2896:
50:
306:
927:
that are comparable in many ways to those available through a code; secondly, the creation of new codes encounters a kind of law of diminishing returns in that, the more progress that is made in the development of new codes, the trickier it becomes to determine in which code particular provisions should be located; and, finally, it is clear that certain kinds of provision are unsuitable for codification, since codification makes sense only when it involves provisions that possess sufficient generality.
3512:
3479:
950:
474:
3524:
3488:
1127:, on 21 April 1808. The Code was modified and embodied in Chapter 179 of the Revised Laws of Mauritius 1945, edited by Sir Charlton Lane, former Chief Justice of Mauritius. The 1808 decree was repealed by Act 9 of 1983, but the Revision of Laws Act which was enacted in 1974, made provision, in section 7, for the publication of the Code under the title "Code Civil Mauricien."
800:, Napoleon remarked that care should be taken to preserve personal freedoms, especially before the Imperial Court: "these courts would have a great strength, they should be prohibited from abusing this situation against weak citizens without connections." However, remand still was usual for defendants suspected of serious crimes such as murder.
612:. It also superseded the former conflict between royal legislative power and, particularly in the final years before the Revolution, protests by judges representing views and privileges of the social classes to which they belonged. Such conflict led the Revolutionaries to take a negative view of judges making law.
926:
The
Commission observes that the age of drawing up new codes is probably reaching its end. The aim of a nearly complete codification of the law is no longer pursued, for three reasons: firstly, the technical developments by which texts are provided in non-physical form offer to users modes of access
237:
laws. Historian Robert
Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. The Napoleonic Code is often portrayed to be one of the most widespread systems of law in the world, claimed to be in force in various forms in about 120 countries, but many of those countries
931:
A year later, the
Commission recommended that, after its current codification projects were completed, there should not be any further codes; an additional reason was government delay in publishing reforms that the Commission had completed. The government responded encouragingly in March 2013, but
627:
in France. However, the courts still had to fill in the gaps in the laws and regulations and, indeed, were prohibited from refusing to do so (Article 4). Moreover, both the code and legislation have required judicial interpretation. Thus a vast body of case law has come into existence, but without
437:
of the time was more preoccupied with the turmoil resulting from various wars and strife with other
European powers. The first draft contained 719 articles and was very revolutionary, but was rejected for being too technical and criticised for not being radical or philosophical enough. The second,
1039:
A number of factors have been shown by Arvind and
Stirton to have had a determinative role in the decision by the German states to receive the code, including territorial concerns, Napoleonic control and influence, the strength of central state institutions, a feudal economy and society, rule by
656:
laws (i.e. laws that apply to events that occurred before their introduction). The code also prohibited judges from refusing to do justice on grounds of the insufficiency of the law, thereby encouraging them to interpret the law. On the other hand, it also prohibited judges from making general
1115:, the Civil Code, which originates from the Napoleonic Code, represents an important primary source of law and provides for the rights of individuals, matrimonial regimes, contract law, and property law, amongst others. The French Civil Code was extended to Mauritius under the title
1150:
to the U.S. Constitution grants states control of laws not specifically given to the federal government, so
Louisiana's legal system retains many French elements. Examples of the practical legal differences between Louisiana and the other states include the
775:
system from before the
Revolution, had been much abused, and the criminal courts established by the Revolution were complex and ineffective, subject to many local pressures. The genesis of this code resulted in much debate and the basis of the modern
558:
as a preliminary bill in
December 1801, where it was rejected by a vote of 142 to 139. In response, Napoleon announced on 2 January 1802 that he was suspending all projects, effectively closing the assemblies' sessions; simultaneously, he went to the
438:
with only 297 articles, was rejected for being too brief and was criticised for being a mere manual of morals. The third, expanded to 1,104 articles, was presented under the conservative
Directory regime, but never even came up for discussion.
1100:. However, most of the laws in Latin American countries are not heavily influenced on the Napoleonic Code, as the Spanish and Portuguese versions of the civil code formed the foundation of the Latin American legal systems e.g. the
825:
The rules governing court proceedings gave significant power to the prosecution; however, criminal justice in
European countries in those days tended to repression. For instance, it was only in 1836 that prisoners charged with a
229:
himself was not directly involved in the drafting of the Code, as it was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists, he chaired many of the commission's plenary sessions, and his support was crucial to its passage into law.
650:, and then only if they had previously been officially published (including provisions for publishing delays, given the means of communication available at the time). In brief, no secret laws were authorised. It prohibited
2193:
2089:
615:
This is reflected in the Napoleonic Code provision prohibiting judges from deciding a case by way of introducing a general rule (Article 5), since the creation of general rules is an exercise of
2494:
2424:
2358:
3035:
2631:
2444:
290:, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the
2692:
2469:
554:
to draft a civil code. For this commission, CambacérÚs (now Second Consul), and Napoleon himself chaired the plenary sessions. After this process finished, the Code was sent to the
903:)" version of the Civil Code in this form is nearly 3,000 pages, available in print and online. Additional material, including scholarly articles, is added in the larger "expert (
2912:
2707:
2659:
2556:
2664:
2516:
2669:
749:) was adopted in 1807. The kernel of the commercial code is the Book III, "Of The Different Modes of Acquiring Property", of the Napoleonic Code, which sets out norms for
563:
to berate its members. These tactics cowed the legislature into submission, and gave Napoleon the majority he needed. The code finally came into effect on 21 March 1804.
294:. The Napoleonic Code influenced developing countries outside Europe attempting to modernise and defeudalise their countries through legal reforms, such as those in the
2326:
2297:
The Code Napoleon, or the French Civil Code; Literally Translated from the Original and Official Edition, Published at Paris, in 1804 by A Barrister at the Inner Temple
2586:
2546:
2526:
2506:
2409:
2697:
442:
1142:. Spanish and French colonial forces quarreled over Louisiana during most of the 1700s, with Spain ultimately ceding the territory to France in 1800, which in turn
2717:
2702:
2649:
2601:
2596:
2429:
1368:
538:
allowed him to consolidate his power in France Returning to Paris, he appointed on 12 August 1800 a commission of distinguished jurists and politicians, including
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2536:
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2414:
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2654:
2611:
2591:
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2511:
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2439:
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civil code, it was the first modern legal code to be widely adopted in Europe, and it influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the
2531:
3303:
2981:
2138:
1155:
and legal standards of practice for attorneys in Louisiana being significantly different from other states; Louisiana is the only U.S. state to practice
785:
422:
adopted a unanimous resolution on 4 September 1791 providing that "there shall be a code of civil laws common for the entire realm." However, it was the
932:
the Commission complains that this has not been followed through; in particular, that the government has abandoned its plan for a public service code (
738:
684:
3040:
2209:
1147:
780:
of criminal courts in France and many civil law countries. It has significantly changed since, especially with regard to the rights of the defendant.
2917:
1770:
822:
presumption of guilt; for instance, the juror's oath explicitly required jurors not betray the interests of the defendants or ignore their defence.
2229:
The Code Napoleon and the common-law world: the sesquicentennial lectures delivered at the Law Center of New York University, December 13â15, 1954
2005:
410:
Specifically, as to civil law, the many different bodies of law used in different parts of France were to be replaced by a single legal code. The
2365:
2161:, revised ed. (as amended to 1 July 1994). Littleton, Colo.: Fred B. Rothman & Co.; Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1995.
1060:
433:
His drafts of 1793 (for which CambacérÚs had been given a one month deadline), 1794, and 1796 were all rejected by a National Convention and the
2934:
647:
460:
laws, to strengthen parental authority and increase the testator's freedom to dispose of the free portion of his estate. It was rejected.
803:
The possibility of lengthy remand periods was one criticism, particularly voiced in common law countries, of the Napoleonic Code and its
2115:
1938:
691:. He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes", and not "phony offences created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and
547:
233:
The code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major milestone in the abolition of the previous patchwork of
136:
844:, and mandated the court to appoint a lawyer for the defendants who did not have one. (Failing to do so nullified the proceedings.)
1980:
427:
3370:
1425:
2268:
3549:
3491:
688:
411:
167:
2076:
2056:
1743:
887:. Therefore, for over a century all of the codes in force have been documented in the annually revised editions published by
838:. In comparison, article 294 of the Napoleonic Code of Criminal Procedure allowed the defendant access to a lawyer before a
419:
255:
3382:
1628:
1341:
310:
3123:
2750:
1898:
1883:
1853:
1407:
All civil codes of Arab Middle Eastern states are based on Napoleonic Codes and were influenced by Egyptian legislation
566:
The process developed mainly out of the various customs, but was inspired by Justinian's sixth-century codification of
1396:
1193:
989:
521:
17:
2008:; Mexican Law review Vol. 10. Issue 1, pages 21-44 (July - December 2017) DOI: 10.22201/iij.24485306e.2017.19.11382
810:. Another reason was the combination of magistrate and prosecutor into a single role. However, with the work of the
503:
3242:
1252:
967:
664:
in Europe at the time. Women had even fewer rights than children. Divorce by mutual consent was abolished in 1804.
495:
283:
3308:
3410:
3364:
3008:
2321:
68:
3013:
2904:
2810:
2776:
2351:
1120:
971:
793:
499:
249:
2188:
Josselin, Jean-Michel, and Alain Marciano. "The Making of the French Civil Code: An Economic Interpretation".
1388:
Globalization and New International Public Works Agreements in Developing Countries: An Analytical Perspective
551:
132:
2942:
2551:
395:
3331:
1913:
Senkowska-Gluck, Monika. "Effects of Napoleonic Legislation on the Development of the 19th-century Europe."
407:
granted by kings or other feudal lords. With the Revolution, the last vestiges of feudalism were abolished.
225:
in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception. Although
3030:
2952:
1703:
1694:"ces délits factices, créés par la superstition, la féodalité, la fiscalité et le despotisme" (id., p 325).
1720:
3157:
3073:
1759:
835:
660:
With regard to family, the code established the supremacy of the husband over his wife and children, the
415:
2805:
2295:
2006:
The Need to Remove the Civil Code from Mexican Commercial Laws: the Case of "Offers" and "Firm Promises"
1939:"Explaining the Reception of the Code Napoleon in Germany: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis"
1526:
3502:
3466:
3336:
3193:
3169:
3145:
2947:
1076:
677:
447:
3054:
1375:, Cambridge University Press, 31 July 2017; Antonio Padoa-Schioppa, Translated by Caterina Fitzgerald
1028:
543:
140:
3422:
3296:
3181:
3082:
2998:
2616:
724:
720:
3276:
3209:
807:
789:
605:
484:
246:
2895:
731:
After an overhaul of the entire legal system, the new code of civil procedure was adopted in 1806.
3341:
2521:
2289:
1160:
960:
915:. By this stage, it has been suggested, the Civil Code has become "less a book than a database".
539:
488:
441:
Another commission, established in December 1799 established a fourth outline drafted in part by
1966:
1922:
245:
The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a
3559:
3129:
3088:
3061:
2971:
2836:
2743:
2571:
2280:
1097:
1045:
325:
The categories of the Napoleonic Code were not drawn from earlier French law, but instead from
3437:
3259:
2867:
2626:
2576:
2474:
2404:
2018:
Rabel, Ernst (1950), "Private Laws of Western Civilization: Part II. The French Civil Code",
1053:
1003:
267:
261:
154:
695:". He did not list the crimes "created by superstition". The new penal code did not mention
560:
49:
3554:
3544:
3151:
3018:
2621:
2581:
2464:
2316:
2042:
1139:
1082:
1023:
812:
777:
642:
The preliminary article of the code established certain important provisions regarding the
572:
335:
3175:
8:
3454:
3204:
2986:
2924:
2783:
2606:
2501:
2019:
1217:
1049:
1011:
797:
743:
423:
1984:
89:
3461:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3392:
3377:
3291:
3226:
3187:
3003:
2976:
2875:
2823:
2794:
2246:
1958:
1795:
1442:
1323:
1143:
1101:
899:, judicial decisions (even if unpublished), and international instruments. The "small (
766:
387:; law consisted mainly of local customs, sometimes officially compiled in "custumals" (
278:
273:
2176:
1186:"Battle of Marengo" in The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic War
672:
The draft Military Code was presented to Napoleon by the special commission headed by
3564:
3482:
3247:
3199:
3139:
3112:
3094:
3049:
2880:
2736:
1954:
1918:
1739:
1392:
1189:
840:
652:
535:
3101:
3025:
1962:
3415:
3357:
3281:
3117:
2992:
2929:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2309:
2284:
1950:
1434:
1315:
1138:
is unique in having a strong influence from French and Spanish legal traditions on
831:
750:
555:
434:
305:
222:
58:
2175:, ed. A. W. Ward (1906). Vol. IX, pp. 148â179. An old standard scholarly summary.
302:
the Spanish and Portuguese had established their own versions of the civil code.
3326:
3269:
3264:
3221:
3163:
2965:
2957:
2885:
2862:
2331:
1733:
1671:
1386:
1156:
1152:
1007:
884:
883:
The French codes, now more than 60 in number, are frequently amended, as well as
872:
400:
291:
287:
201:
189:
2818:
875:. Special courts were created to judge criminals who might intimidate the jury.
727:, it did not contain provisions for religious crimes, incest, or homosexuality.
3400:
3351:
3252:
3134:
3107:
2771:
2338:
1300:
1088:
1015:
580:). The Napoleonic Code, however, differed from Justinian's in important ways:
389:
110:
871:
countries), and preferred to assign this task to the criminal division of the
719:, which led to these former offences being swiftly decriminalised. In 1810, a
456:, dealt almost exclusively with persons and emphasised the need to reform the
3538:
3528:
3346:
1105:
1067:
1033:
1019:
716:
299:
2217:
2203:
855:
was a topic of considerable controversy. Napoleon supported jury trials (or
3215:
1814:"Code civil, Code du travail, tous les livres de droit des Editions Dalloz"
1402:
100:
859:), and they were finally adopted. On the other hand, Napoleon opposed the
3405:
2828:
2263:
Tunc, André. "Husband and Wife Under French Law: Past, Present, Future".
1131:
1066:
The term "Napoleonic Code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other
1059:
A civil code with Napoleonic code influences was also adopted in 1864 in
673:
643:
616:
609:
326:
295:
2343:
1673:
Choix de rapports, opinions et discours prononcés à la tribune nationale
587:
it was not a collection of edited extracts, but a comprehensive rewrite;
242:
countries that had their own version of their civil code for centuries.
3516:
2374:
2250:
2168:. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2007.
1660:, Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. Gregory (Mason: Thomson, 2007), 62â64.
1327:
1041:
974: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
892:
868:
864:
860:
708:
597:
239:
218:
2238:. Trans. David W. Gruning et al. LexisNexis; Paris: Sader Group, 2020.
1446:
1420:
1575:
1527:
https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/c_code2.html
1135:
1112:
771:
704:
696:
692:
630:
620:
604:
The Napoleonic Code marked a fundamental change in the nature of the
567:
330:
234:
3511:
1319:
1159:
of an estate; additionally, some of Louisiana's laws clash with the
1026:, the Napoleonic Code was influential until the introduction of the
949:
473:
2759:
2166:
The Influence of the French Civil Code on the Common Law and Beyond
2131:
G. Levasseur, "NapolĂ©on et lâĂ©laboration des codes rĂ©pressifs", in
1438:
911:)" version, both of which are available in print and on searchable
624:
361:
Similarly, the Napoleonic Code divided the law into four sections:
226:
103:
2221:
1932:
1930:
896:
818:
584:
it incorporated all kinds of earlier rules, not just legislation;
457:
404:
1484:
Il sera fait un Code de lois civiles communes Ă tout le Royauame
1276:. Of the commission's 107 plenary sessions, Napoleon chaired 55.
383:
Before the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of
1093:
918:
The sheer number of codes, together with digitisation, led the
912:
888:
827:
712:
700:
414:
on 5 October 1790 voted for a codification of French laws, the
314:
215:
147:
78:
2300:(1st ed.). London: Printed for Charles Hunter Booksellers
1927:
1676:(in French). Vol. VI. Paris: A. Eymery. 1819. p. 320
1219:
Code civil des Français: édition originale et seule officielle
1421:"Civil Law and Common Law in the Legal Method of Puerto Rico"
1813:
2728:
1130:
In the United States, the legal system is largely based on
852:
1629:"The Napoleonic Code | History of Western Civilization II"
1342:"The Napoleonic Code | History of Western Civilization II"
680:
progressed, the code was put aside and never implemented.
2213:
1796:"Recherche simple dans les codes en vigueur - Legifrance"
426:
in 1793 which established a special commission headed by
384:
2329:. Interview with legal historian Jean-Louis Halpérin in
1610:. It was promulgated as the "Civil Code of the French" (
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1010:. In the German regions on the west bank of the Rhine (
1510:
The Division of Wrongs: A Historical Comparative Study
1032:
in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire
3500:
1234:
816:
accomplished, the trial itself did not have the same
374:
civil procedure (moved into a separate code in 1806).
2256:
Tunc, André. "Grand Outlines of the Code Napoleon".
2198:
Lobingier, Charles Summer. "Napoleon and His Code".
851:, which judges severe crimes, should operate with a
792:
until found guilty. Concerned by the possibility of
667:
1384:
878:
786:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1936:
637:
2146:â Original French Texts and other old legislation
3536:
2236:French civil code, 2020: English, French, Arabic
1614:), but would be known as "the Napoleonic Code" (
657:judgements of a legislative nature (see above).
452:(1754â1813). Jacqueminot's draft, the so-called
2125:
1658:Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images
1567:
1269:
1603:
646:. Laws could be applied only if they had been
378:
2744:
2359:
1521:Tom Holmberg, "The Civil Code: an Overview",
1512:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 128.
2185:. Trans. Tony Weir. London: Routledge, 2006.
1860:
1830:
1459:
1222:. Paris: L'Imprimerie de la RĂ©publique. 1804
891:(Paris). These editions consist of thorough
265:
209:
38:
2231:(The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 1998). 438 pp.
1859:(Paris, 2011), 13; quoted and translated,
1717:A History of Continental Criminal Procedure
939:
895:, with references to other codes, relevant
502:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
253:
2751:
2737:
2366:
2352:
2241:Smithers, William W. "The Code Napoléon".
1497:Napoleon Bonaparte. An Intimate Biography.
922:to reflect in its annual report for 2011:
48:
2373:
1599:
1597:
1563:
1561:
1482:Constitution of 3 September 1791, 1.11: "
1298:
990:Learn how and when to remove this message
685:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
522:Learn how and when to remove this message
2290:English translation of the original text
2087:
1373:Part IV - The Age of Reforms (1750â1814)
1265:
1263:
1261:
1092:, which the British continued to use in
1052:among the governing elites, and popular
304:
1899:Commission supérieure de codification,
1884:Commission supérieure de codification,
1854:Commission supérieure de codification,
1426:The American Journal of Comparative Law
1183:
1144:sold the territory to the United States
907:)" version and the still larger "mega (
723:was issued under Napoleon. As with the
14:
3537:
2982:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2118:Slate.com, retrieved 11 September 2014
1594:
1558:
1369:29 - The French Revolution and the Law
1063:, and remained in force until 2011.
2732:
2347:
2265:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2190:European Journal of Law and Economics
2017:
1867:Tulane European & Civil Law Forum
1837:Tulane European & Civil Law Forum
1731:
1466:Tulane European & Civil Law Forum
1418:
1258:
920:Commission supérieure de codification
687:presented a new criminal code to the
590:its structure was much more rational;
463:
256:Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis
27:French civil code established in 1804
3487:
1981:"Noul Cod civil promoveazÄ medierea"
1865:: End of the Age of Codification?".
1835:: End of the Age of Codification?".
1568:Roberts, Andrew (2014), "Lawgiver",
1464:: End of the Age of Codification?".
1364:
1362:
1270:Roberts, Andrew (2014), "Lawgiver",
1002:Even though the Napoleonic Code was
972:adding citations to reliable sources
943:
934:code général de la fonction publique
576:and, within that, Justinian's Code (
548:Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu
500:adding citations to reliable sources
467:
2116:Is Louisiana Under Napoleonic Code?
1937:Arvind TT; Stirton L (March 2010).
1901:Vingt-quatriĂšme rapport annuel 2013
1856:Vingt et uniĂšme rapport annuel 2010
311:Historical Museum of the Palatinate
24:
3124:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
2151:
1886:Vingt-deuxiĂšme rapport annuel 2011
1656:: French Legislation on Divorce,"
1299:Lobingier, Charles Sumner (1918).
1163:practiced by the other 49 states.
430:to oversee the drafting process.
25:
3576:
3423:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
2274:
2171:Fisher, H. A. L. "The Codes", in
2133:MĂ©langes en hommage Ă Jean Imbert
1604:Zamoyski, Adam (2018), "Caesar",
1359:
668:Other French Napoleonic-era codes
155:Civil Code of the French Republic
3522:
3510:
3486:
3478:
3477:
2894:
1955:10.1111/j.1748-121X.2009.00150.x
1776:from the original on 3 June 2020
1735:The Law of Construction Disputes
1253:Louisiana State University Press
1108:, and Puerto Rican civil codes.
948:
879:French codes in the 21st century
472:
428:Jean-Jacques-Régis de CambacérÚs
3365:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
2322:Current French Text: LĂ©gifrance
2108:
2081:
2070:
2049:
2035:
2011:
1999:
1973:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1847:
1824:
1806:
1788:
1752:
1725:
1709:
1697:
1688:
1670:"Livre III ... du code pénal".
1663:
1646:
1621:
1581:
1545:
1532:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1453:
959:needs additional citations for
638:Contents of the Napoleonic Code
2135:(Paris, PUF, 1989) p. 371
2094:Gale Virtual Reference Library
1412:
1378:
1334:
1292:
1279:
1210:
1121:Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen
794:arbitrary arrest and detention
676:in June 1805; however, as the
623:. In theory, there is thus no
399:. There were also exemptions,
329:sixth-century codification of
13:
1:
3550:1804 establishments in France
2327:"The 'Other' Little Red Book"
2317:Beginnings of Napoleonic Code
2218:Institute of European History
2214:EGO â European History Online
2144:Code d'Instruction Criminelle
1732:Chern, Cyril (4 April 2016).
1177:
763:code d'instruction criminelle
689:National Constituent Assembly
2758:
2234:SĂ©jean, Michel et al., eds.
2220:, retrieved: 25 March 2021 (
2126:General and cited references
2043:"The Mauritian Legal System"
1983:. 5 May 2013. Archived from
1385:Mohamed A.M. Ismail (2016).
1203:
7:
3158:War of the Fourth Coalition
2024:, vol. 10, p. 110
1760:"French Criminal Procedure"
1086:), mainly derived from the
1070:that are influenced by the
593:it had no religious content
552:Jean-Ătienne-Marie Portalis
379:Prior codification attempts
309:The Napoleonic Code in the
10:
3581:
3467:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
3332:Column of the Grande Armée
3194:War of the Sixth Coalition
3170:War of the Fifth Coalition
3146:War of the Third Coalition
1419:Matta, Liana Fiol (1992).
1077:Civil Code of Lower Canada
765:was published, laying out
751:contracts and transactions
678:War of the Third Coalition
608:, making laws clearer and
534:Napoleon's victory at the
320:
3475:
3391:
3319:
3297:Saint-Domingue expedition
3235:
3182:French invasion of Russia
3083:French Revolutionary Wars
3072:
2903:
2892:
2793:
2766:
2678:
2640:
2382:
2096:. Charles Scribner's Sons
1633:courses.lumenlearning.com
1391:. Routledge. p. 19.
1346:courses.lumenlearning.com
1249:The Napoleonic Revolution
1080:(replaced in 1994 by the
885:judicially re-interpreted
252:; it was preceded by the
174:
166:
161:
153:
146:
126:
109:
96:
84:
74:
64:
56:
47:
34:
3210:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
2806:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2208:Lydorf, Claudia (2012),
2173:Cambridge Modern History
2164:Fairgrieve, Duncan, ed.
2088:Bonfield, Lloyd (2006).
1574:. It also failed in the
1495:Cronin, Vincent (1972).
1166:
940:Codes in other countries
790:presumption of innocence
784:The French Revolution's
347:divide into the law of:
208:; simply referred to as
198:Civil Code of the French
137:Félix Bigot de Préameneu
35:Civil Code of the French
3342:Palace of Fontainebleau
2227:Schwartz, Bernard, ed.
2157:Crabb, John H., trans.
1915:Acta Poloniae Historica
1612:Code civil des Français
1525:, September 2002, <
1301:"Napoleon and His Code"
1184:Hollins, David (2006).
1161:Uniform Commercial Code
1029:BĂŒrgerliches Gesetzbuch
544:François Denis Tronchet
540:fr:Jacques de Maleville
443:Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot
371:acquisition of property
221:established during the
206:Code civil des Français
115:21 March 1804
40:Code civil des Français
3130:Battle of the Pyramids
2935:Assassination attempts
2837:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
2425:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2192:14.3 (2002): 193â203.
2181:Halperin, Jean-Louis.
1861:Iain Stewart (2012). "
1831:Iain Stewart (2012). "
1460:Iain Stewart (2012). "
929:
606:civil law legal system
596:it was written in the
418:promised one, and the
317:
266:
254:
210:
205:
193:
39:
2243:American Law Register
2183:The French Civil Code
2159:The French Civil Code
1054:anti-French sentiment
924:
736:The commercial code (
339:, and within it, the
308:
268:Allgemeines Landrecht
3152:Battle of Austerlitz
3009:Weaponry and warfare
2210:Romance Legal Family
2077:Code Civil Mauricien
2021:Louisiana Law Review
1917:38 (1978): 185â198.
1719:(1913) pp. 528â616.
1706:Retrieved 2011-12-30
1508:Eric Descheemaeker,
1230:– via Gallica.
1098:1763 Treaty of Paris
1083:Civil Code of Quebec
1072:French Code Napoléon
1046:enlightened despotic
1024:Grand Duchy of Baden
968:improve this article
830:were given a formal
808:presumption of guilt
778:inquisitorial system
573:Corpus Juris Civilis
496:improve this section
416:Constitution of 1791
412:Constituent Assembly
336:Corpus Juris Civilis
130:Jacques de Maleville
3411:Cultural depictions
3205:Battle of Vauchamps
2925:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2784:First French Empire
2641:States with limited
1904:(Paris, 2014), 6-7.
1523:The Napoleon Series
1247:Robert B. Holtman,
1134:. But the state of
847:Whether or not the
424:National Convention
170:on 1 September 2020
57:Legislature of the
3449:Retour des cendres
3428:German Romanticism
3378:Rue de la Victoire
3292:Law of 20 May 1802
3227:Battle of Waterloo
3188:Battle of Borodino
2876:Caroline Bonaparte
2824:Alexandre Walewski
2267:104 (1955): 1064+.
1969:on 5 January 2013.
1889:(Paris, 2012), 21.
1800:legifrance.gouv.fr
1308:Harvard Law Review
1157:forced inheritance
1132:English common law
1012:Rhenish Palatinate
813:juge d'instruction
767:criminal procedure
759:Code d'instruction
725:Penal Code of 1791
561:SĂ©nat conservateur
464:Napoleonic reforms
318:
279:West Galician Code
196:), officially the
104:Napoleon Bonaparte
75:Territorial extent
3498:
3497:
3393:Legacy and memory
3337:Equestrian statue
3320:Homes and honours
3248:Concordat of 1801
3200:Battle of Leipzig
3176:Battle of EckmĂŒhl
3140:Battle of Marengo
3113:Battle of Bassano
3095:French Revolution
2977:Sale of Louisiana
2881:Pauline Bonaparte
2726:
2725:
2258:Tulane Law Review
2245:(1901): 127â147.
2202:32 (1918): 114+.
2090:"Napoleonic Code"
1769:. 14 April 1895.
1745:978-1-317-43346-0
1499:pp. 176, 193, 283
1285:Roberts, Andrew,
1125:Capitaine-General
1074:, especially the
1000:
999:
992:
721:new criminal code
536:Battle of Marengo
532:
531:
524:
420:National Assembly
276:, 1794), and the
182:
181:
141:François Tronchet
18:French civil code
16:(Redirected from
3572:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3416:Napoleon complex
3358:Maison Bonaparte
3312:
3282:Organic Articles
3118:Battle of Rivoli
3074:Battles and wars
3058:
3044:
2993:Mesures usuelles
2921:
2898:
2868:JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte
2858:Lucien Bonaparte
2853:Joseph Bonaparte
2845:Letizia Ramolino
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2679:Dependencies and
2383:Sovereign states
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2313:
2310:Internet Archive
2308:– via the
2307:
2305:
2285:French Knowledge
2260:29 (1954): 431+.
2200:Harvard Law Rev.
2119:
2114:Engber, Daniel.
2112:
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2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
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1965:. Archived from
1934:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
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1704:Code de commerce
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1619:
1609:
1606:Napoleon: A Life
1601:
1592:
1589:Napoleon: A Life
1587:Zamoyski, Adam,
1585:
1579:
1573:
1570:Napoleon: A Life
1565:
1556:
1553:Napoleon: A Life
1551:Zamoyski, Adam,
1549:
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1287:Napoleon: A Life
1283:
1277:
1275:
1272:Napoleon: A Life
1267:
1256:
1245:
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1231:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1199:
1089:Coutume de Paris
995:
988:
984:
981:
975:
952:
944:
873:Court of Appeals
832:right to counsel
747:
739:code de commerce
648:duly promulgated
556:Legislative Body
527:
520:
516:
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507:
476:
468:
451:
435:French Directory
271:
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223:French Consulate
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59:French Consulate
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3433:Napoleonic Code
3387:
3383:Warsaw monument
3327:Arc de Triomphe
3315:
3306:
3270:Infamous Decree
3265:Grand Sanhedrin
3243:Catholic Church
3231:
3222:Battle of Ligny
3164:Battle of Eylau
3089:Siege of Toulon
3068:
3052:
3038:
2966:Napoleonic Wars
2915:
2913:Stay in Auxonne
2905:Life and career
2899:
2890:
2886:Elisa Bonaparte
2863:Louis Bonaparte
2789:
2788:
2762:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2680:
2674:
2660:Northern Cyprus
2642:
2636:
2557:North Macedonia
2378:
2372:
2339:Napoleonic Code
2332:France Magazine
2303:
2301:
2294:
2277:
2154:
2152:Further reading
2128:
2123:
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2113:
2109:
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2097:
2086:
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2075:
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2055:
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2050:
2045:. January 2018.
2041:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1987:on 25 July 2013
1979:
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1008:Napoleonic Wars
996:
985:
979:
976:
965:
953:
942:
881:
796:, or excessive
788:enunciated the
761:: In 1808, the
741:
670:
640:
610:more accessible
528:
517:
511:
508:
493:
477:
466:
454:loi Jacqueminot
445:
396:Custom of Paris
393:), notably the
381:
323:
292:Napoleonic Wars
286:, then part of
186:Napoleonic Code
139:
135:
131:
118:
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85:Enacted by
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3397:
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3361:
3354:
3352:Longwood House
3349:
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3135:Siege of Jaffa
3132:
3127:
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3110:
3108:Battle of Lodi
3105:
3102:13 Vendémiaire
3098:
3091:
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3078:
3076:
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3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3031:2nd abdication
3028:
3026:Route Napoléon
3023:
3022:
3021:
3014:1st abdication
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Looting of art
2996:
2989:
2984:
2979:
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2945:
2939:Constitutions
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2772:Napoleonic era
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1843:: 17 at 24â25.
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1472:: 17 at 23â24.
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1439:10.2307/840794
1433:(4): 783â815.
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1140:its civil code
1096:following the
1018:), the former
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