1740:
5091:
3271:
2360:
4733:
4283:
4172:
of France and by ship to
Algeria), wine rations and food, land concessions, and were promised high wages. Between 1841 and 1845, about 20,000 individuals were offered this assisted emigration by the French government, though it is unknown exactly how many actually went to Algeria. These measures were funded and supported by the French government (both local and national) because they saw the move to Algeria as a solution to overpopulation and unemployment; those who applied for assisted emigration emphasized their work ethic, undeserved employment in France, a presumption of government obligation to the less fortunate. By 1848, Algeria was populated by 109,400 Europeans, only 42,274 of whom were French.
3349:
2013:
4725:
3459:
3467:
4501:
147:
656:
156:
5174:
4717:
4168:
During the 1840s, the French government assisted certain emigrants to
Algeria, who were mostly urban workers from the Paris basin and France's eastern frontier and were not the agricultural workers that the colonial officials wanted to be sent from France. Single men received 68 percent of the free passages and only 14 percent of the emigrants were women because of varying policies about the emigration of families that all favored unaccompanied males who were seen as more flexible and useful for laborious tasks. Initially in November 1840, families were eligible only if they had no small children and two-thirds of the family was able to work.
3475:
3300:. The modern European-owned and -managed sector of the economy centered on small industry and a highly developed export trade, designed to provide food and raw materials to France in return for capital and consumer goods. Europeans held about 30% of the total arable land, including the bulk of the most fertile land and most of the areas under irrigation. By 1900, Europeans produced more than two-thirds of the value of output in agriculture and practically all agricultural exports. The modern, or European, sector was run on a commercial basis and meshed with the French market system that it supplied with wine, citrus, olives, and
454:
3071:
4894:
stored away against a bad year's dearth. When serious drought struck
Algeria and grain crops failed in 1866 and for several years following, Muslim areas faced starvation, and with famine came pestilence. It was estimated that 20% of the Muslim population of Constantine died over a three-year period. In 1871 the civil authorities repudiated guarantees made to tribal chieftains by the previous military government for loans to replenish their seed supply. This act alienated even pro-French Muslim leaders, while it undercut their ability to control their people. It was against this background that the stricken
2128:
3370:(school) often had French faculty members. Attempts to institute bilingual, bicultural schools, intended to bring Muslim and European children together in the classroom, were a conspicuous failure, rejected by both communities and phased out after 1870. According to one estimate, fewer than 5% of Algerian children attended any kind of school in 1870. As late as 1954 only one Muslim boy in five and one girl in sixteen was receiving formal schooling. The level of literacy amongst the total Muslim population was estimated at only 2% in urban areas and half of that figure in the rural hinterland.
4683:
domain. In addition, some tribal leaders immediately sold communal lands for quick gains. The process of converting arable land to individual ownership was accelerated to only a few years when laws were enacted in the 1870s stipulating that no sale of land by an individual Muslim could be invalidated by the claim that it was collectively owned. The cudah and other tribal officials, appointed by the French on the basis of their loyalty to France rather than the allegiance owed them by the tribe, lost their credibility as they were drawn into the
European orbit, becoming known derisively as
1648:
3079:
1732:
2352:. Abd al Qadir took up the holy war again, destroyed the French settlements on the Mitidja Plain, and at one point advanced to the outskirts of Algiers itself. He struck where the French were weakest and retreated when they advanced against him in greater strength. The government moved from camp to camp with the amir and his army. Gradually, however, superior French resources and manpower and the defection of tribal chieftains took their toll. Reinforcements poured into Algeria after 1840 until Bugeaud had at his disposal 108,000 men, one-third of the
3094:, in which between 6,000 and 80,000 Algerian Muslims were killed. Its initial outbreak occurred during a parade of about 5,000 people of the Muslim Algerian population of SĂ©tif to celebrate the surrender of Nazi Germany in World War II; it ended in clashes between the marchers and the local French gendarmerie, when the latter tried to seize banners attacking colonial rule. After five days, the French colonial military and police suppressed the rebellion, and then carried out a series of reprisals against Muslim civilians. The army carried out
2099:. As governor-general (1835â36), he used his office to make private investments in land and encouraged army officers and bureaucrats in his administration to do the same. This development created a vested interest among government officials in greater French involvement in Algeria. Commercial interests with influence in the government also began to recognize the prospects for profitable land speculation in expanding the French zone of occupation. They created large agricultural tracts, built factories and businesses, and hired local labor.
3641:
426:
440:
4947:
4509:
5347:, a leading specialist on French Algerian history of colonialism and a pied-noir himself, said "France has never taken on its colonial history. It is a big difference with the Anglo-Saxon countries, where post-colonial studies are now in all the universities. We are phenomenally behind the times." In his opinion, although the historical facts were known to academics, they were not well known by the French public, and this led to a lack of honesty in France over French colonial treatment of the Algerian people.
777:
6282:
militaires que j'ai l'honneur de commander sont prĂ©venus par moi-mĂȘme que s'il leur arrive de m'amener un Arabe vivant, ils recevront une volĂ©e de coups de plat de sabre... VoilĂ , mon brave ami, comment il faut faire la guerre aux Arabes : tuer tous les hommes jusqu'Ă l'Ăąge de quinze ans, prendre toutes les femmes et les enfants, en charger les bĂątiments, les envoyer aux Ăźles
Marquises ou ailleurs. En un mot, anéantir tout ce qui ne rampera pas à nos pieds comme des chiens.
1720:
4595:(literally, black feet), the European settlers were largely of peasant farmer or working-class origin from the poor southern areas of Italy, Spain, and France. Others were criminal and political deportees from France, transported under sentence in large numbers to Algeria. In the 1840s and 1850s, to encourage settlement in rural areas, official policy was to offer grants of land for a fee and a promise that improvements would be made. A distinction soon developed between the
4830:
2996:
4563:
4149:
2384:
2227:
495:
4930:(native code) listed as offenses acts such as insolence and unauthorized assembly not punishable by French law, and the normal jurisdiction of the cudah was sharply restricted. The governor general was empowered to jail suspects for up to five years without trial. The argument was made in defense of these exceptional measures that the French penal code as applied to Frenchmen was too permissive to control Muslims. Some were deported to
4404:
4186:
92:
2968:
2940:
2912:
2335:, Abd al Qadir set about building a territorial Muslim state based on the communities of the interior but drawing its strength from the tribes and religious brotherhoods. By 1839, he controlled more than two-thirds of Algeria. His government maintained an army and a bureaucracy, collected taxes, supported education, undertook public works, and established agricultural and manufacturing cooperatives to stimulate economic activity.
4517:
2302:
3104:, standing off the coast in the Gulf of Bougie, shelled Kherrata. Vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local jails or randomly shot Muslims not wearing white arm bands (as instructed by the army) out of hand. It is certain that the great majority of the Muslim victims had not been implicated in the original outbreak. The dead bodies in Guelma were buried in mass graves, but they were later dug up and burned in
9284:
4382:, complaining that their legal rights were denied under the arbitrary controls imposed on the colony and insisting on a civil administration for Algeria fully integrated with metropolitan France. The army warned that the introduction of civilian government would invite Muslim retaliation and threaten the security of Algeria. The French government vacillated in its policy, yielding small concessions to the
1705:. Charles X used this slight against his diplomatic representative to first demand an apology from the dey, and then to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers. France demanded that the dey send an ambassador to France to resolve the incident. When the dey responded with cannon fire directed toward one of the blockading ships, the French determined that more forceful action was required.
1774:, President of the council and the monarch's heir, opposed any military action. The Bourbon Restoration government finally decided to blockade Algiers for three years. Meanwhile, the Berber pirates were able to exploit the geography of the coast with ease. Before the failure of the blockade, the Restoration decided on 31 January 1830 to engage a military expedition against Algiers.
2285:("woman who left her husband to get back to his family ," a Kabylia institution), the matrimonial tie with her husband was still in place, and only her husband's will could free her. However he did not agree to this, even when offered large bribes. The love between Fadhma and Bou remained platonic, but there were public expressions of this feeling between the two.
3054:, the colonization of Algeria led to the extermination of a third of the population from multiple causes (massacres, deportations, famines or epidemics) that were all interrelated. Returning from an investigation trip to Algeria, Tocqueville wrote that "we make war much more barbaric than the Arabs themselves it is for their part that civilization is situated."
4700:
French legal code, including laws affecting marriage and inheritance, and reject the authority of the religious courts. In effect, this meant that a Muslim had to renounce some of the mores of his religion in order to become a French citizen. This condition was bitterly resented by
Muslims, for whom the only road to political equality was perceived to be
4664:, Napoleon III issued two decrees affecting tribal structure, land tenure, and the legal status of Muslims in French Algeria. The first, promulgated in 1863, was intended to renounce the state's claims to tribal lands and eventually provide private plots to individuals in the tribes, thus dismantling "feudal" structures and protecting the lands from the
1938:'s views on Algeria were instrumental in its brutal and formal colonization. He advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonization" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.
4544:(local administrative units) under a civilian government. This made them a part of France proper as opposed to a colony. For the first time, French citizens in the civil territories elected their own councils and mayors; Muslims had to be appointed, could not hold more than one-third of council seats, and could not serve as mayors or assistant
3172:, who called FLN activists "savages ," claimed torture was a "necessary evil ." To the contrary, General Jacques Massu denounced it, following Aussaresses's revelations and, before his death, pronounced himself in favor of an official condemnation of the use of torture during the war. In June 2000, Bigeard declared that he was based in
2107:
good soldiers whom I have the honour to lead that if they happen to bring me a living Arab, they will receive a beating with the flat of the saber.... This is how, my dear friend, we must make war against Arabs: kill all men over the age of fifteen, take all their women and children, load them onto naval vessels, send them to the
5342:
There were fears that the French law on colonialism would hinder confronting the dark side of French rule in
Algeria because article four of the law decreed among other things that "School programmes are to recognise in particular the positive role of the French presence overseas, especially in North
4694:
Napoleon III envisaged three distinct
Algerias: a French colony, an Arab country, and a military camp, each with a distinct form of local government. The second decree, issued in 1865, was designed to recognize the differences in cultural background of the French and the Muslims. As French nationals,
4159:
In
November 1830, French colonial officials attempted to limit the arrivals at Algerian ports by requiring the presentation of passports and residence permits. The regulations created by the French government in May 1831 required permission from the Interior Ministry to enter Algeria and other French
3312:
In 1953, sixty per cent of the Muslim rural population were officially classed as being destitute. The
European community, numbering at the time about one million out of a total population of nine million, owned about 66% of farmable land and produced all of the 1.3 million tons of wine that provided
3066:
is referred by Algerians as the year of the "Khalya ," Arabic for emptiness, which is commonly known to the inhabitants of Laghouat as the year that the city was emptied of its population. It is also commonly known as the year of Hessian sacks, referring to the way the captured surviving men and boys
3057:
French forces deported and banished entire Algerian tribes. The Moorish families of Tlemcen were exiled to the Orient, and others were emigrated elsewhere. The tribes that were considered too troublesome were banned, and some took refuge in Tunisia, Morocco and Syria or were deported to New Caledonia
606:
population comprised the majority of the territory throughout its history. It is estimated that the native Algerian population fell by up to one-third between 1830 and 1875 due to warfare, disease and starvation. Gradually, dissatisfaction among the indigenous and also Muslim population, due to their
4171:
Later, in September 1841, only unaccompanied males could travel to Algeria for free and a complicated system for families was developed that made subsidized travel almost unavailable. These emigrants were offered many different forms of government assistance including free passage (both to the ports
4163:
By 1839, there were 25,000 Europeans living in Algeria, while only just less than half of these being French; the others being Spanish, Italian and Germans. And of these, the majority of them stayed within the coastal towns. These recent arrivals were mostly men, outnumbering women by five times. Of
3218:
before 1945 and were grossly under-represented on local councils. Because of the many restrictions imposed by the authorities, by 1915 only 50,000 Muslims were eligible to vote in elections in the civil communes. Attempts to implement even the most modest reforms were blocked or delayed by the local
2292:
was caught but managed to escape later. On 26 December 1854, Boubaghla was killed; some sources claim it was due to treason of some of his allies. The resistance was left without a charismatic leader and a commander able to guide it efficiently. For this reason, during the first months of 1855, on a
5185:
Many Algerians had fought as French soldiers during the Second World War. Thus Algerian Muslims felt that it was even more unjust that their votes were not equal to those of the other Algerians, especially after 1947 when the Algerian Assembly was created. This assembly was composed of 120 members.
4699:
and civil service and could migrate to France proper. They were also granted the protection of French law while retaining the right to adhere to Islamic law in litigation concerning their personal status. But if Muslims wished to become full citizens, they had to accept the full jurisdiction of the
4167:
This allowed merchants with trading interests easy access to passports because they were not permanent settlers, and wealthy persons who planned to found agricultural enterprises in Algeria were also freely given access to move. The circular forbade passage to indigents and needy unskilled workers.
4102:
They will receive guarantees appropriate to their cultural, linguistic and religious characteristics. They will retain their personal status, which will be respected and enforced by Algerian courts composed of judges of the same status. They will use the French language within the assemblies and in
3817:
to Muslims without due legal process, and to extract special taxes. This temporary law was renewed by other temporary laws: the laws of 27 June 1888 for two years, 25 June 1890, 25 June 1897, 21 December 1904, 24 December 1907, 5 July 1914, 4 August 1920, 11 July 1922 and 30 December 1922. By 1897,
3363:
officials refused to allocate enough money to maintain schools and mosques properly and to provide for enough teachers and religious leaders for the growing population. In 1892, more than five times as much was spent for the education of Europeans as for Muslims, who had five times as many children
5937:
Historians of Algeria and France, for their part, tend to that the invasion was ultimately an attempt of the faltering Bourbon monarchy to overcome parliamentary opposition and popular unrest. The attack on Algiers had to provide much-needed martial bluster to the royal regime and help stave off
4127:
in Algeria were guaranteed religious freedom and property rights as well as French citizenship with the option to choose between French and Algerian citizenship after three years. Algerians were permitted to continue freely circulating between their country and France for work, although they would
3356:
The colonial regime proved severely detrimental to overall education for Algerian Muslims, who had previously relied on religious schools to learn reading and writing and engage in religious studies. Not only did the state appropriate the habus lands (the religious foundations that constituted the
3339:
In financial terms Algeria was a drain on the French tax-payer. In the early 1950s the total Algerian budget of seventy-two billion francs included a direct subsidy of twenty-eight billion contributed from the metropolitan budget. Described at the time as being a French luxury, continued rule from
2106:
All populations who do not accept our conditions must be despoiled. Everything must be seized, devastated, without age or sex distinction: grass must not grow any more where the French army has set foot. Who wants the end wants the means, whatever may say our philanthropists. I personally warn all
7980:
As a settler colony with an internal system of apartheid, administered under the fiction that it was part of metropolitan France, and endowed with a powerful colonial lobby that virtually determined the course of French politics with respect to its internal affairs, it experienced insurrection in
6281:
Toutes les populations qui n'acceptent pas nos conditions doivent ĂȘtre rasĂ©es. Tout doit ĂȘtre pris, saccagĂ©, sans distinction d'Ăąge ni de sexe : l'herbe ne doit plus pousser oĂč l'armĂ©e française a mis le pied. Qui veut la fin veut les moyens, quoiqu'en disent nos philanthropes. Tous les bons
5190:
on 8 May 1945. It opposed Algerians who were demonstrating for their national claim to the French Army. After skirmishes with police, Algerians killed about 100 French. The French army retaliated harshly, resulting in the deaths of approximately 6,000 Algerians. This triggered a radicalization of
4893:
were emptied when the world market's impact was felt in Algeria, and Muslim farmers sold their grain reserves â including seed grain â to speculators. But the community-owned silos were the fundamental adaptation of a subsistence economy to an unpredictable climate, and a good year's surplus was
2278:
Traditional sources tell that a strong bond was formed between Lalla Fadhma and Boubaghla. She saw this as a wedding of peers, rather than the traditional submission as a slave to a husband. In fact, at that time Boubaghla left his first wife (Fatima Bent Sidi Aissa) and sent back to her owner a
3184:
newspaper on June 20, 2000, as "lies." An ALN activist, Louisette Ighilahriz had been tortured by General Massu. However, since General Massu's revelations, Bigeard has admitted the use of torture, although he denies having personally used it, and has declared, "You are striking the heart of an
5198:
In 1956, about 512,000 French soldiers were in Algeria. No resolution was imaginable in the short term. An overwhelming majority of French politicians were opposed to the idea of independence while independence was gaining ground in Muslim Algerians' minds. France was deadlocked and the Fourth
4682:
over a period of one to three generations, after which it could be bought and sold by the individual owners. Unfortunately for the tribes, however, the plans of Napoleon III quickly unraveled. French officials sympathetic to the colons took much of the tribal land they surveyed into the public
3971:
eased access to French citizenship for those who met one of several criteria, such as working for the French army, a son in a war, knowing how to read and write in the French language, having a public position, being married to or born of an indigĂšne who became a French citizen. Half a million
2268:
Boubaghla went often to Soumer to talk with high-ranking members of the religious community, and Lalla Fadhma was soon attracted by his strong personality. At the same time, the relentless combatant was attracted by a woman so resolutely willing to contribute, by any means possible, to the war
4029:
Although Muslim Algerians were accorded the rights of citizenship, the system of discrimination was maintained in more informal ways. Frederick Cooper writes that Muslim Algerians "were still marginalized in their own territory, notably the separate voter roles of "French" civil status and of
3015:, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. Within the first three decades (1830â1860) of French conquest, between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed due to war, massacres, disease and famine. Atrocities committed by the French during the
3604:, whereby tribal land that was supposedly unused was seized by the state, which enabled French colonists to expand their landholdings, and pushed indigenous people onto more marginal land and made them more vulnerable to drought; this was extended under the governance of Bugeaud's successor,
2338:
The French in Algiers viewed with concern the success of a Muslim government and the rapid growth of a viable territorial state that barred the extension of European settlement. Abd al Qadir fought running battles across Algeria with French forces, which included units of the Foreign Legion,
1980:
By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830. A long shadow of genocidal hatred persisted, provoking a French author to protest in 1882 that in Algeria, "we hear it repeated every day that we must expel the native and, if
4570:
Even before the decision was made to annex Algeria, major changes had taken place. In a bargain-hunting frenzy to take over or buy at low prices all manner of propertyâhomes, shops, farms and factoriesâEuropeans poured into Algiers after it fell. French authorities took possession of the
1685:
In the 1790s, France had contracted to purchase wheat for the French army from two merchants in Algiers, Messrs. Bacri and Boushnak, and was in arrears paying them. Bacri and Boushnak owed money to the dey and claimed they could not pay it until France paid its debts to them. The dey had
6494:
In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of French
4816:
refugees who were resettled there. During the 1870s, both the amount of European-owned land and the number of settlers were doubled, and tens of thousands of unskilled Muslims, who had been uprooted from their land, wandered into the cities or to colon farming areas in search of work.
3254:(1810â1875), succeeded during the 1870s in modifying or introducing legislation to facilitate the private transfer of land to settlers and continue the Algerian state's appropriation of land from the local population and distribution to settlers. Consistent proponents of reform, like
3151:
in Algeria? ." D. Huf, in his seminal work on the subject, argued that the use of torture was one of the major factors in developing French opposition to the war. Huf argued, "Such tactics sat uncomfortably with France's revolutionary history, and brought unbearable comparisons with
2034:
and initiated colonisation of the land. He was recalled in 1833 due to the overtly violent nature of the repression. Wishing to avoid a conflict with Morocco, Louis-Philippe sent an extraordinary mission to the sultan, mixed with displays of military might, sending war ships to the
2347:
gained conditional recognition for Abd al Qadir's regime by defining the territory under its control and salvaged his prestige among the tribes just as the shaykhs were about to desert him. To provoke new hostilities, the French deliberately broke the treaty in 1839 by occupying
3752:) that "stipulated that all the colonised indigenous were under French jurisdiction, i.e., French nationals subjected to French laws ," and allowed Arab, Jewish, and Berber Algerians to request French citizenshipâbut only if they "renounced their Muslim religion and culture ."
3214:, an advocate of colonial expansion, recommended that the government abandon a policy that assumed French law, without major modifications, could fit the needs of an area inhabited by close to two million Europeans and four million Muslims. Muslims had no representation in the
3600:(1841â48), discriminatory governance became increasingly formalised. In 1844, Bugeaud formalised a system of European settlements along the coast, under civil government, with Arab/Berber areas in the interior under military governance. An important feature of French rule was
4601:(great settlers) at one end of the scale, often self-made men who had accumulated large estates or built successful businesses, and smallholders and workers at the other end, whose lot was often not much better than that of their Muslim counterparts. According to historian
2293:
sanctuary built on top of the Azru Nethor peak, not far from the village where Fadhma was born, there was a great council among combatants and important figures of the tribes in Kabylie. They decided to grant Lalla Fadhma, assisted by her brothers, the command of combat.
4548:. The administration of territories outside the zones settled by colons remained under the French Army. Local Muslim administration was allowed to continue under the supervision of French Army commanders, charged with maintaining order in newly pacified regions, and the
9262:
Sylvie ThĂ©nault, Histoire de l'AlgĂ©rie Ă la pĂ©riode coloniale, 1830â1962, Le "code de l'indigĂ©nat", Abderrahmane BouchĂšne, Jean-Pierre Peyroulou, Ouanassa Siari Tengour et Sylvie ThĂ©nault, Ăditions La DĂ©couverte et Ăditions Barzakh, year 2012, chapter page 200, pages
9173:, Français non citoyen, auteurs:Abderrahmane BouchĂšne, Jean-Pierre Peyroulou, Ouanassa Siari Tengour et Sylvie ThĂ©nault, Histoire de l'AlgĂ©rie Ă la pĂ©riode coloniale, 1830â1962, Ăditions La DĂ©couverte et Ăditions Barzakh, year 2012, chapter=200, passage=212â218,
1816:, and entered Algiers on 5 July after a three-week campaign. The dey agreed to surrender in exchange for his freedom and the offer to retain possession of his personal wealth. Five days later, he exiled himself with his family, departing on a French ship for the
6657:
Colonize Exterminate. On War and the Colonial State, Paris, Fayard, 2005. See also the book by the American historian Benjamin Claude Brower, A Desert named Peace. The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844â1902, New York, Columbia University
2115:
Whatever initial misgivings Louis Philippe's government may have had about occupying Algeria, the geopolitical realities of the situation created by the 1830 intervention argued strongly for reinforcing French presence there. France had reason for concern that
5000:
were in turn annexed to French Algeria at the expense of Morocco, then under French protectorate since 1912. In 1938, the French government was given further control of military affairs in French Algeria following a decree from the President giving the
4577:
lands, from which Ottoman officials had derived income. Over time, as pressures increased to obtain more land for settlement by Europeans, the state seized more categories of land, particularly that used by tribes, religious foundations, and villages.
4605:, although by 1848 only 15,000 of the 109,000 European settlers were in rural areas, "by systematically expropriating both pastoralists and farmers, rural colonization was the most important single factor in the destructuring of traditional society."
5373:
In January 2021, Macron stated there would be "no repentance nor apologies" for the French colonization of Algeria, colonial abuses or French involvement during the Algerian independence war. Instead efforts would be devoted toward reconciliation.
1690:, the French consul, to rectify this situation, and he suspected Deval of collaborating with the merchants against him, especially when the French government made no provisions in 1820 to pay the merchants. Deval's nephew Alexandre, the consul in
5298:
were killed in 1962, during the immediate aftermath of the Algerian War, while those who escaped with their families to France have tended to remain an unassimilated refugee community. The present Algerian government continues to refuse to allow
5148:
had been for over a hundred years in Algeria and were determined that it was part of France, and they damn well were going to stay there. Of course, there was a very strong school of thought in the rest of Africa that they damn well weren't.
4909:
In the aftermath of the 1871 uprising, French authorities imposed stern measures to punish and control the entire Muslim population. France confiscated more than 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) of tribal land and placed Kabylia under a
3308:
productionâsupplemented by olive, fig, and date growing and stock raisingâformed the basis of the traditional sector, but the land available for cropping was submarginal even for cereals under prevailing traditional cultivation practices.
4624:
Napoleon III visited Algeria twice in the early 1860s. He was profoundly impressed with the nobility and virtue of the tribal chieftains, who appealed to the emperor's romantic nature, and was shocked by the self-serving attitude of the
9241:
8447:
les Divisions d'Oran et d'Alger du 19e Corps d'armée n'ont pu conquérir le Touat et le Gourara qu'au prix de durs combats menés contre les semi-nomades d'obédience marocaine qui, depuis plus d'un siÚcle, imposaient leur protection aux
2446:
if his followers laid down their arms and kept the peace. He accepted these conditions, but the minister of war â who years earlier as general in Algeria had been badly defeated by Abd al Qadir â had him consigned in France in the
8526:
3964:, but not Muslims. This meant that most Algerians were still 'French subjects', treated as the objects of French law, but were still not citizens, could still not vote, and were effectively without the right to citizenship.
9201:
Patrick Weil, La justice en AlgĂ©rie, Le statut des musulmans en AlgĂ©rie coloniale. Une nationalitĂ© française dĂ©naturĂ©e, 1830â1962, Histoire de la justice, La Documentation française, year 2005, chapter 95, passage 95â109,
3444:, who were classified either as assimilationist, insisting on being accepted as Frenchmen but on their own terms, or as integrationists, eager to work as members of a distinct Muslim elite on equal terms with the French.
3377:" in Algeria. The curriculum was entirely French and allowed no place for Arabic studies, which were deliberately downgraded even in Muslim schools. Within a generation, a class of well-educated, gallicized Muslims â the
5358:." He also said: "It's truly barbarous and it's part of a past that we need to confront by apologizing to those against whom we committed these acts." Polls following his remarks reflected a decrease in his support.
8725:
3543:
and France "not to infringe on the freedom of people of all classes and their religion ." Muslims still remain submitted to the Muslim Customary law and Jews to the Law of Moses; all of them remained linked to the
5361:
In July 2020, the remains of 24 Algerian resistance fighters and leaders, who were decapitated by the French colonial forces in the 19th century and whose skulls were taken to Paris as war trophies and held in the
7501:"Algeria ... was a society of nine million or so 'Muslim' Algerians who were dominated by the million settlers of diverse origins (but fiercely French) who maintained a quasi-apartheid regime." David Scott Bell.
7257:
2257:, defeated for the last time by the French in 1847. Boubaghla refused to surrender at that battle, and retreated to Kabylia. From there he began a war against the French armies and their allies, often employing
2120:, which was pledged to maintain the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, would move to fill the vacuum left by a French withdrawal. The French devised elaborate plans for settling the hinterland left by
5186:
Algerian Muslims, representing about 6.85 million people, could designate 50% of the Assembly members, while 1,150,000 non-Muslim Algerians could designate the other half. Moreover, a massacre occurred in
4742:
Oran, Alger and Constantine in the north (in pink colour), and four territories AĂŻn-Sefra, GhardaĂŻa, Oasis and Touggourt in the south (in yellow). The external boundaries of the land are those between 1934 and
2199:
decreased at some point under French rule, most certainly between 1866 and 1872, the French military was not fully responsible for the extent of this decrease, as some of these deaths could be explained by the
9383:
3316:
The colonial regime imposed more and higher taxes on Muslims than on Europeans. The Muslims, in addition to paying traditional taxes dating from before the French conquest, also paid new taxes, from which the
8695:
4608:
European migration, encouraged during the Second Republic, stimulated the civilian administration to open new land for settlement against the advice of the army. With the advent of the Second Empire in 1852,
3050:, had devastating effects on the socio-economic and food balances of the country: "we fire little gunshot, we burn all douars, all villages, all huts; the enemy flees across taking his flock." According to
5555:
4797:, who made little distinction between Muslims and Jews. (Automatic citizenship was subsequently extended in 1889 to children of non-French Europeans born in Algeria unless they specifically rejected it.)
1908:
of Tlemcen, charged with the protection of the city. In retaliation France executed two Moroccans: Mohamed Beliano and Benkirane, as spies, while their goods were seized by the military governor of Oran,
4789:. The Crémieux Decrees also granted full French citizenship to Algerian Jews, who then numbered about 40,000. This act set them apart from Muslims, in whose eyes they were identified thereafter with the
2331:(commander of the faithful), quickly gained the support of tribes throughout Algeria. A devout and austere marabout, he was also a cunning political leader and a resourceful warrior. From his capital in
8665:
3323:
were normally exempted. In 1909, for instance, Muslims, who made up almost 90% of the population but produced 20% of Algeria's income, paid 70% of direct taxes and 45% of the total taxes collected. And
1812:. The French established a strong beachhead and pushed toward Algiers, thanks in part to superior artillery and better organization. The French troops took the advantage on 19 June during the battle of
8488:
7233:
6855:
3777:
Later, Azzedine Haddour argued that this decree established "the formal structures of a political apartheid ." Since few people were willing to abandon their religious values (which was seen as
4098:
The Ăvian Accords offered French nationals Algerian civil rights for three years, but required them to apply for Algerian nationality. The agreement stated that during this three-year period:
8784:
8842:
4052:
This system is rejected by some European for introducing Muslims into the European college, and rejected by some Algerian nationalists for not giving full sovereignty to the Algerian nation.
4335:(Arab Bureaus), staffed by Arabists whose function was to collect information on the indigenous people and to carry out administrative functions, nominally in cooperation with the army. The
3904:
Opportunities for Muslims improved slightly from the 1890s, particularly for urban elites, which helped ensure acquiescence to the introduction of military conscription for Muslims in 1911.
4885:) authority to previously self-governing tribal reserves and the abrogation of commitments made by the military government, but it had its basis in more long-standing grievances. Since the
1512:
9243:, 4e colloque international sur la RĂ©volution algĂ©rienne : « Ăvolution historique de l'Image de l'AlgĂ©rien dans le discours colonial » â UniversitĂ© du 20 aoĂ»t 1955 de Skikda
8928:
7130:
9828:
8534:
5883:
9376:
3401:
wrote that Algeria had "only a dust of people left her." He referred to the destruction of the traditional ruling class that had left Muslims without leaders and had deprived France of
8755:
2288:
Fadhma was personally present at many fights in which Boubaghla was involved, particularly the battle of Tachekkirt won by Boubaghla forces (18â19 July 1854), where the French general
8813:
8608:
4164:
the minority that ventured into the countryside were soldier-settlers that were provided land concessions by the French government while Cistercian monks built monasteries and farms.
9225:
Mohamed Sahia Cherchari, IndigĂšnes et citoyens ou l'impossible universalisation du suffrage, Revue française de droit constitutionnel, volume=4, numĂ©ro=60, year 2004 |pages 741â770,
7328:
10282:
8001:"Exchange of letters and declarations adopted on 19 March 1962 at the close of the Evian talks, constituting an agreement. Paris and Rocher Noir, 3 July 1962 known as Ăvian Accords"
3336:
towns had handsome municipal buildings, paved streets lined with trees, fountains and statues, while Algerian villages and rural areas benefited little if at all from tax revenues.
9625:
4761:
led to the departure of the just-arrived new governor general and the replacement of the military administration by settler committees. Meanwhile, in France the government of the
4010:
and created a second electoral college for 1,210,000 non-citizen Muslims and made 60,000 Muslims French citizen and with a vote in the first electoral college. The 17 August 1945
1739:
9369:
4327:
By 1848 nearly all of northern Algeria was under French control. Important tools of the colonial administration, from this time until their elimination in the 1870s, were the
4775:, whose concern with Algerian affairs dated from the time of the Second Republic, issued a series of decrees providing for representation of the Algerian départements in the
3046:
stated that the purpose of the pacification was to "destroy everything that will not crawl beneath our feet like dogs" The scorched earth policy, decided by Governor General
12061:
2275:(volunteers ready to die as martyrs) and she herself, together with other women, participated in combat by providing cooking, medicines, and comfort to the fighting forces.
8717:
4637:, whom he considered to have a corrupting influence on the indigenous population. He envisioned a grand design for preserving most of Algeria for the Muslims by founding a
2242:
remained the only region independent of the French government. Pressure on the region increased, and the will of her people to resist and defend Kabylia increased as well.
717:
and Algiers from 1685 to 1688. An ambassador from Algiers visited the Court in Versailles, and a treaty was signed in 1690 that provided peace throughout the 18th century.
7249:
6044:
4049:
remain civil status citizens The rights differences are no longer implied by a status difference, but by the difference between the two territories, Algerian and French.
1626:, France referred to the Algerian territories as "French possessions in North Africa". This was disputed by the Ottoman Empire, which had not given up its claim. In 1839
9249:
Claude Collot, Les institutions de l'AlgĂ©rie durant la pĂ©riode coloniale (1830â1962), Ăditions du CNRS et Office des publications universitaires, year 1987, passage 291,
4077:
guaranteed protection, non-discrimination and property rights for all Algerian citizens and the right of self-determination to Algeria. In France it was approved by the
3767:
Flandin argued that French citizenship was not compatible with Muslim status, since it had opposing laws on marriage, repudiation, divorce, and children's legal status.
12056:
8431:
4306:). In the "mixed" communes, where Muslims were a large majority, government was in the hands of appointed and some elected officials, including representatives of the
470:
3910:
received a petition signed by more than 10,000 local Jews asking for collective access to French citizenship. This was also the desire, between 1865 and 1869, of the
1671:
who lived in Paris. His intention was to bolster patriotic sentiment, and distract attention from ineptly handled domestic policies by "skirmishing against the dey."
11698:
8687:
6955:
6524:
5748:
5054:
6562:
6443:
3504:
With nine million or so 'Muslim' Algerians "dominated" by one million settlers, Algeria had similarities with South Africa, that has later been described as "quasi-
3407:(literally, valid go-betweens), through whom to reach the masses of the people. He lamented that no genuine communication was possible between the two communities.
611:, and eventually independence from France. Tensions between the two groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events began of what was later called the
9821:
3845:
6199:
5552:
11478:
9228:
8169:, over 100,000 Spaniards moved to Algeria in search of a better life. During 1882 to 1887, it was the country that received a greater number of Spanish migrants
2380:
One by one, the amir's strongholds fell to the French, and many of his ablest commanders were killed or captured so that by 1843 the Muslim state had collapsed.
5616:
1932:
of the Algiers expedition, was reluctant to pursue the conquest begun by the old regime, but withdrawing from Algeria proved more difficult than conquering it.
1580:
was the stronghold of Berber pirates, who carried out raids against European and American ships. Conflicts between the Barbary States and the newly independent
12071:
8661:
5233:
4362:
had been permitted limited self-government in areas where European settlement was most intense, but there was constant friction between them and the army. The
1159:
8189:. By 1915, while the total number of Spaniards in Algeria was still high, other countries in the New World had overtaken Algeria as the preferred destination.
5407:, and so on. Further, the people of Algeria who were to be permitted to vote for the deputies would be those who universally accepted French law, rather than
8477:
3826:
3627:, judges reconsidered this, deciding that people could display the qualities of being French (without having access to the full rights of a French citizen).
2087:
and others formed a company to acquire agricultural land and, despite official discouragement, to subsidize its settlement by European farmers, triggering a
3389:; ironically, this privileged group of Muslims, strongly influenced by French culture and political attitudes, developed a new Algerian self-consciousness.
9618:
9213:
8639:
7288:
3805:
loi qui confÚre aux Administrateurs des communes mixtes en territoire civil la répression, par voie disciplinaire, des infractions spéciales à l'indigénat
3340:
Paris was justified on a variety of grounds including historic sentiment, strategic value and the political influence of the European settler population.
12066:
9814:
1901:, near the Moroccan border, asked that they be placed under the Sultan's authority in order to escape the invaders. Abderrahmane named his nephew Prince
1224:
311:
284:
9149:
La citoyenneté française au miroir de la colonisation : étude des demandes de naturalisation des « sujets français » en Algérie coloniale
6847:
3875:
1981:
necessary, destroy him." As a French statistical journal urged five years later, "the system of extermination must give way to a policy of penetration."
155:
3578:
of Algeria by France; the annexation made all people legally linked to France and broke the legal link between people and the Ottoman Empire, because
3156:. The French national psyche would not tolerate any parallels between their experiences of occupation and their colonial mastery of Algeria." General
8957:
8780:
7152:
6455:
Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.
5450:
8838:
4978:
4902:
in the French Army who had been ordered to embark for France. The withdrawal of a large proportion of the army stationed in Algeria to serve in the
9338:
5155:
4294:
A royal ordinance in 1845 called for three types of administration in Algeria. In areas where Europeans were a substantial part of the population,
3841:
3693:
3616:
3514:
When French rule began, France had no well-established systems for intensive colonial governance, the main existing legal provision being the 1685
5090:
4528:
ended Algeria's status as a colony and declared in the 1848 Constitution the occupied lands an integral part of France. Three civil territories â
3792:
on 12 February 1844 to take control of those specific fines. Those fines were defined by various prefectural decrees, and were later known as the
9611:
8925:
8151:
7122:
5454:
5403:
of Algeria were to be considered integral parts of France. By integral parts, it is meant that they have their deputies (representatives) in the
3781:), rather than promoting assimilation, the legislation had the opposite effect: by 1913, only 1,557 Muslims had been granted French citizenship.
3745:. His reforms were resisted by colonists in Algeria, and his attempts to allow Muslims to be elected to a putative new assembly in Paris failed.
1406:
1299:
620:
570:
257:
182:
8192:
8182:
8172:
8162:
8007:
7220:
7176:
6599:
4019:
588:
As a recognized jurisdiction of France, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants. They were first known as
5859:
5717:
4055:
This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the
3313:
the base of the Algerian economy. Exports of Algerian wine and wheat to France were balanced in trading terms by a flow of manufactured goods.
2312:
3586:. This made people living in Algeria "French subjects ," without providing them any way to become French nationals. However, since it was not
3373:
Efforts were begun by 1890 to educate a small number of Muslims along with European students in the French school system as part of France's "
3160:
admitted in 2000 that systematic torture techniques were used during the war and justified it. He also recognized the assassination of lawyer
11804:
11370:
8747:
8597:
5964:
1440:
672:
8809:
7311:
9294:
4602:
1902:
1547:
1506:
1445:
733:
6993:
9187:
Patrick Weil, Qu'est-ce qu'un Français, Histoire de la nationalité française depuis la Révolution, Paris, Grasset, year 2002, 403 pages,
9083:
7083:
4704:. Over the next century, fewer than 3,000 Muslims chose to cross the barrier and become French citizens. A similar status applied to the
4631:
leaders. He decided to halt the expansion of European settlement beyond the coastal zone and to restrict contact between Muslims and the
3540:
2117:
1362:
1289:
709:
between 1682 and 1683 on the pretext of assisting and rescuing enslaved Christians, usually Europeans taken as captives in raids. Again,
628:
7736:
6404:
5254:
Relations between post-colonial Algeria and France have remained close throughout the years, although sometimes difficult. In 1962, the
12051:
10371:
10104:
6697:
4963:
4906:
had weakened France's control of the territory, while reports of defeats undermined French prestige amongst the indigenous population.
3364:
of school age. Because few Muslim teachers were trained, Muslim schools were largely staffed by French teachers. Even a state-operated
1890:. The latter fought for years against the French. Directing an army of 12,000 men, Abd El-Kader first organized the blockade of Oran.
1763:
11143:
10072:
9155:
8939:
7204:
6958:
4970:(land of dissidence)), regions that were nominally Moroccan but which were not submitted to the authority of the central government.
5649:
3976:
status, and this status became void in 1927 in the mixed towns but remained applicable in other towns until its abrogation in 1944.
3574:
organized general government and administration of the French territories in North Africa and is usually considered as an effective
1747:, length: 385cm, cal:178mm, weight: 2910, stone projectile, founded 8 October 1581 in Algiers, seized by France at Algiers in 1830.
10426:
5324:
to their students, in particular in North Africa (article 4). The law created a public uproar and opposition from the whole of the
2315:, who had spent time in Ottoman jails for opposing the bey's rule, launched attacks against the French and their makhzen allies at
1701:
After a contentious meeting in which Deval refused to provide satisfactory answers on 29 April 1827, the dey struck Deval with his
7758:"Recueil gĂ©nĂ©ral des lois et des arrĂȘts : en matiĂšre civile, criminelle, commerciale et de droit public... / par J.-B. Sirey"
3951:. A different decree, numbered 137, related to Muslims and foreigners and required 21 years of age to ask for French citizenship.
1667:, as an attempt to increase his popularity amongst the French people. He particularly hoped to appeal to the many veterans of the
12046:
10969:
10460:
6119:
5598:
5480:
1430:
870:
4078:
3185:
84-year-old man." Bigeard also recognized that Larbi Ben M'Hidi was assassinated and that his death was disguised as a suicide.
1820:. 2,500 janissaries also quit the Algerian territories, heading for Asia, on 11 July. The French army then recruited the first
12021:
11518:
11503:
11420:
6036:
5284:
at the end of the 19th century, were expelled to France where they formed a new community. On the other hand, the issue of the
3886:
3062:
tribe were killed in one night, while all 500 to 700 members of the Ouled Rhia tribe were killed by suffocation in a cave. The
1319:
2261:
tactics. Boubaghla was a relentless fighter, and very eloquent in Arabic. He was very religious, and some legends tell of his
2124:
provincial authorities in 1830, but their efforts at state-building were unsuccessful on account of lengthy armed resistance.
11271:
10483:
10306:
9747:
8973:
8907:
8408:
8381:
8075:
7936:
7927:
Cooper, Frederick (2011). "Alternatives to Nationalism in French West Africa, 1945â60". In Frey, Marc; DĂŒlferr, Jost (eds.).
7765:
6978:
6927:
6822:
6726:
6487:
6437:
5877:
5842:
5742:
5681:
5485:
5226:
4468:
4250:
3244:, they exercised disproportionate influence, and their support was important to any government's survival. The leader of the
2279:
slave he had as a concubine (Halima Bent Messaoud). But on her side, Lalla Fadhma wasn't free: even if she was recognized as
1796:
on 14 June 1830, with 34,000 soldiers. In response to the French, the Algerian dey ordered an opposition consisting of 7,000
8424:
8081:
7027:
6239:
6087:
12036:
11902:
10676:
9331:
8571:
6366:
6268:
5336:
4524:
Shortly after Louis Philippe's constitutional monarchy was overthrown in the revolution of 1848, the new government of the
4440:
4222:
3726:
3511:
This personal status lasted the entire time Algeria was French, from 1830 till 1962, with various changes in the meantime.
5695:
4018:
gave French citizenship to every overseas national, including Algerians, giving them a right to vote at 21 years old. The
3383:(literally, the evolved ones)âhad been created. Almost all of the handful of Muslims who accepted French citizenship were
11625:
11388:
11044:
11034:
10250:
9788:
9637:
3100:
2076:, a high-ranking army officer invested with civil and military jurisdiction, who was responsible to the minister of war.
1596:
1294:
1217:
264:
7692:
7374:
3482:
Two communities existed: the French national and the people living with their own traditions. Following its conquest of
3058:
or Guyana. Also, French forces also engaged in wholesale massacres of entire tribes. All 500 men, women and children of
12011:
11473:
10661:
10498:
8048:
6185:
5992:
5809:
2359:
1401:
1351:
8598:"Emmanuel Macron loses lead in French election polls after remarks on colonial Algeria and gay marriage spark outrage"
5422:, during the perennial traffic jams, adherence to the slogan was indicated by sounding a car horn in the form of four
4447:
4282:
4229:
3852:, keeping the personal status from the local law but removing the personal status of common right from the Civil Code.
1862:, could not remain indifferent to the massacres committed by the French Christian troops and to belligerent calls for
623:
used by the French in order to stop the revolt. The war ended in 1962, when Algeria gained independence following the
11445:
11430:
10922:
10573:
10439:
9942:
9268:
9226:
9207:
9192:
9178:
9126:
9076:
9001:
8891:
8252:
8232:
8216:
7973:
7477:
7452:
7427:
7399:
7360:
6894:
6630:
6556:
6518:
6338:
6165:
5858:
Sessions, Jennifer E. (6 October 2011). "A Tale of Two Despots: The Invasion of Algeria and the Revolution of 1830".
5581:
5002:
4487:
4269:
4026:
conceptualized the dissociation of citizenship and personal status (but no legal text implements this dissociation).
3738:
3270:
635:
4732:
3930:
12031:
12026:
11713:
11554:
11508:
9932:
6195:
5415:), and such people were predominantly of French origin or Jewish origin. Many who used this slogan were returnees.
5329:
2245:
In about 1849, a mysterious man arrived in Kabiliya. He presented himself as Mohamed ben Abdallah (the name of the
1540:
1011:
818:
786:
3730:
2102:
Among others testimonies, Lieutenant-colonel Lucien de Montagnac wrote on 15 March 1843, in a letter to a friend:
12016:
10513:
9902:
9324:
9288:
4421:
4203:
4132:
3116:
3020:
1893:
Algerian refugees were welcomed by the Moroccan population, while the Sultan recommended that the authorities of
1459:
1425:
956:
17:
10493:
9041:
6848:"Le cas de SĂ©tif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945) | Sciences Po Violence de masse et RĂ©sistance â RĂ©seau de recherche"
4454:
4236:
2143:
1910:
1367:
11733:
11308:
10555:
10277:
9952:
9419:
9414:
9254:
9210:
8631:
7280:
7023:
6311:
La Démographie figurée de l'Algérie : étude statistique des populations européennes qui habitent l'Algérie
5475:
5443:
slogan, "V for Victory", which had been three dots followed by a dash. The intention was that the opponents of
4425:
4207:
4124:
3955:
3948:
3934:
3813:
was formally introduced for seven years to help administration. It enabled district officials to issue summary
1499:
1420:
8108:
Revue d'histoire du XIXe siÚcle. Société d'histoire de la révolution de 1848 et des révolutions du XIXe siÚcle
3831:
Société française pour la protection des IndigÚnes des colonies (French society for the protection of natives)
3737:, he introduced what were intended as liberalizing reforms in Algeria, promoting the French colonial model of
3656:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.
3640:
3304:. Nearly half of the value of European-owned real property was in vineyards by 1914. By contrast, subsistence
3123:, who himself had been tortured, and historians such as Raphaëlle Branche) beatings, torture by electroshock,
2027:
11656:
11276:
11217:
11212:
10750:
10666:
10560:
10065:
9047:
6970:
5264:
4989:
confederation. The conflict ended by the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex by France in 1901.
3556:
3348:
1660:
1604:
822:
11298:
9240:
RenĂ© Gallissot, Les effets paradoxaux de la catĂ©gorie « d'origine indigĂšne », 25â26 octobre 2009,
6974:
5292:, the Muslims who had fought on the French side during the war, still remained unresolved. Large numbers of
3498:
made Algeria part of France, and Algeria was usually understood as such by French people, even on the Left.
2469:
2289:
11984:
11723:
11202:
11039:
10717:
10639:
10588:
10419:
10164:
9925:
9678:
8530:
5313:
5249:
4614:
4436:
4218:
2012:
1879:
1469:
316:
8127:
6648:
Quoted in Marc Ferro, "The conquest of Algeria", in The black book of colonialism, Robert Laffont, p. 657.
5512:
Le pays occupé par les Français dans le nord de l'Afrique sera, à l'avenir, désigné sous le nom d'Algérie.
4724:
3941:'s agreement a series of seven decrees related to Algeria, the most notable being number 136 known as the
3091:
3083:
1268:
728:(1795â99), the Bacri and the Busnach, Jewish merchants of Algiers, provided large quantities of grain for
146:
11841:
11561:
11435:
11425:
11173:
11014:
10962:
10896:
10779:
10540:
10245:
9920:
9907:
5225:(lit. "Long live French Algeria!"). De Gaulle's republican constitution project was approved through the
4872:
4776:
3591:
3495:
3458:
3051:
2324:
2305:
2254:
1887:
1714:
1533:
1493:
756:
655:
639:
574:
558:
341:
7732:
Répertoire du droit administratif. Tome 1 / Par Léon Béquet,... ; avec le concours de M. Paul Dupré
4879:
and spread through much of Algeria. The revolt was triggered by Crémieux's extension of civil (that is,
3466:
11752:
11673:
11440:
11350:
11329:
11029:
11019:
11009:
10816:
10740:
10656:
9590:
9062:
7718:
Autobiography and Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French
7637:
Autobiography and Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French
5173:
5098:
5059:
4769:, "to destroy the military regime ... to completely assimilate Algeria into France." In October 1870,
4716:
4676:(administrative units), and given over to councils. Arable land was to be divided among members of the
4153:
1642:
1212:
577:
took effect, until its independence on 5 July 1962. For a period in 1860-1870, the then-French emperor
38:
5959:
5127:
3619:(or AĂŻnos), a Jew from Algiers, since only French citizens could become lawyers. On 24 February 1862 (
3019:
during the 1950s against Algerians include deliberate bombing and killing of unarmed civilians, rape,
2339:
organized in 1831 for Algerian service. Although his forces were defeated by the French under General
1258:
11932:
11688:
11603:
11576:
11493:
11288:
11133:
10686:
10583:
10545:
10169:
10030:
10025:
9793:
8190:
8180:
8170:
8159:
8148:
8000:
7173:
6589:
5309:
4841:
4537:
4500:
2073:
1627:
678:
8104:"La famine de 1866â1868 : anatomie d'une catastrophe et construction mĂ©diatique d'un Ă©vĂ©nement"
3809:
3759:(natives) were allowed to access French citizenship, but such citizenship was incompatible with the
3070:
2980:
2952:
2924:
11513:
11483:
11088:
10801:
10455:
10058:
10012:
9511:
7160:
6990:
5954:
5404:
4974:
4935:
3773:, senator, also argued that Muslim and Jewish religions allowed polygamy, repudiation, and divorce.
3770:
3215:
3031:, thefts and pillaging. Up to 2 million Algerian civilians were also deported in internment camps.
2023:
1921:
1759:
1748:
585:, expanding freedoms, and limiting colonisation, a move deeply unpopular by the French colonists.
31:
4913:
3520:
which was related to slave-trading and owning and incompatible with the legal context of Algeria.
3474:
3098:
of Muslim rural communities. Less accessible villages were bombed by French aircraft, and cruiser
2189:
2016:
1916:
Hardly had the news of the capture of Algiers reached Paris than Charles X was deposed during the
12006:
11769:
11651:
11598:
11544:
11498:
11187:
10791:
10760:
10644:
10624:
10468:
10412:
8441:
Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, N°41â42, 1986. DĂ©sert et montagne au Maghreb.
6837:
General R. Hure, page 449 "L' Armee d' Afrique 1830â1962", Charles-Lavauzelle, Paris-Limoges 1977
6781:
6754:
5355:
5219:
as hinted by his speeches delivered in Oran and Mostaganem on 6 June 1958, in which he exclaimed
5159:
4808:, led to pressure on the French government to make new land available in Algeria for about 5,000
4414:
4196:
3901:
In 1909, 70% of all direct taxes in Algeria were paid by Muslims, despite their general poverty.
3856:
3491:
3231:
representatives in the National Assembly (six deputies and three senators from each department).
3035:
3004:
2404:
2221:
2196:
2195:
Historians generally set the indigenous population of Algeria at 3 million in 1830. Although the
2127:
2044:
1855:
1755:
1687:
1519:
1415:
1241:
1229:
1004:
916:
912:
7912:
6885:
Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2009). "8. La légitimation et l'essor de la subversion 13-19 mai 1945".
6479:
6157:
5439:." Whole choruses of such horn soundings were heard. This was intended to be reminiscent of the
4341:
on occasion acted with sympathy to the local population and formed a buffer between Muslims and
3871:
3689:
2448:
2432:
2311:
The French faced other opposition as well in the area. The superior of a religious brotherhood,
2111:
or elsewhere. In one word, annihilate everything that will not crawl beneath our feet like dogs.
1897:
assist them, by providing jobs in the administration or the military forces. The inhabitants of
940:
710:
11874:
11836:
11794:
11779:
11571:
11393:
11293:
10955:
10874:
10649:
9984:
9837:
9737:
9727:
9658:
9634:
9392:
9347:
8688:"Algeria buries repatriated skulls of resistance fighters as it marks independence from France"
5468:
5237:
5112:
in 1940. After the Fall of France, the Third French Republic collapsed and was replaced by the
4525:
4023:
3996:
3718:
2063:
1883:
1435:
1309:
1236:
121:
9080:
7598:, ed. by Kevin Shillington, 3 vols (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005), I pp. 50â52 (at p. 51).
7080:
6508:
5799:
5732:
4889:(1854â56), the demand for grain had pushed the price of Algerian wheat up to European levels.
3105:
2062:
the occupied areas of Algeria, which had an estimated Muslim population of about two million.
12041:
11799:
11789:
11581:
11405:
11313:
11248:
10671:
10629:
10144:
9874:
9668:
7730:
7352:
Modern insurgencies and counter-insurgencies : guerrillas and their opponents since 1750
7312:"France may have apologised for atrocities in Algeria, but the war still casts a long shadow"
6814:
6808:
6546:
6429:
Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden
6427:
6396:
6153:
5869:
5571:
5398:
5216:
4762:
4541:
4379:
3918:
3722:
3651:
3597:
3059:
3047:
2424:
1967:
1935:
1166:
857:
725:
459:
445:
128:
8991:
7221:"Le témoignage de cette femme est un tissu de mensonges. Tout est faux, c'est une manoeuvre"
6689:
5777:
5229:
and the Fifth Republic was established the following month with de Gaulle as its president.
4898:
rose in revolt, following immediately on the mutiny in January 1871 of a squadron of Muslim
4461:
4243:
3750:
sénatus-consulte du 14 juillet 1865 sur l'état des personnes et la naturalisation en Algérie
1777:
1724:
11824:
11365:
11303:
11192:
11083:
10821:
10806:
10796:
10765:
10681:
10634:
10578:
10550:
10528:
8948:
7614:, ed. by Kevin Shillington, 3 vols (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005), I pp. 52â53 (p. 52).
4786:
4785:
control over local administration. A civilian governor general was made responsible to the
4287:
3938:
3922:
3605:
3177:
2349:
2185:
2153:
2132:
2007:
1801:
1680:
1593:
1284:
975:
690:
371:
112:
8870:
7201:
7072:
5320:
majority, which imposed on high-school (lycée) teachers to teach the "positive values" of
3611:
A case in 1861 questioned the legal status of people in Algeria. On 28 November 1861, the
8:
11907:
11864:
11784:
11738:
11615:
11608:
11588:
11549:
11461:
11253:
11222:
11197:
11163:
11065:
11060:
10886:
10864:
10859:
10745:
10607:
10593:
10565:
10340:
9663:
9496:
9457:
9401:
9153:
8603:
7019:
6804:
6775:
6109:
5641:
5490:
5363:
4903:
4813:
4805:
4696:
3681:|pg=French Algeria |language=French |comments= }}
3165:
3078:
3043:
2420:
2323:
was declared and to lead it tribal elders chose Muhyi ad Din's son, twenty-five-year-old
2040:
1917:
1859:
1789:
1664:
1600:
1183:
964:
932:
668:
252:
91:
10159:
5536:
5281:
4766:
4587:(settlers), Algerians, or later, especially following the 1962 independence of Algeria,
3926:
3659:
3438:
and official circles in France on the other. They feared and mistrusted the Francophone
2048:
1767:
1731:
11819:
11764:
11718:
11566:
11532:
11116:
10915:
10836:
10755:
10700:
10619:
10503:
10473:
10447:
10005:
9915:
9864:
9770:
9757:
9688:
9486:
9437:
9429:
9302:
8353:
8281:
7202:
La torture pendant la guerre d'AlgĂ©rie / 1954 â 1962 40 ans aprĂšs, l'exigence de vĂ©ritĂ©
6472:
6146:
5711:
5108:
Colonial troops of French Algeria were sent to fight in metropolitan France during the
4529:
3797:
3678:
3590:, this text did not introduce legal certainty on this topic. This was confirmed by the
3374:
3255:
2443:
1962:
1656:
1647:
1630:
1589:
1488:
1396:
1379:
1195:
1151:
826:
765:
693:, Algeria had been a base for conflict and piracy in the Mediterranean basin. In 1681,
547:
431:
8984:
8966:
Sophie B. Roberts. Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870â1962.
5258:
peace treaty provided land in the Sahara for the French Army, which it had used under
5113:
4954:
In the 1890s, the French administration and military called for the annexation of the
3960:
3943:
2170:
the official language, and attempting to reform finances according to the precepts of
2142:
The most successful local opposition immediately after the fall of Algiers was led by
1840:
regiments, while France expropriated all the land properties belonging to the Turkish
11965:
11947:
11942:
11927:
11912:
11851:
11814:
11728:
11661:
11639:
11620:
11488:
11415:
11238:
11138:
11024:
11004:
10981:
10849:
10811:
10735:
10730:
10287:
10235:
10174:
9979:
9962:
9585:
9580:
9264:
9250:
9203:
9188:
9174:
9132:
9122:
9072:
8997:
8969:
8903:
8404:
8377:
8285:
8248:
8228:
8212:
8119:
8071:
8044:
7969:
7932:
7473:
7448:
7423:
7395:
7366:
7356:
7320:
6923:
6900:
6890:
6818:
6626:
6552:
6514:
6510:
The Illusion of the Post-Colonial State: Governance and Security Challenges in Africa
6483:
6433:
6334:
6330:
6161:
5928:
5873:
5838:
5805:
5738:
5687:
5677:
5577:
5259:
5208:
4533:
4034:
3579:
3095:
3063:
3000:
2246:
2204:
plagues of 1866 and 1868, as well as by a rigorous winter in 1867â68, which caused a
2108:
1992:
1929:
1817:
1612:
1585:
1190:
1107:
1099:
1019:
948:
830:
616:
608:
565:
in the mid 20th century, by which Algeria gained independence in 1962. After being a
297:
245:
10292:
5187:
4966:, a complex that during the period prior to 1890, was part of what was known as the
2269:
against the French. With her inspiring speeches, she convinced many men to fight as
736:
of 1796. But Bonaparte refused to pay the bill, claiming it was excessive. In 1820,
11879:
11831:
11703:
11678:
11168:
10931:
10891:
10881:
10869:
10844:
10826:
10508:
10326:
10154:
9894:
9859:
9539:
9110:
Nicolas Schaub, ReprĂ©senter l'AlgĂ©rie. Images et conquĂȘte au XIXe siĂšcle, CTHS-INHA
8345:
8273:
8111:
7682:
6474:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
6261:
6148:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
5918:
5865:
5440:
5411:(which was used in personal cases among Algerian Muslims under laws dating back to
5367:
5109:
5073:
5065:
4618:
3980:
3564:
3157:
2250:
2181:
2084:
1968:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
1608:
1388:
1131:
1043:
985:
882:
721:
702:
698:
624:
228:
223:
11341:
11180:
10296:
8427:
Ayt Khebbach, impasse sud-est. L'involution d'une tribu marocaine exclue du Sahara
7757:
7463:
John Gunther, page 125 "Inside Africa", published Hamish Hamilton Ltd. London 1955
7438:
John Gunther, page 123 "Inside Africa", published Hamish Hamilton Ltd. London 1955
7185:
6594:
5988:
The Tyranny of Tolerance: France, Religion, and the Conquest of Algeria, 1830-1870
5771:
5540:
5255:
5135:
4074:
3357:
main source of income for religious institutions, including schools) in 1843, but
2976:
2948:
2920:
2188:
in 1836 in humiliation and defeat. However, the French captured Constantine under
1314:
11974:
11937:
11922:
11917:
11859:
11774:
11334:
11075:
10854:
10712:
10518:
10345:
10316:
10081:
9974:
9957:
9491:
9469:
9232:
9217:
9159:
9087:
9042:
Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale, Une nationalité française dénaturée
8932:
8662:"French presidential hopeful Macron calls colonization a 'crime against humanity"
8566:
8435:
8398:
8371:
8196:
8186:
8176:
8166:
8155:
8065:
7208:
7180:
7087:
7031:
7015:
6997:
6962:
6720:
6272:
6226:
6221:
6114:
6079:
5939:
5559:
5548:
5544:
5351:
5212:
5102:
5085:
4801:
4752:
3914:. The Jews were the main part of the population that desired French citizenship.
3552:
3251:
2364:
2344:
2328:
2234:
The French began their occupation of Algiers in 1830, starting with a landing in
2167:
2077:
1875:
1744:
1668:
1564:
was weak politically, economically, and militarily. Algeria was then part of the
1464:
1304:
1263:
1251:
1178:
1171:
1115:
1051:
1027:
809:
535:
515:
218:
205:
133:
98:
73:
59:
11320:
8718:"Skulls of Algerian resistance fighters to French occupation return to homeland"
8561:
6374:
6265:
4686:
3967:
In 1919, after the involvement of 172,019 Algerians in the First World War, the
3907:
3583:
729:
11897:
11892:
11884:
11708:
11666:
11243:
10936:
10722:
10332:
10272:
9720:
9711:
9673:
9549:
9474:
9442:
8900:
The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955â1957
7057:
5344:
5332:
5005:
4866:
4393:
4330:
3814:
3545:
3483:
3169:
3161:
3140:
3039:
2990:
2340:
2121:
2036:
1829:
1771:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1246:
1123:
924:
903:
801:
714:
682:
396:
391:
10266:
9869:
8336:
Frank E. Trout (1970), "Morocco's Boundary in the Guir-Zousfana River Basin",
8277:
6748:
6367:"ALgeria [DjazaĂŻria] historical demographic data of the whole country"
5923:
5906:
5691:
3893:
that the naturalization with their status and with conditions of the Algerian
3259:
634:
During its last years as part of France, Algeria was a founding member of the
12000:
11979:
11809:
11593:
11281:
10321:
10227:
10194:
10114:
9969:
9562:
9479:
9452:
8123:
7674:
7324:
7042:
6904:
5932:
5617:"The end of the conquest under Napoleon III and the short-lived Arab Kingdom"
5277:
5178:
5027:
5023:
5017:
4946:
4931:
4508:
3734:
3560:
3419:
3279:
3207:
3136:
3124:
3024:
2374:
2343:
in 1836, Abd al Qadir negotiated a favorable peace treaty the next year. The
2136:
2092:
1925:
1623:
1616:
1581:
1577:
1374:
1083:
566:
173:
9211:
http://www4.ac-lille.fr/~immigration/ressources/IMG/pdf/Statut_musul_alg.pdf
9136:
8179:. However, a short-term migration also took place during harvesting seasons
7370:
5986:
4033:
In the specific context following the second war, in 1947 is introduced the
3188:
In 2018 France officially admitted that torture was systematic and routine.
2427:
in 1845. However, Abd al Qadir was obliged to surrender to the commander of
2226:
1615:
of U.S., British, and French forces overwhelmed the Algerians' expertise at
602:, a term applying especially to ethnic Europeans born there. The indigenous
11693:
11398:
11355:
11155:
11126:
10488:
10000:
9854:
9846:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9447:
9102:, 1979 (a ground-breaking work on the historiography of French colonialism)
9035:
8781:"'No repentance nor apologies' for colonial abuses in Algeria, says Macron"
7410:
6966:
6667:
Alexis de Tocqueville, De colony in Algeria. 1847, Complexe Editions, 1988.
6190:
5671:
5412:
5366:
in Paris, were repatriated to Algeria and buried in the Martyrs' Square at
5317:
5192:
5168:
5117:
4967:
4890:
4610:
4375:
4068:
4056:
3714:
3587:
3398:
3173:
3153:
3132:
3112:
3028:
3016:
1871:
1793:
1719:
1275:
745:
612:
582:
578:
562:
355:
7675:"PropriĂ©tĂ©, polygamie et statut personnel en AlgĂ©rie coloniale, 1830â1873"
7413:, pages 122â123 "Inside Africa", published Hamish Hamilton Ltd London 1955
7123:"L'accablante confession du général Aussaresses sur la torture en Algérie"
5047:
5039:
4925:
4617:
was created to supervise administration of the country through a military
3453:
2995:
776:
686:
37:"French in Algeria" redirects here. For usage of the French language, see
11360:
11263:
11108:
10184:
9732:
9519:
9391:
9316:
8748:"Algerian fighters' skulls buried in Martyrs' Square at El-Alia Cemetery"
8632:"FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP"
8110:(in French) (41). HĂ©lĂšne Blais, Claire Fredj, Saada Emmanuelle: 113â127.
7350:
7281:"FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP"
6467:
6141:
5938:
defeat in the 1830 elections. Of course, this ultimately failed when the
5321:
5280:, who unlike Algerian Muslims had been granted French citizenship by the
5271:
5131:
5069:
4919:
4886:
4562:
4300:
elected mayors and councils for self-governing "full exercise" communes (
4119:
3968:
3742:
3532:
3490:
in 1830, for well over a century, France maintained what was effectively
3427:
3392:
3287:
3211:
3120:
3012:
2408:
2353:
2262:
1958:
1336:
1326:
1035:
737:
475:
6773:
6352:
Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern ..
5033:
The French took advantage of long-standing animosity between Tuareg and
4986:
4829:
4312:(great chieftains) and a French administrator. The indigenous communes (
4014:
gave each of the two colleges 15 MPs and 7 senators. On 7 May 1946, the
2180:'s territories through negotiation, an ill-fated invasion force, led by
2008:
Conquest of the Algerian territories under the July Monarchy (1830â1848)
1813:
11869:
11098:
10383:
10124:
10119:
9706:
9645:
7237:
5423:
5391:
was a slogan used about 1960 by those French people who wanted to keep
5124:
4520:
1877 map of the three French departments of Alger, Oran and Constantine
4428: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4210: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4148:
3800:
means that there is no complete text summary of these fines available.
3789:
3575:
3128:
2156:. He initiated a radical overhaul of the Ottoman administration in his
1694:, further angered the dey by fortifying French storehouses in BĂŽne and
895:
10134:
8357:
8115:
7687:
6690:"La conquĂȘte coloniale de l'AlgĂ©rie par les Français - Rebellyon.info"
4793:. The measure had to be enforced, however, over the objections of the
3536:
2975:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2947:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2919:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2383:
27:
French colony and later territory in Northern Africa from 1830 to 1962
11207:
10389:
8298:
Page 164, Vol. 13, EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Macropaedia, 15th Edition
7106:
7016:
Des guerres d'Indochine et d'Algérie aux dictatures d'Amérique latine
6887:
Guelma, 1945 : une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale
5395:
ruled by France. Literally "French Algeria", it means that the three
5325:
5043:
were originally recruited mainly from the Chaamba nomadic tribe. The
4655:
to deal with the Muslims directly through their traditional leaders.
4590:
3788:
or tribe head but because this system was unfair it was decided by a
3516:
3505:
3301:
3241:
3067:
were put alive in the hessian sacks and thrown into dug-up trenches.
2412:
2392:
2258:
1886:, Sultan Abderrahmane lent his support to the Algerian insurgency of
1797:
1702:
1573:
1091:
1059:
877:
843:
694:
597:
9567:
7594:
Murray Steele, 'Algeria: Government and Administration, 1830â1914',
7250:"France admits systematic torture during Algeria war for first time"
4403:
4185:
3501:
Algeria became the prototype for a pattern of French colonial rule.
3176:, a torture center where Algerians were murdered. Bigeard qualified
10404:
9879:
9696:
9051:
8349:
7225:
7153:"Guerre d'Algérie: le général Bigeard et la pratique de la torture"
7002:
6231:
5907:"THE CONGRESS SYSTEM AND THE FRENCH INVASION OF ALGIERS, 1827â1830"
5832:
5191:
Algerian nationalists and could be considered the beginning of the
4755:(1870), ending the Second Empire, demonstrations in Algiers by the
4701:
4554:. Theoretically, these areas were closed to European colonization.
3778:
3366:
2088:
1996:
1951:
1867:
1785:
1075:
1067:
990:
980:
589:
9716:
8810:"Macron rules out official apology for colonial abuses in Algeria"
7606:
7604:
6264:, Paris, 1885, republished by Christian Destremeau, 1998, p. 153;
4516:
3991:
Despite periodic attempts at partial reform, the situation of the
2174:. After the French failed in several attempts to gain some of the
1633:, Duke of Dalmatia, first named these territories as "Algeria".
11121:
10989:
10435:
10377:
10129:
9765:
9701:
9557:
9501:
6275:
5392:
5034:
4997:
4959:
4895:
4876:
4748:
4649:(king of the Arabs). He instituted the so-called politics of the
4091:
Rights and freedoms of Algerian citizens of ordinary civil status
3487:
3148:
2416:
2400:
2388:
2332:
2301:
2239:
2235:
2209:
2052:
1972:
1947:
1898:
1841:
1833:
1823:
1809:
1758:
and other French residents of Algiers left for France, while the
1695:
887:
793:
706:
660:
607:
lack of political and economic freedom, fueled calls for greater
603:
488:
195:
10947:
9018:
Vandervort, Bruce. "French conquest of Algeria (1830â1847)." in
8264:
Brett, Michael (1988). "Legislating for Inequality in Algeria".
2031:
2030:
as head of military staff in Algeria. De Rovigo took control of
2002:
1691:
11410:
10978:
9742:
9653:
9462:
9283:
9066:
8103:
7601:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7544:
7542:
7091:
7081:
The French Army and Torture During the Algerian War (1954â1962)
5576:. Royal Institute for international affairs. 1979. p. 89.
5408:
4993:
4809:
4720:
1929 map of the northern French Algeria (Touring Club Italiano)
3673:
have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add
3305:
3283:
2205:
2201:
2163:
2096:
2059:
1946:
Some governments and scholars have called France's conquest of
1905:
1894:
1835:
1781:
848:
838:
551:
9836:
7111:
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: France and Algeria, 1954â1962
6722:
Lettres familiÚres sur l'Algérie : un petit royaume arabe
5734:
Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries: Assembling the Jigsaw
4820:
2399:
Abd al Qadir took refuge in 1841 with his ally, the sultan of
2080:, who became the first governor-general, headed the conquest.
9884:
9775:
8369:
5419:
5287:
5094:
4955:
4899:
4545:
3291:
3143:
had denounced these acts on 6 December 1951, in the magazine
2439:
2320:
2171:
2051:. However the sultan refused French demands that he evacuate
1863:
1331:
241:
9065:, Coloniser, Exterminer â Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial,
7581:
7539:
7077:
La torture et l'armĂ©e pendant la guerre d'AlgĂ©rie, 1954â1962
5730:
4394:
Under the French Second Republic and Second Empire (1848â70)
4318:), remote areas not adequately pacified, remained under the
3139:
to their death or into the sea with concrete on their feet.
2991:
French atrocities against the Algerian indigenous population
550:
when the country was a colony and later an integral part of
11683:
11093:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7610:
Allan Christelow, 'Algeria: Muslim Population, 1871â1954',
7559:
7557:
6037:"On Tocqueville in Algeria and epistemic violence - Racism"
5427:
4941:
3859:
proposed a progressive French naturalisation of all Muslim
3763:, which allowed them to live within the Muslim traditions.
3535:, regent of Algiers, signed the act of capitulation to the
3330:
controlled how these revenues would be spent. As a result,
2428:
2316:
2083:
Soon after the conquest of Algiers, the soldier-politician
1851:
1805:
1792:
then landed 27 kilometres (17 mi) west of Algiers, at
9633:
7712:
7710:
6313:. Paris: Librairie de l'Académie de Médecine. p. 260.
3523:
Indeed, France was committed in respecting the local law.
2253:. He was probably a former lieutenant in the army of Emir
9011:
Stora, Benjamin, Jane Marie Todd, and William B. Quandt.
8839:"Macron Rules Out Apology For Colonial Abuses In Algeria"
6750:
Documentaire :Le GĂ©nocide De Laghouat 1852 Mourad AGGOUNE
6235:
5022:
The French military expedition led by Lieutenant-Colonel
4736:
Administrative organisation between 1905 and 1955. Three
4705:
4613:
returned Algeria to military control. In 1858 a separate
3508:" while the concept of apartheid was formalized in 1948.
3397:
Reporting to the French Senate in 1894, Governor-General
2407:, and launched raids into Algeria. This alliance led the
1870:. Despite the diplomatic rupture between Morocco and the
741:
9152:, GenĂšses, volume=4, numĂ©ro=53, year 2003, pages 25â47,
9054:(on the legal statuses of Muslim populations in Algeria)
7807:
7554:
4143:
3090:
From 8 May to June 26, 1945, the French carried out the
2423:
on August 16, 1844. A French force was destroyed at the
1659:(Ottoman Algeria) was initiated in the last days of the
9303:
Benjamin Stora on French Colonialism and Algeria Today!
8373:
Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa
7914:
How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789,
7707:
6774:
Al Jazeera Documentary ۧÙŰŹŰČÙ۱۩ ۧÙÙ۫ۧۊÙÙŰ© (2017-11-05),
6590:"Prise de tĂȘte Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?"
6222:"Turkey accuses France of genocide in colonial Algeria"
6080:"Turkey accuses France of genocide in colonial Algeria"
5526:
Non exhaustive list of ancient and modern books named "
4871:
The most serious native insurrection since the time of
4711:
3596:
As French rule in Algeria expanded, particularly under
3432:
and Muslim traditionalists on the one hand and between
2370:
Prise de la smalah d Abd-El-Kader Ă Taguin. 16 mai 1843
142:
Official Arabic seal of the Governor General of Algeria
8344:(1), Boston University African Studies Center: 37â56,
8266:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
6922:. New York Review (published 2006). pp. 198â200.
6260:
Lieutenant-colonel de Montagnac, Lettres d'un soldat,
5737:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 227.
5673:
Sex, law, and sovereignty in French Algeria, 1830â1930
5141:
4030:"Muslim" civil status, to keep their hands on power."
3979:
Later, Jewish people's citizenship was revoked by the
3393:
Relationships between the colons, IndigĂšnes and France
2215:
1788:'s 1808 contingency plan for the invasion of Algeria,
1780:
commanded an armada of 600 ships that originated from
8993:
By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria
8989:
8041:
By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria
7447:
Alistair Horne, pages 60â61 "A Savage War of Peace",
5861:
By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria
5335:(UMP) at the beginning of 2006, after accusations of
5232:
The latter consented to independence in 1962 after a
5202:
4670:. Tribal areas were to be identified, delimited into
3870:
published several articles signed by law professors (
12062:
1962 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
7893:
7797:
7795:
6548:
The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question
5050:
provided an effective means of policing the desert.
4175:
4128:
not have political rights equal to French citizens.
1568:, along with today's Tunisia; these depended on the
7931:. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 110â37.
3615:(Bar association of Algiers) declined to recognise
2095:and envisioned the large-scale production there of
1924:, the "citizen king ," was named to preside over a
1874:in 1830, and the naval warfare engaged against the
557:French rule in the region began in 1830, after the
30:This article is about Algeria. For other uses, see
8922:A History of Violence in the Early Algerian Colony
8596:
8363:
7945:
7929:Elites and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century
7617:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7310:
6471:
6145:
5724:
4950:The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century
3921:, on 24 October 1870, based on a project from the
3662:. The original article is under "Français" in the
3416:who ran Algeria maintained a dialog only with the
3119:against the Algerians, including (as described by
2296:
2091:. Clauzel recognized the farming potential of the
1708:
1674:
1592:(1815) Barbary Wars. An Anglo-Dutch force, led by
12057:1830 establishments in the French colonial empire
9298:(from French National Audiovisiual Institute INA)
8958:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria
8740:
8524:
7881:
7840:
7792:
7472:Alistair Horne, page 36 "A Savage War of Peace",
7422:Alistair Horne, page 63 "A Savage War of Peace",
7394:Alistair Horne, page 62 "A Savage War of Peace",
6069:, pp.47, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023
5354:described France's colonization of Algeria as a "
4103:their relations with the constituted authorities.
3613:conseil de l'ordre des avocats du barreau d'Alger
3127:, burns, and rape. Prisoners were also locked up
3074:Algerian woman sexually abused by the French army
11998:
9295:1940~1962 Newsreel archives about French Algeria
8710:
8487:. John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.
8370:Gellner, Ernest; Charles Antoine Micaud (1972).
8311:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003, p. 25.
8227:Alistair Horne, page 31 "A Savage War of Peace,
6350:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2013). "Abd al-Qadir".
6028:
5773:Martin's history of France: the age of Louis XIV
5731:Hans Groth; Alfonso Sousa-Poza (26 March 2012).
5156:Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
5079:
4138:
4037:which granted a local status citizenship to the
3694:Knowledge:Pages needing translation into English
3274:Moorish women making Arab carpets, Algiers, 1899
3042:policy against the Algerian population. Colonel
659:Purchase of Christian slaves by French monks in
7968:. University of California Press. p. 262.
7966:France, the United States, and the Algerian War
7871:
7869:
7867:
7822:
7780:
7563:
7548:
7520:
6506:
4094:French nationals residing in Algeria as aliens.
2072:(government of the sword) â was placed under a
1941:
1766:, proposed a military expedition. However, the
748:, requested the rest of the money from France.
160:Chronological map of French Algeria's evolution
9099:Histoire de l'AlgĂ©rie contemporaine, 1871â1954
8396:
8335:
7654:
6186:"Turkey accuses France of genocide in Algeria"
6014:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
5669:
4386:demands on the one hand while maintaining the
3983:in the early 1940s, but was restored in 1943.
12072:States and territories disestablished in 1962
10963:
10420:
10066:
9822:
9619:
9377:
9332:
8968:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2017)
8915:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830â1987
8833:
8831:
8591:
8589:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8478:"Joseph C. Satterthwaite, recorded interview"
7852:
7828:
7642:
7026:(LDH, Human Rights League), 10 January 2007.
6746:
6544:
5215:was supposed to keep Algeria's status quo as
4572:
4390:to control the Muslim majority on the other.
3741:, whereby colonised peoples would eventually
2898:â Indicates that this is an estimated figure.
2773:
2631:
2489:
2230:A print showing Fadhma N'Soumer during combat
2175:
2157:
2147:
2003:Popular revolts against the French occupation
1845:
1698:, contrary to the terms of prior agreements.
1636:
1541:
740:paid back half of the Directory's debts. The
673:European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
569:from 1830 to 1848, Algeria was designated as
11339:
11318:
11178:
9307:
9168:
9147:
9108:
9097:
9060:
9039:
8868:
8445:
8439:
8425:
8321:
7864:
7569:
7508:
7174:Torture Bigeard: " La presse en parle trop "
6991:Henri Pouillot, mon combat contre la torture
6799:
6797:
6324:
6279:
5864:. Cornell University Press. pp. 19â66.
5829:
5527:
5510:
5466:
5444:
5431:
5396:
5386:
5378:
5305:and their descendants to return to Algeria.
5300:
5293:
5285:
5269:
5220:
4923:
4911:
4880:
4780:
4770:
4756:
4737:
4684:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4596:
4588:
4582:
4549:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4135:right-wing movement opposed this agreement.
3912:Conseils généraux des départements algériens
3821:Periodic attempts at partial reform failed:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3384:
3378:
3358:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3295:
3245:
3240:became permanent fixtures. Because of their
3235:
3226:
3220:
3210:in 1892 and headed by former Prime Minister
3193:
2387:French troops disembarking on the island of
2368:
2280:
2270:
2067:
1995:, Turkey accused France of having committed
1821:
595:
529:
523:
119:
110:
65:
51:
10216:
9119:De Gaulle et l'AlgĂ©rie française, 1958â1962
8981:History Of French Colonial Policy 1870â1925
8804:
8802:
8775:
8773:
7503:Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France
7490:Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France
6679:Blood and Soil: Ben Kiernan, page 365, 2008
6675:
6673:
6460:
6034:
5449:were to be considered as traitorous as the
5240:led by four French generals in April 1961.
4821:Comte and colonialism in the Third Republic
3818:fines could be changed into forced labor.
3447:
3206:A commission of inquiry established by the
383:2,381,741 km (919,595 sq mi)
12067:States and territories established in 1830
10970:
10956:
10427:
10413:
10073:
10059:
9829:
9815:
9626:
9612:
9384:
9370:
9346:
9339:
9325:
8828:
8586:
8548:
7981:1954 on the part of its Muslim population.
7720:, Liverpool University Press, 2005, p. 43.
7639:, Liverpool University Press, 2005, p. 43.
6878:
6326:Pour en finir avec la repentance coloniale
6308:
5804:. Columbia University Press. p. 313.
5716:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5243:
4695:Muslims could serve on equal terms in the
4084:The agreement addressed various statuses:
3424:. Later they thwarted contact between the
2438:Abd al Qadir was promised safe conduct to
2238:. As occupation turned into colonization,
1548:
1534:
705:. He also ordered a large-scale attack on
10093:
9306:(from French Communist Party's newspaper
8940:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962
8559:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7989:
7951:
7887:
7686:
6884:
6794:
6644:
6642:
6620:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6184:Chrisafis, Angelique (23 December 2011).
6183:
5922:
5236:in January 1961 and despite a subsequent
5234:referendum on Algerian self-determination
5181:set barricades in Algiers in January 1960
5011:
4488:Learn how and when to remove this message
4270:Learn how and when to remove this message
3201:
3191:
8799:
8770:
8038:
7801:
6920:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954â1962
6670:
6625:(in French). Paris: Terra. p. 127.
6432:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92â3.
6364:
5904:
5857:
5172:
5089:
4945:
4942:Conquest of the southwestern territories
4731:
4723:
4715:
4561:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4281:
4147:
3582:made annexation systematically induce a
3473:
3465:
3457:
3352:Arab school of embroidery, Algiers, 1899
3347:
3269:
3265:
3219:administration in Algeria, dominated by
3168:, which had been disguised as suicides.
3115:(1954-1962), the French used deliberate
3077:
3069:
2994:
2382:
2358:
2300:
2225:
2192:the following year, on 13 October 1837.
2126:
2011:
1738:
1735:Fighting at the gates of Algiers in 1830
1730:
1718:
1646:
654:
9170:L'invention de l'« indigÚne »
9116:
9113:, 2015, "L'Art & l'Essai" (vol. 15)
8623:
8070:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
7355:. London: Routledge. pp. 160â161.
7348:
6869:
6466:
6140:
5947:
5481:List of French possessions and colonies
4922:guaranteed French nationals. A special
4860:
3954:In 1870, the French government granted
3717:was the first elected president of the
3551:That same year and the same month, the
3234:Once elected to the National Assembly,
3038:(1835-1903) French forces engaged in a
1832:regiments) in October, followed by the
1727:during the take-over of Algiers in 1830
1576:but enjoyed relative independence. The
14:
11999:
8101:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8028:
7986:
7926:
7899:
7786:
7768:from the original on December 16, 2020
7672:
7660:
7623:
7533:
7308:
7062:La torture pendant la guerre d'Algérie
6803:
6725:. Paris: C. Tanera. pp. 363â370.
6651:
6639:
6577:
6500:
6425:
6349:
6293:
6107:
5984:
5870:10.7591/cornell/9780801449758.003.0002
5769:
5339:from various teachers and historians.
5262:to carry out its first nuclear tests (
5199:Republic collapsed over this dispute.
4557:
3874:, Arthur Giraud, Charles de Boeck and
3784:Special penalties were managed by the
3462:Algerians playing chess, Algiers, 1899
3262:, were rare in the National Assembly.
2327:. Abd al Qadir, who was recognized as
2066:in the occupied areas â the so-called
2043:in February 1832, headed by the Count
575:Constitution of French Second Republic
10951:
10408:
10215:
10092:
10054:
9810:
9607:
9365:
9320:
8629:
8574:from the original on 11 November 2006
8527:"Discours de Mostaganem, 6 juin 1958"
8461:"Unified Control Of French Defence".
8263:
8063:
7957:
7905:
7278:
7133:from the original on 4 September 2015
6917:
6911:
5797:
5486:Nationalism and resistance in Algeria
4728:Place de la republique, Algiers, 1899
4144:Initial settling of Algeria (1830â48)
3526:
2465:Algeria's population under the French
2166:officials with local leaders, making
2135:by French troops, 13 October 1837 by
1999:against 15% of Algeria's population.
559:successful French invasion of Algeria
10434:
8845:from the original on 21 January 2021
8816:from the original on 30 January 2021
8787:from the original on 29 January 2021
8475:
8465:. London, England. January 22, 1938.
7963:
7875:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7648:
7575:
7514:
7495:
6718:
6700:from the original on 1 December 2017
6296:L'héritage ambigu de la colonisation
5886:from the original on 27 October 2021
5509:Scheiner, Virgile (14 October 1839)
5377:
5211:'s return to power in response to a
4977:' Oran and Algiers divisions to the
4824:
4712:Under the Third Republic (1870â1940)
4426:adding citations to reliable sources
4397:
4208:adding citations to reliable sources
4179:
4079:1962 French Ăvian Accords referendum
4062:
3947:which granted French citizenship to
3748:However, he oversaw an 1865 decree (
3727:1852 French Second Empire referendum
3634:
3630:
3164:and the head of the FLN in Algiers,
2961:
2933:
2905:
1655:The invasion of Algeria against the
650:
10080:
9789:French colonization of the Americas
9013:Algeria, 1830â2000: A short history
8924:(2013), On French violence 1830â47
8025:
7673:Surkis, Judith (15 December 2010).
7090:, Raphaëlle Branche, Université de
6936:
6740:
6108:Morris, Stephen J. (30 June 1995).
5978:
5801:Europe Through Arab Eyes, 1578â1727
5670:Surkis, Judith (15 December 2019).
5142:Under the Fourth Republic (1946â58)
4918:(extraordinary rule), which denied
4643:(Arab kingdom) with himself as the
4113:The European French community (the
3878:) advocating naturalization of the
3848:proposed the naturalisation of the
3470:Moorish coffee house, Algiers, 1899
3147:, rhetorically asking, "Is there a
2216:Resistance of Lalla Fadhma N'Soumer
2039:. An ambassador was sent to Sultan
1513:List of people on stamps of Algeria
744:, who had loaned the Bacri 250,000
539:
66:
24:
8917:(Cambridge University Press, 2002)
8882:
8476:Moss, William W. (March 2, 1971).
7079:, Paris, Gallimard, 2001 See also
7051:
6767:
6478:. Yale University Press. pp.
6407:from the original on 23 April 2021
6242:from the original on 13 April 2019
6202:from the original on 11 April 2019
6047:from the original on 25 April 2023
5596:
5203:Under the Fifth Republic (1958â62)
2768:
2626:
2484:
1928:. The new government, composed of
1651:The French colonial empire in 1920
561:, and lasted until the end of the
25:
12083:
12052:1962 disestablishments in Algeria
10977:
9276:
8902:. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010)
8892:Library of Congress Country Study
8013:from the original on 31 July 2020
7917:Duke University Press 2008 p.253.
7695:from the original on 31 July 2020
6889:. Paris: Ăditions La DĂ©couverte.
6365:Lahmeyer, Jan (11 October 2003).
6196:Guardian News & Media Limited
5905:de Lange, Erik (September 2021).
4176:Colonisation and military control
3972:Algerians were exempted from the
3180:'s revelations, published in the
2249:), but is more commonly known as
1800:, 19,000 troops from the beys of
1622:Following the conquest under the
1607:. The Dey was forced to sign the
636:European Coal and Steel Community
9282:
9015:(Cornell University Press, 2004)
8857:
8758:from the original on 6 July 2020
8728:from the original on 8 July 2020
8698:from the original on 6 July 2020
8680:
8654:
8525:Charles de Gaulle (1958-06-06).
8518:
8505:
8469:
8454:
8417:
8390:
8329:
8314:
8301:
8292:
8257:
8237:
8221:
8201:
8141:
8095:
8067:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
8057:
7920:
7260:from the original on 17 May 2023
6565:from the original on 21 May 2024
6513:. Lexington Books. p. 158.
6035:Benabdallah, Lina (7 Jul 2020).
5751:from the original on 21 May 2024
5698:from the original on 21 May 2024
5238:aborted military coup in Algiers
5120:, better known as Vichy France.
4828:
4402:
4184:
3999:, which formally began in 1946.
3986:
3639:
3278:The bulk of Algeria's wealth in
2966:
2938:
2910:
775:
493:
468:
452:
438:
424:
154:
145:
90:
10283:French domains of the Holy Land
8812:. Al Jazeera. 20 January 2021.
8668:from the original on 3 May 2017
8664:. France 24. 16 February 2017.
8642:from the original on 1 May 2019
8611:from the original on 2022-01-11
8560:Schofield, Hugh (16 May 2005).
8494:from the original on 2020-06-27
8376:. Lexington Books. p. 27.
8130:from the original on 2017-11-07
8102:Taithe, Bertrand (2010-12-15).
8084:from the original on 2024-05-21
7750:
7739:from the original on 2020-08-01
7723:
7679:Revue d'histoire du XIXe siĂšcle
7666:
7629:
7612:Encyclopedia of African History
7596:Encyclopedia of African History
7505:, Berg Publishers, 2000, p. 36.
7492:, Berg Publishers, 2000, p. 36.
7482:
7466:
7457:
7441:
7432:
7416:
7404:
7388:
7377:from the original on 2024-05-21
7342:
7331:from the original on 2022-01-11
7302:
7291:from the original on 2019-05-01
7272:
7242:
7214:
7195:
7167:
7145:
7115:
7100:
7066:
7036:
7009:
6984:
6949:
6858:from the original on 2019-08-15
6840:
6831:
6784:from the original on 2021-12-12
6757:from the original on 2021-12-12
6729:from the original on 2018-06-26
6712:
6682:
6661:
6614:
6602:from the original on 2005-06-25
6545:Marnia Lazreg (23 April 2014).
6538:
6527:from the original on 2024-05-21
6446:from the original on 2024-03-28
6419:
6389:
6358:
6343:
6317:
6302:
6287:
6254:
6214:
6177:
6134:
6122:from the original on 8 May 2023
6101:
6090:from the original on 2019-04-13
6072:
6059:
6019:
6006:
5995:from the original on 2023-08-14
5967:from the original on 2007-12-14
5942:ended the Restoration monarchy.
5898:
5851:
5818:
5791:
5776:. Walker, Wise and co. p.
5652:from the original on 2024-01-16
5599:"Napoleon III and Abd el-Kader"
5213:military coup in Algiers in May
5138:, killing more than 1,200 men.
5101:in November 1942 during Allied
4981:, a faction of the AĂŻt Ounbgui
4765:directed one of its ministers,
4413:needs additional citations for
4195:needs additional citations for
3933:and minister of Justice of the
3929:, founder and president of the
3572:"Ordonnance du 22 juillet 1834"
3082:Monument to the victims of the
2297:Resistance of Emir Abd al Qadir
1784:, leading it to Algiers. Using
1709:Invasion of Algiers (June 1830)
1686:unsuccessfully negotiated with
1675:Fly Whisk Incident (April 1827)
573:from 4 November 1848, when the
571:a department, or part of France
12047:1830 establishments in Algeria
11309:Government of National Defense
10278:French domains of Saint Helena
9395:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
8990:Sessions, Jennifer E. (2015).
8983:(2 vol 1929) vol 2 pp 175â268
8783:. France 24. 20 January 2021.
8630:Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019).
8562:"Colonial abuses haunt France"
5763:
5663:
5634:
5609:
5590:
5564:
5520:
5503:
5476:Boufarik colonization monument
5328:, and was finally repealed by
4621:assisted by a civil minister.
3935:Government of National Defense
3931:Alliance israélite universelle
3733:. In the 1860s, influenced by
2454:
2411:to bombard and briefly occupy
1856:Sultan Abderrahmane of Morocco
1500:List of wars involving Algeria
13:
1:
12022:French colonisation in Africa
11218:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
11213:War of the Spanish Succession
9048:European University Institute
8961:. Cambridge University Press.
8952:. Cambridge University Press.
8841:. Barron's. 20 January 2021.
7159:. 4 July 2000. Archived from
6507:W. Alade Fawole (June 2018).
5831:Collection: Librio-Documents
5496:
5080:During World War II (1940â45)
4804:to Prussia in 1871 after the
4751:captured Napoleon III at the
4658:To further his plans for the
4566:The famine of Algeria in 1869
4512:Capture of the Zaatcha (1849)
4139:Government and administration
3958:French citizenship under the
3494:in the territory, though the
3478:Group of Arabs, Algiers, 1899
2459:
2058:In 1834, France annexed as a
1920:of July 1830, and his cousin
629:self-determination referendum
285:Louis-Auguste-Victor Bourmont
10013:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
9026:
8996:. Cornell University Press.
8043:. Cornell University Press.
7309:Samuel, Henry (2018-09-15).
6747:Dzland Mourad (2013-11-30),
5314:Union for a Popular Movement
5123:On 3 July 1940, the British
4615:Ministry of Algerian Affairs
4041:who became "Muslim French" (
3803:On 28 July 1881, a new law (
1942:Characterization as genocide
1911:Pierre François Xavier Boyer
1834:
7:
12037:Contemporary French history
10253: and Antarctic Lands
8531:Fondation Charles de Gaulle
8400:Morocco's Saharan Frontiers
8323:L'Armee d'Afrique 1830â1962
8272:(3): 440â461, see 456â457.
8039:Sessions, Jennifer (2011).
7279:Genin, Aaron (2019-04-30).
7024:Ligue des droits de l'homme
6598:(in French). 24 June 2000.
5985:Schley, Rachel Eva (2015).
5460:
5268:). Many European settlers (
5222:"Vive l'Algérie française!"
4777:National Assembly of France
4045:), while other French were
3592:French Constitution of 1848
3496:French Constitution of 1848
3052:Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison
2319:in 1832. In the same year,
2208:followed by an epidemic of
1991:When France recognized the
1850:. In the western region of
1715:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
1494:Military history of Algeria
640:European Economic Community
581:transformed Algeria into a
10:
12088:
11699:French subdivisions by GDP
11446:2022 presidential election
11431:2017 presidential election
10667:People's National Assembly
10484:Nationalism and resistance
9063:Olivier LeCour Grandmaison
8955:McDougall, James. (2006).
8946:McDougall, James. (2017).
8338:African Historical Studies
7349:Beckett, I. F. W. (2001).
6975:HĂ©lie Denoix de Saint Marc
5247:
5166:
5083:
5015:
4973:An armed conflict opposed
4864:
4303:communes de plein exercice
4154:French conquest of Algeria
4066:
3731:French coup d'Ă©tat of 1851
3623:) and on 15 February 1864
3451:
3343:
2475:
2290:Jacques Louis CĂ©sar Randon
2219:
2047:and including the painter
1971:on the French conquest of
1961:, an Australian expert on
1828:(a title given to certain
1712:
1678:
1643:French conquest of Algeria
1640:
1637:French conquest of Algeria
666:
645:
615:. It was characterised by
39:French language in Algeria
36:
29:
12012:Former colonies in Africa
11960:
11850:
11760:
11751:
11647:
11638:
11540:
11531:
11469:
11460:
11381:
11262:
11231:
11203:Second Hundred Years' War
11154:
11107:
11074:
11053:
11045:Liberalism and radicalism
10997:
10988:
10909:
10835:
10787:
10778:
10708:
10699:
10615:
10606:
10536:
10527:
10446:
10366:
10305:
10261:
10244:
10226:
10222:
10211:
10183:
10170:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
10143:
10103:
10099:
10088:
10047:
10031:French East India Company
10021:
9993:
9941:
9893:
9845:
9806:
9794:French West India Company
9784:
9756:
9687:
9644:
9603:
9576:
9548:
9510:
9428:
9400:
9361:
9354:
9117:Cointet, MichĂšle (1995).
8937:Horne, Alistair. (1977).
8326:, Charles-Lavauzelle 1977
8278:10.1017/s0041977x00116453
8243:Alistair Horne, page 35,
7681:(in French) (41): 27â48.
7030:30 September 2007 at the
6813:. HarperCollins. p.
6551:. Routledge. p. 42.
6309:Ricoux, Dr, René (1880).
5924:10.1017/S0018246X2000062X
5642:"Algeria - Colonial rule"
5312:was an act passed by the
5310:French law on colonialism
5308:On 23 February 2005, the
5227:September 1958 referendum
4996:valley and the region of
4504:Merchant ensign 1848â1910
4374:hindered the progress of
3092:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
3084:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
2893:
2502:â
1860:Commander of the Faithful
1507:Postal history of Algeria
1446:Insurgency in the Maghreb
1269:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
528:afterwards; unofficially
403:
387:
377:
370:
366:
351:
338:
334:
326:
307:
303:
291:
277:
273:
263:
251:
237:
211:
201:
188:
165:
153:
140:
120:
105:
87:
82:
46:
11474:Administrative divisions
10309: the Indian Ocean
8307:Benjamin, Roger. (2003)
6918:Horne, Alistair (1977).
6621:Bernardot, Marc (2008).
5955:"Algeria, Colonial Rule"
5798:Matar, Nabil I. (2009).
5453:with Germany during the
5405:French National Assembly
5276:) living in Algeria and
5250:AlgeriaâFrance relations
5037:Arabs. The newly raised
5003:Minister of the Interior
4936:Algerians of the Pacific
4378:. They agitated against
4160:controlled territories.
4125:indigenous Sephardi Jews
3949:Algerian indigenous Jews
3889:movement claimed in its
3771:Claude Alphonse Delangle
3755:This was the first time
3567:was King of the French.
3448:Separate personal status
3216:French National Assembly
1582:United States of America
732:who participated in the
32:Algeria (disambiguation)
12032:20th century in Algeria
12027:19th century in Algeria
11694:Franc (former currency)
11299:Coup of 2 December 1851
11272:Long nineteenth century
10469:Medieval Muslim Algeria
10217:Uninhabited territories
9728:Saint Kitts & Nevis
9096:Charles-Robert Ageron,
9020:The Encyclopedia of War
8863:Mouloud Feraoun (1962)
8397:Frank E. Trout (1969).
7964:Wall, Irwin M. (2001).
6777:ŰŁÙۏۧŰč ۧÙ۰ۧÙ۱۩ â ۧÙŰŹŰČۧۊ۱
6719:Pein, Théodore (1871).
6065:Alexis de Tocqueville,
5960:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5244:Post-colonial relations
5160:Joseph C. Satterthwaite
5055:Gaston-Ernest Cottenest
3660:enhance the translation
3404:interlocuteurs valables
3137:thrown from helicopters
3036:Pacification of Algeria
3005:Pacification of Algeria
2281:
2271:
2064:Colonial administration
2045:Charles-Edgar de Mornay
1926:constitutional monarchy
1613:technological advantage
1520:History of North Africa
1320:Independence referendum
1259:Attack on Mers-el-KĂ©bir
621:crimes against humanity
202:Official languages
12017:Former French colonies
11714:Science and technology
11371:Provisional Government
11340:
11319:
11179:
10147: collectivities
9985:Sanjak of Alexandretta
9838:Former French colonies
9635:Former French colonies
9393:Former French colonies
9348:French overseas empire
9308:
9169:
9148:
9109:
9098:
9061:
9040:
8869:
8752:Algérie Presse Service
8722:Algérie Presse Service
8446:
8440:
8426:
8322:
8211:(2nd ed.), pp. 70â71,
8064:Evans, Martin (2012).
7236:February 19, 2010, at
7179:June 24, 2005, at the
6426:Jalata, Asafa (2016).
6354:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1.
6325:
6294:Etemad, Bouda (2012).
6280:
5911:The Historical Journal
5830:
5770:Martin, Henri (1865).
5528:
5511:
5469:Le Chant des Africains
5467:
5445:
5432:
5397:
5387:
5379:
5356:crime against humanity
5337:historical revisionism
5301:
5294:
5286:
5270:
5221:
5182:
5177:Supporters of General
5151:
5105:
5012:Conquest of the Sahara
5008:control over Algeria.
4951:
4924:
4912:
4881:
4781:
4771:
4757:
4744:
4738:
4729:
4721:
4685:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4597:
4589:
4583:
4573:
4567:
4550:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4343:
4337:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4156:
4111:
4073:On 18 March 1962, the
4047:Français non-musulmans
3997:French Fourth Republic
3719:French Second Republic
3479:
3471:
3463:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3359:
3353:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3296:
3294:was controlled by the
3275:
3246:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3202:Political organization
3194:
3087:
3075:
3023:, executions through "
3008:
2435:, at the end of 1847.
2396:
2377:
2369:
2308:
2231:
2184:, had to retreat from
2176:
2158:
2148:
2139:
2113:
2068:
2019:
1989:
1846:
1822:
1752:
1736:
1728:
1652:
1605:bombardment of Algiers
802:Iberomaurusian Culture
664:
627:in March 1962 and the
596:
530:
524:
519:
122:Le Chant des Girondins
111:
52:
10630:Council of the Nation
10094:Inhabited territories
10026:FranceâAsia relations
9581:Somaliland (Djibouti)
8636:The California Review
8513:A Savage War of Peace
8245:A Savage War of Peace
7764:. February 28, 1882.
7285:The California Review
7256:. 13 September 2018.
6401:World History at KMLA
6371:Population statistics
6154:Yale University Press
5217:departments of France
5176:
5146:
5093:
5040:Compagnies MĂ©haristes
5026:, was annihilated by
4949:
4875:broke out in 1871 in
4735:
4727:
4719:
4565:
4542:Departments of France
4519:
4511:
4503:
4324:(rule of the sword).
4285:
4151:
4100:
4088:Algerian civil rights
3919:French Third Republic
3723:Emperor of the French
3688:to the bottom of the
3598:Thomas-Robert Bugeaud
3477:
3469:
3461:
3351:
3273:
3266:Economic organization
3081:
3073:
3048:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
2998:
2425:Battle of Sidi-Brahim
2386:
2362:
2304:
2229:
2190:Sylvain Charles Valée
2130:
2104:
2017:Sylvain Charles Valée
2015:
1977:
1936:Alexis de Tocqueville
1742:
1734:
1722:
1679:Further information:
1650:
1426:High Council of State
1206:(19thâ20th centuries)
1167:Emirate of Beni Abbas
1154:(16thâ19th centuries)
858:Archeology of Algeria
726:First French Republic
658:
461:Kingdom of Beni Abbas
446:Emirate of Abdelkader
356:Algerian Independence
258:Departments of France
212:Common languages
129:Partant pour la Syrie
11519:World Heritage Sites
11436:Coronavirus pandemic
10372:overseas departments
10307:Scattered Islands in
10188: collectivity
9646:French North America
9291:at Wikimedia Commons
8979:Roberts, Stephen H.
8949:A History of Algeria
8607:. 18 February 2017.
8403:. Droz. p. 24.
7823:Sahia-Cherchari 2004
7564:Sahia-Cherchari 2004
7549:Sahia-Cherchari 2004
7163:on 19 February 2010.
6810:My Battle of Algiers
6278:'s website. French:
6238:. 23 December 2011.
5455:Occupation of France
5053:In 1902, Lieutenant
4861:Kabylie insurrection
4787:Ministry of Interior
4540:â were organized as
4422:improve this article
4204:improve this article
3995:persisted until the
3923:Second French Empire
3794:Code de l'indigénat.
3606:Jacques Louis Randon
3178:Louisette Ighilahriz
2433:Louis de LamoriciĂšre
2222:Lalla Fatma N'Soumer
2022:On 1 December 1830,
1681:Bakri-Busnach affair
976:Early African Church
957:Prefecture of Africa
941:Kingdom of the AurĂšs
691:Hayreddin Barbarossa
546:, was the period of
342:Surrender of Algiers
279:âą 1830 (first)
11657:Automotive industry
11441:2021 labor protests
11198:Peace of Westphalia
11066:History of Normandy
11061:History of Brittany
10489:War of Independence
10341:Juan de Nova Island
10228:North Pacific Ocean
9840:in Asia and Oceania
8964:Roberts, Sophie B.
8913:Bennoune, Mahfoud.
8898:Aussaresses, Paul.
8604:The Daily Telegraph
8463:The Times of London
8320:R. Hure, page 155,
7902:, pp. 215â216.
7849:, pp. 230â231.
7626:, pp. 213â214.
7551:, pp. 745â746.
7094:, 18 November 2004
7047:La guerre d'Algérie
7020:Marie-Monique Robin
6397:"Timeline: Algeria"
5826:La Guerre d'Algérie
5491:Scramble for Africa
5426:dots followed by a
5350:In 2017, President
4904:Franco-Prussian War
4806:Franco-Prussian War
4697:French armed forces
4558:Land and colonisers
4286:Arrival of Marshal
4020:French Constitution
4008:Code de l'indigénat
3993:Code de l'indigénat
3827:Paul Leroy-Beaulieu
3810:Code de l'indigénat
3557:Bourbon Restoration
3541:General de Bourmont
3044:Lucien de Montagnac
2473:
2421:Prince de Joinville
2197:Algerian population
2041:Moulay Abderrahmane
2024:King Louis-Philippe
1918:Three Glorious Days
1808:, and about 17,000
1790:General de Bourmont
1661:Bourbon Restoration
1601:punitive expedition
1184:Barbary Slave Trade
965:Exarchate of Africa
933:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
730:Napoleon's soldiers
685:admirals, brothers
669:Barbary slave trade
293:âą 1962 (last)
11724:Telecommunications
11426:2015 Paris attacks
11289:Revolution of 1848
11117:Visigothic Kingdom
10751:Telecommunications
10246:Overseas territory
9771:France Antarctique
9758:Equinoctial France
9721:Dominican Republic
9231:2020-08-06 at the
9216:2013-11-01 at the
9181:, id=Blévis, 2012a
9158:2024-05-21 at the
9086:2006-05-19 at the
9008:; Cultural History
8931:2015-06-19 at the
8920:Gallois, William.
8865:Journal, 1955â1962
8485:www.jfklibrary.org
8434:2015-09-24 at the
8309:Renoir and Algeria
8195:2008-09-10 at the
8185:2008-09-10 at the
8175:2008-09-10 at the
8165:2024-05-21 at the
8154:2024-05-21 at the
7488:David Scott Bell.
7207:2007-02-09 at the
7086:2007-10-20 at the
7006:, 1 November 2004.
6996:2007-10-20 at the
6961:2008-11-28 at the
6942:Text published in
6271:2010-10-22 at the
6266:Book accessible on
6110:"Disowning Morris"
6067:Travels in Algeria
6012:Abun-Nasr, Jamil.
5573:African Boundaries
5558:2019-02-13 at the
5183:
5106:
4992:In the 1930s, the
4952:
4914:régime d'exception
4840:. You can help by
4745:
4730:
4722:
4568:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4315:communes indigĂšnes
4292:
4290:in Algiers in 1857
4157:
4043:Français musulmans
3882:with their status.
3863:living in Algeria.
3837:the right of vote.
3539:, which committed
3527:Status before 1865
3480:
3472:
3464:
3375:civilizing mission
3354:
3276:
3256:Georges Clemenceau
3096:summary executions
3088:
3076:
3009:
3003:(1852) during the
2464:
2431:Province, General
2397:
2378:
2309:
2232:
2144:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
2140:
2020:
1963:Cambodian genocide
1753:
1737:
1729:
1657:Regency of Algiers
1653:
1631:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
1603:, the August 1816
1584:culminated in the
1489:Outline of Algeria
1397:Algerian Civil War
1196:Second Barbary War
1152:Regency of Algiers
679:capture of Algiers
665:
609:political autonomy
432:Regency of Algiers
11994:
11993:
11956:
11955:
11747:
11746:
11634:
11633:
11626:Political parties
11562:Foreign relations
11527:
11526:
11456:
11455:
11239:French Revolution
11193:Thirty Years' War
11174:Absolute monarchy
11139:Kingdom of France
11035:Foreign relations
11015:Political history
10945:
10944:
10905:
10904:
10812:List of Algerians
10774:
10773:
10695:
10694:
10677:Political parties
10640:Foreign relations
10602:
10601:
10461:Classical period
10402:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10362:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10297:Amsterdam Islands
10288:Kerguelen Islands
10236:Clipperton Island
10207:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10175:Wallis and Futuna
10043:
10042:
10039:
10038:
9943:Mandate for Syria
9933:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
9895:Indochinese Union
9802:
9801:
9599:
9598:
9512:Equatorial Africa
9313:
9299:
9287:Media related to
9121:. Paris: Perrin.
9081:Table of contents
8974:978-1-107-18815-0
8908:978-1-929631-30-8
8871:Ăditions du Seuil
8511:Horne, Alistair,
8423:Claude Lefébure,
8410:978-2-6000-4495-0
8383:978-0-669-83865-7
8116:10.4000/rh19.4051
8077:978-0-19-280350-4
7938:978-0-230-24369-9
7688:10.4000/rh19.4041
7073:Raphaëlle Branche
7018:, interview with
6929:978-1-59017-218-6
6852:www.sciencespo.fr
6824:978-0-06-085224-5
6623:Camps d'Ă©trangers
6489:978-0-300-10098-3
6439:978-1-137-55234-1
6323:Daniel Lefeuvre,
6025:Abun-Nasr, p. 250
5879:978-0-8014-4975-8
5844:978-2-2903-3569-7
5744:978-3-642-27881-5
5683:978-1-5017-3952-1
5529:Algérie française
5446:Algérie française
5388:Algérie française
5380:Algérie française
5209:Charles de Gaulle
5099:U.S. Army Rangers
5097:inhabitants meet
5072:in the battle of
4975:French 19th Corps
4858:
4857:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4472:
4368:charged that the
4280:
4279:
4272:
4254:
4117:population), the
4063:Algerian citizens
4057:1954 insurrection
3868:La revue indigĂšne
3712:
3711:
3697:
3674:
3631:Status since 1865
3580:International law
3064:Siege of Laghouat
3001:siege of Laghouat
2988:
2987:
2960:
2959:
2932:
2931:
2904:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2758:
2757:
2616:
2615:
2472:
2449:ChĂąteau d'Amboise
2109:Marquesas Islands
1993:Armenian genocide
1930:liberal opponents
1882:, then headed by
1818:Italian peninsula
1764:Clermont-Tonnerre
1558:
1557:
1470:COVID-19 pandemic
1191:First Barbary War
1160:Ottoman governors
1020:Umayyad Caliphate
949:Kingdom of Altava
711:Jean II d'Estrées
651:Initial conflicts
617:guerrilla warfare
542:), also known as
540:ۧÙŰŹŰČۧۊ۱ ۧÙÙ
ŰłŰȘŰčÙ
۱۩
531:Algérie française
522:until 1839, then
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
481:
480:
312:Algerian Assembly
298:Christian Fouchet
246:Roman Catholicism
67:ۧÙŰŹŰČۧۊ۱ ۧÙÙ
ŰłŰȘŰčÙ
۱۩
53:Algérie française
16:(Redirected from
12079:
11758:
11757:
11674:Economic history
11645:
11644:
11538:
11537:
11467:
11466:
11345:
11324:
11223:Seven Years' War
11188:Wars of Religion
11184:
11169:House of Bourbon
11164:Early modern era
11144:Fundamental laws
11020:Military history
10995:
10994:
10972:
10965:
10958:
10949:
10948:
10925:
10918:
10785:
10784:
10726:
10706:
10705:
10613:
10612:
10569:
10534:
10533:
10494:1965 coup d'Ă©tat
10464:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10406:
10405:
10327:Glorioso Islands
10308:
10259:
10258:
10252:
10248:
10224:
10223:
10213:
10212:
10187:
10160:Saint Barthélemy
10155:French Polynesia
10146:
10106:
10101:
10100:
10090:
10089:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10052:
10051:
9860:Coromandel Coast
9831:
9824:
9817:
9808:
9807:
9689:French Caribbean
9669:Terre Neuve
9628:
9621:
9614:
9605:
9604:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9363:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9318:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9297:
9286:
9261:
9248:
9239:
9224:
9200:
9186:
9172:
9166:
9151:
9145:
9140:
9112:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9070:
9059:
9045:
9034:
9007:
8876:
8874:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8835:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8806:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8777:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8600:
8593:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8557:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8533:. Archived from
8522:
8516:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8493:
8482:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8458:
8452:
8450:
8443:
8429:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8318:
8312:
8305:
8299:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8261:
8255:
8241:
8235:
8225:
8219:
8205:
8199:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8036:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7984:
7983:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7924:
7918:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7805:
7799:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7727:
7721:
7714:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7690:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7608:
7599:
7592:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7552:
7546:
7537:
7531:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7499:
7493:
7486:
7480:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7455:
7445:
7439:
7436:
7430:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7314:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7246:
7240:
7232:
7229:, June 22, 2000
7218:
7212:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7119:
7113:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7070:
7064:
7055:
7049:
7040:
7034:
7013:
7007:
6988:
6982:
6971:Jacques Duquesne
6953:
6947:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6668:
6665:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6586:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6477:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6373:. Archived from
6362:
6356:
6355:
6347:
6341:
6328:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6151:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6076:
6070:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5991:(Thesis). UCLA.
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5926:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5836:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5621:Musee de lâarmee
5613:
5607:
5606:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5568:
5562:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5507:
5472:
5448:
5441:Second World War
5438:
5402:
5390:
5382:
5368:El Alia Cemetery
5364:Musee de l'Homme
5304:
5297:
5291:
5282:Crémieux decrees
5275:
5224:
5163:
5110:Battle of France
5066:Hoggar Mountains
5063:
5030:attack in 1881.
4929:
4917:
4884:
4853:
4850:
4832:
4825:
4784:
4774:
4767:Adolphe Crémieux
4760:
4741:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4619:governor general
4600:
4594:
4586:
4576:
4553:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4437:"French Algeria"
4430:
4406:
4398:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4219:"French Algeria"
4212:
4188:
4180:
4109:
4016:Loi Lamine GuĂšye
4002:On 7 March 1944
3981:Vichy government
3927:Adolphe Crémieux
3887:Jeunes Algériens
3857:Alfred Martineau
3761:statut personnel
3721:before becoming
3707:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3668:
3643:
3635:
3565:Louis Philippe I
3531:On 5 July 1830,
3443:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3388:
3382:
3362:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3299:
3249:
3239:
3230:
3225:, and by the 27
3224:
3197:
3192:Hegemony of the
3166:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
3158:Paul Aussaresses
3131:in small cells,
2970:
2969:
2962:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2405:Abd ar Rahman II
2372:
2284:
2274:
2251:Sherif Boubaghla
2182:Bertrand Clauzel
2179:
2161:
2151:
2085:Bertrand Clauzel
2074:governor-general
2071:
2049:EugĂšne Delacroix
1878:as well as with
1849:
1839:
1827:
1768:Count of VillĂšle
1749:Musée de l'Armée
1609:Barbary treaties
1599:, carried out a
1550:
1543:
1536:
1515:
1502:
1453:2010s to present
1368:1965 coup d'Ă©tat
1352:Contemporary era
1218:French governors
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
986:Fossatum Africae
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
908:
900:
892:
883:Ancient Carthage
814:
806:
798:
779:
769:
751:
750:
734:Italian campaign
699:Abraham Duquesne
625:Evian agreements
604:Amazigh (Berber)
601:
548:Algerian history
544:Colonial Algeria
541:
533:
527:
497:
496:
485:
484:
472:
471:
462:
456:
455:
442:
441:
428:
427:
421:
420:
405:
404:
397:(Algerian) Franc
358:
320:
287:
265:Governor General
229:Berber languages
224:Hassaniya Arabic
191:and largest city
158:
149:
125:
124:
116:
94:
77:
69:
68:
63:
55:
44:
43:
21:
12087:
12086:
12082:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12077:
12076:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11989:
11970:
11952:
11933:Public holidays
11846:
11805:Life expectancy
11743:
11630:
11523:
11452:
11421:Great Recession
11394:Fourth Republic
11389:1900 to present
11377:
11294:Second Republic
11258:
11227:
11150:
11103:
11070:
11049:
10984:
10976:
10946:
10941:
10928:
10921:
10914:
10901:
10831:
10817:Public holidays
10770:
10724:
10713:Bank of Algeria
10691:
10657:Law enforcement
10598:
10567:
10566:Municipalities
10523:
10462:
10442:
10433:
10403:
10394:
10376:Claimed by the
10350:
10346:Tromelin Island
10317:Bassas da India
10301:
10251:French Southern
10240:
10218:
10199:
10179:
10139:
10107: regions
10095:
10084:
10082:Overseas France
10079:
10035:
10017:
9989:
9975:Greater Lebanon
9945:and the Lebanon
9944:
9937:
9889:
9841:
9835:
9798:
9780:
9752:
9683:
9640:
9638:in the Americas
9632:
9595:
9572:
9544:
9506:
9424:
9396:
9390:
9350:
9345:
9279:
9274:
9259:
9246:
9237:
9233:Wayback Machine
9222:
9218:Wayback Machine
9198:
9195:, bnf=38818954d
9184:
9164:
9160:Wayback Machine
9143:
9129:
9105:
9093:
9088:Wayback Machine
9057:
9032:
9029:
9004:
8943:. Viking Press.
8933:Wayback Machine
8889:Original text:
8885:
8883:Further reading
8880:
8879:
8862:
8858:
8848:
8846:
8837:
8836:
8829:
8819:
8817:
8808:
8807:
8800:
8790:
8788:
8779:
8778:
8771:
8761:
8759:
8746:
8745:
8741:
8731:
8729:
8716:
8715:
8711:
8701:
8699:
8694:. 5 July 2020.
8686:
8685:
8681:
8671:
8669:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8645:
8643:
8628:
8624:
8614:
8612:
8595:
8594:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8567:BBC News Online
8558:
8549:
8540:
8538:
8523:
8519:
8510:
8506:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8480:
8474:
8470:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8436:Wayback Machine
8422:
8418:
8411:
8395:
8391:
8384:
8368:
8364:
8334:
8330:
8319:
8315:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8262:
8258:
8242:
8238:
8226:
8222:
8206:
8202:
8197:Wayback Machine
8187:Wayback Machine
8177:Wayback Machine
8167:Wayback Machine
8156:Wayback Machine
8146:
8142:
8133:
8131:
8100:
8096:
8087:
8085:
8078:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8037:
8026:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7987:
7976:
7962:
7958:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7925:
7921:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7808:
7800:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7771:
7769:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7742:
7740:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7715:
7708:
7698:
7696:
7671:
7667:
7659:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7634:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7609:
7602:
7593:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7555:
7547:
7540:
7532:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7500:
7496:
7487:
7483:
7471:
7467:
7462:
7458:
7446:
7442:
7437:
7433:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7393:
7389:
7380:
7378:
7363:
7347:
7343:
7334:
7332:
7307:
7303:
7294:
7292:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7230:
7219:
7215:
7209:Wayback Machine
7200:
7196:
7190:
7189:, May 12, 2000
7181:Wayback Machine
7172:
7168:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7088:Wayback Machine
7071:
7067:
7056:
7052:
7041:
7037:
7032:Wayback Machine
7014:
7010:
6998:Wayback Machine
6989:
6985:
6981:archive website
6963:Wayback Machine
6954:
6950:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6916:
6912:
6897:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6861:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6785:
6772:
6768:
6760:
6758:
6745:
6741:
6732:
6730:
6717:
6713:
6703:
6701:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6619:
6615:
6605:
6603:
6588:
6587:
6578:
6568:
6566:
6559:
6543:
6539:
6530:
6528:
6521:
6505:
6501:
6490:
6465:
6461:
6449:
6447:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6403:. 31 May 2005.
6395:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6378:
6377:on 18 July 2012
6363:
6359:
6348:
6344:
6322:
6318:
6307:
6303:
6292:
6288:
6273:Wayback Machine
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6227:BBC News Online
6220:
6219:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6115:Phnom Penh Post
6106:
6102:
6093:
6091:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5968:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5940:July Revolution
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5745:
5729:
5725:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5699:
5684:
5668:
5664:
5655:
5653:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5560:Wayback Machine
5533:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5463:
5433:al-gé-rie-fran-
5384:
5352:Emmanuel Macron
5252:
5246:
5205:
5171:
5165:
5153:
5144:
5114:Philippe PĂ©tain
5103:Operation Torch
5088:
5086:Operation Torch
5082:
5057:
5020:
5014:
4944:
4869:
4863:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4838:needs expansion
4823:
4802:Alsace-Lorraine
4779:and confirming
4753:Battle of Sedan
4714:
4560:
4526:Second Republic
4494:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4431:
4429:
4419:
4407:
4396:
4388:régime du sabre
4353:régime du sabre
4321:régime du sabre
4276:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4189:
4178:
4146:
4141:
4110:
4107:
4071:
4065:
4024:Fourth Republic
3989:
3961:Crémieux Decree
3944:Crémieux Decree
3807:) known as the
3708:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3683:
3679:subst:Needtrans
3676:
3675:
3667:
3658:Please help to
3657:
3650:may be a rough
3644:
3633:
3553:July Revolution
3529:
3456:
3450:
3395:
3346:
3268:
3252:Auguste Warnier
3204:
3199:
3117:illegal methods
2993:
2984:
2971:
2967:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2928:
2915:
2911:
2899:
2897:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2367:, 16 May 1843.
2365:Battle of Smala
2345:treaty of Tafna
2329:Amir al-Muminin
2299:
2224:
2218:
2131:The capture of
2078:Marshal Bugeaud
2069:régime du sabre
2010:
2005:
1983:
1944:
1876:Austrian Empire
1778:Admiral Duperré
1760:Minister of War
1725:Admiral Duperré
1717:
1711:
1683:
1677:
1669:Napoleonic Wars
1645:
1639:
1628:Marshal General
1554:
1525:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1450:
1384:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1264:Operation Torch
1252:Cheikh Bouamama
1237:Emir Abdelkader
1213:French conquest
1200:
1179:Barbary pirates
1172:Emirate of Kuku
1148:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1007:
997:
996:
995:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
920:(146 BCâ590 AD)
919:
906:
898:
890:
873:
863:
862:
853:
812:
810:Capsian culture
804:
796:
794:Aterian Culture
789:
767:
760:
681:in 1516 by the
675:
653:
648:
594:, and later as
494:
469:
460:
453:
439:
425:
395:
380:
359:
354:
344:
321:
314:
294:
283:
280:
233:
219:Algerian Arabic
192:
181:
176:
172:
161:
144:
134:La Marseillaise
132:
127:
118:
101:
96:
95:
78:
71:
64:
57:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:French Algerian
15:
12:
11:
5:
12085:
12075:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12007:French Algeria
11992:
11991:
11988:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11971:
11969:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11889:Cultural icons
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11856:
11854:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
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11827:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11761:
11755:
11749:
11748:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11709:Stock exchange
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11670:
11669:
11659:
11654:
11648:
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11636:
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11623:
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11586:
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11579:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11558:
11557:
11547:
11541:
11535:
11529:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11509:National parks
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11484:Climate change
11481:
11476:
11470:
11464:
11458:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11406:Fifth Republic
11403:
11402:
11401:
11391:
11385:
11383:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11375:
11374:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11348:
11347:
11346:
11332:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11314:Third Republic
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11268:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11249:First Republic
11246:
11244:Napoleonic era
11241:
11235:
11233:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11160:
11158:
11152:
11151:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11136:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11119:
11113:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11089:Greek colonies
11086:
11080:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11063:
11057:
11055:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11001:
10999:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10975:
10974:
10967:
10960:
10952:
10943:
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10940:
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10927:
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10919:
10911:
10910:
10907:
10906:
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10900:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
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10877:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10841:
10839:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10788:
10782:
10776:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10720:
10715:
10709:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10690:
10689:
10687:Prime Minister
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10653:
10652:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10603:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10574:National parks
10571:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10521:
10519:Hirak Movement
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10444:
10443:
10432:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10409:
10400:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10392:
10386:
10380:
10374:
10370:Also known as
10367:
10364:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10356:
10355:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10337:
10336:
10333:Banc du Geyser
10324:
10319:
10313:
10311:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10299:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10273:Crozet Islands
10270:
10262:
10256:
10242:
10241:
10239:
10238:
10232:
10230:
10220:
10219:
10209:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10197:
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10167:
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10127:
10122:
10117:
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10070:
10063:
10055:
10049:
10045:
10044:
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10036:
10034:
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10028:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10009:
10008:
9997:
9995:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9987:
9982:
9980:Jabal al-Druze
9977:
9972:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9953:State of Syria
9949:
9947:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9935:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9910:
9905:
9899:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9851:
9849:
9843:
9842:
9834:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9811:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9796:
9791:
9785:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9762:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9750:
9748:Virgin Islands
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9712:Saint-Domingue
9709:
9707:The Grenadines
9704:
9699:
9693:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9674:French Florida
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9631:
9630:
9623:
9616:
9608:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9591:Isle de France
9588:
9583:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9554:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9516:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9472:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9434:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9406:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9389:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9366:
9356:
9352:
9351:
9344:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9321:
9315:
9314:
9300:
9292:
9289:French Algeria
9278:
9277:External links
9275:
9273:
9272:
9257:
9244:
9235:
9220:
9196:
9182:
9167:Laure Blévis,
9162:
9146:Laure Blévis,
9141:
9127:
9114:
9103:
9091:
9055:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8987:
8977:
8962:
8953:
8944:
8935:
8918:
8911:
8896:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8856:
8827:
8798:
8769:
8754:. 7 Jun 2020.
8739:
8724:. 7 Jun 2020.
8709:
8679:
8653:
8622:
8585:
8547:
8517:
8504:
8468:
8453:
8444:pp. 136â157: "
8416:
8409:
8389:
8382:
8362:
8350:10.2307/216479
8328:
8313:
8300:
8291:
8256:
8236:
8220:
8209:Modern Algeria
8200:
8140:
8094:
8076:
8056:
8050:978-0801449758
8049:
8024:
7985:
7974:
7956:
7952:Gallissot 2009
7944:
7937:
7919:
7911:Patrick Weil,
7904:
7892:
7888:Gallissot 2009
7880:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7837:, p. 230.
7827:
7825:, p. 761.
7806:
7804:, p. 205.
7791:
7789:, p. 291.
7779:
7749:
7722:
7706:
7665:
7653:
7651:, p. 227.
7641:
7628:
7616:
7600:
7580:
7568:
7566:, p. 747.
7553:
7538:
7536:, p. 213.
7519:
7507:
7494:
7481:
7465:
7456:
7440:
7431:
7415:
7403:
7387:
7361:
7341:
7301:
7271:
7241:
7213:
7194:
7166:
7144:
7129:. 3 May 2001.
7114:
7099:
7065:
7058:Benjamin Stora
7050:
7035:
7008:
6983:
6956:Film testimony
6948:
6944:Vérité Liberté
6935:
6928:
6910:
6895:
6877:
6868:
6839:
6830:
6823:
6807:(2006-01-31).
6793:
6766:
6739:
6711:
6694:rebellyon.info
6681:
6669:
6660:
6650:
6638:
6631:
6613:
6576:
6557:
6537:
6519:
6499:
6488:
6459:
6438:
6418:
6388:
6357:
6342:
6316:
6301:
6286:
6253:
6213:
6176:
6166:
6133:
6100:
6086:. 2011-12-23.
6071:
6058:
6027:
6018:
6005:
5977:
5963:. p. 39.
5946:
5917:(4): 940â962.
5897:
5878:
5850:
5843:
5817:
5811:978-0231141949
5810:
5790:
5762:
5743:
5723:
5682:
5662:
5633:
5608:
5597:Anceau, Eric.
5589:
5582:
5563:
5519:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5462:
5459:
5383:
5376:
5345:Benjamin Stora
5333:Jacques Chirac
5265:Gerboise Bleue
5248:Main article:
5245:
5242:
5204:
5201:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5081:
5078:
5070:Ahaggar Tuareg
5013:
5010:
5006:Albert Sarraut
4943:
4940:
4867:Mokrani Revolt
4865:Main article:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4835:
4833:
4822:
4819:
4763:Third Republic
4713:
4710:
4646:roi des Arabes
4581:Called either
4559:
4556:
4551:bureaux arabes
4496:
4495:
4410:
4408:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4371:bureaux arabes
4338:bureaux arabes
4331:bureaux arabes
4278:
4277:
4192:
4190:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4108:Ăvian Accords.
4105:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4064:
4061:
3988:
3985:
3899:
3898:
3883:
3876:EugĂšne Audinet
3864:
3853:
3846:Alfred Gaulier
3842:Henri Michelin
3838:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3710:
3709:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3559:and began the
3546:Ottoman Empire
3528:
3525:
3449:
3446:
3394:
3391:
3345:
3342:
3267:
3264:
3258:and socialist
3203:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3162:Ali Boumendjel
3141:Claude Bourdet
3040:scorched earth
2992:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2341:Thomas Bugeaud
2298:
2295:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2037:Bay of Tangier
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1986:Blood and Soil
1984:âBen Kiernan,
1943:
1940:
1922:Louis-Philippe
1830:light infantry
1772:ultra-royalist
1745:Ottoman cannon
1723:The attack of
1713:Main article:
1710:
1707:
1676:
1673:
1641:Main article:
1638:
1635:
1611:, because the
1588:(1801â05) and
1572:, then led by
1570:Ottoman Empire
1566:Barbary States
1562:Dey of Algiers
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1485:
1483:Related topics
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:Hirak Movement
1462:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:Mokrani Revolt
1244:
1242:Fatma N'Soumer
1239:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1204:French Algeria
1199:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:(1235â1556 AD)
1129:
1127:(1229â1574 AD)
1121:
1119:(1215â1465 AD)
1113:
1111:(1121â1269 AD)
1105:
1103:(1040â1147 AD)
1097:
1095:(1014â1152 AD)
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1008:
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1002:
999:
998:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
972:
971:
970:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
925:Vandal Kingdom
922:
909:
904:Jugurthine War
901:
893:
885:
880:
874:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
852:
851:
846:
841:
835:
834:
833:
815:
807:
799:
790:
785:
784:
781:
780:
772:
771:
762:
761:
754:
724:regime of the
703:Berber pirates
697:asked Admiral
652:
649:
647:
644:
631:in July 1962.
512:French Algeria
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
491:
482:
479:
478:
473:
465:
464:
457:
449:
448:
443:
435:
434:
429:
417:
416:
411:
401:
400:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
352:
349:
348:
345:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
324:
323:
309:
305:
304:
301:
300:
295:
292:
289:
288:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
255:
249:
248:
239:
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
221:
215:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
186:
185:
183:Part of France
167:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
138:
137:
103:
102:
97:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:
50:
48:French Algeria
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12084:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12004:
12002:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11967:
11964:
11963:
11959:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11857:
11855:
11853:
11849:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11770:Birth control
11768:
11766:
11763:
11762:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11750:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11668:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11637:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11545:Constitutions
11543:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11530:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11471:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11459:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11404:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11380:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11352:
11349:
11344:
11343:
11342:Années folles
11338:
11337:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11323:
11322:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11304:Second Empire
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11283:
11282:July Monarchy
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11230:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11181:Ancien RĂ©gime
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11161:
11159:
11157:
11153:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11077:
11073:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11052:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10980:
10973:
10968:
10966:
10961:
10959:
10954:
10953:
10950:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10929:
10924:
10920:
10917:
10913:
10912:
10908:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10802:Ethnic groups
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10777:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10698:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10605:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10538:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10430:
10425:
10423:
10418:
10416:
10411:
10410:
10407:
10391:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10373:
10369:
10368:
10365:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10335:
10334:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10322:Europa Island
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10304:
10298:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10268:
10264:
10263:
10260:
10257:
10254:
10247:
10243:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10214:
10210:
10196:
10195:New Caledonia
10193:
10192:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10115:French Guiana
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10102:
10098:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10076:
10071:
10069:
10064:
10062:
10057:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10046:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10020:
10014:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9992:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9970:Alawite State
9968:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9955:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9839:
9832:
9827:
9825:
9820:
9818:
9813:
9812:
9809:
9805:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9755:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9738:Saint Vincent
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9636:
9629:
9624:
9622:
9617:
9615:
9610:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9575:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9563:Grande Comore
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9547:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9481:
9480:Four Communes
9478:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9464:
9463:Arguin Island
9461:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9438:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
9436:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9394:
9387:
9382:
9380:
9375:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9360:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9342:
9337:
9335:
9330:
9328:
9323:
9322:
9319:
9310:
9304:
9301:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9285:
9281:
9280:
9270:
9269:9782707173263
9266:
9258:
9256:
9252:
9245:
9242:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9221:
9219:
9215:
9212:
9209:
9208:2-11-005693-2
9205:
9197:
9194:
9193:2-246-60571-7
9190:
9183:
9180:
9179:9782707173263
9176:
9171:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9128:9782262000776
9124:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9100:
9092:
9089:
9085:
9082:
9078:
9077:2-213-62316-3
9074:
9069:
9068:
9064:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9044:
9043:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9005:
9003:9780801454462
8999:
8995:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8926:online review
8923:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8888:
8887:
8873:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8832:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8803:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8713:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8599:
8592:
8590:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8537:on 2009-11-14
8536:
8532:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8508:
8490:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8420:
8412:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8393:
8385:
8379:
8375:
8374:
8366:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8304:
8295:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8254:
8253:0-670-61964-7
8250:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8233:0-670-61964-7
8230:
8224:
8218:
8217:0-253-21782-2
8214:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8144:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8098:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8060:
8052:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8009:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7982:
7977:
7975:0-520-22534-1
7971:
7967:
7960:
7954:, p. 10.
7953:
7948:
7940:
7934:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7878:, p. 98.
7877:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7861:, p. 231
7860:
7855:
7848:
7843:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7803:
7802:Thénault 2012
7798:
7796:
7788:
7783:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7716:Debra Kelly,
7713:
7711:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7663:, p. 28.
7662:
7657:
7650:
7645:
7638:
7635:Debra Kelly.
7632:
7625:
7620:
7613:
7607:
7605:
7597:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7578:, p. 97.
7577:
7572:
7565:
7560:
7558:
7550:
7545:
7543:
7535:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7517:, p. 96.
7516:
7511:
7504:
7498:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7478:0-670-61964-7
7475:
7469:
7460:
7454:
7453:0-670-61964-7
7450:
7444:
7435:
7429:
7428:0-670-61964-7
7425:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7400:0-670-61964-7
7397:
7391:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7362:0-415-23933-8
7358:
7354:
7353:
7345:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7317:The Telegraph
7313:
7305:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7198:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7044:
7043:Mohamed Harbi
7039:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7012:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6987:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6952:
6946:n°9 May 1961.
6945:
6939:
6931:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6896:9782707154644
6892:
6888:
6881:
6875:Horne, p. 27.
6872:
6857:
6854:(in French).
6853:
6849:
6843:
6834:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6770:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6743:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6715:
6699:
6696:(in French).
6695:
6691:
6685:
6676:
6674:
6664:
6654:
6645:
6643:
6634:
6632:9782914968409
6628:
6624:
6617:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6564:
6560:
6558:9781134713301
6554:
6550:
6549:
6541:
6526:
6522:
6520:9781498564618
6516:
6512:
6511:
6503:
6496:
6491:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6456:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6422:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6339:2-08-210440-0
6336:
6332:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6169:
6167:9780300100983
6163:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6104:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6068:
6062:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6022:
6015:
6009:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5981:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5854:
5846:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5794:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5766:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5583:9780903983877
5579:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5523:
5513:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:collaborators
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5389:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5278:Algerian Jews
5274:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5256:Ăvian Accords
5251:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5180:
5179:Jacques Massu
5175:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5139:
5137:
5136:Mers El KĂ©bir
5133:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:and defeated
5067:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5024:Paul Flatters
5019:
5018:Kaocen revolt
5009:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:New Caledonia
4928:
4927:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4891:Storage silos
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4836:This section
4834:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4661:royaume arabe
4656:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4640:royaume arabe
4635:
4629:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:grands colons
4593:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4564:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4492:
4489:
4481:
4478:December 2018
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439: â
4438:
4434:
4433:Find sources:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4411:This section
4409:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4380:military rule
4377:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4271:
4263:
4260:December 2018
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221: â
4220:
4216:
4215:Find sources:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4193:This section
4191:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4150:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:Ăvian Accords
4070:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3987:Muslim French
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3956:Algerian Jews
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3937:defined with
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:In 1912, the
3884:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3743:become French
3740:
3736:
3735:Ismael Urbain
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3648:This section
3646:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:July Monarchy
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:colonial rule
3489:
3485:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3420:beni-oui-ouis
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3297:grands colons
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:manufacturing
3272:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:French Senate
3196:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3145:L'Observateur
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:waterboarding
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3101:Duguay-Trouin
3097:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:death flights
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:According to
3006:
3002:
2997:
2982:
2981:MediaWiki.org
2978:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2953:MediaWiki.org
2950:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2925:MediaWiki.org
2922:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2375:Horace Vernet
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:by replacing
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2137:Horace Vernet
2134:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:Mitidja Plain
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:Duc de Rovigo
2025:
2018:
2014:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1957:For example,
1955:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:Ferdinand VII
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:July monarchy
1620:
1618:
1617:naval warfare
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Barbary Coast
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Peace Charter
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Civil Concord
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Berber Spring
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:FFS rebellion
1361:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Ăvian Accords
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:(973â1152 AD)
1085:
1082:
1079:(970â1068 AD)
1077:
1074:
1071:(909â1171 AD)
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:(742â1066 AD)
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1012:Arab conquest
1010:
1009:
1006:
1001:
1000:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
966:
963:
958:
955:
950:
947:
942:
939:
934:
931:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
905:
902:
897:
894:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
872:
867:
866:
859:
855:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
808:
803:
800:
795:
792:
791:
788:
783:
782:
778:
774:
773:
770:
764:
763:
758:
753:
752:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:to fight the
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
670:
662:
657:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
600:
599:
593:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:French colony
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
537:
532:
526:
521:
517:
513:
492:
490:
487:
486:
483:
477:
474:
467:
466:
463:
458:
451:
450:
447:
444:
437:
436:
433:
430:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
386:
382:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
346:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
290:
286:
282:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
259:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
187:
184:
179:
175:
174:French colony
171:
168:
164:
157:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
130:
123:
115:
114:
113:La Parisienne
108:
104:
100:
93:
86:
81:
75:
61:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
12042:French Union
11875:Coat of arms
11865:Architecture
11837:Social class
11795:Homelessness
11780:Demographics
11734:Trade unions
11667:Central bank
11609:criminal law
11572:Human rights
11555:presidential
11399:Algerian War
11382:Contemporary
11356:Vichy France
11351:World War II
11321:Belle Ăpoque
11254:First Empire
11156:Early Modern
11127:West Francia
10792:Demographics
10761:Trade unions
10645:Human rights
10625:Constitution
10478:
10474:Ottoman rule
10331:
10265:
10165:Saint Martin
10001:New Hebrides
9855:Chandernagor
9847:French India
9679:French Texas
9535:Ubangi-Shari
9530:Middle Congo
9497:James Island
9409:
9402:North Africa
9118:
9036:Patrick Weil
9019:
9012:
8992:
8980:
8965:
8956:
8947:
8938:
8921:
8914:
8899:
8890:
8864:
8859:
8847:. Retrieved
8818:. Retrieved
8789:. Retrieved
8760:. Retrieved
8751:
8742:
8730:. Retrieved
8721:
8712:
8700:. Retrieved
8691:
8682:
8670:. Retrieved
8656:
8644:. Retrieved
8635:
8625:
8613:. Retrieved
8602:
8576:. Retrieved
8565:
8539:. Retrieved
8535:the original
8520:
8512:
8507:
8496:. Retrieved
8484:
8471:
8462:
8456:
8419:
8399:
8392:
8372:
8365:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8316:
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8303:
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8269:
8265:
8259:
8244:
8239:
8223:
8208:
8207:John Ruedy,
8203:
8143:
8132:. Retrieved
8107:
8097:
8086:. Retrieved
8066:
8059:
8040:
8015:. Retrieved
7979:
7965:
7959:
7947:
7928:
7922:
7913:
7907:
7895:
7890:, p. 7.
7883:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7782:
7770:. Retrieved
7761:
7752:
7741:. Retrieved
7731:
7725:
7717:
7697:. Retrieved
7678:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7636:
7631:
7619:
7611:
7595:
7571:
7510:
7502:
7497:
7489:
7484:
7468:
7459:
7443:
7434:
7418:
7411:John Gunther
7406:
7390:
7379:. Retrieved
7351:
7344:
7333:. Retrieved
7316:
7304:
7293:. Retrieved
7284:
7274:
7262:. Retrieved
7254:The Guardian
7253:
7244:
7224:
7216:
7197:
7184:
7169:
7161:the original
7156:
7147:
7135:. Retrieved
7126:
7117:
7110:
7102:
7096:(in English)
7076:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7046:
7038:
7011:
7001:
6986:
6967:Paul Teitgen
6951:
6943:
6938:
6919:
6913:
6886:
6880:
6871:
6860:. Retrieved
6851:
6842:
6833:
6809:
6786:, retrieved
6776:
6769:
6759:, retrieved
6749:
6742:
6731:. Retrieved
6721:
6714:
6702:. Retrieved
6693:
6684:
6663:
6653:
6622:
6616:
6604:. Retrieved
6593:
6567:. Retrieved
6547:
6540:
6529:. Retrieved
6509:
6502:
6493:
6473:
6468:Kiernan, Ben
6462:
6454:
6448:. Retrieved
6428:
6421:
6409:. Retrieved
6400:
6391:
6379:. Retrieved
6375:the original
6370:
6360:
6351:
6345:
6319:
6310:
6304:
6295:
6289:
6256:
6246:26 September
6244:. Retrieved
6225:
6216:
6206:26 September
6204:. Retrieved
6191:The Guardian
6189:
6179:
6171:
6147:
6142:Kiernan, Ben
6136:
6126:26 September
6124:. Retrieved
6113:
6103:
6092:. Retrieved
6083:
6074:
6066:
6061:
6049:. Retrieved
6040:
6030:
6021:
6013:
6008:
5997:. Retrieved
5987:
5980:
5969:. Retrieved
5958:
5949:
5936:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5888:. Retrieved
5860:
5853:
5825:
5820:
5800:
5793:
5781:. Retrieved
5772:
5765:
5753:. Retrieved
5733:
5726:
5700:. Retrieved
5672:
5665:
5654:. Retrieved
5645:
5636:
5624:. Retrieved
5620:
5611:
5603:napoleon.org
5602:
5592:
5572:
5566:
5522:
5505:
5434:
5417:
5413:Napoleon III
5399:départements
5385:
5372:
5360:
5349:
5341:
5318:conservative
5307:
5263:
5253:
5231:
5206:
5197:
5193:Algerian War
5184:
5169:Algerian War
5152:
5147:
5134:'s fleet at
5122:
5118:French State
5107:
5052:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5021:
4991:
4982:
4979:AĂŻt Khabbash
4972:
4968:Bled es-Siba
4953:
4908:
4873:Abd al Qadir
4870:
4846:
4842:adding to it
4837:
4800:The loss of
4799:
4794:
4790:
4746:
4739:départements
4693:
4687:béni-oui-oui
4657:
4652:grands chefs
4623:
4611:Napoleon III
4607:
4580:
4569:
4523:
4484:
4475:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4432:
4420:Please help
4415:verification
4412:
4387:
4383:
4376:colonization
4349:
4326:
4309:grands chefs
4293:
4266:
4257:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4214:
4202:Please help
4197:verification
4194:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4130:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4101:
4097:
4083:
4072:
4069:Arenc affair
4054:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4035:1947 statute
4032:
4028:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3942:
3916:
3911:
3908:Napoléon III
3906:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3879:
3867:
3860:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3829:created the
3820:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3798:codification
3793:
3785:
3783:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3739:assimilation
3715:Napoleon III
3713:
3700:
3677:{{
3670:
3663:
3649:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3602:cantonnement
3601:
3595:
3588:positive law
3571:
3569:
3550:
3530:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3486:-controlled
3481:
3409:
3399:Jules Cambon
3396:
3372:
3365:
3355:
3338:
3315:
3311:
3277:
3250:delegation,
3233:
3205:
3187:
3181:
3174:Sidi Ferruch
3154:Nazi Germany
3144:
3133:buried alive
3129:without food
3113:Algerian War
3110:
3099:
3089:
3060:the El Oufia
3056:
3033:
3029:burial alive
3017:Algerian War
3010:
2895:
2437:
2419:) under the
2398:
2379:
2337:
2325:Abd al Qadir
2313:Muhyi ad Din
2310:
2306:Abd el-Kader
2287:
2277:
2267:
2263:thaumaturgic
2244:
2233:
2194:
2141:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2082:
2057:
2021:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1915:
1892:
1888:Abd El-Kader
1872:Two Sicilies
1794:Sidi Ferruch
1776:
1756:Pierre Deval
1754:
1700:
1688:Pierre Deval
1684:
1654:
1621:
1597:Lord Exmouth
1559:
1452:
1451:
1436:Black Spring
1386:
1385:
1356:
1276:Algerian War
1274:
1273:
1230:Pacification
1203:
1202:
1201:
1150:
1147:Modern times
1063:(800â909 AD)
1055:(789â828 AD)
1047:(776â909 AD)
1039:(771â793 AD)
1023:(703â744 AD)
1015:(647â709 AD)
968:(585â698 AD)
960:(534â585 AD)
952:(578â708 AD)
944:(484â703 AD)
936:(477â578 AD)
928:(435â534 AD)
907:(111â106 BC)
899:(264â146 BC)
817:Rock art in
719:
676:
633:
613:Algerian War
590:
587:
583:client state
579:Napoleon III
563:Algerian War
556:
543:
511:
510:
414:Succeeded by
413:
408:
379:âą Total
177:
169:
141:
106:
11985:WikiProject
11800:Immigration
11790:Health care
11652:Agriculture
11604:enforcement
11361:Free France
11330:World War I
11277:Restoration
11264:Late Modern
11134:Middle Ages
11109:Middle Ages
11094:Celtic Gaul
10556:Earthquakes
10514:Arab Spring
10479:French rule
10463:(Antiquity)
10388:Claimed by
10382:Claimed by
10267:Adélie Land
10185:Sui generis
9916:Cochinchina
9733:Saint Lucia
9487:Upper Volta
9430:West Africa
9260:(in French)
9247:(in French)
9238:(in French)
9223:(in French)
9199:(in French)
9185:(in French)
9165:(in French)
9144:(in French)
9106:(in French)
9094:(in French)
9058:(in French)
9033:(in French)
7900:Blévis 2012
7787:Collot 1987
7661:Blévis 2003
7624:Blévis 2012
7534:Blévis 2012
7231:(in French)
7191:(in French)
6805:Morgan, Ted
6704:24 November
6606:15 February
6329:, Editions
5534:(in French)
5516:(in French)
5424:telegraphic
5322:colonialism
5272:pieds-noirs
5132:French Navy
5064:penetrated
5058: [
5048:camel corps
4920:due process
4887:Crimean War
4591:pieds noirs
4538:Constantine
4120:pieds-noirs
3969:Jonnart Law
3872:André Weiss
3703:August 2022
3692:section on
3664:"languages"
3654:from French
3652:translation
3625:(cassation)
3533:Hussein Dey
3288:agriculture
3260:Jean JaurĂšs
3212:Jules Ferry
3121:Henri Alleg
3111:During the
3034:During the
3013:Ben Kiernan
2977:Phabricator
2949:Phabricator
2921:Phabricator
2455:French rule
2409:French Navy
2395:bay in 1844
2354:French army
2350:Constantine
2186:Constantine
2154:Constantine
2133:Constantine
1959:Ben Kiernan
1844:, known as
1802:Constantine
1798:janissaries
1460:Arab Spring
1337:Oujda Group
1327:Pieds-noirs
1310:1961 putsch
1305:1958 crisis
1285:Nationalism
1278:(1954â1962)
1036:Muhallabids
1005:Middle Ages
891:(202â46 BC)
813:(10,000 BC)
805:(20,000 BC)
797:(80,000 BC)
766:History of
738:Louis XVIII
720:During the
598:pieds-noirs
476:Kel Ahaggar
409:Preceded by
399:(1848â1962)
394:(1830â1848)
362:5 July 1962
347:5 July 1830
322:(1948â1956)
315: [
308:Legislature
136:(1870â1962)
131:(1852â1870)
126:(1848â1852)
117:(1830â1848)
12001:Categories
11928:Philosophy
11913:Literature
11825:secularism
11621:Parliament
11416:2005 riots
11366:Liberation
11232:Revolution
11099:Roman Gaul
11084:Prehistory
11040:Journalism
10865:Literature
10725:(currency)
10672:Parliament
10568:(communes)
10561:Ecoregions
10456:Prehistory
10384:Madagascar
10293:Saint Paul
10125:Martinique
10120:Guadeloupe
9875:Pondichéry
9586:Madagascar
9458:Mauritania
9309:L'Humanité
9255:2222039576
8894:of Algeria
8849:30 January
8820:30 January
8791:30 January
8541:2010-01-02
8498:2020-06-27
8134:2017-10-30
8088:2023-08-24
7743:2020-05-11
7381:2022-02-17
7335:2019-05-01
7295:2019-05-01
7238:Archive-It
7186:L'Humanité
6862:2019-08-03
6788:2017-11-23
6761:2017-11-23
6733:2024-05-21
6595:L'Humanité
6531:2024-05-21
6450:2020-05-17
6331:Flammarion
6156:. p.
6094:2021-03-05
6041:Al Jazeera
5999:2023-08-14
5971:2007-12-19
5702:9 December
5692:1089839922
5676:. Ithaca.
5656:2022-11-22
5646:Britannica
5497:References
5167:See also:
5125:Royal Navy
5084:See also:
5016:See also:
4849:April 2016
4603:John Ruedy
4448:newspapers
4350:Under the
4230:newspapers
4067:See also:
4012:ordonnance
4006:ended the
4004:ordonnance
3917:Under the
3790:Circulaire
3729:after the
3584:régnicoles
3576:annexation
3570:The royal
3555:ended the
3452:See also:
3302:vegetables
3106:HĂ©liopolis
3086:, Kherrata
2882:10,920,000
2871:10,853,000
2860:10,575,000
2849:10,127,000
2470:after 1962
2460:Demography
2255:Abdelkader
2026:named the
1903:Moulay Ali
1380:1988 riots
1225:Resistance
1100:Almoravids
913:Mauretania
896:Punic Wars
787:Prehistory
713:bombarded
677:Since the
667:See also:
253:Government
170:1830â1848:
11785:Education
11739:Transport
11589:Judiciary
11550:Elections
11504:Mountains
11462:Geography
11208:Louis XIV
10998:Overviews
10822:Squatting
10807:Languages
10797:Education
10766:Transport
10718:Companies
10682:President
10635:Elections
10589:Volcanoes
10579:Provinces
10551:Districts
10529:Geography
10504:Civil War
10499:1962â1999
10390:Mauritius
10249: (
9659:Louisiana
9540:Cameroons
9027:In French
8692:France 24
8286:159891511
8124:1265-1354
7876:Weil 2005
7859:Weil 2002
7847:Weil 2002
7835:Weil 2002
7649:Weil 2002
7576:Weil 2005
7515:Weil 2005
7325:0307-1235
7107:David Huf
6905:436981240
6495:conquest.
5933:0018-246X
5890:14 August
5712:cite book
5553:and so on
5343:Africa."
5330:President
5326:left-wing
5260:de Gaulle
5207:In 1958,
5045:MĂ©hariste
4926:indigénat
4814:Lorrainer
4749:Prussians
4747:When the
4708:natives.
4039:indigĂšnes
3974:indigénat
3939:Mac Mahon
3895:indigĂšnes
3891:Manifeste
3880:indigĂšnes
3866:In 1911,
3861:indigĂšnes
3855:In 1890,
3850:indigĂšnes
3840:In 1887,
3835:indigĂšnes
3825:In 1881,
3757:indigĂšnes
3617:Ălie Ănos
3563:in which
3517:Code Noir
3506:apartheid
3454:Indigénat
3242:seniority
2838:9,903,000
2827:9,678,000
2816:9,529,700
2805:9,370,000
2794:9,126,000
2783:8,927,000
2751:8,753,000
2740:8,602,000
2729:8,681,800
2718:8,302,000
2707:7,614,000
2696:6,453,000
2685:5,804,300
2674:5,563,800
2663:5,231,900
2652:4,739,300
2641:4,675,000
2609:4,479,000
2598:4,174,700
2587:3,867,000
2576:3,310,400
2565:2,867,600
2554:2,894,500
2543:2,921,200
2532:2,999,100
2521:2,496,100
2510:2,554,100
2499:3,000,000
2444:Palestine
2413:Essaouira
2393:Essaouira
2282:tamnafeqt
2259:guerrilla
2089:land rush
1965:wrote in
1868:marabouts
1866:from the
1703:fly whisk
1665:Charles X
1574:Mahmud II
1407:Massacres
1357:1960sâ80s
1132:Ziyyanids
1092:Hammadids
1076:Maghrawas
1060:Aghlabids
1044:Rustamids
878:Phoenicia
871:Antiquity
856:Related:
844:Madghacen
722:Directory
695:Louis XIV
238:Religion
178:1848â1962
83:1830â1962
11975:Category
11908:Language
11820:Religion
11765:Abortion
11719:Taxation
11616:Military
11577:Intersex
11567:Politics
11533:Politics
11335:Interwar
11030:Economic
11025:Language
11010:Timeline
10932:Category
10887:Religion
10860:Football
10746:Taxation
10662:Military
10608:Politics
10594:Wildlife
10440:articles
10145:Overseas
10105:Overseas
9963:Damascus
9912:Vietnam
9903:Cambodia
9880:Karaikal
9697:Dominica
9492:Togoland
9263:200â206,
9229:Archived
9214:Archived
9156:Archived
9137:34406158
9084:Archived
9071:, 2005,
9052:Florence
8929:Archived
8843:Archived
8814:Archived
8785:Archived
8756:Archived
8726:Archived
8696:Archived
8672:26 April
8666:Archived
8640:Archived
8615:25 April
8609:Archived
8572:Archived
8489:Archived
8448:oasiens.
8432:Archived
8193:Archived
8183:Archived
8173:Archived
8163:Archived
8152:Archived
8147:Between
8128:Archived
8082:Archived
8008:Archived
7766:Archived
7737:Archived
7693:Archived
7375:Archived
7371:46401992
7329:Archived
7289:Archived
7258:Archived
7234:Archived
7226:Le Monde
7205:Archived
7177:Archived
7157:Le Monde
7131:Archived
7127:Le Monde
7084:Archived
7028:Archived
7003:El Watan
6994:Archived
6959:Archived
6856:Archived
6782:archived
6755:archived
6727:Archived
6698:Archived
6600:Archived
6563:Archived
6525:Archived
6470:(2007).
6444:Archived
6405:Archived
6333:(2006),
6269:Archived
6240:Archived
6232:BBC News
6200:Archived
6144:(2007).
6120:Archived
6088:Archived
6084:BBC News
6045:Archived
6016:, p. 249
5993:Archived
5965:Archived
5884:Archived
5837:. 2003.
5833:Le Monde
5755:23 March
5749:Archived
5696:Archived
5650:Archived
5556:Archived
5461:See also
5128:attacked
4987:AĂŻt Atta
4964:Tidikelt
4962:and the
4810:Alsatian
4772:Crémieux
4702:apostasy
4106:â
3833:to give
3796:Lack of
3779:apostasy
3690:WP:PNTCU
3367:madrasah
3182:Le Monde
2900:Source:
2272:imseblen
2265:skills.
1997:genocide
1952:genocide
1842:settlers
1814:Staouéli
1786:Napoleon
1696:La Calle
1402:Timeline
1116:Marinids
1108:Almohads
1068:Fatimids
1052:Idrisids
1028:Ifranids
991:Gemellae
981:Partenia
757:a series
755:Part of
638:and the
388:Currency
11966:Outline
11948:Theatre
11943:Symbols
11903:Gardens
11893:Fashion
11885:Cuisine
11852:Culture
11842:Welfare
11815:Poverty
11753:Society
11729:Tourism
11689:Exports
11662:Banking
11640:Economy
11599:history
11494:Islands
11489:Borders
11122:Francia
11076:Ancient
11054:Regions
11005:History
10990:History
10916:Outline
10897:Symbols
10845:Cuisine
10837:Culture
10780:Society
10756:Tourism
10701:Economy
10620:Cabinet
10541:Borders
10448:History
10436:Algeria
10378:Comoros
10135:RĂ©union
10130:Mayotte
10048:Present
10006:Vanuatu
9994:Oceania
9766:Berbice
9702:Grenada
9558:Anjouan
9550:Comoros
9502:Albreda
9475:Senegal
9443:Dahomey
9420:Tunisia
9415:Morocco
9410:Algeria
9022:(2012).
8875:, Paris
8515:, p. 27
7772:May 11,
7762:Gallica
7022:by the
6977:on the
6276:Gallica
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