1030:. For the Neotropics and Australasia biogeographic realms, ecosystem modification has the largest impact on freshwater bivalve species. Hydropower plants and dams are two examples of human ecosystem modification which contributes to loss of habitat as well as changes to channel morphology, river and floodplain connectivity and nutrient limitation. Rates of extinction among freshwater bivalves are higher than those of terrestrial groups which share the same ecosystem. Among those bivalves, freshwater gastropods are the most highly threatened due to smaller species distribution. Freshwater bivalves are at a heightened risk for endangerment and extinction because of the connectivity of river systems. Anthropogenic impacts on rivers spread throughout the whole ecosystem.
401:, except for the Antarctic biogeographic realm. There are 40 freshwater bivalve representative genera in the Palearctic biogeographic realm, 59 in the Nearctic, 23 in the Afrotropical, 51 in the Neotropical, 47 in the Oriental, 13 in the Australasian, and two in the Pacific Ocean Islands, for a total of 206 freshwater bivalve genera currently identified in the world. Freshwater bivalves are native to the Oriental biogeographic realm and to the southeastern United States and have been introduced to other regions, specifically the two genera in the Pacific Ocean Islands were introduced from Hawaii. As new methods of identifying and locating freshwater bivalves improve, the distribution of where these freshwater bivalves occur can become more apparent.
602:
410:
assemblages of organisms in the natural world, freshwater bivalves included. Modern genetic analysis has had major applications in the modern history of taxonomy and has been since utilized in the advancement of freshwater bivalve classification by allowing researchers to identify commonly used genes within these groups. The most commonly used method of identification/classification utilizes an exceptionally diverse set of ever-expanding morphological features, ranging from shell anatomy, variations in internal soft tissue, degrees of mantle fusion, to larval stage development.
315:. The third and innermost layer is also the thickest and is most commonly referred to as the mother of pearl--- a widely harvested source for the production of ornamental buttons. The external appearances of these shells can be extremely variable when comparing members of different families, genus, etc., as well as intraspecies. Valve surface appearances can range from smooth to dramatically sculpted, showcasing ornamental pustules, pimples, grooves, and ridges. The overall shape of the valve can also vary drastically, from laterally compressed and narrow, to wide and globular.
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984:. Any nutrients that were retained by the freshwater bivalve through its lifespan for building shell tissue can serve as a long-term nutrient storage in the benthos when the organism dies, depending on water chemistry and flow conditions. Considering freshwater bivalves can filter particles and process nutrients in the nutrient cycle, there are other species of freshwater bivalves that have more specialized ecosystem functions as well as different vulnerabilities.
1017:(Quagga mussel). These mussels damage both ecological systems and human infrastructure. In North America, biofouling caused by dreissenids created 267 million dollars’ worth of damage between 1989 and 2004. When introduced to freshwater ecosystems, dreissenids lead to a decline in indigenous marine animal populations and are also known for causing benthic algae and cyanobacterial blooms. The total impact of dreissenids on freshwater ecosystems is still unknown.
998:
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Pollution, human disturbance, invasive species, and ecosystem modification are the main threats to freshwater bivalves. In North
America freshwater bivalves are extremely threatened, with 202 of 300 species considered critical, possibly extinct, or extinct. Of the dangers facing freshwater bivalves,
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connect the left and right valves, facilitating shell opening and closure. The less major anterior and posterior retractor muscles extend from the shell and attach the body to a structure called the foot. This muscular foot is typical of most bivalves, extending anteriorly between the valves (via an
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for females to accept. Females take up the sperm along with water through their circulatory system and have the potential to become fertilized when the sperm meets the ova. In contrast to Marine
Bivalves, most female freshwater bivalve species hold the fertilized embryos until they develop into
409:
The study of freshwater bivalves predates
Aristotle and has since been in a state of constant flux and dispute, regarding their identification and classification. As time has progressed, so too have different techniques and technologies that allow scientists to more comprehensively study the
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eighty-five percent of them are considered to be “ongoing threats”. Ecosystem modification and pollution are currently the two biggest threats to molluscs and gastropods in
Palearctic and Nearctic ecozones. Pollution is the dominant issue for these animals in the Afrotropic and Indomalayan
282:, and changes in water temperature can all pose threats to freshwater bivalve populations. Restoration efforts focus on rebuilding lost mussel populations in the wild and using those mussels to improve and protect water quality and restore broader ecosystems.
824:
where they grow into juvenile adults while doing little to no damage to the fish host. The order
Unionidae have an obligate parasitic larval stage where the larvae are attached to the gills, fins or the body of a particular host fish.
795:, or mature female reproductive cells, during September with a gradual decrease until December. Males spawn between September and December with a second spawning period between May and July. Males release their sperm into the
1725:
Böhm, Monika; Dewhurst-Richman, Nadia I.; Seddon, Mary; Ledger, Sophie E. H.; Albrecht, Christian; Allen, David; Bogan, Arthur E.; Cordeiro, Jay; Cummings, Kevin S.; Cuttelod, Annabelle; Darrigran, Gustavo (2020-09-12).
307:", connected via a soft ligament along a hinge. These two valves are non-living, composed of both organic and inorganic substances that make up three major valve layers. The first, outermost layer is the thin epidermis (
551:
The
Unionida, of worldwide distribution, are the pearly freshwater mussels. All reproduce by means of a larval stage that is parasitic on a fish or salamander. Many species are utilized as sources of mother-of-pearl.
1258:
Lopes-Lima, Manuel; Froufe, Elsa; Do, Van Tu; Ghamizi, Mohamed; Mock, Karen E.; Kebapçı, Ümit; Klishko, Olga; Kovitvadhi, Satit; Kovitvadhi, Uthaiwan; Paulo, Octávio S.; Pfeiffer, John M. (2017).
787:. Viviparous meaning embryos develop inside the body of a female and usually gain nutrition by a placental connection. Females tend to have a single reproductive spawning period (when the
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because they deposit organic matter in the sediment through biodeposition created from the fine particles they filter in. Organic matter can be deposited in the sediment as
349:. The inner gills are adjacent to the foot and the outer gills nearest to the mantle and shell. As expected, these gills mainly act as a respiratory structure, performing
397:
cannot be ascertained because of the lack of data in certain areas of the world like Africa and South
America, but freshwater bivalves have been found in all of Earth's
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Dreissenidae are a family of freshwater mollusks considered to be an invasive species found across
Eurasia and North America. The most common types of dreissenids are
783:
develop and grow in eggs inside the female until they are ready to be released. The embryos get nutrition from egg yolk, but are not connected to the mother by a
327:
is a multifunctional, generally thin and fragile structure that line bivalve interiors and encloses their bodies. This structure secretes the shell, contains
1046:
Haag, W.R., and A.L. Rypel. 2011. Growth and longevity in freshwater mussels: evolutionary and conservation implications. Biological
Reviews 86: 225–247.
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Sousa, Ronaldo; Ferreira, AndrĂ©; Carvalho, Francisco; Lopes-Lima, Manuel; Varandas, Simone; Teixeira, AmĂlcar; Gallardo, Belinda (2020-06-01).
669:
The
Veneroida is a large group of bivalve "clams", most of which are marine. However, several families occur in fresh and brackish waters.
622:
203:. While some species are short-lived, others can be quite long-lived, with some species registering longevity in the hundreds of years.
1260:"Phylogeny of the most species-rich freshwater bivalve family (Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae): Defining modern subfamilies and tribes"
791:
moves to the gills) while males tend to have two spawning periods (a release of sperm into the water column). Females have highest
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REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF PAXYODON SYRMATOPHORUS (BIVALVIA: HYRIIDAE) FROM THE TOCANTINS RIVER, BRAZIL
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183:) have an adult size of only 3 mm (0.12 in). In contrast, one of the largest species of freshwater bivalves is the
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Meira, Alexandra; Lopes-Lima, Manuel; Varandas, Simone; Teixeira, AmĂlcar; Arenas, Francisco; Sousa, Ronaldo (2019).
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86:
64:
17:
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1607:"Restoring tropical coastal wetland water quality: ecosystem service provisioning by a native freshwater bivalve"
1421:"Invasive crayfishes as a threat to freshwater bivalves: Interspecific differences and conservation implications"
1086:
1543:
Lopes-Lima, Manuel; Teixeira, AmĂlcar; Froufe, Elsa; Lopes, Anabela; Varandas, Simone; Sousa, Ronaldo (2014).
644:
1899:
1661:"What a difference a species makes: a meta—analysis of dreissenid mussel impacts on freshwater ecosystems"
191:; it can grow to a length of 20 cm (7.9 in), and usually lives in lakes or slow-flowing rivers.
1156:
Howells, Robert G.; Neck, Raymond W.; Murray, Harold D.; Inland Fisheries Division, Texas (1996-06-05).
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893:, for they can provide information on the quality of the water based on the particles and toxins that
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1785:"Small hydropower plants as a threat to the endangered pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera"
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30:"River mussel" redirects here. For the South Australian species known as the river mussel, see
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are a few examples of major climatic events that are happening more frequently because of the
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pose a risk to freshwater bivalve populations. Specifically two invasive species of crayfish,
1494:"Contrasting decay rates of freshwater bivalves' shells: Aquatic versus terrestrial habitats"
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or dead matter, and depending on if the right environmental conditions are present, such as
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of freshwater ecosystems because they are the connection between the water column and the
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234:. The ecology of freshwater bivalves varies among species with regards to differences in
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1800:
1545:"Biology and conservation of freshwater bivalves: past, present and future perspectives"
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Microbial water composition and sediment composition are important in larval nutrition.
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The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
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Freshwater Mussels of Texas By Robert G. Howells, Raymond W. Neck, and Harold D. Murray
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242:. In spite of their variety of ecosystems, freshwater bivalves are some of the most
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in the tissue of bivalves. Freshwater bivalves are filter feeders and provide an
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1213:"Global diversity of freshwater mussels (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in freshwater"
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Freshwater bivalve species vary greatly in size. Some pea clams (
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917:. Water quality is improved by filtering out fine particles of
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Freshwater bivalves, as their name implies, have a protective
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1728:"The conservation status of the world's freshwater molluscs"
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Within the mantle cavity on either side of the foot are the
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Freshwater bivalves can thrive in many different types of
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Freshwater bivalves are also important in the process of
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This is a huge killer of freshwater bivalve populations.
851:. In general, freshwater bivalves have predators such as
275:
250:, for instance, many freshwater mussel species have gone
171:, and are distributed around most regions of the world.
964:. However, other organisms are unable to utilize this
338:. The cavity that exists between the mantle and other
1087:"Bivalve Impacts in Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems"
1085:
Vaughn, Caryn C.; Hoellein, Timothy J. (2018-11-02).
859:, some species of fish, and some species of turtles.
1091:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
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reproduction strategies, ovoviviparous meaning that
311:), followed by a second prismatic layer, containing
1492:Ilarri, M.I.; Souza, A.T.; Sousa, R. (2015-03-01).
1322:. Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança.
393:The exact distribution of every freshwater bivalve
1886:by Michael Rice, Rhode Island Sea Grant Fact Sheet
968:form of nitrogen, so freshwater bivalves can also
357:. Water enters the mantle cavity via an incurrent
1605:Buelow, Christina A.; Waltham, Nathan J. (2020).
1891:
1873:Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University
1491:
847:are predators of the freshwater bivalve species
1362:"Freshwater bivalves rearing: a brief overview"
1084:
972:dissolved nutrients in an accessible form for
1659:Higgins, S. N.; Zanden, M. J. Vander (2010).
1658:
1604:
905:in the bodies of water they inhabit, such as
816:they become semi-parasitic and attach to the
1058:"The hidden strengths of freshwater mussels"
373:anterior protractor muscle) and aiding in
195:are economically important as a source of
1884:Rhode Island freshwater clams and mussels
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596:Order Unionida: pearly freshwater mussels
117:. They are one of the two main groups of
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
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996:
50:This article includes a list of general
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804:when they are released into the water.
771:Freshwater Bivalves can utilize either
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1104:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062703
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820:of freshwater fish. They attach to a
128:The majority of bivalve molluscs are
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885:Freshwater bivalves are important
812:Once larvae are released into the
342:is aptly named the mantle cavity.
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1911:
1853:
1187:
1126:
151:). These belong to two different
1789:Science of the Total Environment
1425:Science of the Total Environment
1360:Sicuro, Benedetto (2015-03-19).
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1366:International Aquatic Research
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1056:Levy, Sharon (June 21, 2019).
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933:in the water column to reduce
925:, and heavy metals as well as
32:Hyriidae § Velesunioninae
27:One kind of freshwater mollusc
13:
1:
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147:(and in some cases, also in
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246:species on the planet. In
29:
1561:10.1007/s10750-014-1902-9
1379:10.1007/s40071-015-0098-6
1337:"Developmental Behaviors"
1229:10.1007/s10750-007-9011-7
1211:Bogan, Arthur E. (2008).
1071:10.1146/knowable-062019-1
845:Pacifastacus leniusculus,
807:
614:Margaritifera auricularia
875:global changing climate.
353:but can also facilitate
193:Freshwater pearl mussels
143:have evolved to live in
1880:from The Mussel Project
638:, the monkeyface mussel
368:Anterior and posterior
71:more precise citations.
1864:University of Illinois
1015:Dreissena rostriformis
1006:
1665:Ecological Monographs
1318:Beasley, C.R (2000).
1021:Anthropogenic impacts
1000:
956:can occur, releasing
299:composed of two half-
210:, ranging from small
153:evolutionary lineages
115:freshwater ecosystems
1738:(12–13): 3231–3254.
1028:biogeographic realms
1011:Dreissena polymorpha
1003:Dreissena polymorpha
785:placental connection
754:Dreissena polymorpha
399:biogeographic realms
1900:Freshwater bivalves
1801:2020ScTEn.719m7361S
1437:2019ScTEn.649..938M
1013:(Zebra mussel) and
988:Threats to bivalves
841:Procambarus clarkii
414:Orders and families
119:freshwater molluscs
100:Freshwater bivalves
1860:Mollusk Collection
1007:
899:ecological service
881:Ecosystem function
711:Corbicula fluminea
635:Quadrula metanevra
167:that varies among
155:, i.e. freshwater
139:, but a number of
1677:10.1890/09-1249.1
1169:978-1-885696-10-6
1062:Knowable Magazine
974:primary producers
732:Sphaerium corneum
313:calcium carbonate
135:that live in the
123:freshwater snails
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18:Freshwater mussel
16:(Redirected from
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837:Invasive species
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560:Margaritiferidae
461:Margaritiferidae
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334:and facilitates
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1372:(2): 93–100.
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773:ovoviviparous
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1389:2318/1525314
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1344:. Retrieved
1341:www.reed.edu
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1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
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848:
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835:
827:
814:water column
811:
797:water column
770:
762:Reproduction
752:
749:Dreissenidae
730:
709:
706:Corbiculidae
687:Dreissenidae
677:Corbiculidae
671:
668:
655:
633:
612:
554:
550:
496:Dreissenidae
486:Corbiculidae
408:
392:
389:Distribution
367:
351:gas exchange
344:
340:soft tissues
322:
309:periostracum
294:
236:reproduction
205:
178:
173:
127:
99:
98:
83:
77:October 2018
74:
55:
1818:10198/21930
1555:(1): 1–13.
1498:Limnologica
1454:10198/17915
1431:: 938–948.
1285:10198/15272
1270:: 174–191.
1001:Example of
952:, sediment
727:Sphaeriidae
708:, shell of
682:Sphaeriidae
528:Teridinidae
510:Navavulidae
491:Sphaeriidae
329:respiratory
297:exoskeleton
185:swan mussel
145:fresh water
69:introducing
1869:Malacology
1795:: 137361.
1570:1822/31319
1521:1822/49090
1346:2020-11-14
1180:2020-12-05
1034:References
982:assimilate
962:atmosphere
871:heat waves
777:viviparous
767:Mechanisms
672:Families:
590:Iridinidae
575:Etheriidae
555:Families:
539:Lyonsiidae
525:Erodonidae
521:Corbulidae
456:Iridinidae
446:Etheriidae
430:Mytiloida
375:locomotion
286:Morphology
260:vulnerable
256:threatened
244:endangered
165:morphology
52:references
1843:212568826
1827:0048-9697
1770:224884712
1762:0018-8158
1685:0012-9615
1639:224928249
1631:1015-1621
1617:(4): 77.
1579:0018-8158
1530:0075-9511
1463:0048-9697
1398:2008-4935
1237:0018-8158
978:consumers
966:inorganic
935:turbidity
832:Predation
665:Veneroida
652:Unionidae
630:Unionidae
580:Mutelidae
565:Unionidae
506:Donacidae
501:Solenidae
482:Cardiidae
478:Veneroida
471:Unionidae
434:Mytilidae
379:burrowing
274:, use of
240:predation
218:to large
189:Unionidae
130:saltwater
1894:Category
1835:32135319
1693:27806882
1504:: 8–14.
1479:52170881
1471:30179822
1406:84793001
1294:27621130
1245:38660332
1113:91784258
958:nitrogen
927:bacteria
915:wetlands
863:Droughts
853:raccoons
570:Hyriidae
547:Unionida
451:Hyriidae
441:Unionida
425:(family)
405:Taxonomy
383:holdfast
319:Internal
291:External
264:Droughts
232:wetlands
208:habitats
180:Pisidium
141:families
111:Bivalvia
104:molluscs
1871:at the
1862:at the
1797:Bibcode
1587:8072252
1433:Bibcode
1302:4199349
1118:25 June
970:excrete
950:hypoxia
891:benthos
781:embryos
747:Family
725:Family
704:Family
650:Family
628:Family
607:Family
423:Arcidae
336:feeding
272:farming
252:extinct
212:ditches
157:mussels
133:species
106:of the
65:improve
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913:, and
907:rivers
869:, and
867:floods
857:otters
808:Larvae
802:larvae
516:Myoida
395:genera
359:siphon
332:organs
325:mantle
305:valves
301:shells
228:canals
224:rivers
197:pearls
54:, but
1839:S2CID
1766:S2CID
1689:JSTOR
1635:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1475:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1298:S2CID
1241:S2CID
1109:S2CID
946:feces
911:lakes
818:gills
363:mucus
347:gills
220:lakes
216:ponds
176:genus
161:clams
108:order
1831:PMID
1823:ISSN
1758:ISSN
1681:ISSN
1627:ISSN
1575:ISSN
1526:ISSN
1467:PMID
1459:ISSN
1394:ISSN
1290:PMID
1233:ISSN
1164:ISBN
1120:2021
976:and
929:and
919:silt
843:and
822:host
323:The
303:or "
278:for
276:dams
238:and
230:and
214:and
199:and
169:taxa
102:are
1813:hdl
1805:doi
1793:719
1748:hdl
1740:doi
1736:848
1673:doi
1619:doi
1565:hdl
1557:doi
1553:735
1516:hdl
1506:doi
1449:hdl
1441:doi
1429:649
1384:hdl
1374:doi
1280:hdl
1272:doi
1268:106
1225:doi
1221:595
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1066:doi
980:to
793:ova
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