378:
Coppedge, Michael, John
Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Anja
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Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel
Pemstein, Oskar Rydén, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2023. V-Dem Codebook v13, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
141:(whether candidates had in practice a right to compete in the election, with rejections of candidate applications being based on "internationally recognizable and acceptable norms" and with no candidate receiving more than 75% of the votes, a signal of malpractice or
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regimes holding elections over time alongside a rise in global efforts around election observation led to a rise in the proportion of elections that were deemed to not be free and fair. The presence of election monitors and constraints on
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197:(whether the election was administered with adequately trained personnel, free from campaigning or intimidation at polling places, and with the ability of
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The study of 169 countries from 1975 to 2011 estimated that only about half of elections were free and fair. The study wondered whether the increase in
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Geisler, Gisela (1993). "Fair? What Has
Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards".
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Falade, Adesola; Adebiyi, Ayodele A.; Ayo, Charles K.; Adebiyi, Marion; Okesola, Olatunji (1 January 2019).
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Shah, Seema (2015). "Free and fair? Citizens' assessments of the 2013 general election in Kenya".
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were associated with a 31% higher probability of a free and fair elections in the study.
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Mercurio, Bryan; Williams, George (2004). "Australian
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is comparatively uncommon". This definition was popularized by political scientist
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codes free and fair elections separately from the extent of
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