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that the legislation and administration of our fatherland suffer from fundamental defects that are consuming the marrow of the country and destroying civil liberties." List further argued that Württemberg suffered under a “world of bureaucrats separated from the people, spread over the whole country and concentrated in the ministries, ignorant of the needs of the people and the conditions of civil life, … opposing every influence of the citizen as if it were a threat to the state.” To remedy the issue, List proposed strong local self-government, including free elections to local authorities and independent local jurisdiction. However, his petition was confiscated by police before it could be distributed. Under pressure from King
Wilhelm I, the conservative parliament withdrew his political immunity in a vote on February 24, 1821.
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trade would not be a universal republic, but, on the contrary, a universal subjection of the less advanced nations to the predominant manufacturing, commercial and naval power, is a conclusion for which the reasons are very strong. ... A universal republic ... , i.e. a union of the nations of the earth whereby they recognise the same conditions of right among themselves and renounce self-redress, can only be realised if a large number of nationalities attain to as nearly the same degree as possible of industry and civilisation, political cultivation and power. Only with the gradual formation of this union can free trade be developed; only as a result of this union can it confer on all nations the same great advantages which are now experienced by those provinces and states which are politically united. The
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the economic association system that has been typical of German economic history since the 19th century. List formulated the association's opposition to customs borders between the various German states and first envisioned the creation of a large German common market as a necessary prerequisite for the industrialization of
Germany. With regard to the foreign trade policy of this desired new internal market, List advocated a retaliatory tariff that would compensate for the trade barriers that existed for German traders abroad. This tariff was intended to protect German economic interests, but it was not yet the idea of an educational tariff that he later developed. The association initiated a petition drive and lobbied German governments and princes to promote these policies.
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protective legislation with a customs union comprising all German lands, and a German marine with a
Navigation Act. The national German spirit, striving after independence and power through union, and the national industry, awaking from its lethargy and eager to recover lost ground, were favorable to the success of List's book, and it produced a great sensation. He ably represented the tendencies and demands of his time in his own country; his work had the effect of fixing the attention, not merely of the speculative and official classes, but of practical men generally, on questions of political economy; and his ideas were undoubtedly the economic foundation of modern Germany as applied by the practical genius of
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economic development of the German states. He wrote a short paper, which he distributed free of charge in large numbers, arguing for the economic advantages of such a railway, which would enable cheap, fast and regular mass transport, and therefore promote the development of the division of labor, the choice of location for commercial enterprises and ultimately, a developed consumer economy. On the basis of this paper, a committee was founded that drew up a convincing cost and profitability analysis, negotiated the necessary concessions with the government and finally issued shares to finance the route. The
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competition of stronger foreign industries in the home market. When the national industries have grown strong enough that this competition is not a threat, then the highest stage of progress has been reached; free trade should again become the rule, and the nation be thus thoroughly incorporated with the universal industrial union. What a nation loses in exchange during the protective period, it more than gains in the long run in productive power. The temporary expenditure is analogous to the cost of the industrial education of the individual.
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It is a dictate of the law of self-preservation to make its particular advancement in power and strength the first principles of its policy". A country should not count the cost of defending the overseas trade of its merchants. And "the manufacturing and agricultural interest must be promoted and protected even by sacrifices of the majority of the individuals, if it can be proved that the nation would never acquire the necessary perfection ... without such protective measures."
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nevertheless a public blessing". List argued that although some government action was essential to stimulate the economy, an overzealous government might do more harm than good. "It is bad policy to regulate everything and to promote everything by employing social powers, where things may better regulate themselves and can be better promoted by private exertions; but it is no less bad policy to let those things alone which can only be promoted by interfering social power."
362:"No one in our University has any conception of a national economy. No one teaches the science of agriculture, forestry, mining, industry, or trade. ... he forms of government are in such a truly barbarous state, that if an official of the seventeenth century rose again from the dead he could at once take up his old work, though he would assuredly be astonished to find the advances that had been made during the interval in the simplest process of manufacture."
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bargaining power. His analysis was also largely confined to the situation in the leading capitalist country of his day—the UK—and he did not consider the policy problems of other
Western countries in catching up with the lead country (as Friedrich List did). In so far as Marx was concerned with other countries, it was mainly with poor countries which were victims of Western imperialism in the merchant capitalist era.
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394:"Thirty-eight customs and toll lines in Germany paralyze internal traffic and produce approximately the same effect as if every limb of the human body were ligated so that the blood did not overflow into another. In order to trade from Hamburg to Austria, from Berlin to Switzerland, one has to cross ten states, study ten customs and toll regulations, and pay ten times the transit toll."
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generation should sacrifice its gain and enjoyment to secure the strength and skill of the future. Under normal conditions, an economically mature nation should also develop agriculture, manufacture and commerce. However, the last two factors were more important since they better influenced the nation's culture and independence and were especially connected to navigation, railways and
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a nearly equal position of industrial development, and that any nation which owing to misfortunes is behind others in industry, commerce, and navigation ... must first of all strengthen her own individual powers, in order to fit herself to enter into free competition with more advanced nations. In a word, I perceived the distinction between cosmopolitical and political economy.
1233:, just as Portugal became the vineyard of England, and has remained so till our days, owing to the stratagem of a cunning diplomatist. Indeed, it is more than probable that without her commercial policy England would never have attained to such a large measure of municipal and individual freedom as she now possesses, for such freedom is the daughter of industry and wealth.
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individual and humanity, and was defined by its language, manners, historical development, culture and constitution. The unity must be the first condition of the security, well-being, progress and civilization of the individual. Private economic interests, like all others, must be subordinated to the maintenance, completion and strengthening of the nation.
716:. As in his earlier writings, List argued that economic development was the product of legal, social and political factors and that industrialization was the necessary initial spark of a self-reinforcing process of development. Therefore, to promote industrialization, List advocated for the establishment of a unified
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I perceived that the popular theory took no account of nations, but simply of the entire human race on the one hand, or of the single individual on the other. I saw clearly that free competition between two nations which are highly civilised can only be mutually beneficial in case both of them are in
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In a thousand cases the power of the State is compelled to impose restrictions on private industry. It prevents the ship owner from taking on board slaves on the west coast of Africa, and taking them over to
America. It imposes regulations as to the building of steamers and the rules of navigation at
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List argued that statesmen had two responsibilities: "one to contemporary society and one to future generations". Normally, the attention of most leaders is occupied by urgent matters, leaving little time to consider future problems. But when a country had reached a turning point in its development,
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In his seventh letter List repeated his assertion that economists should realise that since the human race is divided into independent states, "a nation would act unwisely to endeavour to promote the welfare of the whole human race at the expense of its particular strength, welfare, and independence.
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After discovering a coal deposit in 1827, he and several partners founded a coal mine. In 1831, they also founded the Little
Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Company, which opened a railroad line to transport the coal, making List an early American railroad pioneer. Through these ventures, he
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by trade with richer and more cultivated nations, importing foreign manufactures and exporting raw products. When it is economically so far advanced that it can manufacture for itself, then protection should be used to allow the home industries to develop, and save them from being overpowered by the
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Due to the "universal union" that nations have with their populace, List stated that "from this political union originates their commercial union, and it is in consequence of the perpetual peace thus maintained that commercial union has become so beneficial to them. ... The result of a general free
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and in holding slaves." Likewise, activities beneficial to society may injure the interests of certain individuals. "Canals and railroads may do great good to a nation, but all waggoners will complain of this improvement. Every new invention has some inconvenience for a number of individuals, and is
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was held. There, List presented an expanded memorandum advocating for the broad principles of free trade. He also presented suggestions for an industrial exhibition or the establishment of an overseas trading company. Despite these failures, Wangenheim, who had become the WĂĽrttemberg delegate to the
413:, founded on July 1, 1818 and managing director of the Trade and Industry Association. In the latter role, he traveled to various German capitals and unsuccessfully sought dialogue with the governments. Among other places, he traveled to Vienna in 1820, where a pan-German follow-up conference to the
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and organized local merchants to establish the
General German Trade and Industry Association. This association, which was later renamed the "Association of German Merchants and Manufacturers", is considered the first German business association of the modern era. List thus stands at the beginning of
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China, under Deng, took on the clear features of a 'developmental dictatorship under single-party auspices.' The PRC would then belong to a class of regimes familiar to the 20th century that have their ideological sources in classical
Marxism, but better reflect the developmental, nationalist views
1023:. An individual promotes only his own personal interests but a state fosters the welfare of all its citizens. An individual may prosper from activities which harm the interests of a nation. "Slavery may be a public calamity for a country, nevertheless some people may do very well in carrying on the
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and a city official, and his mother was Maria
Magdalena (née Schäfer). Daniel Friedrich was the second son and youngest child in his family. He was educated at the town's Latin School. As an apprentice at his father's tanning business, List showed little interest in manual labor. He was apprenticed
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duties and restrictions on navigation has raised her manufacturing power and her navigation to such a degree of development that no other nation can sustain free competition with her, can do nothing wiser than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, to preach to other nations the benefits of
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The practical conclusion which List drew for
Germany was that it needed for its economic progress an extended and conveniently bounded territory reaching to the seacoast both on north and south, and a vigorous expansion of manufacture and trade, and that the way to the latter lay through judicious
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List contended that Smith's economic system is not an industrial system but a mercantile system, and he called it "the exchange-value system". Contrary to Smith, he argued that the immediate private interest of individuals would not lead to the highest good of society. The nation stood between the
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As a member of parliament, he continued his campaign for democracy and free trade. In his "Reutlingen Petition " of January 1821, he criticized the prevailing bureaucracy and economic policy, arguing, "A superficial look at the internal conditions of WĂĽrttemberg must convince the unbiased observer
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Minister of Finance, 1892–1903. Witte's plan for rapid industrialisation was centred around railroad construction (the Trans-Siberian railroad for example) and a policy of protectionism. At the time, it was largely considered that Russia was a backward country with an under developed economy. The
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and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel to be a unit. The iron rails become a nerve system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and
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The progress of the nation through these stages is the task of the state, which must create the required conditions for the progress by using legislation and administrative action. This view leads to List's scheme of industrial politics. Every nation should begin with free trade, stimulating and
223:(a pan-German customs union) from a nationalist standpoint. He advocated raising tariffs on imported goods while supporting free trade of domestic goods and stated the cost of a tariff should be seen as an investment in a nation's future productivity. His theories and writing also influenced the
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the previous year. List hoped to persuade political leaders in England to co-operate with Germany to ward off this danger. His proposal was perhaps not so far-fetched as might appear at first sight. In 1844, the writer of an article in a leading review had declared that 'in every point of view,
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Soon after his arrival in Leipzig in 1833, List began to promote the construction of a greater German railway network. For List, overcoming the inner-German customs barriers and the construction of railways were the "Siamese twins" of German economic history and thus necessary steps towards the
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in 1834 had primarily promoted Prussian interests within Germany, and that the greater German economy should establish an "educational" tariff to counter the superior productivity of England. In 1844, the Zollverein set moderate protective tariffs focused on iron and yarn, stimulating economic
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as co-editors. Significant tensions quickly arose, particularly with Welcker, until List was pushed out of the project. The encyclopedia, published in 1834, is considered one of the most important texts of early German liberalism. It provided a common intellectual basis for the emerging German
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List's fundamental doctrine was that a nation's true wealth is the full and many-sided development of its productive power, rather than its current exchange values. For example, its economic education should be more important than immediate production of value, and it might be right that one
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As Marx was not interested in the survival of the capitalist system, he was not really concerned with economic policy, except in so far as the labour movement was involved. There, his argument was concentrated on measures to limit the length of the working day, and to strengthen trade union
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This proposal was accepted and the institution opened in TĂĽbingen on October 17, 1817. Despite lacking a university degree, List was appointed professor of public administration science at the insistence of Von Wangenheim. The established professors and the university committees opposed the
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Von Wangenheim, who had meanwhile been appointed Minister for Church and School Affairs for the Duchy, commissioned List to propose reforms to university civil service training. List proposed establishing a political science faculty alongside the standard legal training, arguing in 1817:
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sea, in order that passengers and sailors may not be sacrificed to the avarice and caprice of the captains. Everywhere does the State consider it to be its duty to guard the public against danger and loss, as in the sale of the necessaries of life, so also in the sale of medicines, etc.
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In 1841, the WĂĽrttemberg government restored List's "civic honor", though his hopes of a position in the southern German states was not fulfilled. He continued to argue for protective tariffs, but became increasingly withdrawn due to ill health. In 1841, he declined an offer to edit the
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Isabella Pfaff: Die Familie. In: Stadt Reutlingen Heimatmuseum und Stadtarchiv (Hrsg.): Friedrich List und seine Zeit: Nationalökonom, Eisenbahnpionier, Politiker, Publizist, 1789–1846: Katalog und Ausstellung zum 200. Geburtstag unter der Schirmherrschaft des Ministerpräsidenten
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its leaders were morally obliged to deal with issues that would affect the next generation. "On the threshold of a new phase in the development of their country, statesmen should be prepared to take the long view, despite the need to deal also with matters of immediate urgency."
667:, List had to give up his voluntary activism and look for new ways of earning money. In addition, his attempt to be rehabilitated in WĂĽrttemberg failed in 1836, after a corresponding petition for clemency had been rejected. List decided to relocate permanently to Paris.
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and the organization of a national commercial system. After a long lecture tour in 1844, he returned to Augsburg in 1845. As the Zollverein moved toward a policy of free trade and List's ideas fell out of public interest, his publisher withdrew and he continued the
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While List once had urged Germany to join other 'manufacturing nations of the second rank' to check Britain's 'insular supremacy', by 1841 he considered that the United States and Russia would become the most powerful countries—a view also expressed by
515:'s theories of free trade as the basis for his customs union proposals, instead arguing that protective tariffs would empower the United States and Germany, which lagged behind England in industrialization, to develop domestic economic sovereignty. In
543:. Others deny this (e.g., Daastøl, 2011), since List argued for a German customs union as early as 1819 and his views in the United States were framed as pragmatic rather than dogmatic and were influenced by liberal protectionists such as Chaptal and
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idea and insisted on the special requirements of each nation according to its circumstances and especially to the degree of its development. He famously doubted the sincerity of calls to free trade from developed nations, in particular Britain:
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and rose to the position of chief auditor and accountant in 1816. In that role, he commissioned surveys among emigrants from Baden and WĂĽrttemberg for the purpose of studying the increase in emigration and enacting countermeasures.
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did not recognize the trade association and instead referred the signatories to the individual state governments. These, however, strictly rejected outside interference in state affairs, and List's activism lost the trust of
1016:. List argued that Smithian critiques of mercantilism were "partly correct", but argued for the need for temporary tariff protection targeted to protect specific infant industries that were critical to economic growth.
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List theorised that nations of the temperate zone (which are furnished with all the necessary conditions) naturally pass through stages of economic development in advancing to their normal economic state. These are:
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on November 30 with a seven-inch travel pistol. Since the autopsy showed that List was "afflicted with such a degree of melancholy that free thought and action was impossible", he was afforded a Christian burial.
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List was the leading promoter of railways in Germany. His proposals on how to start up a system were widely adopted. He summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841:
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Despite his achievements, List himself received little material benefit from his involvement in railway politics, apart from a few bonuses. When his income from his American investments decreased following the
1208:'s 'Continental System', aimed just at damaging Britain during a bitter long-term war, had in fact been quite good for German industry. This was the direct opposite of what was believed by the followers of
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whether politically or commercially, we can have no better alliance than that of the German nation, spreading as it does, its 42 millions of souls without interruption over the surface of central Europe'.
1501:, refer to List often explicitly when writing about suitable economic policies for developing countries. List's influence among developing nations has been considerable. Japan has followed his model.
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By 1819, List had been elected to the WĂĽrttemberg state parliament, but his election was invalid, having not reached the minimum age of 30. In 1820, he was elected to the state parliament from
382:. His journalistic activities drew suspicion from the new WĂĽrttemberg government, and List was compelled to submit a petition to the king to defend himself against accusations of subversion.
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261:. At the time in Europe, liberal and nationalist ideas were almost inseparably linked, and political liberalism was not yet attached to what was later considered "economic liberalism."
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and protection from prosecution in WĂĽrttemberg. However, the position did not provide a fixed salary, and List soon neglected his duties. While in Leipzig, List traveled frequently to
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Heuser, Marie-Luise (2008). "Romantik und Gesellschaft. Die Theorie der produktiven Kräfte" [Romance and Society: The Theory of Productive Forces]. In Gerhard, Myriam (ed.).
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renewed interest in his ideas in Germany, such that from 1839 to 1840, he was able to publish numerous essays on trade policy and legislation, which would later for the basis of his
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would be still carrying on their trade in London, the Belgians would be still manufacturing cloth for the English, England would have still continued to be the sheep-farm of the
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liberal movement and was therefore a significant contribution to its cohesion across the German states. Franz Schnabel described the first edition of 1834 as the "basic book of
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to argue that economic policy should vary depending on the needs of individual states. Some argue (e.g., Chang, 2002) that List's American exile inspired his pronounced "
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He subsequently attempted to initiate similar projects in other German states or publicly supported existing projects. In 1835, for example, he advocated a route from
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free trade, and to declare in penitent tones that she has hitherto wandered in the paths of error, and has now for the first time succeeded in discovering the truth.
409:. In order to forestall his dismissal as professor, List resigned his office. Instead, List turned his focus to actiivsm. He became editor-in-chief of the newspaper
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The international economic policy of Meiji Japan was a combination of Hideyoshi's mercantilism and Friedrich List's Nationale System der Politischen Ă–konomie.
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Economic Policy in Crisis: The (Secret) Conference of the Friedrich List Society in September 1931 on the Possibilities and Consequences of Credit Expansion
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607:, established in 1839, was the first German long-distance railway line. Most other German railway projects were also based on List's model of organization.
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Wirtschaftspolitik in der Krise. Die (Geheim-)Konferenz der Friedrich List-Gesellschaft im Sept.1931 über Möglichkeiten und Folgen einer Kreditausweitung
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were the two best-known German economists and theorists of development, although Marx, unlike List, devised no policies to promote economic development.
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While in the United States, List further developed arguments for economic nationalism, joining American entrepreneurs in demanding the introduction of
396:– Extract from the petition of the General German Trade and Industry Association of 14 April 1819 to the Federal Assembly, formulated by Friedrich List
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liberalism." List contributed articles focused on industry and technology, including railways, steamships, workers, wages and labor-saving machines.
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following their meeting in Paris in 1833, and they exchanged letters for the remainder of their lives. Elise List was a singer who performed under
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which would soon become Germany's first long distance railway. He is honored for his early promotion of the importance of railways with a bust in
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2541:, PS 137b - "Revolutionary Movements: Marxism and Fascism in East Asia" (Course Notes), 29 March 2005. Archived link, accessed 10 August 2014.
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Had the English left everything to itself—'Laissez faire, laissez aller', as the popular economical school recommends—the merchants of the
3042:"Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism"
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294:. His date of birth is uncertain, but his baptism is usually given as August 6, 1789. His father, Johannes (1746–1813), was a prosperous
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813:“It was List who stimulated a general sense of national economy in Germany, without which no nation can adequately shape its destiny.”
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It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation. It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.
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on February 19, 1818. List received permission from the ruler and dispensation from the University of TĂĽbingen to marry in Baden.
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who developed the nationalist theory of political economy in both Europe and the United States. He was a forefather of the German
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Die Produktivität der Natur. Schellings Naturphilosophie und das neue Paradigma der Selbstorganisation in den Naturwissenschaften
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Agrarpolitik und Kimilsungismus in der Demokratischen Volksrepublik Korea: Ein Beitrag zum Konzept autozentrierter Entwicklung.
303:. After passing his examination, he entered the administrative service in 1805 and became Taxes and Warehouses Commissioner in
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List's theory of "national economics" differed from the doctrines of "individual economics" and "cosmopolitan economics" by
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Werner Lachmann: Entwicklungspolitik: Band 1: Grundlagen, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2003, ISBN 3-486-25139-2, S. 128.
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1258:, but also by the general mode of thinking of America's first Treasury Secretary, and by his strictures on the doctrine of
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685:, as a correspondent on French domestic politics. He also returned to his work on general political economy. His 1837 work
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List's argument was that Germany should follow actual English practice rather than the abstractions of Smith's doctrines:
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and a protective tariff against foreign goods, until an internationally competitive domestic industry could be developed.
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After serving five months of his sentence at Hohenasperg, List was pardoned in exchange for agreeing to emigrate to the
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It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and
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development for a time but allowing technology transfers and the importation of necessary finished goods from England.
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and a connection from there to Hamburg. In order to promote these proposals and his economic program, List founded the
2401:, by Friedrich List, 1841, translated by Sampson S. Lloyd M.P., 1885 edition, Fourth Book, "The Politics", Chapter 33.
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German Social History, Vol. 3, From the 'German Double Revolution' to the Beginning of the First World War: 1849–1914
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W. O. Henderson, Editor’s Introduction: Friedrich List: The Natural System of Political Economy. ISBN 0-7146-3206-6.
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Carl Brinkmann: Friedrich List. In: Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6. Stuttgart et. al. 1959, p. 434.
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Carl Brinkmann: Friedrich List. In: Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6. Stuttgart et. al. 1959, p. 634.
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Carl Brinkmann: Friedrich List. In: Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6. Stuttgart et. al. 1959, p. 634.
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2982:(2021). "Seapower and Frontier Settlement: Friedrich List's American Vision for Germany". In Lahti, Janne (ed.).
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in 1917, he suggested the new central interchange station of the German rail network be named in honor of List.
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511:, in which he provided economic support for the demand for trade protections. He began to distance himself from
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List continued to promote his ideas in the German context, arguing that the liberal tariffs established by the
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This book has been more frequently translated than the works of any other German economist, except Karl Marx.
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It is a means of national defence: it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army.
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During his time as a professor in TĂĽbingen, List married the widow Karoline Neidhard, daughter of the poet
1262:. He opposed the cosmopolitan principle in the contemporary economical system and the absolute doctrine of
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2374:, by Friedrich List, 1841, translated by Sampson S. Lloyd M.P., 1885 edition, Author's Preface, Page xxvi.
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Selwyn, B. (2009). "An Historical Materialist Appraisal of Friedrich List and his Modern Day Followers".
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349:, later his sponsor, List rose quickly through the bureaucracy. He moved to the Ministry of Finance in
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Clairmonte, Frederick (February 1959). "Friedrich List and the Historical Concept of Balance Growth".
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The protectionist campaign brought List into the presidential election of 1828, in which he supported
480:. He initially worked as a farmer, with little success. After one year, he sold his farm and moved to
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gained a certain amount of wealth and financial independence, which he lost again in the wake of the
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Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict
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Helleiner, Eric (2023), Bukovansky, Mlada; Keene, Edward; Reus-Smit, Christian; Spanu, Maja (eds.),
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Friedrich Lists Auswanderungsbefragungen (1817) (Memento vom 27. September 2007 im Internet Archive)
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to follow an "unequaled" model of development inspired by List's "production of productive forces."
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In 1846, with his property lost in another American crisis and his health failing, List traveled to
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with a view to forming a commercial alliance between that country and Germany but was unsuccessful.
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In 1840, List returned to Germany following the death of his only son, Oskar, in the service of the
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but returned to serve his sentence in 1824, having been unable to build a secure life in exile.
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Politische Ă–konomie in kritischen Jahren. Die Friedrich List-Gesellschaft E.V., von 1925-1935
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government in the 1930s to instigate protectionism with a view to developing Irish industry.
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List argued that international trade reduced the security of the states who took part in it.
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2150:. (Dortmund Contributions to Newspaper Research 10/1). Dortmund 1966, p. 56 f and p. 57 ff.
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2845:
2664:
1957:
1579:
1574:
1490:
1483:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1176:
628:
Eisenbahnjournal und National-Magazin fĂĽr die Fortschritt in Handel, Gewerbe und Ackerbau
567:
295:
266:
2744:
Friedrich List's Heart, Wit and Will: Mental Capital as the Productive Force of Progress
2657:
The Foundation of Mercantile Realism: Friedrich List and International Political Economy
1590:
753:
558:
in 1830, though this appointment was not confirmed by the United States Senate, and the
3565:
3265:
3236:
3201:
3089:
2968:
2855:
2823:
2755:
2700:
2621:
1986:
1949:
1247:
1152:
1024:
739:
681:
504:
283:
156:
3153:
1242:
List's hostility to free trade was first decisively shaped by the ideas of his friend
704:, initially continuing his work as a journalist. In 1841, he published his main work,
3613:
3432:
3417:
3269:
3205:
3137:
3093:
3007:
2918:
2899:
2830:
2807:
2779:
2690:
2250:
2124:. (Encyclopedia of German History, Vol. 49), Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57669-0, p. 22f.
1319:
and sister of the writer and editor Ludwig Georg Friedrich Seybold and Major General
1198:
1071:
1013:
762:
eventually took the post. He also rejected an offer from Russian Minister of Finance
378:(1818). He further published arguments for constitutional liberalism in the magazine
334:. In 1816, List's position in the bureaucracy was improved as the succession of King
3293:
2111:. (Encyclopedia of German History, Vol. 49), Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57669-0, p. 22.
2041:. (Encyclopedia of German History, Vol. 49), Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57669-0, p. 22.
1679:
3580:
3387:
3257:
3193:
3165:
3127:
3101:
Freeman, C. (1995). "The National System of Innovation in Historical Perspective".
3081:
3069:
2682:
2304:
2242:
2050:
1902:
1805:
1745:
1528:
1459:
1331:
1230:
1059:
647:
414:
231:
212:
3132:
3115:
3085:
2934:
1533:
1288:
His idea of productive powers was influenced by the philosophy of productivity of
1270:, to which he had been exposed by Hamilton and Raymond. He gave prominence to the
3607:
3478:
3332:
3319:
3314:
3177:
3149:
2801:
2485:
2476:
2441:
Dr. h. c. Lothar Späth. Reutlingen 1989, ISBN 3-927228-19-2, S. 198 ff.
1559:
1547:
1440:
1293:
1136:
1063:
1052:
579:
532:
96:
92:
36:
554:. Jackson granted List American citizenship in 1830 and appointed him consul to
3585:
3529:
3473:
3437:
2963:
2712:
2463:
1543:
1466:
1385:
1369:
Karoline, known as "Lina" (born January 20, 1829), who married history painter
1297:
1255:
1243:
583:
575:
551:
544:
436:
323:
and expanded his reading. He also made the acquaintance of the future minister
195:
164:
160:
3377:
3261:
3197:
2734:
Political Economy in Critical Years: The Friedrich List Society from 1925-1935
1749:
1478:
1448:
1167:
as well as several streets named after him adjacent to railway stations (e.g.
598:
List's design for a greater German railway network, published after his death.
3629:
3575:
3570:
3447:
3141:
3037:
2783:
2576:
2571:
2489:
1510:
1494:
1463:
boom which was seen during the 1890s was largely credited to Witte's policy.
1280:
1143:
1033:
664:
500:
493:
262:
3169:
3041:
3023:
Friedrich List (1789-1846): A Visionary Economist with Social Responsibility
2984:
German and United States Colonialism in a Connected World: Entangled Empires
1990:
1246:
and other liberal protectionists in France. He was also later influenced by
380:
Volksfreund aus Schwaben, a national newspaper for morality, freedom and law
367:
appointment on the grounds that List had only achieved his position through
3523:
3488:
3412:
1498:
1455:
1070:
in the production of certain raw materials. Thus, there were a spontaneous
717:
630:
in 1835. Forty issues of this magazine were published, concluding in 1837.
311:
University professor and early advocacy for German customs union: 1817–1820
304:
30:
2704:
2676:
1444:
1360:
Emilie (born on December 10, 1818), who served as his secretary from 1833;
589:
2979:
2173:
Classics of Economic Thought. Vol. 1: From Adam Smith to Alfred Marschall
1539:
1393:
1271:
1106:
777:, a newspaper in which continued his advocacy for the enlargement of the
690:
633:
In Leipzig, List also proposed an encyclopedia of political science, the
465:
453:
2217:
2082:
The Problem of Poverty in the German Vormärz according to Friedrich List
1832:
The Problem of Poverty in the German Vormärz according to Friedrich List
316:
207:(6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German entrepreneur, diplomat,
3503:
3397:
3240:
2686:
2299:
1263:
1259:
1209:
1019:
List contrasted the economic behaviour of an individual with that of a
1009:
858: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
778:
724:
536:
512:
442:
300:
287:
220:
62:
2663:. 54th Political Studies Association Annual Conference. Archived from
1868:
Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland: Regionen als Wachstumsmotoren.
656:
257:
3601:
3513:
3452:
2460:
Dynamic forces in Capitalist Development: A Long-Run Comparative View
2213:
1928:
1892:
quoted in Jörg Schweigard: The Höllenberg. In: Die Zeit, No. 43/2004.
1517:
policies were inspired by List, as well as recent policies in India.
1226:
759:
619:
386:
368:
350:
208:
130:
2475:
List's influence on Japanese economic policy: see "A contrary view:
1266:
which was in harmony with that principle, and instead developed the
833:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1205:
1067:
802:
774:
701:
611:
574:
to promote American-French trade relations. He met frequently with
452:
On April 6, 1822, List was sentenced to ten months imprisonment at
88:
2570:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1707:
1705:
1062:
were adapted to grow higher forms of industry. On the other hand,
3070:"Friedrich List and the Imperial Origins of the National Economy"
2495:
1436:
1151:
List drew up proposals for a national railway network before the
818:
Obituary in the Baltic Sea Stock Exchange News of January 1, 1847
798:
787:
744:
679:
In Paris, List wrote regularly for the leading German newspaper,
563:
555:
111:
2614:
Friederich List: a Forerunner and a Sacrifice for the Fatherland
2014:
1337:
1074:
and a confederation of powers between both groups of countries.
670:
2868:
Petition on Behalf of the Handelsverein to the Federal Assembly
2268:
National System of Political Economy, Friedrich List – p. 102–3
2203:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996, ISBN 3-525-13230-1, p. 244.
1702:
1514:
1020:
623:
461:
3154:"Friedrich List and the Political Economy of the Nation-State"
2055:
German History 1800–1866. The Civil World and the Strong State
1907:
German History 1800–1866. The Civil World and the Strong State
1881:
German History 1800–1866. The Civil World and the Strong State
374:
List published his thoughts on these reform in the short book
2995:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 125 & 146–153.
1717:
794:
615:
571:
457:
3681:
Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States
507:
and contributed, among other works, to the 1827 publication
437:
Member of Württemberg parliament and imprisonment: 1820–1824
3182:"Economic Nationalism: From Friedrich List to Robert Reich"
2945:
Linebarger, Paul M. A.; Chu, Chu; Burks, Ardath W. (1954).
2277:
National System of Political Economy, Friedrich List—p. 150
1424:
2970:
Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List
2638:
Friedrich List and the Economic Fate of Tropical Countries
2239:
The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations
2175:. CHBeck Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57357-6, p. 164.
809:
In an obituary, List's long-time opponent Altvater wrote:
1532:
portrayed List's life and achievements. He was played by
1486:
stamp commemorating the 200th anniversary of List's birth
484:, where he became editor-in-chief of the German-language
3227:
Notz, William (June 1926). "Frederick List in America".
2324:
1135:
It secures the community against dearth and famine, and
992:
2609:
Fr. List, ein Vorlaufer und ein Opfer fĂĽr das Vaterland
2519:
2201:
Price Formation, Technical Progress and Economic Growth
2153:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
590:
Leipzig, railway promotion and encyclopedist: 1833–1837
503:
in 1827. List also came into contact with the ideas of
2507:
1408:
Memorial statue at the main railway station of Leipzig
251:, an encyclopedia of political science that advocated
2947:
Far Eastern Governments and Politics: China and Japan
2409:
2407:
2280:
1929:"GRIN - Friedrich List - Leben und Werk im Ăśberblick"
1756:
1055:, and a purely-agricultural state tended to stagnate
578:
and, through his daughters, befriended the musicians
319:. While there, he regularly attended lectures at the
269:
as a theorist of "moderate or regulated capitalism."
2866:, containing a bibliography and a reprint of List's
2382:
2380:
2070:. Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-518-11286-4, p. 13.
1780:
1656:
1644:
1254:
rooted in Hamilton's economic principles, including
471:
2803:
The Neomercantilists: A Global Intellectual History
1100:
Agriculture, manufactures and commerce are combined
230:List was a political liberal who collaborated with
3362:
2967:
2944:
2933:
2825:Friedrich List: Economist and Visionary, 1789–1846
2822:
2776:Friedrich List, Germany's Greater National Economy
2501:
2419:
2404:
1811:
1768:
1690:
1632:
315:At age 23 in 1811, List was promoted to a post at
3661:Members of the WĂĽrttembergian Chamber of Deputies
3218:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2377:
2241:, Oxford University Press, pp. 334–C23P112,
1081:
3627:
3299:Union Europe — List's vision of a peaceful union
2993:Free Trade and its Enemies in France, 1814–1851
2949:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand.
2878:(1827) (to the Harrisburg Convention), and the
2790:
2772:Friedrich List, Deutschlands grosser Volkswirth
2711:
2087:Cologne Lectures on Social and Economic History
1985:
1837:Cologne Lectures on Social and Economic History
1736:Walther, Rudolf (1984). "Economic Liberalism".
1711:
1596:
2723:]. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
456:. He fled and evaded capture for two years in
338:ushered in a period of reform. Under minister
3348:
3235:(2). American Economic Association: 249–265.
2681:. Vol. 102. Princeton University Press.
2544:
1414:Das Nationale System der Politischen Ă–konomie
1058:However, List claimed that only countries in
1002:Das nationale System der politischen Ă–konomie
433:, which eventually became a reality in 1828.
376:Die Staatskunde und Staatspraxis WĂĽrttembergs
3656:Academic staff of the University of TĂĽbingen
2589:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2436:
2434:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1675:
1673:
1671:
714:Histoire de l'economique politique en Europe
2986:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–39.
2769:
2137:. 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-32263-1 , pp. 74–75.
1965:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1948:
1602:
3355:
3341:
3054:
2940:(in German). Berlin: Ernst Hofmann and Co.
2860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2760:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2727:
2634:
2626:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2599:
2525:
2513:
2187:Brother, you have fallen into an evil time
2057:. Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X, p. 191.
1989:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1909:. Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X, p. 327.
1883:. Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X, p. 358.
1416:(1841) and was translated into English as
1182:
29:
16:German-born American economist (1789–1846)
3284:A Comparison Of List, Marx and Adam Smith
3176:
3158:Review of International Political Economy
3148:
3131:
3113:
2953:
2892:Oldenburger Jahrbuch fĂĽr Philosophie 2007
2820:
2799:
2791:Hagemann, Harald; Wendler, Eugen (2018).
2653:
2605:
2466:. Oxford University Press, 1991, page 19.
2431:
2330:
2232:
2159:
1935:
1668:
1662:
1650:
1139:in the prices of the necessaries of life.
980:Learn how and when to remove this message
918:Learn how and when to remove this message
731:
3591:Three-component theory of stratification
3320:Newspaper clippings about Friedrich List
3306:The National System of Political Economy
2962:
2884:The National System of Political Economy
2778:] (in German). Berlin: J. Springer.
2575:
2399:The National System of Political Economy
2372:The National System of Political Economy
1606:The National System of Political Economy
1477:
1454:Among others he strongly influenced was
1418:The National System of Political Economy
1403:
1336:
996:
943:This section includes a list of general
706:The National System of Political Economy
593:
422:, relied on List to develop plans for a
371:, and they accused him of incompetence.
3116:"The Diversity of Economic Nationalism"
3100:
3020:
2931:
2740:
2531:
1762:
1735:
1723:
1638:
687:The Natural System of Political Economy
411:Organ for the German Trade and Industry
3628:
3596:Tripartite classification of authority
3247:
2912:
2896:Oldenburg Yearbook for Philosophy 2007
2889:
2872:Outlines of American Political Economy
2793:The Economic Thought of Friedrich List
2674:
2425:
2413:
2286:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
509:Outlines of American Political Economy
282:Daniel Friedrich List was born in the
71:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
3336:
3036:
2999:
2843:
2386:
2247:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.22
2228:
2226:
2001:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1817:
1793:
1774:
1696:
1161:a railway between Leipzig and Dresden
993:Nationalist view of political economy
3651:People from the Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
3226:
3067:
2990:
2978:
2974:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2319:National System of Political Economy
2122:The Industrial Revolution in Germany
2109:The Industrial Revolution in Germany
2039:The Industrial Revolution in Germany
2025:
1447:and these theories were used by the
1097:Agriculture united with manufactures
929:
856:adding citations to reliable sources
827:
2362:, 1844, Vol. LXXIX, pp. 105 et seq.
1972:
1171:). When the Swiss-German architect
13:
2715:; Schötz, Hans Otto, eds. (1991).
2342:List quoted in John J. Lalor, ed.
2223:
1412:List's principal work is entitled
1384:Emilie List was a close friend of
1363:Oskar (born on February 23, 1820);
1290:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
949:it lacks sufficient corresponding
636:Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon
241:Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon
14:
3702:
3277:
2956:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck
2917:. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
2148:The Rheinische Zeitung of 1842/43
1866:zitiert nach Hubert Kiesewetter:
1321:Johann Karl Christoph von Seybold
472:Exile in United States: 1825–1833
3294:Wikiquote - Quotations From List
2563:
2502:Linebarger, Chu & Burks 1954
2212:Originally published in 1841 at
2089:, issue 13, Cologne 1971, p. 12.
1870:2004, ISBN 3-515-08613-7, S. 31.
1839:, issue 13, Cologne 1971, p. 3f.
1546:has likewise been considered by
1396:which did not come to fruition.
1392:and planned a concert tour with
1303:
934:
832:
747:newspaper, and the role went to
194:
3691:Suicides in the Austrian Empire
3186:Review of International Studies
2770:Goldschmidt, Friedrich (1878).
2616:]. Vol. II. Stuttgart.
2594:
2469:
2453:
2444:
2392:
2365:
2349:
2344:Cyclopædia of Political Science
2336:
2311:
2292:
2271:
2262:
2206:
2193:
2178:
2165:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2092:
2073:
2060:
2044:
2031:
2005:
1921:
1912:
1895:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1823:
1799:
1565:Contributions to liberal theory
1159:. He suggested construction of
843:needs additional citations for
786:at his own expense. He visited
265:considers List a forerunner to
3671:19th-century German economists
3364:Historical school of economics
3114:Helleiner, Eric (2020-11-23).
3103:Cambridge Journal of Economics
3047:Post-Autistic Economics Review
3006:. Cambridge University Press.
2821:Henderson, William O. (1983).
2736:]. TĂĽbingen: Mohr Siebeck.
1998:New International Encyclopedia
1808:, archived on January 3, 2013.
1729:
1082:Stages of economic development
535:", which found realization in
529:historical school of economics
217:historical school of economics
179:Historical school of economics
1:
3676:German development economists
3133:10.1080/13563467.2020.1841137
3086:10.1080/13563467.2016.1115827
1625:
1509:It has also been argued that
1366:Elise (born July 1, 1822) and
1279:Any nation which by means of
1237:
1175:first proposed what is today
1137:against excessive fluctuation
517:Outlines of Political Economy
277:
175:National System of Innovation
3666:Historical school economists
3536:Methodological individualism
3308:written by Karl Marx in 1845
3229:The American Economic Review
3003:Strategies of Economic Order
2913:Heuser, Marie-Luise (1986).
2806:. Cornell University Press.
2795:. Routledge. pp. 58–62.
2728:BrĂĽgelmann, Hermann (1956).
2190:. In: Die Zeit. No. 32/1989.
2028:, pp. 15, 125, 146–153.
1597:Works in English translation
769:In 1843, he established the
272:
225:American school of economics
7:
3324:20th Century Press Archives
3030:
2844:Hirst, Margaret E. (1909).
2741:Daastøl, Arno Mong (2011).
2675:Brooks, Stephen G. (2005).
1712:Hagemann & Wendler 2018
1553:
1390:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy
1157:between Nuremberg and FĂĽrth
1119:
299:as a bureaucratic clerk at
10:
3707:
3546:National innovation system
2954:Nipperdey, Thomas (1996).
2654:Bolsinger, Eckard (2004).
2635:Boianovsky, Mauro (2011).
2550:Juttka-Reisse, R. (1979.)
1356:List had three children:
1341:Portrait of Elise List by
708:, inspired by the work of
424:south German customs union
385:In 1819, List traveled to
340:Karl August von Wangenheim
3586:Theory of business cycles
3461:
3370:
3262:10.1080/13563460902825965
3198:10.1017/S0260210597003598
2898:]. pp. 253–277.
1750:10.1080/03085148300000019
1399:
1292:. He was acquainted with
255:and which influenced the
253:constitutional liberalism
193:
188:
184:
170:
148:
136:
126:
121:
117:
107:
77:
44:
28:
21:
3304:An unfinished review of
3068:Ince, Onur Ulas (2016).
2800:Helleiner, Eric (2021).
2646:Universidade de Brasilia
1968:. New York: D. Appleton.
1587:, a biographer of List's
1570:Economic interventionism
1268:infant industry argument
823:
527:(1819) and the emerging
525:De l’industrie française
478:United States of America
336:William I of WĂĽrttemberg
3443:Heinrich von Treitschke
3200:(inactive 2024-09-04).
3170:10.1080/096922997347887
3021:Wendler, Eugen (2014).
2766:(doctoral dissertation)
2600:Books and book chapters
2586:Encyclopædia Britannica
1992:"List, Friedrich"
1959:"List, Friedrich"
1726:, pp. 12, 135–137.
1685:Encyclopædia Britannica
1493:, such as South Korean
1310:David Christoph Seybold
1183:Britain and world trade
964:more precise citations.
605:Leipzig–Dresden railway
566:in 1833, providing him
519:, List drew heavily on
35:Lithography of List by
3646:People from Reutlingen
3551:Philosophy of identity
3499:Fictitious commodities
3494:Enlightened absolutism
3057:Indian Economic Review
2932:Jentsch, Carl (1901).
2847:Life of Friedrich List
2829:. London: Frank Cass.
2146:Wilhelm Klutentreter:
1524:
1507:
1487:
1476:
1433:
1423:Before 1914, List and
1409:
1353:
1286:
1235:
1219:
1153:first steam locomotive
1147:governmental purposes.
1117:
1005:
821:
732:Later years: 1841–1846
710:JĂ©rĂ´me-Adolphe Blanqui
599:
398:
364:
321:University of TĂĽbingen
3581:Theory of Bureaucracy
3556:Protestant work ethic
3519:Laspeyres price index
3393:Georg Friedrich Knapp
3383:Johann Gustav Droysen
3250:New Political Economy
3120:New Political Economy
3074:New Political Economy
3000:Tribe, Keith (2007).
2356:The German Zollverein
2235:"Regulating Commerce"
2068:Liberalism in Germany
2066:Dieter Langewiesche:
1519:
1503:
1481:
1471:
1429:
1407:
1340:
1277:
1223:
1214:
1204:List considered that
1190:Alexis de Tocqueville
1112:
1000:
811:
698:French Foreign Legion
597:
482:Reading, Pennsylvania
392:
360:
325:Johannes von Schlayer
205:Daniel Friedrich List
49:Daniel Friedrich List
3541:Monopoly on violence
3509:Innovation economics
3469:Creative destruction
3428:Gustav von Schmoller
3289:Quotations From List
2991:Todd, David (2015).
2133:Hans-Ulrich Wehler:
1491:Heterodox economists
1169:Friedrich-List-Platz
1165:Leipzig main station
1144:provincial prejudice
1034:system of protection
852:improve this article
764:Georg Ludwig Cancrin
652:Carl Theodor Welcker
560:Grand Duchy of Baden
521:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
292:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
236:Carl Theodor Welcker
153:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
101:German Confederation
67:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
3484:Economistic fallacy
2876:Philadelphia Speech
2478:How the World Works
1738:Economy and Society
1580:Henry Charles Carey
1575:Economic patriotism
1526:A 1943 German film
1484:Deutsche Bundespost
1351:Ludwig I of Bavaria
1347:Gallery of Beauties
1343:Joseph Karl Stieler
1177:Berlin main station
673:The National System
568:diplomatic immunity
488:from 1826 to 1830.
267:John Maynard Keynes
219:and argued for the
3566:Schumpeterian rent
3313:2006-01-06 at the
3040:(September 2002).
2687:10.2307/j.ctt7sjz7
2606:Anonymous (1877).
2484:2006-01-17 at the
2120:Hans-Werner Hahn:
2107:Hans-Werner Hahn:
2079:Friedrich Seidel,
2037:Hans-Werner Hahn:
1879:Thomas Nipperdey:
1829:Friedrich Seidel,
1522:of Friedrich List.
1488:
1410:
1354:
1248:Alexander Hamilton
1212:. As List put it:
1006:
740:Rheinische Zeitung
682:Allgemeine Zeitung
600:
505:Alexander Hamilton
501:protective tariffs
284:free imperial city
213:political theorist
157:Alexander Hamilton
3623:
3622:
3614:Werturteilsstreit
3433:Joseph Schumpeter
3418:Leopold von Ranke
3403:Étienne Laspeyres
2905:978-3-8142-2101-4
2813:978-1-5017-6014-3
2696:978-0-691-13031-6
2537:A. James Gregor,
2256:978-0-19-887345-7
1714:, pp. 58–62.
1380:on March 5, 1855.
1173:de:Martin Mächler
1072:division of labor
1060:temperate regions
1014:Jean-Baptiste Say
990:
989:
982:
928:
927:
920:
902:
415:Carlsbad Assembly
202:
201:
143:Historical School
3698:
3388:Bruno Hildebrand
3357:
3350:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3273:
3244:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3178:Levi-Faur, David
3173:
3150:Levi-Faur, David
3145:
3135:
3110:
3097:
3064:
3051:
3026:
3017:
2996:
2987:
2975:
2973:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2909:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2840:
2828:
2817:
2796:
2787:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2737:
2724:
2708:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2649:
2643:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2590:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2450:Henderson (1983)
2448:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2360:Edinburgh Review
2353:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2317:Friedrich List.
2315:
2309:
2305:Edinburgh Review
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2230:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:Thomas Nipperdey
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1903:Thomas Nipperdey
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1609:. Archived from
1591:Caroline Märklin
1585:Siegfried Moltke
1529:The Endless Road
1460:Imperial Russian
1379:
1371:August Hövemeyer
1345:, housed in the
1329:
1318:
1064:tropical regions
985:
978:
974:
971:
965:
960:this section by
951:inline citations
938:
937:
930:
923:
916:
912:
909:
903:
901:
867:"Friedrich List"
860:
836:
828:
819:
784:Zollvereinsblatt
771:Zollvereinsblatt
757:
743:, a new liberal
700:. He settled in
648:Karl von Rotteck
644:
432:
348:
333:
249:
232:Karl von Rotteck
198:
84:
81:30 November 1846
58:
56:
33:
19:
18:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3561:Rationalization
3479:Double movement
3457:
3423:Wilhelm Roscher
3366:
3361:
3315:Wayback Machine
3280:
3211:
3210:
3033:
3014:
2964:Szporluk, Roman
2925:
2906:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2814:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2713:Borchardt, Knut
2697:
2667:
2660:
2641:
2619:
2618:
2602:
2597:
2581:List, Friedrich
2579:, ed. (1911). "
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2526:Boianovsky 2011
2524:
2520:
2514:Clairmonte 1959
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2486:Wayback Machine
2474:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2297:
2293:
2289:, pp. 1–2.
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2199:Alfred E. Ott:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2171:Heinz D. Kurz:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1984:
1973:
1956:, eds. (1892).
1947:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:, pp. 2–4.
1792:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1560:Abraham Lincoln
1556:
1548:Dieter Senghaas
1441:Arthur Griffith
1402:
1373:
1330:(1777–1833) in
1323:
1312:
1306:
1294:Robert Schumann
1252:American School
1240:
1185:
1122:
1084:
1053:high technology
995:
986:
975:
969:
966:
956:Please help to
955:
939:
935:
924:
913:
907:
904:
861:
859:
849:
837:
826:
820:
817:
751:
734:
677:
671:Journalism and
638:
618:, another from
592:
541:American System
533:National System
474:
439:
426:
395:
342:
327:
313:
280:
275:
243:
177:
138:
122:Academic career
103:
97:Austrian Empire
93:County of Tyrol
86:
82:
73:
60:
54:
52:
51:
50:
40:
37:Josef Kriehuber
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3686:1840s suicides
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3530:Methodenstreit
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Disenchantment
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Werner Sombart
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Friedrich List
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3317:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3278:External links
3276:
3275:
3274:
3256:(2): 157–180.
3245:
3224:
3192:(3): 359–370.
3174:
3146:
3126:(2): 229–238.
3111:
3098:
3080:(4): 380–400.
3065:
3052:
3038:Chang, Ha-Joon
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3012:
2997:
2988:
2976:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2936:Friedrich List
2929:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2887:
2841:
2835:
2818:
2812:
2797:
2788:
2767:
2738:
2725:
2709:
2695:
2672:
2670:on 2008-06-26.
2651:
2650:(dissertation)
2632:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2577:Chisholm, Hugh
2557:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2504:, p. 326.
2494:
2468:
2464:Angus Maddison
2452:
2443:
2430:
2418:
2403:
2391:
2376:
2364:
2348:
2335:
2333:, p. 165.
2331:Nipperdey 1996
2323:
2310:
2308:, 1844, p. 117
2291:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2222:
2205:
2192:
2184:Arne Daniels:
2177:
2164:
2160:Henderson 1983
2152:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2100:
2091:
2072:
2059:
2043:
2030:
2013:
2004:
1971:
1934:
1920:
1911:
1894:
1885:
1872:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1779:
1767:
1765:, p. 220.
1755:
1744:(2): 178–207.
1728:
1716:
1701:
1689:
1680:Friedrich List
1667:
1663:Helleiner 2021
1655:
1651:Helleiner 2020
1643:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1544:Juche ideology
1497:and Norwegian
1467:Angus Maddison
1439:he influenced
1401:
1398:
1386:Clara Schumann
1382:
1381:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1305:
1302:
1298:Heinrich Heine
1256:Daniel Raymond
1244:Adolphe Thiers
1239:
1236:
1184:
1181:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1105:improving its
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1066:had a natural
994:
991:
988:
987:
942:
940:
933:
926:
925:
840:
838:
831:
825:
822:
815:
797:and committed
733:
730:
676:
669:
591:
588:
584:Clara Schumann
576:Heinrich Heine
552:Andrew Jackson
545:Adolphe Thiers
473:
470:
438:
435:
407:King Wilhelm I
312:
309:
279:
276:
274:
271:
200:
199:
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
165:Adolphe Thiers
161:Daniel Raymond
150:
146:
145:
140:
137:School or
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
87:
85:(aged 57)
79:
75:
74:
61:
48:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
23:Friedrich List
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3703:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Substantivism
3574:
3572:
3571:Social action
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:Contributions
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Adolph Wagner
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3013:9780521619431
3009:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2924:3-428-06079-2
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2836:9780714631615
2832:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2572:public domain
2561:
2560:
2554:Hain: VIII—X.
2553:
2547:
2540:
2539:Précis No. 16
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2490:James Fallows
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2162:, p. 85.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1987:Gilman, D. C.
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1950:Wilson, J. G.
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1699:, p. 36.
1698:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1613:on 2009-08-31
1612:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:Eugen Klöpfer
1531:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:Deng Xiaoping
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:Ha-Joon Chang
1492:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1304:Personal life
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
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1091:Pastoral life
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869: –
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863:Find sources:
857:
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841:This section
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749:Gustav Höfken
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665:Panic of 1837
660:
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646:working with
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3524:Life chances
3489:Embeddedness
3413:Karl Polanyi
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2880:Introduction
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2665:the original
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2595:Bibliography
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2528:, p. 2.
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2298:"The German
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1770:
1763:Wendler 2014
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1724:Wendler 2014
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1639:Freeman 1995
1634:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
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1499:Erik Reinert
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1469:noted that:
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862:
850:Please help
845:verification
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718:nation-state
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83:(1846-11-30)
3641:1846 deaths
3636:1789 births
3378:Karl BĂĽcher
3164:: 154–178.
3063:(3): 24–44.
3025:. Springer.
2426:Heuser 1986
2414:Heuser 2008
2287:Brooks 2005
1540:North Korea
1449:Fianna Fáil
1394:Franz Liszt
1374: [
1324: [
1313: [
1107:agriculture
1094:Agriculture
1025:slave trade
962:introducing
752: [
691:magnum opus
675:: 1837–1841
639: [
466:Switzerland
454:Hohenasperg
427: [
343: [
328: [
244: [
108:Nationality
3630:Categories
3504:Ideal type
3398:Karl Knies
3371:Economists
2705:j.ctt7sjz7
2387:Chang 2002
2300:Zollverein
1901:quoted in
1818:Hirst 1909
1794:Hirst 1909
1775:Hirst 1909
1697:Tribe 2007
1626:References
1617:2007-12-14
1281:protective
1264:free trade
1260:Adam Smith
1238:Influences
1210:Adam Smith
1010:Adam Smith
945:references
878:newspapers
779:Zollverein
725:Zollverein
537:Henry Clay
513:Adam Smith
443:Reutlingen
301:Blaubeuren
288:Reutlingen
278:Early life
221:Zollverein
149:Influences
63:Reutlingen
55:1789-08-06
3602:Verstehen
3514:Iron cage
3453:Max Weber
3270:145702401
3206:145497541
3142:1356-3467
3094:147126854
2856:cite book
2850:. London.
2784:797286817
2756:cite book
2750:. Erfurt.
2622:cite book
2321:. p. 166.
2302:" in the
2214:Stuttgart
2026:Todd 2015
1954:Fiske, J.
1603:—.
1542:with its
1445:Sinn FĂ©in
1227:Steelyard
760:Karl Marx
620:Magdeburg
420:Bundestag
402:Bundestag
387:Frankfurt
369:patronage
351:Stuttgart
273:Biography
209:economist
189:Signature
139:tradition
131:Economics
3311:Archived
3180:(1997).
3152:(1997).
3031:Articles
2966:(1988).
2874:(1827),
2870:(1819),
2482:Archived
2218:TĂĽbingen
1554:See also
1513:'s post-
1349:of King
1332:Wertheim
1272:national
1250:and the
1231:Hansards
1206:Napoleon
1199:Bismarck
1120:Railways
1068:monopoly
816:—
803:Kufstein
775:Augsburg
702:Augsburg
612:Mannheim
523:'s work
317:TĂĽbingen
89:Kufstein
3326:of the
3322:in the
3241:1805356
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788:England
745:Cologne
657:Vormärz
564:Leipzig
556:Hamburg
290:in the
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3266:S2CID
3237:JSTOR
3202:S2CID
3090:S2CID
3050:(15).
2894:[
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1482:1989
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885:books
824:Views
795:Tyrol
756:]
643:]
616:Basel
572:Paris
458:Baden
431:]
347:]
332:]
248:]
127:Field
3220:link
3138:ISSN
3008:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2862:link
2831:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2780:OCLC
2762:link
2691:ISBN
2628:link
2251:ISBN
1425:Marx
1296:and
1155:ran
1012:and
871:news
650:and
582:and
464:and
400:The
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211:and
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3328:ZBW
3258:doi
3194:doi
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