follows
622:; Spawforth, Antony;
582:Germanisation of Gaul
277:
248:Germania Transrhenana
223:
119:
89:("good island", from
67:[bĂ€ËtÌȘĂ€ËuÌŻiË]
44:
755:Ammianus Marcellinus
729:Tacitus, The Annals
500:Romantic nationalism
455:The Batavian revival
362:Gaius Julius Civilis
356:Revolt of the Batavi
350:Revolt of the Batavi
287:Ammianus Marcellinus
242:) river against the
2346:Gothic Christianity
1148:10.4000/gallia.1577
1111:"The Batavian Myth"
1086:Speidel, Michael P.
963:Derks, Tom (2009).
684:Cornelius Tacitus,
321:Ynys Mon (Anglesey)
1729:Germani cisrhenani
1437:Funerary practices
1341:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1317:Germanic languages
415:Constantius Gallus
399:Fate of the Batavi
300:Germanic bodyguard
289:mentions that the
232:
229:Rembrandt van Rijn
210:Smetius Collection
135:Germanic bodyguard
127:in his commentary
121:
59:
55:Germanic bodyguard
2392:
2391:
1564:Gothic and Vandal
1356:Germanic Iron Age
1331:Nordic Bronze Age
1313:Northern European
1258:Germania Inferior
1101:978-1-135-78255-9
1070:978-90-04-38903-8
978:978-90-8964-078-9
955:978-90-8964-078-9
932:978-90-5356-705-0
813:The Batavian Myth
620:Hornblower, Simon
508:Dutch East Indies
504:Batavian Republic
471:Eighty Years' War
202:Oppidum Batavorum
51:Corporis Custodes
16:(Redirected from
2437:
2382:
2381:
2338:Christianization
1928:Ripuarian Franks
1300:Germanic peoples
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535:tribal knowledge
378:insula Batavorum
155:Insula Batavorum
70:were an ancient
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1537:Gothic alphabet
1429:Norse mythology
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987:Further reading
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53:, the imperial
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1995:Thracian Goths
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1637:Bucinobantes
1379:Architecture
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1119:. Retrieved
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647:. Retrieved
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527:Orang Betawi
525:
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495:
491:
488:Hugo Grotius
482:
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477:(called the
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2104:Nahanarvali
2027:Hilleviones
1940:Frisiavones
1808:Cananefates
1798:Burgundians
1709:Banochaemae
1559:Anglo-Saxon
1510:Anglo-Saxon
1476:Anglo-Saxon
1459:Anglo-Saxon
1442:Anglo-Saxon
1217:: 277â283.
1030:: 131â136.
649:January 26,
340:Carrawburgh
265:Dio Cassius
236:Chariovalda
147:Lower Rhine
139:Rhine river
2399:Categories
2323:Vinoviloth
2111:Marcomanni
2094:Helveconae
2072:HeaĂ°obards
2042:Istvaeones
2032:Ingaevones
2017:Hermunduri
1985:Ostrogoths
1975:Greuthungi
1853:Chattuarii
1679:Angrivarii
1674:Ampsivarii
1642:Lentienses
1471:Literature
1361:Viking Age
1121:2020-05-05
902:Fulltext:
714:Triquetrum
344:Yugoslavia
336:Castlecary
194:praetorium
2318:Vidivarii
2313:Victohali
2303:Vangiones
2236:Thuringii
2141:Nuithones
2037:Irminones
2000:Visigoths
1990:Thervingi
1950:Gambrivii
1903:Dulgubnii
1898:Dauciones
1848:Chasuarii
1788:Brondings
1714:Bastarnae
1704:Baiuvarii
1684:Armalausi
1647:Raetovari
1581:Languages
1549:Symbology
1409:Folklore
1404:Festivals
1249:, Book iv
1247:Histories
1245:Tacitus,
1194:0026-7074
1174:Mnemosyne
1157:0016-4119
1052:163783165
1024:Britannia
1007:0023-8856
898:145656182
890:0265-6914
741:Vegetius
701:Historiae
699:Tacitus,
672:tufts.edu
426:. In the
424:Toxandria
261:Britannia
253:Tacitus (
151:Old Rhine
18:Batavians
2384:Category
2291:Hasdingi
2276:Usipetes
2256:Tubantes
2241:Toxandri
2221:Tencteri
2196:Suarines
2181:Sicambri
2176:Semnones
2156:Reudigni
2126:Mattiaci
2116:Marsacii
2067:Lombards
2057:Lacringi
2052:Juthungi
1883:Corconti
1868:Cherusci
1843:Charudes
1823:Chaedini
1793:Bructeri
1778:Bateinoi
1749:Eburones
1744:Condrusi
1739:Caeroesi
1734:Atuatuci
1669:Ambrones
1632:Brisgavi
1627:Alemanni
1505:Paganism
1394:Clothing
1389:Calendar
1336:Germania
1202:24521754
1165:44744321
1088:(1994).
1015:41523591
626:(eds.).
616:"Batavi"
614:(2012).
576:See also
570:Lelystad
547:Frisians
483:Germania
386:Legio X
304:Augustus
244:Cherusci
175:Tencteri
171:Usipetes
112:Location
91:Germanic
72:Germanic
2308:Varisci
2296:Silingi
2286:Vandals
2261:Tulingi
2251:Triboci
2246:Treveri
2226:Teutons
2216:Taifals
2191:Sitones
2131:Nemetes
2089:Helisii
2062:Lemovii
1980:Gutones
1913:Firaesi
1908:Favonae
1888:Cugerni
1878:Cobandi
1833:Chamavi
1828:Chaemae
1818:Casuari
1813:Caritni
1783:Betasii
1754:Paemani
1689:Auiones
1554:Warfare
1532:Scripts
1500:Numbers
1324:History
995:Latomus
565:Batavia
516:Jakarta
512:Batavia
445:Batavis
420:Chamavi
382:Nabalia
292:Cornuti
206:Oppidum
159:Tacitus
87:batawjĆ
83:Batavia
32:Batavia
2410:Chatti
2328:Warini
2281:Vagoth
2266:Tungri
2231:Thelir
2211:Swedes
2206:Sunici
2171:Saxons
2166:Rugini
2099:Manimi
2084:Diduni
2022:Heruli
1960:Gepids
1945:Frisii
1923:Franks
1873:Cimbri
1863:Chauci
1858:Chatti
1771:Nervii
1766:Morini
1724:Belgae
1719:Batavi
1694:Avarpi
1659:Angles
1619:Groups
1569:Viking
1515:Gothic
1493:Gothic
1399:Family
1231:283269
1229:
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757:XVI.11
640:
555:Saxons
551:Franks
521:Betawi
441:Passau
433:Batavi
393:castra
388:Gemina
325:Druids
275:, 43:
190:castra
186:Drusus
163:Chatti
106:Betuwe
63:Batavi
36:Batavi
2430:Rhine
2201:Suebi
2186:Sciri
2161:Rugii
2151:Quadi
2136:Njars
2121:Marsi
2079:Lugii
2047:Jutes
2012:Harii
2007:Gutes
1965:Goths
1955:Geats
1893:Danes
1838:Chali
1759:Segni
1699:Baemi
1542:Runes
1527:Rings
1520:Norse
1488:Names
1481:Norse
1464:Norse
1447:Norse
1254:A map
1227:JSTOR
1198:JSTOR
1161:JSTOR
1075:JSTOR
1048:S2CID
1040:JSTOR
1011:JSTOR
904:EBSCO
894:S2CID
745:III.7
703:iv.12
618:. In
598:Notes
587:Laeti
563:ship
409:Salii
370:Galba
308:Galba
302:from
240:Weser
204:. An
167:Suebi
104:(the
79:Rhine
76:Dutch
2271:Ubii
1918:Fosi
1803:Buri
1190:ISSN
1153:ISSN
1096:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1003:ISSN
973:ISBN
950:ISBN
927:ISBN
886:ISSN
846:ISBN
731:2.11
689:1.29
651:2020
638:ISBN
553:and
366:Nero
338:and
173:and
143:Waal
98:awjĆ
94:bat-
61:The
47:Nero
34:and
2146:Osi
1454:Law
1384:Art
1311:of
1219:doi
1182:doi
1143:doi
1032:doi
878:doi
559:DNA
524:or
306:to
227:by
108:).
49:'s
2401::
1225:.
1215:68
1213:.
1196:.
1188:.
1178:67
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1159:.
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1113:.
1073:,
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1038:.
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892:.
884:.
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872:.
797:,
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316:.
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1431:)
1292:e
1285:t
1278:v
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1184::
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1054:.
1034::
1028:1
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981:.
958:.
935:.
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880::
854:.
783:.
674:.
149:/
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
