2058:
2234:
a large number of paper ballots without detection in some locales, but altogether too simple in others, especially jurisdictions where legitimate ballot spoiling by voter would serve a clear and reasonable aim: for example emulating protest votes in jurisdictions that have recently had and since abolished a "none of the above" or "against all" voting option; civil disobedience where voting is mandatory; and attempts at discrediting or invalidating an election. An unusually large share of invalidated ballots may be attributed to loyal supporters of candidates that lost in primaries or previous rounds, did not run or did not qualify to do so, or some manner of protest movement or organized boycott.
2332:, where they are diverted to an intermediate website where the man in the middle flips the votes in favour of a certain candidate and then immediately forwards them on to the vote-counting authority. All votes sent over the internet violate the chain of custody and hence should be avoided by driving or flying memory cards in locked metal containers to the vote-counters. For purposes of getting quick preliminary total results on election night, encrypted votes can be sent over the internet, but final official results should be tabulated the next day only after the actual memory cards arrive in secure metal containers and are counted
1898:
2876:
aggregating polling stations results within a given turnout range), the divergence from bell-curve distribution gives an indication of the extent of the fraud. Stuffing votes in favour of a single candidate affects votes vs. turnout distributions for that candidate and other candidates differently; this difference could be used to quantitatively assess the number of votes stuffed. Also, these distributions sometimes exhibit spikes at round-number turnout percentage values. High numbers of invalid ballots, overvoting or undervoting are other potential indicators.
5028:
1117:
36:
2844:
elections are taking place. They, therefore, invite observers from any other CSCE participating States and any appropriate private institutions and organisations who may wish to do so to observe the course of their national election proceedings, to the extent permitted by law. They will also endeavour to facilitate similar access for election proceedings held below the national level. Such observers will undertake not to interfere in the electoral proceedings".
1428:
8445:
2518:
2066:
3041:
2708:. It says, "Department does not have authority to directly intercede in the election process itself. ... overt criminal investigative measures should not ordinarily be taken ... until the election in question has been concluded, its results certified, and all recounts and election contests concluded." Sentencing guidelines provide a range of 0–21 months in prison for a first offender;
2490:
and there have been calls to update signatures more often to improve this review. While any level of strictness involves rejecting some valid votes and accepting some invalid votes, there have been concerns that signatures are improperly rejected from young and minority voters at higher rates than others, with no or limited ability of voters to appeal the rejection.
2919:(VVPAT) or verified paper record (VPR). A VVPAT is intended as an independent verification system for voting machines designed to allow voters to verify that their vote was cast correctly, to detect possible election fraud or malfunction, and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results. This method is only effective if
2843:
Election observation is also prescribed by various international legal instruments. For example, paragraph 8 of the 1990 Copenhagen
Document states that "The participating States consider that the presence of observers, both foreign and domestic, can enhance the electoral process for States in which
2592:
Vote fraud can also take place in legislatures. Some of the forms used in national elections can also be used in parliaments, particularly intimidation and vote-buying. Because of the much smaller number of voters, however, election fraud in legislatures is qualitatively different in many ways. Fewer
2233:
Another method is to make it appear that the voter has spoiled his or her ballot, thus rendering it invalid. Typically this would be done by adding another mark to the paper, making it appear that the voter has voted for more candidates than entitled, for instance. It would be difficult to do this to
2012:
Another method of confusing people into voting for a different candidate from the one intended is to run candidates or create political parties with similar names or symbols to an existing candidate or party. The goal is to mislead voters into voting for the false candidate or party. Such tactics may
1769:
For example, in 2004, in
Wisconsin and elsewhere voters allegedly received flyers that said, "If you already voted in any election this year, you can't vote in the Presidential Election", implying that those who had voted in earlier primary elections were ineligible to vote. Also, "If anybody in your
2791:
The efforts of many helped accomplish this and led to the spread of other secret ballots all across the country. As mentioned on
February 18, 1890, in the Galveston News "The Australian ballot has come to stay. It protects the independence of the voter and largely puts a stop to vote to buy." Before
2426:
In particularly corrupt regimes, the voting process may be nothing more than a sham, to the point that officials simply announce whatever results they want, sometimes without even bothering to count the votes. While such practices tend to draw international condemnation, voters typically have little
1809:
to discourage voting among Latino and
African-American citizens of New Jersey. The task force identified voters from an old registration list and challenged their credentials. It also paid off-duty police officers to patrol polling sites in Newark and Trenton, and posted signs saying that falsifying
1732:
In its simplest form, voters from a particular demographic or known to support a particular party or candidate are directly threatened by supporters of another party or candidate or by those hired by them. In other cases, supporters of a particular party make it known that if a particular village or
2489:
A measure championed as a way to prevent some types of mail-in fraud has been to require the voter's signature on the outer envelope, which is compared to one or more signatures on file before taking the ballot out of the envelope and counting it. Not all places have standards for signature review,
1765:
In this case, voters will be made to believe, accurately or otherwise, that they are not legally entitled to vote, or that they are legally obliged to vote a particular way. Voters who are not confident about their entitlement to vote may also be intimidated by real or implied authority figures who
1478:
In many cases, it is possible for authorities to artificially control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a large number of voters into the electorate prior to an election, for example by temporarily assigning them land or lodging
2926:
On election day, a statistically significant number of voting machines can be randomly selected from polling locations and used for testing. This can be used to detect potential fraud or malfunction unless manipulated software would only start to cheat after a certain event like a voter pressing a
2891:
can determine if election results are anomalous, the statistical results still need to be interpreted. Alan Hicken and Walter R. Mebane describe the results of election forensic analyses as not providing "definitive proof" of fraud. Election forensics can be combined with other fraud detection and
2831:
are used to help prevent fraud and assure voters that the election is fair. International observers (bilateral and multilateral) may be invited to observe the elections (examples include election observation by the
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), European Union election
2616:
used in most modern public elections. This may make their elections more vulnerable to some forms of fraud since a politician can be pressured by others who will know how the legislator voted. However, it may also protect against bribery and blackmail, since the public and media will be aware if a
2583:
Illegal non-citizen voting is considered extremely rare in the United States by most experts due to the severe penalties associated with the practice including deportation, incarceration or fines in addition to jeopardizing their attempt to naturalize. The federal form to register a voter does not
2189:
is particularly vulnerable to election fraud, due to the amount of trust placed in the person who casts the vote. In several countries, there have been allegations of retirement home residents being asked to fill out 'absentee voter' forms. When the forms are signed and gathered, they are secretly
1663:
permitted any active military personnel to vote by party only and allowed that party to decide in which electoral district to place that vote. It also enfranchised those women who were directly related or married to an active soldier. These groups were believed to be disproportionately in favor of
2871:
which diverge from the final results. Well-conducted exit polls serve as a deterrent to electoral fraud. However, exit polls are still notoriously imprecise. For instance, in the Czech
Republic, some voters are afraid or ashamed to admit that they voted for the Communist Party (exit polls in 2002
2839:
In addition, national legislatures of countries often permit domestic observation. Domestic election observers can be either partisan (i.e. representing interests of one or a group of election contestants) or non-partisan (usually done by civil society groups). Legislations of different countries
2815:
provide voters with a receipt to allow them to verify their vote was cast correctly, and an audit mechanism to verify that the results were tabulated correctly and all votes were cast by valid voters. However, the ballot receipt does not permit voters to prove to others how they voted, since this
2620:
As in public elections, proxy votes are particularly prone to fraud. In some systems, parties may vote on behalf of any member who is not present in parliament. This protects those members from missing out on voting if prevented from attending parliament, but it also allows their party to prevent
2205:
While mass destruction of ballots can be difficult to achieve without drawing attention to it, in a very close election it may be possible to destroy a small number of ballot papers without detection, thereby changing the overall result. Blatant destruction of ballot papers can render an election
1623:
Groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast a vote. For example, requiring people to vote within their electorate may disenfranchise serving military personnel, prison inmates, students, hospital patients or anyone else who cannot return to
1544:
and other elections of party leaders are related to this. People who support one party may temporarily join another party (or vote in a crossover way, when permitted) in order to elect a weak candidate for that party's leadership. The goal ultimately is to defeat the weak candidate in the general
2788:
Greenback, helped initiate one of the first secret ballots in
America in Michigan in 1885. Even George Walthew had a predecessor in John Seitz, Greenback, who campaigned a bill to "preserve the purity of elections" in 1879 after the discovery of Ohio's electoral fraud in congressional elections.
2787:
In the United States, the popularity of the
Australian ballot grew as reformers in the late 19th century sought to reduce the problems of election fraud. Groups such as the Greenbackers, Nationalist, and more fought for those who yearned to vote, but were exiled for their safety. George Walthew,
2402:
to counter voter impersonation. Voter ID requirements are generally popular among
Americans and proponents have argued that it can be difficult to detect voter impersonation without them. Voter ID laws' effectiveness given the rarity of voter impersonation, and their potential to disenfranchise
2972:
One method that people have argued would help prevent these machines from being tampered with would be for the companies that produce the machines to share the source code, which displays and captures the ballots, with computer scientists. This would allow external sources to make sure that the
2406:
Allegations of widespread voter impersonation often turn out to be false. The North
Carolina Board of Elections reported in 2017 that out of 4,769,640 votes cast in the November 2016 election in North Carolina, only one illegal vote would potentially have been blocked by the voter ID law. The
2177:
Many elections feature multiple opportunities for unscrupulous officials or 'helpers' to record an elector's vote differently from their intentions. Voters who require assistance to cast their votes are particularly vulnerable to having their votes stolen in this way. For example, a blind or
1632:
of a religious group whose teachings determine that voting is prohibited on such a day. Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, or are not provided within reasonable proximity (rural communities are especially
2875:
When elections are marred by ballot-box stuffing (e.g., the Armenian presidential elections of 1996 and 1998), the affected polling stations will show abnormally high voter turnouts with results favouring a single candidate. By graphing the number of votes against turnout percentage (i.e.,
1680:
described a model governing the behaviour of autocratic regimes. She proposed that ruling parties can maintain political control under a democratic system without actively manipulating votes or coercing the electorate. Under the right conditions, the democratic system is maneuvered into an
2760:
through preventing voter intimidation or retribution. Others argue that the secret ballot enables election fraud (because it makes it harder to verify that votes have been counted correctly) and that it discourages voter participation. Although the secret ballot was sometimes practiced in
5645:
Existing studies, relying mainly on documented criminal prosecutions and investigations of apparent irregularities, turn up very little evidence of fraud. Critics argue that this is unsurprising because casting fraudulent votes is easy and largely undetectable without strict photo ID
1603:
or requirement for proof of identity or address in such a way as to make it difficult or impossible for their targets to cast a vote. If such practices discriminate against a religious or ethnic group, they may so distort the political process that the political order becomes grossly
2485:
Types of fraud have included pressure on voters from family or others, since the ballot is not always cast in secret; collection of ballots by dishonest collectors who mark votes or fail to deliver ballots; and insiders changing, challenging or destroying ballots after they arrive.
2800:
Most methods of preventing electoral fraud involve making the election process completely transparent to all voters, from nomination of candidates through casting of the votes and tabulation. A key feature in ensuring the integrity of any part of the electoral process is a strict
2173:
Where votes are recorded through electronic or mechanical means, the voting machinery may be altered so that a vote intended for one candidate is recorded for another, or electronic results are duplicated or lost, and there is rarely evidence whether the cause was fraud or error.
1469:
Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy.
2169:
was nullified by the Constitutional Court in 2020 because many results were changed by use of correction fluid, as well as duplicate, unverified and unsigned results forms. California allows correction fluid and tape, so changes can be made after the ballot leaves the voter.
1483:. Many countries prevent this with rules stipulating that a voter must have lived in an electoral district for a minimum period (for example, six months) in order to be eligible to vote there. However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to
5724:
4267:
1595:, literacy and comprehension tests, and record-keeping requirements, which in practice were applied against minority populations to discriminatory effect. From the turn of the century into the late 1960s, most African Americans in the southern states comprising the
1719:
can be more open to some forms of intimidation as the voter does not have the protection and privacy of the polling location. Intimidation can take a range of forms including verbal, physical, or coercion. This was so common that in 1887, a Kansas Supreme Court in
2808:
To prevent fraud in central tabulation, there has to be a public list of the results from every single polling place. This is the only way for voters to prove that the results they witnessed in their election office are correctly incorporated into the totals.
2481:
found the level of mail-in ballot fraud "exceedingly rare" in the United States, occurring only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, with Oregon's mail-in-ballots, "0.000004 percent—about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning".
2319:
Some of these machines require a smart card to activate the machine and vote. However, a fraudulent smart card could attempt to gain access to voting multiple times or be pre-loaded with negative votes to favor one candidate over another, as has been
2665:
Audits vary and can include checking that the number of voters signed in at the polls matches the number of ballots, seals on ballot boxes and storage rooms are intact, computer counts (if used) match hand counts, and counts are accurately totaled.
4485:
2914:
accuracy is 'parallel testing', the process of using an independent set of results compared to the original machine results. Parallel testing can be done prior to or during an election. During an election, one form of parallel testing is the
2282:
vary. Research at Argonne National Laboratories revealed that a single individual with physical access to a machine, such as a Diebold Accuvote TS, can install inexpensive, readily available electronic components to manipulate its functions.
2403:
citizens without the right ID have created controversy. By August 2016, four federal court rulings (Texas, North Carolina, Wisconsin, and North Dakota) overturned laws or parts of such laws because they placed undue burdens on minorities.
1088:
In the US someone may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than five years. In France, someone guilty may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than one year, or two years if the person is an official (like a mayor for example).
2946:. Once a software is certified, code signing can ensure the software certified is identical to that which is used on election day. Some argue certification would be more effective if voting machine software was publicly available or
2476:
In both the United Kingdom and the United States, experts estimate that voting fraud by mail has affected only a few local elections, without likely any impact at the national level. In April 2020, a 20-year voter fraud study by the
1950:
Vote buying occurs when a political party or candidate seeks to buy the vote of a voter in an upcoming election. Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services.
2661:
Election auditing refers to any review conducted after polls close for the purpose of determining whether the votes were counted accurately (a results audit) or whether proper procedures were followed (a process audit), or both.
5714:
2605:. He attempted to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority to pass the Act by arresting members of the opposition, though this turned out to be unnecessary to attain the needed majority. Later, the Reichstag was packed with
5282:
4259:
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2028:
ballot paper, it is invalidated. For example, in Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom, up to three different voting systems and types of ballots may be used, based on the jurisdictional level of the election.
2872:
gave the Communist party 2–3 percentage points less than the actual result). Variations in willingness to participate in an exit poll may result in an unrepresentative sample compared to the overall voting population.
1983:, who was most harmed by voter errors because of this design. Poor or misleading design is usually not illegal and therefore not technically election fraud, but it can nevertheless subvert the principles of democracy.
2836:, European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations (ENEMO), etc.). Some countries also invite foreign observers (i.e. bi-lateral observation, as opposed to multi-lateral observation by international observers).
1770:
family has ever been found guilty of anything you can't vote in the Presidential Election." Finally, "If you violate any of these laws, you can get 10 years in prison and your children will be taken away from you."
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2411:
who were likely not aware that this status disqualified them from voting, and the total number of invalid votes was far too small to have affected the outcome of any race in North Carolina in the 2016 election.
2961:
Certification and testing processes conducted publicly and with oversight from interested parties can promote transparency in the election process. The integrity of those conducting testing can be questioned.
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5871:
4164:
5746:
2013:
be particularly effective when many voters have limited literacy in the language used on the ballot. Again, such tactics are usually not illegal but they often work against the principles of democracy.
1756:
Polling places in an area known to support a particular party or candidate may be targeted for vandalism, destruction or threats, thus making it difficult or impossible for people in that area to vote.
2190:
rewritten as applications for proxy votes, naming party activists or their friends and relatives as the proxies. These people, unknown to the voter, cast the vote for the party of their choice. In the
2617:
politician votes in an unexpected way. Since voters and parties are entitled to pressure politicians to vote a particular way, the line between legitimate and fraudulent pressure is not always clear.
4779:
4322:
1971:
Ballot papers may be used to discourage votes for a particular party or candidate, using the design or other features which confuse voters into voting for a different candidate. For example, in the
2219:) was used to maintain the agreed alternation between the Liberals and the Conservatives. This system of local political domination, especially rooted in rural areas and small cities, was known as
4142:
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2493:
Some problems have inherently limited scope, such as family pressure, while others can affect several percent of the vote, such as dishonest collectors and overly strict signature verification.
7777:
4722:
4827:
4495:
5627:
Ahlquist, John S.; Mayer, Kenneth R.; Jackman, Simon (December 1, 2014). "Alien Abduction and Voter Impersonation in the 2012 U.S. General Election: Evidence from a Survey List Experiment".
3817:
3707:
2569:. "But almost a year after Canadians headed to the polls, the agency says it's still trying to determine how many of those cases — if any — involved non-Canadian citizens casting ballots."
1498:. If people eligible for public housing are likely to vote for a particular party, then they can either be concentrated into one area, thus making their votes count for less, or moved into
6333:
4186:
7604:
5495:
Attempted impersonation was exceptionally rare, however, and measures to introduce voter identification requirements therefore had little effect on the security of the electoral process.
6165:
5275:
4083:
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them from voting against its wishes. In some legislatures, proxy voting is not allowed, but politicians may rig voting buttons or otherwise illegally cast "ghost votes" while absent.
6928:
5692:
4801:
1914:
1979:
paper was criticized as poorly designed, leading some voters to vote for the wrong candidate. While the ballot itself was designed by a Democrat, it was the Democratic candidate,
6656:
5902:
1889:
Prosecutor Michael C. O’Malley said the two men had "infringed upon the right to vote", and that "by pleading guilty, they were held accountable for their un-American actions.”
6268:
4885:
3153:
3963:
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2930:
Another form of testing is 'Logic & Accuracy Testing (L&A)', pre-election testing of voting machines using test votes to determine if they are functioning correctly.
2561:
identified 103,000 non-citizens who were illegally on Canada's federal voters register. It subsequently identified roughly 3,500 cases of potential non-citizens who voted in
1733:
neighborhood is found to have voted the 'wrong' way, reprisals will be made against that community. Another method is to make a general threat of violence, for example, a
1681:
equilibrium in which divided opposition parties act as unwitting accomplices to single-party rule. This permits the ruling regime to abstain from illegal electoral fraud.
3670:
2647:
prevents many kinds of intimidation and vote selling, while transparency at all other levels of the electoral process prevents and allows detection of most interference.
6025:
4405:
5390:
2057:
1737:
which has the effect of closing a particular polling place, thus making it difficult for people in that area to vote. One notable example of outright violence was the
1026:, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with
6207:
1061:, featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presented more as referendums/plebiscites.
5810:
1080:, a small amount of fraud may suffice to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, the revelation of fraud can reduce voters' confidence in democracy.
6847:
5938:
4245:
7899:
5861:
2238:
2206:
invalid and force it to be re-run. If a party can improve its vote on the re-run election, it can benefit from such destruction as long as it is not linked to it.
1818:
1794:
used "black propaganda"—materials purporting to be from various political parties—to sow discord between members of a coalition between socialists and communists.
7017:
6116:
3801:
3218:
2146:
4156:
1843:
were indicted on several counts of bribery and election fraud in October 2020 regarding a voter disinformation scheme they undertook in the months prior to the
7838:
5756:
3922:
1591:
some classes of people, rendering them unable to vote. In some cases, states had passed provisions that raised general barriers to voter registration, such as
994:
3746:
1901:
To sow election doubt, Donald Trump escalated use of "rigged election" and "election interference" statements in advance of the 2016, 2020 and 2024 elections.
1636:
In some cases, voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud. For example, a legitimate voter may be "accidentally" removed from the
7696:
7655:
5001:
4222:
5331:
2832:
observation missions, observation missions of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as international observation organised by NGOs, such as
7637:
6740:
6300:
5508:
4783:
4314:
7062:
6438:
4444:
2927:
special key combination (Or a machine might cheat only if someone does not perform the combination, which requires more insider access but fewer voters).
6411:
6141:
4134:
6355:
5782:
3365:
2680:
In the United States the goal of prosecutions is not to stop fraud or keep fraudulent winners out of office; it is to deter and punish years later. The
5428:
5186:
Gonggrijp, Rop; Hengeveld, Willem-Jan; Bogk, Andreas; Engling, Dirk; Mehnert, Hannes; Rieger, Frank; Scheffers, Pascal; Wels, Barry (October 6, 2006).
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268:
6684:
4946:
4714:
3847:
2471:
2135:, there were multiple instances, some caught on camera, throughout Russia of voters and polling staff alike stuffing multiple votes in the ballot box
4823:
4856:
6054:
5839:
3703:
6786:
6325:
2154:
2102:, arrests were made in connection with accusations of ballot stuffing, and the election committee subsequently changed the result of the election
6383:
4178:
3888:
7673:
5555:
5202:
5070:
2393:
1960:
1825:
traced fraudulent phone calls, telling voters that their polling stations had been moved, to a telecommunications company that worked with the
1617:
46:
6932:
6172:
4075:
3587:
2578:
2467:
2328:
Election results that are sent directly over the internet from the polling place centre to the vote-counting authority can be vulnerable to a
7806:
6761:
6076:
2593:
people are needed to 'swing' the election, and therefore specific people can be targeted in ways impractical on a larger scale. For example,
2125:
5659:
2407:
investigation found fewer than 500 incidences of invalid ballots cast, the vast majority of which were cast by individuals on probation for
1863:
than in-person voting. Baselessly, the call warned potential voters if they submitted their votes by mail that authorities could use their
7909:
7889:
7093:
4462:
1817:
is to give voters incorrect information about the time or place of polling, thus causing them to miss their chance to vote. As part of the
1349:
218:
5684:
4797:
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3344:
1989:
has a system with separate ballots used for each party, to reduce confusion among candidates. However, ballots from small parties such as
7947:
7782:
7626:
3775:
5603:
4914:
4657:"A little yellow button on the back of Sequoia voting machines provides a manual override that lets a single person vote multiple times"
3314:
2769:
of 1795, it only became common in the nineteenth century. Secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in the former British
2128:, telling local officials to "take sheep to the mountains, stuff them, and bring them back", in an apparent reference to ballot stuffing
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987:
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2528:
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4373:
3513:
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5035:"Prophets and Loss: How 'Soft Facts' on Social Media Influenced the Brexit Campaign and Social Reactions to the Murder of Jo Cox MP"
4013:
Frye, Timothy; Reuter, Ora John; Szakonyi, David (2019). "Hitting Them With Carrots: Voter Intimidation and Vote Buying in Russia".
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to one count each of felony telecommunications fraud. Commenting on the tactic of using disinformation to suppress voter turnout,
1844:
1668:, conversely, disenfranchised particular ethnic groups assumed to be disproportionately in favour of the opposition Liberal Party.
1049:. Although technically the term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, the term is sometimes used to describe
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7766:
7631:
1605:
6815:
6710:
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election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports. There were claims that this method was being utilised in the
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4237:
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3318:
3124:
Posada-Carbó, Eduardo. "Electoral Juggling: A Comparative History of the Corruption of Suffrage in Latin America, 1830–1930".
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2357:
In 2014, Ukraine's central election system was hacked. Officials found and removed a virus and said the totals were correct.
980:
695:
208:
6907:
5960:
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1037:
Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud, but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning
7937:
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7713:
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3003:
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1933:
1624:
their homes. Polling can be set for inconvenient days, such as midweek or on holy days of religious groups: for example on
640:
6624:
2325:
Abusing the administrative access to the machine by election officials might also allow individuals to vote multiple times
2269:
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7859:
7754:
7748:
6993:
6839:
6591:
5934:
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5532:
4105:
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2726:
was arrested in 2011 following the filing of criminal charges against her for electoral sabotage, in connection with the
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2342:
2166:
2142:
1786:
People may distribute false or misleading information in order to affect the outcome of an election. For example, in the
1456:
198:
17:
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3452:
2439:
2132:
1787:
203:
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2427:
if any recourse, as there would seldom be any ways to remove the fraudulent winner from power, short of a revolution.
2178:
illiterate person may be told that they have voted for one party when in fact they have been led to vote for another.
1711:
involves putting undue pressure on a voter or group of voters so that they will vote a particular way, or not at all.
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7684:
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4427:
3914:
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3077:
2792:
this, it was common for candidates to intimidate or bribe voters, as they would always know who had voted which way.
2300:
Private companies manufacture these machines. Many companies will not allow public access or review of the machines'
2117:
2095:
213:
80:
1905:
False claims of electoral fraud can be used as a basis for attempting to overturn an election. During and after the
7952:
7942:
7849:
3730:
3518:
2943:
2916:
2901:
2727:
2121:
1918:
1867:
against them, including threats of police arrest for outstanding warrants and forced debt collection by creditors.
1852:
1738:
1361:
810:
655:
4214:
8004:
7962:
7649:
6463:
4606:
4550:
3023:
2242:
2006:
836:
278:
6732:
6293:
3608:
2061:
Transparent ballot box used in Ukraine to prevent election officials from pre-stuffing the box with fake ballots
1778:
Employers can coerce the voters' decision, through strategies such as explicit or implicit threats of job loss.
8077:
7967:
7736:
7730:
7202:
4448:
3013:
2562:
2020:. This may cause ballots to be counted as invalid if the wrong system is used. For instance, if a voter puts a
1766:
suggest that those who vote when they are not entitled to will be imprisoned, deported or otherwise punished.
1354:
1344:
964:
745:
6882:
6137:
2398:
Voter impersonation is considered extremely rare in the US by experts. Since 2013, several states have passed
2165:
Votes may be misrecorded at source, on a ballot paper or voting machine, or later in misrecording totals. The
1801:, in 2004, is to falsely tell particular people that they are not eligible to vote In 1981 in New Jersey, the
1053:, but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of
7844:
7742:
7702:
5778:
3533:
1802:
1750:
1365:
740:
735:
554:
4978:
3138:
Molina, Iván and Fabrice Lehoucq. "Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study",
2113:
had a yellow service "back" button on the back that could allow repeated voting under specific circumstances
1136:
7904:
7894:
7788:
7678:
7233:
3839:
2766:
2720:
2538:
2030:
2001:
have been omitted or placed on a separate table in the election to the EU parliament in 2009. Ballots from
1826:
1749:, in an attempt to weaken political opposition during county elections. Historically, this tactic included
6929:"Статистическое исследование результатов российских выборов 2007–2009 гг. : Троицкий вариант – Наука"
6680:
6538:
4939:
4260:"Trump's lawyer alleges voter fraud in 'big cities', says loss in Pennsylvania 'statistically impossible'"
2756:, in which only the voter knows how they have voted, is believed by many to be a crucial part of ensuring
1599:
were disenfranchised by such measures. Corrupt election officials may misuse voting regulations such as a
5467:"Electoral integrity, voter fraud and voter ID in polling stations: Lessons from English local elections"
2442:, with his sole opponent, who was seen as pro-government, in fact being appointed by Berdymukhamedov. In
1882:
1791:
1180:
298:
4849:
4289:"Trump claims without evidence that mail voting leads to cheating: A guide to facts on absentee ballots"
8484:
7599:
6046:
5835:
3489:
2435:
1959:
A list of threats to voting systems, or electoral fraud methods considered as sabotage are kept by the
1806:
594:
363:
353:
6782:
4288:
3892:
2584:
require proof of citizenship, though non-citizens have been found to vote only in very small numbers.
1724:
said " physical retaliation constituted only a slight disturbance and would not vitiate an election."
1502:, where they may tip the balance towards their preferred party. One example of this was the 1986–1990
7927:
7404:
6416:
5866:
3059:
2955:
2784:
on 7 February 1856. By the turn of the century, the practice had spread to most Western democracies.
2731:
2265:
1613:
959:
862:
800:
564:
544:
414:
368:
263:
7620:
5547:
5466:
5187:
5027:
2880:
are methods to assess the validity of an election result statistically without the effort of a full
2376:
Academic research has generally found voter impersonation to be 'exceptionally rare' in the UK. The
2294:
of a voting machine to add malicious code that alters vote totals or favors a candidate in any way.
1030:. What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country, though the goal is often
8469:
7357:
7167:
6437:
Waldman, Michael; Karson, Kendall; Waldman, Michael; Singh, Jasleen; Karson, Kendall (2024-04-12).
5227:
3571:
2920:
2329:
2070:
2042:
2034:
2025:
1851:
that targeted minority neighborhoods in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Michigan, and Illinois. Like
1833:
1689:
1223:
1077:
852:
730:
720:
599:
579:
519:
514:
464:
434:
424:
62:
6384:"Elections Canada probing thousands of 2019 election ballots with unclear evidence of citizenship"
7238:
7122:
5986:
4907:
2983:
2723:
2377:
1554:
1503:
1449:
1306:
1064:
In national elections, successful electoral fraud on a sufficient scale can have the effect of a
954:
938:
893:
877:
715:
569:
559:
479:
323:
120:
7086:
4470:
3623:"When States Prefer Non-Citizens Over Citizens: Conflict Over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia"
2349:
in office, South Africa's election compilation system was hacked, so they re-tabulated by hand.
1897:
8438:
8242:
8139:
7369:
3992:
3340:
2923:
numbers of voters verify that their intended vote matches both the electronic and paper votes.
2757:
2106:
1998:
1742:
1596:
1398:
923:
913:
872:
785:
780:
760:
645:
584:
549:
529:
449:
398:
378:
288:
253:
248:
7869:
3768:
8410:
8386:
7594:
7374:
7337:
7040:
3178:
Voters, Patrons and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832
2939:
2730:. She was accused of conspiring with election officials to ensure the victory of her party's
2138:
2099:
2016:
Another possible source of electoral confusion is multiple variations of voting by different
1990:
1798:
1693:
1655:
1238:
1233:
933:
918:
898:
805:
765:
725:
690:
685:
675:
665:
660:
650:
635:
630:
625:
604:
534:
524:
469:
429:
419:
383:
358:
348:
343:
333:
328:
313:
308:
283:
175:
155:
2202:
One of methods of electoral fraud is to destroy ballots for an opposing candidate or party.
8047:
7292:
7217:
5965:
4656:
4578:
4200:
4058:
3704:"Labour's response to #ToriesForCorbyn shows they really have lost the plot – Coffee House"
2602:
2502:
1494:
Another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through
1339:
903:
831:
826:
795:
775:
770:
755:
750:
710:
705:
680:
670:
589:
509:
504:
494:
459:
444:
439:
393:
388:
318:
243:
96:
58:
4398:"Lynne Rienner Publishers – Elections for Sale The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying"
8:
8381:
8149:
7997:
7399:
7160:
6587:
6166:"Signature Verification and Mail Ballots: Guaranteeing Access While Preserving Integrity"
5719:
4908:
Analysis of the Election Data from the 6 November 2018 General Election in South Carolina
3200:
Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political Tradition, 1742–2004
3008:
2877:
2643:
Some of the main fraud prevention tactics can be summarised as secrecy and openness. The
2534:
2447:
2210:
2046:
2021:
1926:
1649:
1507:
1150:
1050:
1031:
908:
867:
790:
700:
609:
574:
539:
499:
474:
454:
373:
338:
303:
293:
273:
54:
7063:"The Way America Votes Is Broken. In One Rural County, a Nonprofit Showed a Way Forward"
2245:
supplied by voting stations would allow votes to be erased their votes from the ballot.
8425:
8144:
7800:
7482:
7342:
7287:
7134:
5486:
5310:
4940:
Everest: Evaluation and Validation of Election-Related Equipment, Standards and Testing
4780:"MLB says it has canceled as many as 65 million All-Star ballots | MLB | Sporting News"
4490:
3289:
3281:
2828:
2381:
1746:
1442:
1268:
928:
857:
489:
484:
258:
135:
6464:"Republicans aim to stop noncitizen voting in federal elections. It's already illegal"
5715:"Federal judge blocks N. Dakota's voter-ID law, calling it unfair to Native Americans"
3264:
Argersinger, Peter H. (1986). "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age".
2847:
Critics note that observers cannot spot certain types of election fraud like targeted
2565:, but noted that it was not a coordinated effort and did not affect the result in any
2082:, or "ballot-box stuffing", is the illegal practice of one person submitting multiple
2009:, which used a very similar font for the party name written on the top of the ballot.
8233:
8107:
7530:
7477:
7305:
7300:
7212:
6808:
6706:
6260:
6252:
5991:
5490:
5436:
5398:
5371:
5361:
5127:
4693:
4343:
4179:"Conspiracy theorist Jacob Wohl pleads guilty to felony over 2020 election robocalls"
4106:"Fraudulent election calls traced to Racknine Inc., an Edmonton firm with Tory links"
4030:
3807:
3738:
3641:
3577:
3552:
3527:
3448:
3424:
3399:
3293:
3250:
3203:
2848:
2840:
permit various forms and extents of international and domestic election observation.
2566:
2443:
2254:
1860:
1558:
1384:
1248:
1218:
1145:
1101:
1027:
6954:
6562:
5152:
4748:
3098:
Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications
2938:
Another method to ensure the integrity of electronic voting machines is independent
2816:
would open the door towards forced voting and blackmail. End-to-end systems include
1565:
in order to "consign Labour to electoral oblivion". Shortly after, #ToriesForCorbyn
1529:, together with suffrage, in order for a political party to "dominate" the state of
1065:
8272:
8267:
8223:
8218:
8201:
8057:
8038:
8033:
7864:
7574:
7545:
7432:
7362:
7352:
7332:
7126:
6244:
5981:
5751:
5636:
5478:
5046:
4522:
4061:
4022:
3637:
3464:
3273:
2966:
2888:
2881:
2802:
2712:
range from 8 to 14. Investigation, prosecution and appeals can take over 10 years.
2669:
2558:
2017:
2002:
1976:
1932:
also made numerous claims of electoral fraud without evidence during and after the
1822:
1697:
1677:
1588:
1541:
1517:
Immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. For instance,
1409:
1404:
1321:
1288:
1258:
1243:
1200:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1155:
5579:"Analysis: Voter ID requirements are really popular. So why are they so divisive?"
5482:
4554:. Charters Towers, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 6 November 1883. p. 2
4047:
3645:
1664:
the Union government, as that party was campaigning in favor of conscription. The
8247:
8237:
8185:
8175:
8112:
8092:
7821:
7520:
7197:
6903:
4431:
4054:
3951:
2993:
2988:
2905:
2656:
2455:
2451:
1886:
1879:
1856:
1712:
1629:
1566:
1432:
1414:
1311:
1185:
1141:
189:
5779:"Now we know how bad voter fraud is in North Carolina | Charlotte Observer"
5249:
2672:
are a specific type of audit, with elements of both results and process audits.
2629:
The three main strategies for the prevention of electoral fraud in society are:
1116:
8479:
8448:
8376:
8334:
8308:
8262:
8129:
8097:
8082:
8072:
7990:
7579:
7535:
7452:
7018:"One Man's Quest to Break Open the Secretive World of American Voting Machines"
6616:
4686:
Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan
4610:. Charters Towers, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 5 March 1884. p. 2
4582:. Rockhampton, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 18 December 1883. p. 3
3018:
2911:
2852:
2824:, the latter being an add-on to optical scan systems instead of a replacement.
2762:
2346:
2313:
2279:
2278:
face threats of some form of electoral fraud. The types of threats that affect
2191:
2110:
1929:
1814:
1637:
1511:
1495:
1484:
1263:
1228:
1160:
6986:
6326:"Exclusive: High Rate of Absentee Ballot Rejection Reeks of Voter Suppression"
5903:"Securing the ballot, Report of Sir Eric Pickles' review into electoral fraud"
4026:
8463:
8366:
8339:
8318:
8252:
8180:
8117:
8028:
7499:
7442:
7130:
6356:"Elections Canada set to eliminate 100,000 non-citizens from voters registry"
6256:
5995:
5440:
5402:
5375:
5332:"Excerpt from Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the '94 Election by Peter Harris"
4882:"South Carolina voting machines miscounted hundreds of ballots, report finds"
4689:
4601:
4573:
4545:
4517:
4157:"Mail-in voting became much more common in 2020 primaries as COVID-19 spread"
4034:
3742:
3514:"NVRI Files Amicus Brief in Federal Court Regarding Felon Disenfranchisement"
3131:
Silva, Marcos Fernandes da. "The political economy of corruption in Brazil".
2753:
2747:
2709:
2697:
2644:
2613:
2421:
2399:
2366:
2275:
1864:
1716:
1609:
1600:
1562:
1499:
1488:
1278:
1190:
1058:
170:
130:
8398:
8228:
8206:
8154:
8134:
8067:
7540:
7492:
7487:
7447:
7347:
7317:
7268:
6264:
5231:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2594:
2431:
2305:
2221:
2186:
1910:
1875:
1840:
1685:
1582:
1253:
5640:
5074:
4425:
8420:
8356:
8349:
8344:
8282:
8102:
8052:
7504:
7462:
7457:
7422:
7389:
7272:
5509:"Voter photo ID plan attacked as UK data shows no cases of impersonation"
5198:
2951:
2947:
2821:
2735:
2716:
2689:
2301:
1945:
1734:
1644:
1522:
1491:, students (studying full-time away from home), and some casual workers.
1131:
145:
140:
7087:"Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study"
4798:"Malawi anxiously awaits verdict on alleged presidential election fraud"
4315:"Barr says DOJ hasn't uncovered widespread voter fraud in 2020 election"
3803:
Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (And What We Can Do About It)
1855:
constituencies in general that year, minorities voted overwhelmingly by
1427:
8403:
8313:
8257:
8213:
8159:
8062:
8043:
7957:
7778:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
7472:
7427:
7384:
7183:
6081:
4681:
3556:
3393:
3285:
2472:
Postal voting in the United States § Reliability of postal ballots
1994:
1871:
1836:
1620:
in many states as a strategy to prevent African Americans from voting.
1550:
1534:
1394:
1273:
1073:
1042:
160:
8277:
7138:
6248:
5982:"'Brokers' Exploit Absentee Voters; Elderly Are Top Targets for Fraud"
3361:
3154:
Electoral Manipulation and Regime Support: Survey Evidence from Russia
3110:
Lehoucq, Fabrice. "Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences".
2969:
where voters cannot be sure that counting inside is done as intended.
8087:
7394:
7322:
7282:
7263:
5429:"Ukraine election narrowly avoided 'wanton destruction' from hackers"
5051:
5034:
4215:"Conservative activists plead guilty in 2020 election robocall fraud"
3457:
3226:. Vol. 57. Journal of Politics. pp. 971–973. Archived from
2868:
2864:
2817:
2774:
2215:
2069:
A specialised ballot box used to assist ballot stuffing, featured in
1922:
1526:
1480:
1195:
1054:
7036:"The key to future election security starts with a roll of the dice"
6233:"Forensic Handwriting Examiners' Expertise for Signature Comparison"
4574:"Colonial Telegrams [From Our Own Corresponden.] Queensland"
3522:. January 31, 2005. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007.
3364:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 178–179.
3277:
3185:
The elimination of corrupt practices in British elections, 1868–1911
1925:. The Trump campaign lost numerous legal challenges to the results.
8122:
7467:
7437:
7207:
6874:
6762:"Should secret voting be mandatory? 'Yes' say political scientists"
6232:
5604:"Americans Oppose Many Voting Restrictions — But Not Voter ID Laws"
4753:
2965:
Testing and certification can prevent voting machines from being a
2781:
2598:
2291:
1848:
1592:
1518:
1283:
1108:
1023:
180:
150:
115:
6430:
5181:
5179:
2213:
in late 19th century Spain, the organized “loss” of voting slips (
2124:(NDS) recorded Ziaul Haq Amarkhel, the secretary of Afghanistan's
8415:
8361:
7982:
7379:
7277:
6077:"North Carolina ballot probe defendant now faces federal charges"
6039:
4715:"Analysis | Videos online show blatant ballot-stuffing in Russia"
4374:"Brazilian voters bombarded with misinformation days before vote"
2998:
2833:
2270:
Vote counting § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting
2065:
1980:
1625:
1570:
1069:
1038:
110:
4742:
4740:
3394:
Myagkov, Mikhail G.; Peter C. Ordeshook; Dimitri Shakin (2009).
2858:
7707:
6992:(Report). University of Michigan Center for Political Studies.
6952:
6231:
Sita, Jodi; Found, Bryan; Rogers, Douglas K. (September 2002).
5176:
5033:
Dobreva, Diyana; Grinnell, Daniel; Innes, Martin (6 May 2019).
5002:"Pencil or pen? An unusual conspiracy theory grips Brexit vote"
4076:"Florio's Defeat Revives Memories of G.O.P. Activities in 1981"
3915:"Florio's Defeat Revives Memories of G.O.P. Activities in 1981"
2770:
2468:
Election fraud in the United States § Mail-in ballot fraud
2408:
2394:
Electoral fraud in the United States § Voter impersonation
2083:
1986:
1696:, can reduce the impact of systemic electoral manipulation and
1316:
165:
6412:"Do states verify U.S. citizenship as a condition for voting?"
4238:"Trump's Pattern of Sowing Election Doubt Intensifies in 2024"
4135:"2 conservatives accused in hoax robocall scheme plead guilty"
3421:
Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation
2579:
Electoral fraud in the United States § Non-citizen voting
2145:
has had problems with ballot stuffing on occasion, such as in
1753:
to terrorize potential African American voters in some areas.
1647:, the Canadian government, led by the Union Party, passed the
1487:
those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers,
8014:
7667:
7327:
7152:
5747:"N.H. says once and for all that no one was bused in to vote"
5185:
5153:"Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine"
4737:
4526:. National Library of Australia. 3 November 1883. p. 721
3871:"What is voter intimidation and how concerned should you be?"
1530:
1046:
5188:"Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer a security analysis"
4344:"US election security officials reject Trump's fraud claims"
3731:"Will Florida's Ex-Felons Finally Regain the Right to Vote?"
1640:, making it difficult or impossible for the person to vote.
8393:
8371:
7312:
6707:"Ex-judge convicted of vote fraud in Clay County disbarred"
6109:"Two women busted for election fraud in Miami-Dade in 2016"
5862:"Investigation: election day fraud 'virtually nonexistent'"
5660:"Debate over photo voter ID laws is enduring – and complex"
4758:
2612:
In many legislatures, voting is public, in contrast to the
2606:
2248:
2087:
1473:
7703:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
7117:
Philip Harling (May 1995). "Rethinking 'Old Corruption'".
6733:"Electoral sabotage case filed vs Arroyo, Ampatuan, Bedol"
5961:"Opinion: Let's put the vote-by-mail 'fraud' myth to rest"
5959:
McReynolds, Amber; Stewart III, Charles (April 28, 2020).
5128:"How can someone tamper with an electronic voting machine"
3220:
Political Corruption and Presidential Elections, 1929–1992
6588:"Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses Eighth Edition"
6436:
5685:"Voter ID Would Protect Voter's Rights, Not Inhibit Them"
7900:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
6514:"The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections"
6489:"The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections"
5248:
Bonsor and Strickland, Kevin and Jonathan (2007-03-12).
1966:
1819:
2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal
1587:
The composition of an electorate may also be altered by
5980:
Journal, Glenn R. Simpson and Evan Perez (2000-12-19).
4824:"Malawi top court annuls presidential election results"
3445:
Democracy Protests: Origins, Features, and Significance
2636:
Deterrence through consistent and effective prosecution
1022:, involves illegal interference with the process of an
6904:"podmoskovnik: Cтатья о выборах из Троицкого Варианта"
5533:"Voter fraud measures announced in the Queen's speech"
4486:"Seeing Double on Ballot: Similar Names Sow Confusion"
4201:"Section 2913.05 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws"
3671:"Why Tories should join Labour and back Jeremy Corbyn"
2688:
in eight editions from 1976 to 2017, under Presidents
2450:
received 96.2% of votes in the election following the
7697:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
7656:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
5958:
5247:
3769:"Autocratic Elections, Voters, and the Game of Fraud"
2892:
prevention strategies, such as in-person monitoring.
1643:
In the Canadian federal election of 1917, during the
7638:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
6730:
5626:
5098:"Argonne researchers 'hack' Diebold e-voting system"
5032:
4372:
Savarese, Mauricio; Press, Associated (2022-10-25).
1722:
New Perspectives on Election Fraud in The Gilded Age
1521:
gave citizenship to immigrants from the neighboring
27:
Illegal interference with the process of an election
7839:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
6978:
6783:"Scrap the "secret" ballot – return to open voting"
6683:. United States Sentencing Commission. 2018-06-27.
6022:"Nursing home resident's son: 'That's voter fraud'"
3989:"Incidents Of Voter Intimidation & Suppression"
3799:
3396:
The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine
4749:"Cyber-stuffing remains threat to All-Star voting"
4631:"Button on e-voting machine allows multiple votes"
4012:
3419:Alvarez, Michael; Hall, Thad; Hyde, Susan (2008).
2297:Multiple groups have demonstrated this possibility
2090:in which only one ballot per person is permitted.
1727:
6814:. Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University.
6171:. Stanford University. 2020-04-15. Archived from
5629:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy
5307:""Man in the Middle" Attacks to Subvert the Vote"
3941:
3939:
3482:
1671:
8461:
6405:
6403:
5391:"Election won by Mandela 'rigged by opposition'"
5095:
4800:. Radio France Internationale. 3 February 2020.
4229:
4048:Church Report (Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973)
3840:"Latest Issue on the Ballot: How to Hold a Vote"
3272:(4). The Academy of Political Science: 669–687.
6505:
6230:
5935:"A Complete Guide To Early And Absentee Voting"
5809:(Press release). April 21, 2017. Archived from
5195:The We do not trust voting computers foundation
4236:Yourish, Karen; Smart, Charlie (May 24, 2024).
3418:
3169:Harling, Philip. "Rethinking "Old Corruption",
2639:Cultivation of mores that discourage corruption
2609:party members who voted for the Act's renewal.
1847:. The pair hired a firm to make nearly 85,000
7807:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
7674:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
7605:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
7116:
6530:
5358:Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the '94 Election
5071:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3936:
3889:"Did bomb threat stifle vote? (Capital Times)"
1961:National Institute of Standards and Technology
7998:
7168:
7034:O'Neill, Patrick Howell (December 16, 2020).
6480:
6400:
5744:
5309:. Electiondefensealliance.org. Archived from
4855:. California Secretary of State. 2020-10-01.
4371:
3573:The History and Politics of Voting Technology
2859:Statistical indicators and election forensics
2738:, through the tampering of election returns.
2531:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
2316:to alter vote totals or favor any candidate.
2005:have been mixed with ballots from the larger
1954:
1450:
988:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
7910:United Nations Convention against Corruption
7890:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
6984:
6580:
6197:"Vote at Home Policy Actions: 1 and 2 Stars"
5712:
4235:
3964:"Intimidation and Deceptive Practices EP365"
3837:
3609:Judgments - Magill v. Porter Magill v. Weeks
3549:American Suffrage from Property to Democracy
2266:Vote counting § Errors in optical scans
1859:, many judging it a safer option during the
219:United Nations Convention against Corruption
7948:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
7783:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
7627:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
7033:
6931:. Trvscience.ru. 2009-10-27. Archived from
6638:
6455:
5545:
4390:
3611:, 13 December 2001, accessed 3 October 2022
3263:
2895:
2624:
1832:Similarly in the United States, right-wing
1547:UK Labour Party leadership election in 2015
8005:
7991:
7795:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
7691:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
7175:
7161:
6617:"Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses"
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5464:
4445:"Florida recount: In the eye of the storm"
3546:
3216:
2867:can be indicators of election fraud—e.g.,
2541:this issue before removing this message.
2228:
1533:; this controversial process was known as
1457:
1443:
1092:
995:
981:
6985:Hicken, Allen; Mebane, Walter R. (2017).
6189:
6074:
5804:"North Carolina State Board of Elections"
5657:
5620:
5243:
5241:
5050:
4074:Sullivan, Joseph F. (November 13, 1993).
3389:
3387:
3332:
3105:The hidden costs of clean election reform
3078:Learn how and when to remove this message
2243:alleged without evidence that the pencils
2197:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
7725:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
6609:
6536:
6377:
6375:
6287:
6285:
6160:
6158:
6130:
6013:
5952:
5576:
5465:James, Toby S.; Clark, Alistair (2020).
4937:
4312:
4073:
3912:
3447:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3197:
3152:Reuter, O., & Szakonyi, D. (2021). "
2686:Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses
2249:Tampering with electronic voting systems
2181:
2160:
2064:
2056:
1896:
1892:
1845:2020 United States presidential election
1745:deliberately contaminated salad bars in
1474:Artificial migration or party membership
7767:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
7632:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
7060:
6953:Walter R. Mebane, Jr.; Kirill Kalinin.
6868:
6866:
6864:
6806:
6511:
6486:
6409:
6138:"Judge hears testimony in Hawkins case"
5979:
5973:
5900:
5885:
5738:
5426:
5420:
5019:
4931:
4654:
4628:
3728:
3569:
3563:
3244:
2384:, which mandated photo identification.
14:
8462:
7855:Freedom of information laws by country
7772:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
7061:Huseman, Jessica (November 12, 2019).
6955:"Comparative Election Fraud Detection"
6872:
6681:"2018 Chapter 2 Part C, section 2C1.1"
6353:
6323:
6294:"Vote-By-Mail Ballots Cast in Florida"
6106:
5828:
5601:
5506:
5355:
5276:"Analysis of Electronic Voting System"
5238:
5125:
5119:
4999:
4993:
4746:
4712:
3412:
3384:
2461:
2360:
2096:1883 election for the district of Cook
7986:
7719:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
7661:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
7590:International Anti-Corruption Academy
7156:
6698:
6673:
6598:from the original on October 12, 2020
6461:
6381:
6372:
6347:
6291:
6282:
6224:
6155:
6100:
5932:
5926:
5682:
5388:
5382:
5349:
5324:
5267:
5208:from the original on October 17, 2006
4905:
4899:
4879:
4873:
4842:
4483:
3868:
3781:from the original on 22 December 2015
3698:
3696:
3668:
3620:
3614:
3551:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U. Press.
3359:
3338:
2496:
2479:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2415:
2194:, this is known as 'granny farming.'
1967:Misleading or confusing ballot papers
1788:Chilean presidential election of 1970
1576:
209:International Anti-Corruption Academy
7938:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
7933:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
7714:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
7644:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
6861:
6539:"Sanchez Elated as Probe Is Dropped"
6317:
6068:
5706:
5676:
5651:
5595:
5570:
5500:
4938:McDaniel; et al. (2007-12-07).
4830:from the original on 4 February 2020
4804:from the original on 3 February 2020
4680:
4655:Hickins, Michael (3 November 2006).
4463:"Sidolagda valsedlar inget lagbrott"
4365:
4086:from the original on October 6, 2020
4015:British Journal of Political Science
4006:
3766:
3140:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3133:Revista de Administração de Empresas
3034:
3004:Electoral fraud in the United States
2511:
2345:which brought majority rule and put
2259:
2241:, Leave-supporting voters in the UK
2072:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
2045:; and UK Parliamentary elections by
1934:2022 Brazilian presidential election
1917:of electoral fraud by supporters of
1684:Preferential voting systems such as
29:
7860:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
7755:National Anticorruption Directorate
7749:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
7054:
7027:
7010:
6809:"Consequences of the Secret Ballot"
6731:Jeannette I. Andrade (2011-11-18).
6592:United States Department of Justice
6565:. Writ.lp.findlaw.com. 2004-04-08.
6047:"Judge upholds vote-rigging claims"
5853:
5558:from the original on 6 January 2016
4161:Pew Research Center study published
3862:
3710:from the original on 28 August 2017
3217:Fackler, Tim; Lin, Tse-min (1995).
3163:
2813:End-to-end auditable voting systems
2535:create a more balanced presentation
2312:Tampering with the hardware of the
199:International Anti-Corruption Court
24:
8012:
7585:Group of States Against Corruption
6019:
5838:. A News21 2012 National Project.
5360:(1st ed.). Cape Town: Umuzi.
4971:"Row over Alzheimer woman's proxy"
4725:from the original on July 13, 2020
4713:Bodner, Matthew (March 19, 2018).
4442:
4248:from the original on May 24, 2024.
3913:Sullivan, Joseph F. (1993-11-13).
3850:from the original on July 23, 2015
3693:
3681:from the original on 24 April 2018
3191:
3112:Annual review of political science
3100:(Cambridge University Press, 2013)
3030:
2650:
2572:
2133:2018 Russian presidential election
2052:
1797:Another method, allegedly used in
204:Group of States Against Corruption
25:
8496:
7761:Investigative Committee of Russia
7148:
6075:Robertson, Gary D. (2020-04-22).
5860:Kahn, Natasha and Corbin Carson.
5273:
5228:"Problems in test run for voting"
5073:. October 7, 2005. Archived from
4484:Hicks, Jonathon (July 24, 2004).
3869:Davis, Wynne (November 4, 2022).
3469:LII / Legal Information Institute
3126:Journal of Latin American Studies
2587:
2371:
2118:2014 Afghan presidential election
1781:
1604:unrepresentative, as in the post-
214:International Anti-Corruption Day
8444:
8443:
7953:Russian anti-corruption campaign
7943:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
7850:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
7110:
7079:
6946:
6921:
6906:. Podmoskovnik.livejournal.com.
6896:
6832:
6800:
6775:
6754:
6724:
6704:
6555:
5859:
5602:Rakich, Nathaniel (2021-04-02).
5026:
5000:Etehad, Melissa (23 June 2016).
4747:Rovell, Darren (June 26, 2001).
4629:Hoffman, Ian (1 November 2006).
4313:Conradis, Brandon (2020-12-01).
4225:from the original on 2022-11-02.
4189:from the original on 2022-10-25.
4167:from the original on 2022-10-31.
4145:from the original on 2022-10-29.
3642:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2005.00336.x
3570:Saltman, Roy G. (January 2006).
3519:National Voting Rights Institute
3118:
3107:(Cornell University Press, 2008)
3039:
2973:machines are working correctly.
2917:voter-verified paper audit trail
2902:Certification of voting machines
2741:
2728:2007 Philippine general election
2516:
2387:
2122:National Directorate of Security
2039:Scottish parliamentary elections
1760:
1739:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
1618:Felons have been disenfranchised
1426:
1115:
269:Democratic Republic of the Congo
34:
7789:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
7650:National Supervisory Commission
7099:from the original on 2014-02-21
6999:from the original on 2019-06-26
6967:from the original on 2015-02-05
6910:from the original on 2016-09-30
6885:from the original on 2012-10-24
6850:from the original on 2017-03-12
6821:from the original on 2016-10-11
6789:from the original on 2016-08-07
6743:from the original on 2018-05-19
6713:from the original on 2019-07-13
6687:from the original on 2019-07-13
6662:from the original on 2020-02-20
6627:from the original on 2019-07-13
6569:from the original on 2012-03-15
6563:"Is "Ghost" Voting Acceptable?"
6336:from the original on 2020-06-17
6306:from the original on 2020-12-02
6271:from the original on 2021-01-15
6213:from the original on 2020-06-06
6204:National Vote at Home Institute
6144:from the original on 2020-06-13
6119:from the original on 2020-06-02
6107:Mazzei, Patricia (2016-10-28).
6089:from the original on 2020-07-18
6057:from the original on 2019-10-01
6028:from the original on 2020-06-13
6002:from the original on 2020-06-12
5941:from the original on 2020-12-01
5915:from the original on 2020-08-17
5874:from the original on 2020-06-15
5842:from the original on 2020-06-05
5796:
5785:from the original on 2018-06-28
5771:
5727:from the original on 2016-08-02
5713:Rober Barnes (August 1, 2016).
5695:from the original on 2014-09-07
5546:Mayer, Jane (29 October 2012).
5539:
5525:
5458:
5447:from the original on 2020-10-13
5409:from the original on 2020-02-03
5336:Penguin SA @ Sunday Times Books
5299:
5288:from the original on 2021-01-15
5256:from the original on 2011-07-12
5220:
5165:from the original on 2015-02-05
5145:
5134:from the original on 2011-07-12
5108:from the original on 2012-05-09
5096:Jaikumar Vijayan (2011-09-28).
5089:
5059:
4963:
4952:from the original on 2019-07-15
4920:from the original on 2019-02-24
4888:from the original on 2020-02-05
4862:from the original on 2020-10-09
4816:
4790:
4772:
4706:
4674:
4648:
4622:
4594:
4566:
4538:
4510:
4477:
4455:
4436:
4419:
4408:from the original on 2021-01-15
4354:from the original on 2020-11-13
4336:
4325:from the original on 2020-12-01
4306:
4281:
4270:from the original on 2020-11-19
4252:
4207:
4193:
4171:
4149:
4127:
4116:from the original on 2020-03-26
4098:
4067:
4041:
3981:
3956:
3925:from the original on 2009-03-07
3906:
3881:
3831:
3820:from the original on 2021-01-15
3793:
3760:
3749:from the original on 2020-01-04
3722:
3662:
3630:International Studies Quarterly
3601:
3590:from the original on 2009-12-14
3490:"Article L113 - Code électoral"
3423:. Brookings Institution Press.
3371:from the original on 2021-01-15
3347:from the original on 2020-09-30
3321:from the original on 2019-09-27
3245:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (1993).
3173:(1995) No. 147 pp. 127–158
3024:List of controversial elections
2795:
2336:
2126:Independent Election Commission
2007:Swedish Social Democratic Party
1973:2000 U.S. presidential election
1728:Violence or threats of violence
1703:
7737:Investigation Task Force Sweep
7731:National Accountability Bureau
7203:Corruption in local government
7191:Corruption in different fields
7182:
7016:Wofford, Ben (June 25, 2021).
6987:A Guide to Elections Forensics
6879:Voting Fiasco, Part 279.236(a)
5658:Chatelain, Ryan (2021-07-15).
5577:Cillizza, Chris (2021-06-25).
5067:"Threat Analyses & Papers"
4880:Freed, Benjamin (2019-01-07).
3540:
3506:
3437:
3398:. Cambridge University Press.
3317:. Brennan Center for Justice.
3307:
3014:Foreign electoral intervention
2933:
2675:
2458:was an interim head of state.
2167:2019 Malawian general election
1939:
1676:Stanford University professor
1672:Division of opposition support
13:
1:
7845:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
7743:Central Anticorruption Bureau
6537:Wilgoren, Jodi (1998-02-05).
6512:Kessler, Glenn (2024-03-06).
6487:Kessler, Glenn (2024-03-06).
6354:Aiello, Rachel (2019-05-01).
6324:Wilkie, Jordan (2018-10-12).
5908:. United Kingdom Government.
5745:James Pindell (1 June 2018).
5683:Rousu, Matthew (2014-09-03).
5483:10.1080/01442872.2019.1694656
5433:The Christian Science Monitor
5389:Laing, Aislinn (2010-10-24).
3891:. Madison.com. Archived from
3838:Bialik, Carl (May 14, 2011).
3729:Bazelon, Emily (2018-09-26).
3362:"An Expanded Threat Taxonomy"
3360:Jones, Douglas (2005-10-07).
3339:Jones, Douglas (2005-10-07).
3301:
3062:and help improve the section.
2633:Auditing the election process
1803:Republican National Committee
1751:Lynching in the United States
1549:, where Conservative-leaning
7905:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
7895:International asset recovery
7679:Central Vigilance Commission
7234:Corruption Perceptions Index
6873:Lundin, Leigh (2008-08-17).
6382:Burke, Ashley (2021-01-03).
6292:Smith, Daniel (2018-09-18).
6237:Journal of Forensic Sciences
5933:Young, Ashley (2016-09-23).
5901:Pickles, Eric (2016-08-11).
5507:Walker, Peter (2023-04-03).
5427:Clayton, Mark (2014-06-17).
4977:. 2005-05-04. Archived from
4906:Buell, Duncan (2018-12-23).
4183:The Independent (US Edition)
3991:. 2006-11-08. Archived from
3800:Poundstone, William (2009).
3669:Young, Toby (17 June 2015).
3547:Williamson, Chilton (1968).
3142:(1999) 30#2 pp. 199–234
3114:(2003) 6#1 pp. 233–256.
3103:Schaffer, Frederic Charles.
2767:Constitution of the Year III
2304:, claiming fear of exposing
7:
7963:2017–2019 Romanian protests
6840:"Abolish the Secret Ballot"
6462:Parks, Miles (2024-04-12).
6410:Sherman, Amy (2020-12-07).
3341:"Threats to Voting Systems"
3266:Political Science Quarterly
3249:. Oxford University Press.
3135:(1999) 39#3 pp. 26–41.
2976:
2851:or manipulated software of
1792:Central Intelligence Agency
1773:
1289:Right to stand for election
1010:, sometimes referred to as
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
8501:
7968:2017–2018 Russian protests
7600:Transparency International
7575:Global Financial Integrity
6443:Brennan Center for Justice
4602:"Telegraphic Intelligence"
3806:. Macmillan. p. 170.
3090:
2899:
2745:
2654:
2576:
2500:
2465:
2436:Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov
2419:
2391:
2364:
2352:
2286:Other approaches include:
2263:
2252:
1955:Voting process and results
1943:
1907:2020 presidential election
1807:Ballot Security Task Force
1580:
8434:
8327:
8291:
8194:
8168:
8021:
7928:2011 Azerbaijani protests
7918:
7878:
7829:
7820:
7613:
7567:
7558:
7513:
7415:
7405:Offshore financial centre
7256:
7247:
7226:
7208:Interest group corruption
7190:
6737:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6417:Austin American-Statesman
5867:The Philadelphia Inquirer
5126:Layton, J. (2006-09-22).
4430:October 21, 2006, at the
4027:10.1017/S0007123416000752
3950:October 26, 2006, at the
3774:. Yale Macmillan Center.
3532:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3315:"The Myth of Voter Fraud"
3247:The Era of Good Stealings
3146:
3128:(2000). pp. 611–644.
2956:open-source voting system
2921:statistically significant
2910:One method for verifying
2734:slate in the province of
2507:
2438:received 97.69% of votes
2035:single transferable votes
1614:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1540:A method of manipulating
8475:Organized crime activity
7870:Whistleblower protection
7358:Cryptocurrency and crime
6653:US Sentencing Commission
3198:Campbell, Tracy (2005).
2896:Voting machine integrity
2625:Detection and prevention
2330:man-in-the-middle attack
2239:EU membership referendum
2043:additional member system
2026:single transferable vote
1790:, the U.S. government's
1690:single transferable vote
7239:Economics of corruption
7123:Oxford University Press
7024:. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
5987:The Wall Street Journal
3844:The Wall Street Journal
3187:(Clarendon Press, 1962)
2984:Administrative resource
2758:free and fair elections
2724:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
2229:Invalidation of ballots
1504:Homes for votes scandal
1093:Electorate manipulation
121:Economics of corruption
7865:UK Bribery Act of 2010
7621:Oficina Anticorrupción
7370:Noble cause corruption
7227:Measures of corruption
7131:10.1093/past/147.1.127
6960:. Personal.umich.edu.
5548:"The Voter-Fraud Myth"
5356:Harris, Peter (2010).
3576:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3465:"52 U.S. Code § 20511"
3343:. University of Iowa.
2958:in the United States.
2765:and was a part of the
2434:, incumbent President
2380:government passed the
2198:Destruction of ballots
2105:A 2006 version of the
2076:
2062:
1999:Feministiskt initiativ
1909:, incumbent President
1902:
1743:Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
1355:Next general elections
1083:
641:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8078:Intellectual property
7595:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
7375:Professional courtesy
7338:Honest services fraud
7041:MIT Technology Review
5641:10.1089/elj.2013.0231
5039:Policy & Internet
4447:. CNN. Archived from
3621:Sadiq, Kamal (2005).
3443:Dawn Brancati. 2016.
2940:software verification
2900:Further information:
2466:Further information:
2264:Further information:
2182:Misuse of proxy votes
2161:Misrecording of votes
2139:Major League Baseball
2100:Queensland, Australia
2068:
2060:
1900:
1893:False claims of fraud
1880:Cuyahoga County, Ohio
1870:On October 24, 2022,
1810:a ballot is a crime.
1799:Cook County, Illinois
1741:, where followers of
1694:instant-runoff voting
1692:, and in some cases,
1666:Wartime Elections Act
1656:Wartime Elections Act
1633:vulnerable to this).
1239:Boundary delimitation
1012:election manipulation
227:Corruption by country
176:State-corporate crime
156:Pyrrhic defeat theory
7559:Institutions dealing
7293:Conflict of interest
7218:Political corruption
5250:"How E-Voting Works"
4692:. pp. 649–650.
4579:The Morning Bulletin
4350:. 13 November 2020.
4266:. 19 November 2020.
4059:United States Senate
3183:O'Leary, Cornelius.
2878:Risk-limiting audits
2603:Enabling Act of 1933
2503:Non-citizen suffrage
2440:in the 2017 election
2237:In 2016, during the
2024:cross in a numbered
1915:baseless allegations
1865:personal information
1834:political operatives
1340:Elections by country
1051:acts which are legal
97:Political corruption
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
7400:Offshore investment
7092:. Libres.uncg.edu.
5720:The Washington Post
5395:The Daily Telegraph
5234:. October 31, 2006.
4850:"2 CCR 20983(c)(6)"
4719:The Washington Post
3767:Magaloni, Beatriz.
3675:The Daily Telegraph
3009:Electoral integrity
2462:Postal ballot fraud
2448:Mikheil Saakashvili
2361:Voter impersonation
2290:Tampering with the
2211:Bourbon Restoration
2047:first-past-the-post
2022:first-past-the-post
1927:President of Brazil
1661:Military Voters Act
1650:Military Voters Act
1508:City of Westminster
1433:Politics portal
1076:of democracy. In a
1032:election subversion
18:Ballot box stuffing
8426:White-collar crime
8292:Government-related
7801:Warioba Commission
7739:(Papua New Guinea)
7483:Regulatory capture
7288:Commercial bribery
7119:Past & Present
6881:. Criminal Brief.
6646:"Sentencing Table"
5759:on 26 October 2018
5077:on 21 October 2006
4607:The Northern Miner
4551:The Northern Miner
4491:The New York Times
4242:The New York Times
4080:The New York Times
4053:2009-09-11 at the
3919:The New York Times
3735:The New York Times
3494:legifrance.gouv.fr
3171:Past & Present
3096:Simpser, Alberto.
2829:election observers
2682:Justice Department
2601:powers due to the
2497:Non-citizen voting
2416:Artificial results
2382:Elections Act 2022
2077:
2063:
2033:are determined by
1903:
1883:Common Pleas Court
1878:pleaded guilty in
1827:Conservative Party
1747:The Dalles, Oregon
1709:Voter intimidation
1597:former Confederacy
1577:Disenfranchisement
136:Influence peddling
103:Forms and concepts
8485:Voter suppression
8457:
8456:
8195:Financial-related
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7816:
7815:
7554:
7553:
7531:Election security
7478:Political scandal
7213:Police corruption
6875:"Dangerous Ideas"
6764:. 26 October 2020
6594:. December 2017.
6543:Los Angeles Times
6249:10.1520/JFS15521J
6020:Bender, William.
5816:on April 25, 2017
5664:Spectrum News NY1
5367:978-1-4152-0102-2
4443:Lacayo, Richard.
3813:978-0-8090-4892-2
3430:978-0-81-570138-5
3405:978-0-521-76470-4
3256:978-0-19-507503-8
3209:978-0-78-671591-6
3176:O'Gorman, Frank.
3088:
3087:
3080:
2863:Various forms of
2849:voter suppression
2670:Election recounts
2555:
2554:
2533:. Please help to
2525:This section may
2260:General tampering
2255:Election security
2018:electoral systems
1861:COVID-19 pandemic
1698:political duopoly
1510:in England under
1467:
1466:
1385:Election security
1368:elections in 2024
1322:Electoral systems
1249:Electoral college
1219:Anonymous elector
1028:voter suppression
1005:
1004:
972:
971:
279:Equatorial Guinea
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
8492:
8447:
8446:
8022:Business-related
8007:
8000:
7993:
7984:
7983:
7827:
7826:
7565:
7564:
7546:Vote suppression
7433:Crony capitalism
7363:Hawala and crime
7353:Money laundering
7333:Graft (politics)
7313:Confidence trick
7254:
7253:
7248:Forms or aspects
7177:
7170:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7143:
7142:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7031:
7025:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6998:
6991:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6966:
6959:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6870:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6820:
6813:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6661:
6650:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6299:. ACLU Florida.
6298:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6243:(5): 1117–1124.
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5815:
5808:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5755:. Archived from
5752:The Boston Globe
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5477:(2–3): 190–209.
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5158:. Jhalderm.com.
5157:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:10.1002/poi3.203
5031:
5030:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4981:on 19 April 2016
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4944:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4782:. Archived from
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4661:InternetNews.com
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4523:The Queenslander
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4494:. Archived from
4481:
4475:
4474:
4469:. Archived from
4459:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4434:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4139:Associated Press
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4071:
4065:
4062:Church Committee
4045:
4039:
4038:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:on April 4, 2007
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3966:. Archived from
3960:
3954:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:on March 4, 2009
3885:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3706:. 24 June 2015.
3700:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3644:. Archived from
3627:
3618:
3612:
3607:House of Lords,
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3391:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3297:
3260:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3213:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3058:Please read the
3054:may need cleanup
3043:
3042:
3035:
2887:Though election
2882:election recount
2803:chain of custody
2559:Elections Canada
2550:
2547:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2120:, Afghanistan's
2003:Sweden Democrats
1977:butterfly ballot
1823:Elections Canada
1678:Beatriz Magaloni
1589:disenfranchising
1542:primary contests
1459:
1452:
1445:
1431:
1430:
1410:Election science
1405:Electoral reform
1259:Election silence
1244:Crossover voting
1201:Two-round system
1119:
1097:
1096:
997:
990:
983:
965:Papua New Guinea
746:Northern Ireland
233:
232:
93:
92:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8470:Electoral fraud
8460:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8430:
8387:honest services
8323:
8287:
8190:
8164:
8017:
8011:
7981:
7972:
7920:
7914:
7882:
7880:
7874:
7831:
7822:Anti-corruption
7812:
7609:
7561:with corruption
7560:
7550:
7526:Electoral fraud
7521:Ballot stuffing
7509:
7411:
7249:
7243:
7222:
7198:Corporate crime
7186:
7181:
7151:
7146:
7115:
7111:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7071:
7069:
7059:
7055:
7046:
7044:
7032:
7028:
7015:
7011:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6983:
6979:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6913:
6911:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6886:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6851:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6792:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6767:
6765:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6746:
6744:
6729:
6725:
6716:
6714:
6703:
6699:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6630:
6628:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6601:
6599:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6572:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6547:
6545:
6535:
6531:
6522:
6520:
6518:Washington Post
6510:
6506:
6497:
6495:
6493:Washington Post
6485:
6481:
6472:
6470:
6460:
6456:
6447:
6445:
6435:
6431:
6422:
6420:
6408:
6401:
6392:
6390:
6380:
6373:
6364:
6362:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6322:
6318:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6274:
6272:
6229:
6225:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6147:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6101:
6092:
6090:
6073:
6069:
6060:
6058:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6031:
6029:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6003:
5978:
5974:
5957:
5953:
5944:
5942:
5931:
5927:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5899:
5886:
5877:
5875:
5858:
5854:
5845:
5843:
5836:"Who Can Vote?"
5834:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5696:
5681:
5677:
5668:
5666:
5656:
5652:
5625:
5621:
5612:
5610:
5608:FiveThirtyEight
5600:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5544:
5540:
5535:. May 14, 2021.
5531:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5515:
5505:
5501:
5463:
5459:
5450:
5448:
5425:
5421:
5412:
5410:
5387:
5383:
5368:
5354:
5350:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5246:
5239:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5190:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5120:
5111:
5109:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
5006:Washington Post
4998:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4891:
4889:
4878:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4745:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4482:
4478:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4441:
4437:
4432:Wayback Machine
4424:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4328:
4326:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4273:
4271:
4264:Hindustan Times
4258:
4257:
4253:
4234:
4230:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4068:
4055:Wayback Machine
4046:
4042:
4011:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3952:Wayback Machine
3944:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3545:
3541:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3392:
3385:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3350:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3278:10.2307/2151546
3257:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3210:
3202:. Basic Books.
3194:
3180:(Oxford, 1989).
3166:
3158:World Politics.
3149:
3121:
3093:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3057:
3050:Further reading
3044:
3040:
3033:
3031:Further reading
3028:
2994:Carousel voting
2989:Branch stacking
2979:
2954:has created an
2936:
2908:
2906:Election audits
2898:
2861:
2853:voting machines
2827:In many cases,
2798:
2750:
2744:
2678:
2659:
2657:Election audits
2653:
2651:Election audits
2627:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2474:
2464:
2456:Nino Burjanadze
2454:while his ally
2452:Rose Revolution
2424:
2418:
2396:
2390:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2339:
2280:voting machines
2272:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2231:
2200:
2184:
2163:
2080:Ballot stuffing
2055:
2053:Ballot stuffing
2031:Local elections
1969:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1895:
1887:Cuyahoga County
1857:absentee ballot
1813:Another use of
1784:
1776:
1763:
1730:
1706:
1674:
1585:
1579:
1476:
1463:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1415:Paper candidate
1390:Electoral fraud
1380:
1372:
1371:
1345:Close elections
1335:
1327:
1326:
1312:Political party
1302:
1294:
1293:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1127:
1102:Politics series
1095:
1086:
1078:narrow election
1008:Electoral fraud
1001:
845:Central America
741:North Macedonia
190:Anti-corruption
126:Electoral fraud
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8498:
8488:
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8477:
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8455:
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8441:
8435:
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8413:
8408:
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8401:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8345:Counterfeiting
8342:
8337:
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8329:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8295:
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8209:
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8196:
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8191:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8169:Family-related
8166:
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8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
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8127:
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8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
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8080:
8075:
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8065:
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8055:
8050:
8048:Pharmaceutical
8041:
8036:
8031:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8018:
8010:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7987:
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7804:
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7705:
7700:
7694:
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7682:
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7671:
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7664:
7663:
7658:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7624:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7580:Global Witness
7577:
7571:
7569:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7536:Gerrymandering
7533:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7453:Ghost soldiers
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7408:
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7335:
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7230:
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7205:
7200:
7194:
7192:
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7187:
7180:
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7172:
7165:
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7150:
7149:External links
7147:
7145:
7144:
7109:
7078:
7053:
7026:
7009:
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6860:
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6099:
6067:
6053:. 2005-04-04.
6038:
6012:
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5951:
5925:
5884:
5852:
5827:
5795:
5770:
5737:
5705:
5675:
5650:
5635:(4): 460–475.
5619:
5594:
5569:
5552:The New Yorker
5538:
5524:
5499:
5471:Policy Studies
5457:
5419:
5381:
5366:
5348:
5323:
5298:
5266:
5237:
5219:
5175:
5144:
5118:
5088:
5058:
5045:(2): 144–164.
5018:
4992:
4962:
4930:
4898:
4872:
4841:
4826:. Al Jazeera.
4815:
4789:
4786:on 2015-10-25.
4771:
4736:
4705:
4698:
4673:
4647:
4635:East Bay Times
4621:
4593:
4565:
4537:
4509:
4476:
4473:on 2009-06-15.
4454:
4451:on 2011-06-22.
4435:
4418:
4389:
4364:
4335:
4305:
4295:. 22 June 2020
4280:
4251:
4228:
4221:. 2022-10-25.
4206:
4192:
4185:. 2022-10-25.
4170:
4163:. 2022-10-24.
4148:
4141:. 2022-10-24.
4126:
4112:. 2012-02-23.
4097:
4066:
4040:
4021:(3): 857–881.
4005:
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3505:
3481:
3456:
3453:978-1107137738
3436:
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3164:United Kingdom
3162:
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3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:Gerrymandering
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2935:
2932:
2912:voting machine
2897:
2894:
2860:
2857:
2797:
2794:
2763:ancient Greece
2746:Main article:
2743:
2740:
2710:offense levels
2684:has published
2677:
2674:
2655:Main article:
2652:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2589:
2588:In legislature
2586:
2574:
2571:
2553:
2552:
2546:September 2024
2537:. Discuss and
2524:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2463:
2460:
2420:Main article:
2417:
2414:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2372:United Kingdom
2370:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:Nelson Mandela
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2314:voting machine
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2276:voting systems
2261:
2258:
2253:Main article:
2250:
2247:
2230:
2227:
2199:
2196:
2192:United Kingdom
2183:
2180:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2136:
2129:
2114:
2111:voting machine
2103:
2054:
2051:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1944:Main article:
1941:
1938:
1930:Jair Bolsonaro
1913:made numerous
1894:
1891:
1815:disinformation
1783:
1782:Disinformation
1780:
1775:
1772:
1762:
1759:
1729:
1726:
1705:
1702:
1673:
1670:
1638:electoral roll
1612:era until the
1606:Reconstruction
1578:
1575:
1512:Shirley Porter
1500:marginal seats
1496:public housing
1485:disenfranchise
1475:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1454:
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1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:Administration
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Gerrymandering
1261:
1256:
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1246:
1241:
1236:
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1226:
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1211:
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1125:
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1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1059:Show elections
1003:
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1000:
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992:
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820:
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815:
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813:
811:United Kingdom
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
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753:
748:
743:
738:
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728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
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683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
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656:Czech Republic
653:
648:
643:
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619:
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193:
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148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
100:
99:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8497:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8450:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8383:
8382:Mail and wire
8380:
8378:
8377:Impersonation
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8367:Fraud factory
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
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8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8278:Shill bidding
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
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8235:
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8227:
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8208:
8205:
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8200:
8199:
8197:
8193:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8150:Telemarketing
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8118:Ghost network
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8073:Impersonation
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
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8030:
8027:
8026:
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8020:
8016:
8008:
8003:
8001:
7996:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7969:
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7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
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7926:
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7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7879:International
7877:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7836:
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7828:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7785:(South Korea)
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
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7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
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7717:
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7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:International
7566:
7563:
7557:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7500:State capture
7498:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7443:Elite capture
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7250:of corruption
7246:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7173:
7171:
7166:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7113:
7095:
7088:
7082:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7019:
7013:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6935:on 2013-04-23
6934:
6930:
6924:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6817:
6810:
6807:Todd Davies.
6803:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6763:
6757:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6641:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6494:
6490:
6483:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6404:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6376:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6286:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6192:
6178:on 2020-04-18
6174:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6088:
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6078:
6071:
6056:
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5997:
5993:
5989:
5988:
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5962:
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5940:
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5911:
5904:
5897:
5895:
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5863:
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5841:
5837:
5831:
5812:
5805:
5799:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5758:
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5748:
5741:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5646:requirements.
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5557:
5553:
5549:
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5534:
5528:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
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5468:
5461:
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5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5408:
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5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5313:on 2015-07-21
5312:
5308:
5302:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5242:
5233:
5229:
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5200:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5161:
5154:
5148:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5102:Computerworld
5099:
5092:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5053:
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5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4980:
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4972:
4966:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4741:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4699:9780143132509
4695:
4691:
4690:Penguin Group
4687:
4683:
4677:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4498:on 2009-03-04
4497:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4433:
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4407:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4379:
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4324:
4320:
4316:
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4269:
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4232:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4202:
4196:
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4180:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4110:National Post
4107:
4101:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3970:on 2008-01-21
3969:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3894:
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3884:
3876:
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3809:
3805:
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3796:
3777:
3770:
3763:
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3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3651:on 2008-06-14
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3589:
3585:
3583:1-4039-6392-4
3579:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3495:
3491:
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3470:
3466:
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3446:
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3422:
3415:
3407:
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3397:
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3367:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3233:on 2016-03-04
3229:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3192:United States
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:Latin America
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3079:
3071:
3061:
3060:editing guide
3055:
3051:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:certification
2941:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
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2837:
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2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2754:secret ballot
2749:
2748:Secret ballot
2742:Secret ballot
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2645:secret ballot
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:secret ballot
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:achieved his
2596:
2585:
2580:
2573:United States
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2504:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:Show election
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:voter ID laws
2395:
2388:United States
2385:
2383:
2379:
2368:
2367:Voter ID laws
2358:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:trade secrets
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:All-Star Game
2140:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1761:Legal threats
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:remote voting
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1601:literacy test
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Jeremy Corbyn
1561:and vote for
1560:
1556:
1555:Conservatives
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Secret ballot
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Apportionment
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
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1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
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1129:
1123:
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1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
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1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
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1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
978:
976:
975:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
886:South America
885:
884:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
848:
844:
843:
838:
837:United States
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
819:North America
818:
817:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
617:
616:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
406:
405:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Guinea-Bissau
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
235:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
194:
191:
188:
187:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:State capture
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
131:Elite capture
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
95:
94:
85:
82:
74:
71:December 2022
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
8303:
8207:lottery scam
8140:Tech support
8130:Racketeering
7710:(Madagascar)
7634:(Bangladesh)
7541:Vote pairing
7525:
7493:Rent-setting
7488:Rent-seeking
7448:Failed state
7348:Match fixing
7318:Embezzlement
7297:Corporation
7269:Black market
7118:
7112:
7101:. Retrieved
7081:
7070:. Retrieved
7066:
7056:
7045:. Retrieved
7039:
7029:
7021:
7012:
7001:. Retrieved
6980:
6969:. Retrieved
6948:
6937:. Retrieved
6933:the original
6923:
6912:. Retrieved
6898:
6887:. Retrieved
6878:
6852:. Retrieved
6844:The Atlantic
6843:
6834:
6823:. Retrieved
6802:
6791:. Retrieved
6777:
6766:. Retrieved
6756:
6745:. Retrieved
6736:
6726:
6715:. Retrieved
6700:
6689:. Retrieved
6675:
6664:. Retrieved
6652:
6640:
6629:. Retrieved
6621:votewell.net
6620:
6611:
6600:. Retrieved
6582:
6571:. Retrieved
6557:
6546:. Retrieved
6542:
6532:
6521:. Retrieved
6517:
6507:
6496:. Retrieved
6492:
6482:
6471:. Retrieved
6467:
6457:
6446:. Retrieved
6442:
6439:"Here's Why"
6432:
6421:. Retrieved
6415:
6391:. Retrieved
6387:
6363:. Retrieved
6359:
6349:
6338:. Retrieved
6330:Who What Why
6329:
6319:
6308:. Retrieved
6273:. Retrieved
6240:
6236:
6226:
6215:. Retrieved
6206:. May 2020.
6203:
6191:
6180:. Retrieved
6173:the original
6146:. Retrieved
6132:
6121:. Retrieved
6113:Miami Herald
6112:
6102:
6091:. Retrieved
6080:
6070:
6059:. Retrieved
6050:
6041:
6030:. Retrieved
6015:
6004:. Retrieved
5985:
5975:
5964:
5954:
5943:. Retrieved
5928:
5917:. Retrieved
5876:. Retrieved
5865:
5855:
5844:. Retrieved
5830:
5818:. Retrieved
5811:the original
5798:
5787:. Retrieved
5773:
5761:. Retrieved
5757:the original
5750:
5740:
5729:. Retrieved
5718:
5708:
5697:. Retrieved
5688:
5678:
5667:. Retrieved
5663:
5653:
5644:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5611:. Retrieved
5607:
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5338:. 2010-10-25
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5269:
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5232:Miami Herald
5222:
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3968:the original
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3893:the original
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3802:
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3762:
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3734:
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3683:. Retrieved
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3646:the original
3633:
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3603:
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3572:
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3497:. Retrieved
3493:
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3473:. Retrieved
3471:. 1993-05-20
3468:
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3439:
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3395:
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3349:. Retrieved
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3309:
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3265:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3219:
3199:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3157:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3074:
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2925:
2909:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2796:Transparency
2790:
2786:
2751:
2714:
2685:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2642:
2628:
2619:
2611:
2595:Adolf Hitler
2591:
2582:
2556:
2543:
2529:undue weight
2526:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2432:Turkmenistan
2429:
2425:
2405:
2397:
2378:conservative
2375:
2356:
2343:the election
2340:
2337:South Africa
2320:demonstrated
2285:
2273:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2187:Proxy voting
2185:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2109:touchscreen
2079:
2078:
2071:
2015:
2011:
1991:Piratpartiet
1985:
1975:, Florida's
1970:
1958:
1949:
1911:Donald Trump
1904:
1869:
1841:Jack Burkman
1831:
1812:
1805:created the
1796:
1785:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1731:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1704:Intimidation
1686:score voting
1683:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1622:
1586:
1583:Voter caging
1539:
1516:
1493:
1477:
1468:
1389:
1254:Election law
1181:Proportional
1100:Part of the
1087:
1063:
1036:
1020:vote rigging
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
595:Turkmenistan
364:South Africa
354:Sierra Leone
125:
77:
68:
44:
8357:Faked death
8350:Superdollar
8328:Other types
8268:Overpayment
8234:Credit card
8202:Advance-fee
8108:Health care
7883:and efforts
7881:instruments
7832:enforcement
7774:(Singapore)
7687:(Indonesia)
7623:(Argentina)
7505:State crime
7463:Mafia state
7458:Kleptocracy
7423:Clientelism
7390:Tax evasion
7273:Grey market
7125:: 127–158.
5199:Netherlands
4985:13 November
4682:Coll, Steve
4546:"Herberton"
4518:"Political"
4502:18 December
4402:rienner.com
4090:November 1,
3785:10 December
2952:VotingWorks
2948:open source
2934:Open source
2822:Scantegrity
2736:Maguindanao
2717:Philippines
2704:, Bush and
2676:Prosecution
2599:dictatorial
2302:source code
2209:During the
2131:During the
2116:During the
1946:Vote buying
1940:Vote buying
1735:bomb threat
1626:the Sabbath
1553:encouraged
1523:Philippines
1350:Most recent
1234:Competition
1213:Terminology
1132:By-election
1126:Basic types
1066:coup d'état
1016:voter fraud
960:New Zealand
863:El Salvador
853:Costa Rica
801:Switzerland
736:Netherlands
565:South Korea
555:Philippines
545:North Korea
415:Afghanistan
369:South Sudan
146:Mafia state
141:Kleptocracy
8464:Categories
8411:Scientific
8273:Securities
8258:Mismarking
8224:Chargeback
8219:Bankruptcy
8058:Employment
8039:Disability
7958:Yo Soy 132
7803:(Tanzania)
7733:(Pakistan)
7646:(Cameroon)
7473:Plutocracy
7428:Coronelism
7385:Slush fund
7184:Corruption
7103:2015-05-29
7072:2022-12-09
7067:ProPublica
7047:2022-12-09
7003:2020-08-10
6971:2015-05-29
6939:2015-05-29
6914:2015-05-29
6889:2010-10-07
6854:2017-03-06
6825:2016-07-16
6793:2016-07-16
6768:2021-04-20
6747:2018-05-18
6717:2019-07-13
6691:2019-07-13
6666:2019-07-13
6631:2019-07-13
6602:2019-07-13
6573:2012-05-03
6548:2024-04-21
6523:2024-04-21
6498:2024-04-21
6473:2024-04-21
6448:2024-04-21
6423:2024-04-21
6393:2024-07-21
6365:2024-07-21
6340:2020-06-18
6310:2020-06-01
6275:2020-06-27
6217:2020-06-18
6182:2020-06-01
6148:2020-06-12
6123:2020-06-12
6093:2020-06-27
6082:Times-News
6061:2010-09-19
6032:2020-06-12
6006:2020-06-12
5945:2020-06-15
5919:2020-06-15
5878:2020-06-15
5846:2020-06-12
5789:2018-06-28
5763:26 October
5731:2016-08-02
5699:2024-09-01
5669:2024-09-01
5613:2024-09-01
5588:2024-09-01
5562:9 December
5518:2024-09-07
5451:2020-02-03
5413:2020-02-03
5342:2020-02-03
5317:2015-05-29
5292:2011-02-27
5274:Kohno, T.
5260:2011-02-27
5169:2015-05-29
5138:2011-02-27
5112:2012-05-03
4956:2020-02-05
4945:(Report).
4924:2020-02-05
4913:(Report).
4892:2020-02-05
4866:2020-10-05
4834:3 February
4808:3 February
4614:14 January
4586:13 January
4558:13 January
4530:13 January
4412:2018-04-22
4383:2024-09-07
4358:2020-11-14
4329:2020-12-01
4299:2021-06-16
4293:Yahoo News
4274:2020-11-19
4120:2012-05-03
3999:2012-05-03
3974:2018-04-23
3929:2008-10-07
3899:2012-05-03
3824:2020-10-24
3753:2018-12-04
3714:15 January
3655:2008-04-23
3636:: 101–22.
3594:2006-07-04
3557:B000FMPMK6
3499:2023-02-07
3475:2023-02-07
3375:2020-06-23
3351:2020-06-25
3325:2020-11-07
3302:References
3237:2015-05-29
3052:" section
2869:exit polls
2865:statistics
2775:Australian
2732:senatorial
2577:See also:
2501:See also:
2392:See also:
2365:See also:
2222:caciquismo
1995:Junilistan
1921:candidate
1919:Democratic
1853:Democratic
1837:Jacob Wohl
1715:and other
1593:poll taxes
1581:See also:
1551:Toby Young
1535:Project IC
1481:flophouses
1399:by country
1395:Referendum
1274:Psephology
1269:Initiative
1151:Fixed-term
1074:corruption
1043:harassment
731:Montenegro
721:Luxembourg
600:Uzbekistan
580:Tajikistan
520:Kazakhstan
515:Kyrgyzstan
465:East Timor
435:Bangladesh
425:Azerbaijan
161:Slush fund
8304:Electoral
8248:Insurance
8186:Paternity
8176:Fertility
8113:fertility
8093:Long firm
8013:Types of
7921:movements
7841:(pending)
7809:(Vietnam)
7797:(Ukraine)
7757:(Romania)
7751:(Romania)
7727:(Nigeria)
7721:(Myanmar)
7699:(Liberia)
7670:(Croatia)
7640:(Burundi)
7514:Elections
7395:Tax haven
7323:Extortion
7283:Collusion
7264:Baksheesh
6257:0022-1198
5996:0099-9660
5491:214322870
5441:0882-7729
5403:0307-1235
5376:683401576
4035:0007-1234
3743:0362-4331
3294:156214317
2967:black box
2889:forensics
2818:Punchscan
2721:President
2719:, former
2557:In 2019,
2341:In 1994,
2216:pucherazo
2086:during a
1923:Joe Biden
1849:robocalls
1645:Great War
1630:holy days
1628:or other
1527:Indonesia
1301:Subseries
1196:Sortition
1171:Plurality
1137:Corporate
1109:Elections
1055:democracy
955:Australia
939:Venezuela
894:Argentina
878:Nicaragua
716:Lithuania
570:Sri Lanka
560:Singapore
480:Indonesia
324:Mauritius
59:talk page
8449:Category
8335:Affinity
8309:Medicare
8263:Mortgage
8181:Marriage
8145:Slamming
8123:quackery
8098:Odometer
8083:Internet
8034:Cramming
7830:Laws and
7763:(Russia)
7745:(Poland)
7693:(Latvia)
7652:(China)
7614:National
7468:Nepotism
7438:Cronyism
7343:Kickback
7094:Archived
7022:POLITICO
6994:Archived
6962:Archived
6908:Archived
6883:Archived
6848:Archived
6816:Archived
6787:Archived
6741:Archived
6711:Archived
6685:Archived
6657:Archived
6655:. 2011.
6625:Archived
6596:Archived
6567:Archived
6334:Archived
6301:Archived
6269:Archived
6265:12353558
6208:Archived
6142:Archived
6117:Archived
6087:Archived
6055:Archived
6051:BBC News
6026:Archived
6000:Archived
5966:The Hill
5939:Archived
5910:Archived
5872:Archived
5840:Archived
5820:June 28,
5783:Archived
5725:Archived
5693:Archived
5556:Archived
5445:Archived
5407:Archived
5283:Archived
5254:Archived
5203:Archived
5160:Archived
5132:Archived
5106:Archived
4975:BBC News
4947:Archived
4915:Archived
4886:Archived
4857:Archived
4828:Archived
4802:Archived
4754:ESPN.com
4723:Archived
4684:(2019).
4428:Archived
4406:Archived
4378:PBS News
4352:Archived
4348:BBC News
4323:Archived
4319:The Hill
4268:Archived
4246:Archived
4223:Archived
4187:Archived
4165:Archived
4143:Archived
4114:Archived
4084:Archived
4051:Archived
3948:Archived
3923:Archived
3854:June 29,
3848:Archived
3818:Archived
3776:Archived
3747:Archived
3708:Archived
3679:Archived
3588:Archived
3528:cite web
3366:Archived
3358:also at
3345:Archived
3319:Archived
3068:May 2024
2977:See also
2782:Tasmania
2773:—now an
2292:software
1774:Coercion
1713:Absentee
1653:and the
1610:Jim Crow
1557:to join
1519:Malaysia
1479:them in
1362:National
1284:Suffrage
1166:Mid-term
1146:Indirect
1024:election
924:Paraguay
914:Colombia
873:Honduras
786:Slovenia
781:Slovakia
761:Portugal
646:Bulgaria
585:Thailand
550:Pakistan
530:Malaysia
450:Cambodia
399:Zimbabwe
379:Tanzania
289:Ethiopia
254:Cameroon
249:Botswana
181:Throffer
151:Nepotism
116:Cronyism
53:You may
8416:Spyware
8399:Romance
8362:Forgery
8340:Charity
8319:Welfare
8299:Benefit
8253:Lottery
8238:carding
8029:Billing
7919:Protest
7791:(Spain)
7681:(India)
7380:Scandal
7278:Bribery
7257:General
7121:(147).
6360:CTVNews
5081:5 March
5011:12 July
4729:July 6,
3685:5 April
3286:2151546
3091:General
2999:Cooping
2834:CIS-EMO
2715:In the
2702:Clinton
2539:resolve
2444:Georgia
2353:Ukraine
2107:Sequoia
2094:In the
2084:ballots
2075:in 1856
2041:by the
1981:Al Gore
1876:Burkman
1571:Twitter
1567:trended
1506:in the
1379:Related
1176:Primary
1156:General
1070:protest
1039:assault
947:Oceania
934:Uruguay
919:Ecuador
899:Bolivia
806:Ukraine
766:Romania
726:Moldova
696:Ireland
691:Iceland
686:Hungary
676:Germany
666:Finland
661:Denmark
651:Croatia
636:Belgium
631:Austria
626:Albania
605:Vietnam
535:Myanmar
525:Lebanon
470:Georgia
430:Bahrain
420:Armenia
384:Tunisia
359:Somalia
349:Senegal
344:Nigeria
334:Namibia
329:Morocco
314:Liberia
309:Lesotho
284:Eritrea
264:Comoros
111:Bribery
8229:Cheque
8155:Weight
8135:Return
8068:Fixing
7708:BIANCO
7139:651042
7137:
6705:WKYT.
6263:
6255:
5994:
5689:Forbes
5489:
5439:
5401:
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5364:
4764:May 7,
4696:
4666:17 May
4640:17 May
4064:, 1975
4033:
3810:
3741:
3580:
3555:
3451:
3427:
3402:
3292:
3284:
3253:
3206:
3147:Russia
3048:This "
2771:colony
2698:Reagan
2694:Carter
2567:riding
2508:Canada
2470:, and
2409:felony
2268:, and
1987:Sweden
1659:. The
1559:Labour
1317:Voting
1229:Audits
1186:Recall
1142:Direct
904:Brazil
832:Mexico
827:Canada
796:Sweden
776:Serbia
771:Russia
756:Poland
751:Norway
711:Latvia
706:Kosovo
681:Greece
671:France
618:Europe
590:Turkey
510:Kuwait
505:Jordan
495:Israel
460:Cyprus
445:Brunei
440:Bhutan
394:Zambia
389:Uganda
319:Malawi
244:Angola
236:Africa
166:Simony
8480:Fraud
8421:Vomit
8404:Bride
8243:Forex
8103:Phone
8053:Email
8015:fraud
7668:USKOK
7416:State
7328:Fraud
7306:Shell
7301:Dummy
7135:JSTOR
7097:(PDF)
7090:(PDF)
6997:(PDF)
6990:(PDF)
6965:(PDF)
6958:(PDF)
6819:(PDF)
6812:(PDF)
6660:(PDF)
6649:(PDF)
6304:(PDF)
6297:(PDF)
6211:(PDF)
6200:(PDF)
6176:(PDF)
6169:(PDF)
5913:(PDF)
5906:(PDF)
5814:(PDF)
5807:(PDF)
5487:S2CID
5286:(PDF)
5279:(PDF)
5206:(PDF)
5191:(PDF)
5163:(PDF)
5156:(PDF)
4950:(PDF)
4943:(PDF)
4918:(PDF)
4911:(PDF)
4860:(PDF)
4853:(PDF)
4467:sr.se
3779:(PDF)
3772:(PDF)
3649:(PDF)
3626:(PDF)
3369:(PDF)
3290:S2CID
3282:JSTOR
3231:(PDF)
3224:(PDF)
2778:state
2706:Trump
2527:lend
2098:, in
1531:Sabah
1366:local
1334:Lists
1161:Local
1047:libel
1018:, or
909:Chile
868:Haiti
791:Spain
701:Italy
610:Yemen
575:Syria
540:Nepal
500:Japan
475:India
455:China
374:Sudan
339:Niger
304:Kenya
294:Ghana
274:Egypt
61:, or
8439:list
8394:Scam
8372:Hoax
8314:Visa
8236:and
8214:Bank
8160:Wine
8063:Food
8044:Drug
6261:PMID
6253:ISSN
5992:ISSN
5822:2018
5765:2018
5564:2015
5437:ISSN
5399:ISSN
5372:OCLC
5362:ISBN
5214:2012
5083:2011
5013:2021
4987:2018
4836:2020
4810:2020
4766:2021
4759:ESPN
4731:2020
4694:ISBN
4668:2021
4642:2021
4616:2015
4588:2015
4560:2015
4532:2015
4504:2008
4092:2020
4031:ISSN
3856:2012
3808:ISBN
3787:2015
3739:ISSN
3716:2021
3687:2018
3578:ISBN
3553:ASIN
3534:link
3449:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3400:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3204:ISBN
2942:and
2904:and
2820:and
2780:—of
2752:The
2690:Ford
2607:Nazi
2563:2019
2274:All
2155:2015
2153:and
2151:1999
2147:1957
2088:vote
1997:and
1874:and
1872:Wohl
1839:and
1688:and
1525:and
1489:Roma
1364:and
1191:Snap
929:Peru
858:Cuba
490:Iraq
485:Iran
407:Asia
259:Chad
8283:Tax
8088:Job
7685:KPK
7127:doi
6468:NPR
6388:CBC
6245:doi
5637:doi
5583:CNN
5479:doi
5047:doi
4219:CNN
4023:doi
3875:NPR
3638:doi
3274:doi
3270:100
3156:".
2430:In
2141:'s
1608:or
1569:on
1084:Law
1072:or
1045:or
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