7465:
2319:
independent farmer or shop owner and who receive at most pocket money instead of a salary), and 4.5% were domestic workers. The unemployment rate in 1925 was 6%. The proportions varied depending on the predominant economic sector of the individual provinces. In more rural East
Prussia, the number of contributing family members was significantly higher at 22.3% than in industrial Westphalia, where it was 12.8%. Conversely, the proportion of blue-collar workers in East Prussia was 42.6%, while in Westphalia it was 54.1%. In metropolitan Berlin, the proportion of blue-collar workers at 45.9% was lower than in Westphalia despite Berlin's important industrial sector. The reason was the strength of the city's tertiary sector. Salaried employees and civil servants accounted for 30.5% in Berlin, whereas in Westphalia it was 15.6%.
4801:
5233:
5164:
587:
3063:, and the ministry was dissolved in 1921. The office of Minister of Welfare, which had existed in the provisional government, was formally created. There were also ministries of the interior, finance, justice, agriculture and trade. The Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs was renamed the Ministry of Science, Art and National Education in 1918. The economic interests of the state were largely concentrated in the Ministry of Trade and Commerce. It was the second most powerful state ministry after the Ministry of the Interior and was able to have a considerable impact on domestic and foreign trade beyond Prussia's borders.
559:
4289:
3611:
2310:, where 53.7% of the population lived from the land, was the most heavily agricultural region. By contrast, agriculture was of very little importance in the Rhineland and Westphalia, each with about 13%. The commercial sector was correspondingly strong, at over 56% in Westphalia. Berlin's commercial sector at 46% was high, but the city's metropolitan character was reflected above all in the share of the trade and transport sector, which was over 28%. Overall there were still considerable economic differences after 1918 between the eastern part of the Free State which tended to be agrarian and the industrial west.
3619:
democrats and centrists was respect for the independence of the judiciary. The autonomy of judges had been explicitly enshrined in the constitution. It made a fundamental republicanization of the judiciary impossible. Moreover, the
Minister of Justice Hugo am Zehnhoff, who held the office from 1919 to 1927, had no real interest in judicial reform. The authorities did, however, pay attention to the attitude towards democracy among new appointees. But the Free State did not survive long enough for it to have a noticeable effect. One estimate in 1932 suggested that only about 5% of judges were republican-minded.
3544:
573:
3575:
of 32 district presidents. The shift also changed the social composition among top officials. While in 1918 eleven governors were aristocrats, only two were in the period between 1920 and 1932. There were nevertheless still lagging regions. While in the western provinces 78% of newly appointed district administrators were supporters of the governing parties, the situation in the eastern provinces was noticeably different as late as 1926. There supporters of the coalition made up only one-third of district administrators; the rest were mostly conservative nonpartisans.
666:
76:
5265:
527:
498:
1009:(USPD), appeared before the last Deputy Minister President of Prussia, Robert Friedberg. They declared the previous government deposed and claimed the management of state affairs for themselves. On the same day the commissioners issued instructions that all departments of the state should continue their work as usual. A manifesto, "To the Prussian People!", stated that the goal was to transform "the old, fundamentally reactionary Prussia ... into a fully democratic component of the unified People's Republic."
4281:
541:
1433:
4305:
Versailles remained a central point of conflict between the Reich and
Prussia. The disputes over the use of flags on Constitution Day in 1927 fell into the realm of symbolic politics, which was important for the citizens' idea of the state. Braun announced a boycott of those hotels in Berlin that flew the old imperial black-white-red colors instead of the Republic's black-red-gold. When he asked the Reich government to join in the boycott call, Reich Minister of the Interior
5658:
781:
776:
94:
4330:). There were many agricultural workers who received part of their wages in kind, such as free housing, food or land use. As late as 1928, 83% of the income of an average farm worker in East Prussia consisted of such wages, although the figure was somewhat lower in Silesia and Pomerania. Employers preferred this form of pay because it tied workers more closely to them and made it difficult to verify the accuracy of their wages.
1219:
4820:(28 June 1928 – 27 March 1930), Brüning temporarily blocked cooperation with Prussia against the NSDAP. In December 1931 the Reich government prevented the execution of an arrest warrant against Adolf Hitler issued by Berlin police chief Grzesinski. The Prussian government then presented the Reich government with an extensive dossier proving the anti-constitutional activities of the NSDAP and announced a ban on the
1018:
4383:– schools with the goal of bringing gifted elementary school students up to high school readiness level – with 13,000 students. In 1928 a broad majority decided to introduce educational grants of 20,000 Reichsmarks to support the less well-off. Just one year later, the sum had reached 100,000 Reichsmarks, although additional increases were slowed by fiscal considerations, including on the part of the SPD.
1096:. At the municipal level, however, it took eight months before the existing governmental bodies were replaced by democratically legitimized ones. Deliberations concerning a fundamental reform of property relations in the countryside, in particular the breaking up of large landholdings, did not bear fruit. The manor districts that were the political power base of the large landowners remained in place.
3588:
Republic. Under the leadership of the
Minister of the Interior, the republican-minded police chief Wilhelm Abegg became the decisive figure in carrying out the reform. By the end of the 1920s, all leading police officers were republicans. Of thirty police chiefs in 1928, fifteen were members of the SPD, five belonged to the Centre, four to the DDP, three to the DVP, and the rest were nonpartisan.
1400:, which together held 298 of 401 seats. Paul Hirsch became Minister President. His cabinet included four members from the MSPD, two from the Centre, and two from the DDP. Most of the ministries had existed under the monarchy, although the Ministry of Public Welfare was new. Along with the Ministry of the Interior, it developed into one of the largest ministries because of the range of its tasks.
3487:
Parliament. The parliamentary party members were therefore not as influenced by entrenched roles and were better able to adapt to being a party that formed part of the government. In addition, the left wing of the party, which was critical of cooperation with the bourgeois parties, was weak. Compromise solutions were therefore easier to implement in
Prussia than in the Reich.
4255:(DDP) submitted another draft proposal. It was extraordinarily favorable to the Hohenzollerns and led to fierce criticism from the SPD and DDP. The DDP then introduced a bill in the Reichstag that would authorize the states to find a solution without recourse to the courts. It was the starting point for a political process that led to the failed
1444:, a right-wing attempt to overthrow the Reich government. It was part of specifically Prussian history in that the only relatively united social group behind the putsch was the state's large landowners. They were joined by some military officers and members of the educated civil service. Overall, the putsch was a rebellion of conservative
1124:, Minister President Hirsch assured him that Hoffmann's provisions for ending clerical supervision of schools had been illegal because they had not been voted on in the cabinet. More strongly than any other government measures, Hoffmann's socialist cultural policies turned large segments of the population against the revolution.
1234:. During the campaign, reaching out to female voters, who were going to the polls for the first time, played an important role. In Catholic regions of the state, Hoffmann's anti-clerical school program helped the Centre Party to mobilize its voter base. The MSPD emerged as the strongest party, followed by the Centre and the
4884:, which at the time considered the fight against the "social-fascist" SPD more important than resistance to the extreme right, the KPD also supported the referendum. Especially because many Communist voters did not follow the party's lead, the referendum failed with only 37.1% of the votes in favor of an early dissolution.
4239:
communist bloc", by which he meant all the opposition parties from the DVP and DNVP to the various small parties, which included the NSDAP and the
Communists. Braun said that "they are as incapable of building as they are unanimous in destroying." The new cabinet was a minority government, but it proved remarkably stable.
5098:
seemed possible that the caretaker government could continue on indefinitely. Ernst
Heilmann in particular tried to convince the KPD to tolerate it. Since the KPD had weakened its stance against social fascism in favor of a united front, the attempt had at least some chance at success, but in the end it too failed.
1378:
State
Assembly. The Ministry of State was appointed by the President of the State Assembly, had a collegial structure, and depended on the confidence of a majority in Parliament. In order to provide legal certainty, all previous laws that did not contradict the provisions of the provisional order remained in force.
1206:
adopted a resolution against a possible breakup of
Prussia. Aside from a few exceptions, which included Friedrich Ebert, there was little support for it even among the Council of the People's Deputies at the Reich level because it was seen as the first step toward the secession of the Rhineland from the Reich.
3105:
Minister
President. The great importance of state taxes declined in favor of a central tax administration. The Reich had fiscal sovereignty and distributed revenues to the states. Along with the military and railroads, waterways and a large part of social administration became the responsibility of the Reich.
5073:
in which Hindenburg, supported by the German State Party (formerly the DDP), the Centre and the SPD, prevailed over Hitler and Thälmann (KPD). Since Prussia's coalition parties had to assume that the democratic camp would fare badly in view of the political radicalization, the rules of procedure were
4741:
Using sometimes drastic measures, the Prussian government tried to oppose the increasing radicalization from both the left and the right. In December 1928, following political clashes between Communists, National Socialists and Social Democrats in Berlin, the city's police chief Karl Zörgiebel issued
4386:
In other areas, problems of long standing were addressed, such as reducing the pupil-teacher ratio from 55 in 1911 to 38 in 1928. Overall, however, personnel costs in education, which placed a heavy burden on the state budget, led to the SPD at times limiting educational expenditures in opposition to
4271:
palaces, works of art, the coronation regalia, the library of the former royal house, the archives and the theater. In Parliament, KPD deputies reacted with anger and even violence. The vote went in favor of the agreement. It is noteworthy that not only the Communists rejected the bill, but also that
3587:
The Prussian police force was not only the strongest in the Reich but also the most important instrument of the Prussian government's executive branch for maintaining constitutional order. Massive restructuring also began in the police force after the Kapp Putsch in order to ensure its loyalty to the
3452:
for the Reichstag. The Centre was strong in Catholic areas such as Silesia, the Rhineland and Westphalia. The left-wing parties were important in large cities and heavily commercial non-Catholic areas. In Berlin, for example, the SPD's vote came to 34% in 1928 and the KPD's to almost 30%. The rise of
3124:
Between 1921 and 1925 the administration of state-owned enterprises was moved away from the direct responsibility of the Ministry of Trade and Industry on the initiative of the department's minister, Wilhelm Siering (SPD). Joint stock companies were formed to manage the state-owned mines, salt works,
1464:
supported the putsch. It is noteworthy that August Winnig, the governor of East Prussia, was a Social Democrat. The situation was different with many district administrators. There was a clear east–west divide among them. In the western provinces almost all of the district administrators stood by the
4792:
of 14 September 1930, which marked the NSDAP's parliamentary breakthrough, Prussia's government continued to work for democracy and the Republic. The ban on uniforms for the NSDAP was not lifted, nor was the provision that civil servants could not belong to the anti-constitutional KPD or NSDAP. In a
4727:
An ecclesiastical treaty with the Protestant regional churches in Prussia did not come about until 1931. On the state's side, it was promoted by Adolf Grimme (SPD), who had become Minister of Culture. A "political clause" that regulated the state's objections to the filling of high church positions,
4659:('cultural conflict') against the Catholic Church was still alive, but in large part due to the strong position of the Centre Party in Parliament and the government, the Catholic population had come to identify relatively strongly with the new Free State of Prussia. Its high point and symbol was the
4011:
At the beginning of 1924 there were increasing signs that the grand coalition's common ground had been lost. On 5 January the DVP demanded that the DNVP be brought into the government and that Braun resign. When he refused, the DVP withdrew its ministers from the government and brought an end to the
2826:
In contrast to the Reich and other states in the Weimar Republic, there was no state president. The lack of an institution above the governing ministers and the parliamentary majority clearly distinguished Prussia from the Reich. Overall, the position of Parliament under the constitution was strong.
2305:
Industry and the skilled trades dominated Prussia's economy in 1925, accounting for 41.3% of all workers. Agriculture played only a secondary role at 22%, with trade and transport trailing only slightly at 17.5%. The other economic sectors lagged well behind. There were strong geographic differences
5273:
gains, did not have a majority in many cities even after the municipal elections of 12 March 1933, the takeover of power was achieved through political manipulation. The Prussian Municipal Constitution Act of 15 December 1933 replaced elected municipal parliaments with appointed municipal councils.
4644:
levels. In the Prussian state elections, the SPD made gains while the Centre and DDP both lost seats. In spite of that, the coalition had a parliamentary majority, with a combined 228 of 450 seats. The government remained the same, and Braun promised continued work. One of the government's projects
3896:
The opposition within the MSPD parliamentary group was considerable. Forty-six deputies voted for and 41 against the formation of a grand coalition. There were also significant reservations within the DVP. In the end, 197 of 339 deputies present voted for Braun as Minister President. Ministers were
3887:
What we are dealing with here is the conversion of our party from an acting to a governing party. This is very difficult for many because it takes us from a comfortable position to one that is sometimes very uncomfortable and full of responsibility. ... The comrades who speak against the resolution
3574:
Severing and his successors purposefully appointed supporters of the coalition parties as political officials. The policy led to a considerable change in the heads of departments. In 1929, 291 of 540 political officials were members of Weimar Coalition parties, including nine of 11 governors and 21
3087:
to represent the provinces of Prussia. Its members were elected by the provincial parliaments; they could not be parliamentary members at the same time. The government was to inform the body about affairs of state. The State Council could express its views, had the right to initiate legislation and
3058:
The constitution did not specify the ministries; they came about from practical requirements. Following the transfer of military responsibilities to the Reich, there was no Prussian Minister of War after 1919. The Minister of Public Works also lost his most important area of responsibility with the
2318:
In 1925 almost half of the population was employed. Of these, 46.8% were blue collar workers, 17.1% were salaried employees and civil servants, 16.2% were self-employed, 15.4% were contributing family members (those who work in a business managed by a self-employed member of their family such as an
2018:
Urbanization and urban growth lost momentum compared to the pre-1914 period. Population increases in larger cities were caused not so much by in-migration as by incorporation. This was the case with the formation of Greater Berlin in 1920, when 7 cities, 56 rural communities and 29 estate districts
5468:
Under the Nazi regime, the structures of the states were increasingly eroded. Utilizing the enabling act authority, on 8 July 1933 Göring enacted a law abolishing the existing Prussian State Council, the second chamber of the legislature that represented the interests of the Prussian provinces. In
5454:
On 22 March 1933, the new Prussian Parliament was constituted. As in the Reich, the mandates of the Communist deputies were revoked and many of them arrested. As a result, the NSDAP had an absolute majority. The Parliament confirmed the dismissal of the Braun government, which officially resigned.
5240:
After the installation of Hitler's government on 30 January 1933, Hermann Göring became Reich Commissioner of the Interior for Prussia. In a departure from the previous arrangement, the office of Reich Commissioner itself was assumed not by the Reich Chancellor (Hitler) but by the Vice Chancellor,
5219:
and the other states. The judges also ruled that a "temporary" appointment of Reich commissioners was constitutional. As a result, Prussia effectively had two governments: the Braun government, which had no access to the administrative apparatus, and the Reich commissioner's office that controlled
5097:
The attempt to form a new majority government proved unsuccessful. There were negotiations between the Centre and the NSDAP, but the configuration, which Severing and Braun considered to be a possibility, failed. Nor could a majority be found to again revise the amended rules of procedure. It thus
5086:
were justified. The SPD dropped to 21.2%. The German State Party shrank almost to insignificance with 1.5%. In contrast, the NSDAP grew from 1.8% to 36.7% and became the strongest parliamentary group with 162 seats. The coalition had lost its majority. Together the parties had only 163 seats. With
3555:, carried out a fundamental reform after the March 1920 Kapp Putsch. Senior civil servants hostile to the Republic were dismissed, and the political reliability of new hires was checked. A total of about one hundred senior civil servants were placed on retirement. Among these were three governors (
2326:
in 1928, the average income in Berlin-Brandenburg was more than 30% higher than the Reich average. In agrarian East Prussia, average earnings were only 814 Reichsmarks, more than 30% below the Reich average. Industrial areas such as Westphalia and the Rhineland were roughly in line with the German
1456:, the Prussian government remained in Berlin. A general strike against the putsch, initiated in particular by unions and civil servants, largely paralyzed public life in Prussia. Most of the governors of the Prussian provinces stood behind the legal state government. Only those of the provinces of
1377:
On 20 March the Assembly passed a law for the provisional ordering of the state's powers. It transferred all previous rights of the Prussian king, including his role as the highest authority of the Protestant church, to the Ministry of State, with the exception of his right to adjourn or close the
5248:
To clear the way for the dissolution of the Prussian Parliament, Minister President Braun was removed from office by emergency decree on 6 February. In accordance with the constitution, a three-member body consisting of von Papen, parliamentary president Hanns Kerrl and the chairman of the State
5132:
exerted pressure for the quick election of a new Minister President based on cooperation between the NSDAP and the Centre. Coalition negotiations did take place, but the Centre was unwilling to elect a National Socialist Minister President. On 11 June the Reich government threatened for the first
4713:
had taken the task very seriously, and after the revolution many Protestants lacked an important figure by which to orient themselves. A considerable percentage of church-going Protestants voted for the anti-democratic and nationalistic DNVP. It was no coincidence that the motto of the Protestant
4325:
A relic of the feudal past in Prussia was the manorial district. Those living on them had no communal right of residence and were subject to the police power invested in the landlords. Using groundwork laid by Interior Minister Grzesinski, the Braun government abolished the districts in 1927. The
4262:
The Braun government subsequently intensified negotiations with the Hohenzollerns over the former royal house's assets. In the end a compromise was reached that the SPD viewed very critically. The main Hohenzollern line received 250,000 acres of land and 15 million Reichsmarks. The Prussian state
3104:
The Weimar Constitution and the new Prussian Constitution permanently changed the relationship between the Reich and Prussia. Unlike during the empire, the executive branch at the Reich level was completely independent of Prussia's. The same person was no longer both Reich Chancellor and Prussian
2848:
The legislative period of the Parliament was four years. It could be dissolved by majority vote or referendum. Parliament acted as the legislature, elected the Minister President, had the right to establish committees of inquiry, and could amend the constitution by a majority of two-thirds of the
1205:
The new socialist government of Prussia was opposed to such a move. On 23 January 1919 participants in an emergency meeting of the central council and the provisional government spoke out against Prussia's dissolution. With the Centre Party abstaining, the State Assembly during its first sessions
3618:
In the judiciary, reforms remained limited even longer than they did in the police force. Many judges continued to support the monarchy. In political trials, left-wing defendants were regularly judged more harshly than those on the right. One reason in particular for the hesitant intervention of
5272:
The new Reich government pushed to end Braun's caretaker government. In the elections for the Prussian Parliament on 5 March, the NSDAP won the most votes at 43.2%. Although it did not achieve a majority, it made significant gains even in Catholic regions. Since the National Socialists, despite
5159:
of the Centre Party became his deputy. When von Papen asked Severing whether he was prepared to voluntarily vacate his post, he replied, "According to my understanding of the actions of the Reich government, I cannot think of voluntarily leaving my office. I will therefore yield only to force."
3486:
to a democratic constitution was more pronounced in Prussia than in other states of the Reich that had had similar voting systems. Unlike in the Reichstag, which had many long-standing SPD parliamentarians who were accustomed to the role of opposition, there were hardly any such in the Prussian
3054:
The Ministry of State was the highest and leading authority in the state; it consisted of the Minister President and the ministers of state (Article 7). Although it was organized collegially, the Minister President had policy-making authority (Article 46). He was elected by Parliament. After an
2330:
Despite the efforts of the Prussian government in areas such as education, upward mobility remained limited. In 1927/28, only one percent of junior lawyers came from working-class families. Advancement opportunities were significantly better from primary schools. The proportion of students from
1472:
became the new Minister of the Interior. Both were much more assertive than their predecessors in office. Hirsch and Finance Minister Südekum were also politically discredited because they had negotiated with the putschists. The "Braun-Severing system" became synonymous with democratic Prussia.
3953:
was called on to exercise prudence. The Prussian government ultimately supported the passive resistance called for by the Reich. Prussian officials were instructed not to obey the orders of the occupiers. It quickly became apparent, however, that the economic burden caused by the situation was
3476:
A factor in Prussia's political stability was that the SPD, which was the strongest party during most of the Weimar Republic, was prepared until 1932 to assume government responsibility and not withdraw into an opposition role as it had at the Reich level in 1920, 1923 and 1930. Leaders in the
1820:
After 1918 the population did not increase as rapidly as it had before the war. In addition to the continuation of the demographic transition of modern industrial societies to lower birth rates, the losses of the First World War were also a factor. The large population movements within Prussia
4304:
There were frequent tensions between the Christian-bourgeois Reich governments and the center-left government in Prussia. One practical issue was revenue sharing between the Reich and the states. Compensation for the financial harm caused by territorial losses under the terms of the Treaty of
3904:
Prussia's grand coalition proved to be a stabilizing factor in the Weimar Republic and contributed to its ability to survive the crisis year of 1923. The DVP remained loyal to the coalition even though it was courted by the DNVP to form a "citizens' bloc". An effectively functioning coalition
4238:
Otto Braun was elected Minister President on 3 April 1925, with 216 of 430 votes. Like Marx, his base was SPD, Centre and DDP. Braun took over the majority of Marx's cabinet and looked to continuity in policy. He blamed the months-long government crisis on what he called the "German national
3481:
spoke of an "affinity of Social Democracy for the Prussian", and Otto Braun claimed that "Prussia has never been governed in a more Prussian manner than during my term of office." In addition to the party's leading individuals, structural reasons also played a role in the SPD's strength. The
5624:
of 25 February 1947 explicitly decreed that Prussia should be dissolved. The Allies cited Prussia's history of militarism as a reason for dissolving it. Its reconstitution was also opposed (if not for the same reasons) by powerful German postwar politicians, especially the first West German
3855:
In a second election on 21 April, Stegerwald was re-elected with the votes of the bourgeois parties including the DNVP. He formed a minority government consisting of the Centre and the DDP as well as some independents. They had to seek support from the MSPD and DNVP on a case-by-case basis.
3591:
Below the command level, however, the situation was somewhat different. A large proportion of the police were former professional soldiers; the majority were conservative and anti-communist, and some maintained relations with right-wing organizations. For them the enemy was on the left.
4016:(Centre), supported by the Centre, DDP and SPD, was elected Minister President. He formed a cabinet consisting of the Centre and DDP, keeping Severing as Minister of the Interior. After losing a vote of confidence, Marx resigned but remained in office until April in an acting capacity.
1209:
The mood in Prussia was more uncertain. In December 1919 the State Assembly passed a resolution by 210 votes to 32 that stated: "As the largest of the German states, Prussia views its first duty to be an attempt to see whether the creation of a unified German state cannot be achieved."
5149:, there were violent clashes between supporters of the KPD, the NSDAP and members of the police that left 18 dead. It prompted the use on 20 July 1932 of an emergency decree, already prepared but not yet dated, entitled "Restoration of Public Safety and Order in the State of Prussia" (
4746:. The KPD ignored the ban and called for a mass demonstration. Fighting resembling a civil war broke out between police and Communist supporters. Zörgiebel had ordered a crackdown and, with the SPD's approval, was determined to set an example. The fighting – which came to be known as "
3074:
as Reich Commissioner, the Ministry of Welfare in its old form was dissolved. At the same time, the Minister of Trade also became the Minister of Economics and Labor. The Ministry of Justice was dissolved in 1935 under the law transferring the administration of justice to the Reich.
2744:
who headed the governmental administration; the corresponding office in Berlin was the mayor. In addition, the provincial parliament elected a provincial committee from its own ranks to manage day-to-day business. The provincial parliaments sent representatives to the national-level
4876:. The Stahlhelm's move was supported by the DVP, DNVP and NSDAP, and 5.96 million Prussians signed the initiative to put the referendum on the ballot. This was slightly more than the necessary 20% of eligible voters, and the referendum was held on 8 August 1931. Under pressure from
3945:, although the main decisions on how to react were made at the Reich level. Immediately before the occupation, the Prussian Parliament – with the exception of the Communist Party – protested against the actions of the French and Belgians. At the same time, the population of the
1057:. The narrower, decisive political cabinet, however, included only politicians from the two workers' parties. Since the leadership qualities of the two chairmen were comparatively weak, it was mainly Otto Braun and Adolph Hoffmann who set the tone in the provisional government.
3839:
Forming a new government in Prussia did not prove to be easy. While the DDP and the Centre wanted to bring the DVP into the coalition, the MSPD rejected the proposal because of the DVP's closeness to heavy industry and its unclear attitude towards the Republic. As a result,
1048:
of the USPD. Almost all departments were under ministers from both parties. Hirsch and Ströbel became joint chairmen of the cabinet. Other non-partisan ministers or ministers belonging to different political camps were also included, such as the Minister of War, initially
5078:
was introduced to prevent the Minister President from being voted out of office by a purely negative majority – one formed by two parties unwilling to work with one another. From then on, an absolute majority was required for the election of the Minister President.
1811:
The loss of territory had considerable negative economic and financial consequences for the Prussian state, including the costs of repatriation and provision for state employees. Under the Ministry of Justice alone, 3,500 civil servants and employees were affected.
6587:
Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1988). "Dualismus oder Gleichschaltung. Der Faktor Preußen in der Weimarer Republik" [Dualism or Gleichschaltung. The Prussian Factor in the Weimar Republic]. In Bracher, Karl Dietrich; Funke, Manfred; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.).
5530:
and their "Prussian socialism" were compared favorably to liberalism and social democracy. Prussian administrative efficiency was misused for coercive and terrorist rule. In the Prussian-influenced officer corps, few invoked Prussia to refuse serving Hitler.
4316:
there. When nationally minded student bodies protested against the move, Keudell openly backed them. Not least because of these and other conflicts with the Reich Minister of the Interior, Braun became an important integration figure among Social Democrats.
5599:
was ceded to other countries. As had been the case after World War I, almost all of the territory had been Prussian, although a small portion east of the new border had belonged to Saxony. Most of the land went to Poland, ostensibly as compensation for the
3892:
After the MSPD withdrew support from the government in October 1921, accusing the Ministry of State of leaning towards the DNVP, negotiations began to form a grand coalition. On 5 November 1921, the MSPD and DVP joined the cabinet, and Stegerwald resigned.
3490:
Despite their strength, especially in the large cities, only a few mayors in the major cities were Social Democrats. The party had respect for the expertise of bourgeois municipal politicians and often left this position to representatives of the DDP. Only
2734:) appointed by the Ministry of State. There was in addition a provincial council consisting of the governor, a member appointed by the Minister of the Interior and five members elected by the provincial committee. The provinces each had a parliament. In
2762:
Below the provincial level there were (as of 1933) 34 administrative districts; some provinces, including Posen-West Prussia, Upper Silesia, Schleswig-Holstein and also Berlin, had just a single administrative district. A total of 361 districts (called
1821:
slowed. In contrast to the period before 1914, more people were moving into Prussia from foreign countries than were emigrating. In-migration from ceded territories along with increasing immigration, especially from eastern Europe, both played a role.
4754:
seem to suggest this. The Prussian government pressed for a ban of the KPD and all its subsidiary organizations. Carl Severing, who at the time was Reich Minister of the Interior, rejected the idea as unwise and impracticable. Prussia then banned the
5223:
After the de facto dismissal of the Braun government, Joseph Goebbels summed up the situation in his diary: "The Reds have been eliminated. Their organizations offer no resistance. ... The Reds have had their great hour. They will never come again."
3974:
Ending the struggle against the occupation of the Ruhr (which occurred on 26 September 1923) was necessary before currency reform could be carried out in the Reich. The still occupied Rhineland, however, was excluded from the introduction of the new
5208:
the Reich government. On 25 October 1932 the court determined that the removal of the Prussian government had been illegal. The caretaker government was given the right to represent Prussia before the state's Parliament, the State Council
4333:
The situation was different in areas with a population made up predominantly of independent farmers. Even so, reservations about politics in rural regions remained strong, as is shown by the emergence of rural protest parties such as the
3460:
Within Prussia there were considerable differences in support for the Republic. The majority in Berlin, the Rhineland and Westphalia were in favor of a democracy, while reservations remained in the eastern and agrarian provinces. In the
5521:
The new rulers were quite successful in appealing to Prussian traditions of discipline and devotion to the state. They were able to connect with trends of the 1920s from the right wing of the political spectrum in which the Prussia of
4309:(DNVP) protested against Prussia's "insolence". The conflict was exacerbated when Prussian Minister of Culture Becker restricted the rights of student self-government at Prussian universities because of the increasing influence of the
5105:
23 April in the wake of the exertions of the election campaign. When it became clear that his caretaker government would remain in office, he handed over the day-to-day affairs to his deputy Heinrich Hirtsiefer of the Centre Party.
3088:
could lodge an objection to laws passed by Parliament. With a two-thirds majority, Parliament could, with a few exceptions, reject the objection or call for a referendum. Until 1933 the mayor of Cologne and future Chancellor of the
4750:" – cost 33 lives, and nearly 200 people were injured. More than 1,200 arrests were made. The assumption that the KPD had planned a violent overthrow of the government could not be proven. Only later did telegrams intercepted from
3174:(DHP) had some influence. The MSPD and USPD, which had split in 1917, merged in 1922 and resumed the original SPD name. (A small and politically insignificant part of the USPD continued to exist until 1931 when it merged with the
1408:
Widespread strikes, especially in the mining industry of the Ruhr, began in January 1919. They led to shortages in energy supplies across Germany, and particularly in Prussia caused transportation problems as well. In early April
5241:
Franz von Papen. The replacement of politically undesirable officials was pushed forward more aggressively. The Prussian police force, subordinate to Göring, was an important element in enforcing National Socialist rule. The
3578:
Another limitation was that a breakup of the monopoly of lawyers in the higher civil service posts did not succeed. Only in exceptional cases, such as that of Wilhelm Richter, Berlin's police chief, were outsiders appointed.
667:
4296:
On 6 October 1926, as had been agreed with Braun some time earlier, Carl Severing resigned as Minister of the Interior, leaving the Minister President the only political heavyweight in the cabinet. Severing was succeeded by
3116:, and in contrast to the other states, only half of the members of the Reichsrat to which Prussia was entitled were appointed by the Prussian government. The remaining members were elected by the provincial parliaments.
4272:
the representatives of the governing SPD party either voted against it or did not participate in the vote. Braun was only able to ensure that more SPD deputies did not vote against the bill by threatening to resign.
5464:
that transferred all legislative power to the Reich Ministry of State for a period of four years and then adjourned. The SPD alone refused to go along. The act meant the final end of a democratic system in Prussia.
4793:
sign of the crisis, Severing returned as Minister of the Interior in October 1930. He named his predecessor Albert Grzesinski as Berlin's chief of police. Braun, Severing and chairman of the SPD parliamentary group
1381:
The most important task of the Assembly was to draft a constitution. The constitutional committee included eleven members from the MSPD, six from the Centre, four each from the DDP and the right-wing nationalist
5456:
3983:
was proclaimed in various cities, but it met with little response from the population. By the end of the year, secession of the Rhineland and Westphalia had failed. The major political crises of 1923, such as
5459:
of 31 March and 7 April 1933 subordinated Prussia to the Reich. On 11 April Hitler appointed Göring Prussian Minister President, and the state Parliament met for the last time on 18 May 1933. It approved an
5260:
on 27 February 1933 led not only to the suspension of numerous fundamental rights and an intensification of the persecution of political opponents but also to a wide-ranging abolition of the powers of state
5612:
in 1946) was annexed by the Soviets. The losses represented nearly two-fifths of Prussian territory and nearly a quarter of the territory within Germany's pre-1938 borders. An estimated ten million Germans
712:. Its Ministers of the Interior, also from the SPD, pushed republican reform of the administration and police, with the result that Prussia was considered a bulwark of democracy within the Weimar Republic.
5188:
Von Papen and Bracht then began removing leading civil servants and other executives who were close to the parties of the Braun government and replacing them for the most part with conservative officials.
4357:
According to the Reich constitution, the training of elementary school teachers was to be aligned with that of the higher schools. How that was to be done was left a matter for the states. Some, such as
5632:
Moreover, growing tensions between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union eventually resulted in the Prussian territories west of the Oder-Neisse line being further divided by what became known as the
5649:. This effectively would have made it impossible to reconstitute a Prussian state resembling the one that existed prior to the Nazi era, even if there had been any significant political will to do so.
3515:
During the revolution, Prussian civil servants declared that their loyalty was not to the monarchy but to the Prussian state. Initially, the government, and in particular the Minister of the Interior
8887:
8485:
2722:
The Free State consisted of twelve provinces plus Berlin, whose status corresponded to that of a province. The Hohenzollern Lands in southern Germany were a unique type of administrative district (
8465:
1103:
abolished religious instruction as a first step in a push towards the separation of church and state. The move triggered considerable unrest in Catholic areas of Prussia and revived memories of
3540:, only 24 belonged to the SPD. The Kapp Putsch showed the weakly developed loyalty of some of the senior civil servants, many of whom were close to the DNVP, which was hostile to the Republic.
1465:
constitutional government, even if in some cases only under pressure from the workers. In East Prussia all of them sided with the anti-republicans. The putsch attempt collapsed after six days.
6154:
Möller, Horst (2001). "Preußen von 1918 bis 1947. Weimarer Republik, Preußen und der Nationalsozialismus" [Prussia from 1918 to 1947. Weimar Republic, Prussia and National Socialism].
3971:, DVFP), despite the reservations of the Reich government. Nationalists sharply attacked Severing in public and in the state Parliament, but overall Parliament backed him by a large majority.
3567:) and 88 district administrators. Almost all of these were from the eastern provinces. In addition to supporters of the conservative parties, they included the Social Democratic governors
5621:
4374:, retained the old seminar method. In 1924 Prussia introduced a middle course using denominational pedagogic academies with a shorter training period than in a regular university course.
2022:
There were still considerable geographical differences in the extent of urbanization. While in East Prussia more than 60% of the inhabitants lived in village communities in 1925, in the
1032:
On 13 November the new government confiscated the royal property and placed it under the Ministry of Finance. The following day, the Majority and Independent Social Democrats formed the
3647:
for the first regular state Parliament were set for 20 February 1921. The MSPD emerged as the strongest political force with 114 seats, followed by the Centre with 81. Even though the
1092:
On 23 December the government issued an administrative order for the election of a constitutional assembly. Universal, free and secret suffrage for both women and men replaced the old
5514:(Reich Governors) who were appointed by the Chancellor. The law designated Hitler himself as the Reich Governor of Prussia, although he delegated these functions to Göring. By the "
704:. During the Weimar period it was governed almost entirely by pro-democratic parties and proved more politically stable than the Republic itself. With only brief interruptions, the
2849:
deputies. It also had the right to censure individual ministers or the Ministry of State as a whole. With a two-thirds majority, it could impeach ministers before the state court.
5479:, of the Prussian cabinet ministers and state secretaries, as well as hand-picked Nazi Party officials and other industry and society leaders selected solely by Göring.
5094:
The government then resigned but remained in office on a caretaker basis until a new Minister President could be elected. Similar situations existed in other states of the Reich.
4776:, leader of the KPD, called the "social fascism" of the SPD a particularly dangerous form of fascism. He urged the KPD to direct its policies against the SPD as the "main enemy".
1808:
was the one Prussian territorial addition during the Weimar Republic. The Pyrmont district made the first step after a referendum in 1921. The rest of the state followed in 1929.
4699:
While the Catholic population was successfully won over to the new Prussia, the issue was more difficult when it came to Protestants. With the revolution, the Protestants of the
1777:, to which it was subsequently ceded. In the southern part, 81% of voters chose on 14 March to remain in Germany. The new German-Danish border was established on 26 May. Eastern
700:
and had 62% of Germany's territory and 61% of its population. Prussia changed from the authoritarian state it had been in the past and became a parliamentary democracy under its
1828:
had 295.6. Because of the extent of its low population rural regions, Prussia had a density of 130.7 per square kilometer, which was below average among the German states. The
1468:
The Kapp Putsch and ensuing general strike led to a profound break that all but turned Prussia into a model republican state. Otto Braun replaced Hirsch as Minister President.
5508:) of 30 January 1935, the states and the provinces of Prussia were dissolved in fact if not in law. The state landtage were abolished and state governments were controlled by
4326:
change affected 12,000 manorial districts with a combined population of 1.5 million. Some remnants of the old conditions did however continue to exist east of the Elbe River (
9118:
9100:
5601:
4812:
wrote in 1930, "The key to power in Germany lies in Prussia. Whoever has Prussia also has the Reich." Others on the right saw the situation similarly. Unlike during the
3905:
committee successfully ensured that the different political interests were balanced, but despite the collegial cooperation, Braun and Severing dominated the government.
990:(USPD), a more leftist and anti-war group that had broken away from the original united SPD in 1917, and to enter into an alliance with the council movement, a form of
4338:. In Schleswig-Holstein, which was characterized not by large landholdings but by farmers, an agrarian protest movement developed toward the end of the 1920s with the
4251:
failed in 1920 because the SPD rejected the proposal in the state Parliament, and the former royal house objected to it in 1924. In 1925 the Ministry of Finance under
998:
601:
9061:
2306:
in Prussia's economic structure as well. In East Prussia agriculture employed 45.4% of the workforce, while industry and skilled crafts accounted for only 19.6%. The
1085:) continued to hold office as if there had been no revolution. Complaints against them by the workers' councils were either dismissed or ignored by Interior Minister
5253:
were to decide whether to dissolve Parliament. Adenauer opposed the move and left the negotiations. The two remaining members then decided on its dissolution.
4350:
The period of the grand coalition saw the beginning of a reform of the educational system that was initially pushed forward by the independent Minister of Education
3908:
The coalition lay claim to nothing less than a "Prussian democratic mission" for all of Germany. This was especially true after the murder of Reich Foreign Minister
7464:
4685:
and Berlin. School issues were excluded, but it regulated the academic training of clergy. The forms of episcopal elections and similar issues were also clarified.
1429:
units. Agriculture Minister Otto Braun pushed through an emergency decree in September to enforce collectively agreed on regulations regarding farm workers' wages.
3473:(54%) and Schleswig-Holstein (53.2%), but was significantly weaker in Berlin (31.3%), Westphalia (34.3%) and the Rhineland (34.1%) than the Reich average (43.9%).
1396:
On 25 March 1919 the provisional revolutionary Hirsch government resigned. It was replaced, as in the Reich, by a coalition of MSPD, Centre and DDP, the so-called
2019:
were incorporated. Even more extensive and consequential for the formation of large cities were the municipal reforms in the Ruhr region at the end of the 1920s.
8622:
7354:
5661:
German territorial losses in the east following World War II. All areas on the map except for Saxony and Mecklenburg had been part of the Free State of Prussia.
8480:
1824:
There were also major differences in population density across Prussia. In 1925 East Prussia had an average of 60.9 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the
9445:
9375:
3531:– as a personnel officer. By the end of 1919, only 46 Social Democrats had been appointed to higher administrative posts. Of some 480 district administrators (
2026:
the figure was just 16.5%. In East Prussia 12.4% of the population lived in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants; in the Rhine Province it was over 41%.
9112:
4549:
4335:
17:
4377:
Prussia increased its funding for additional educational opportunities aimed in particular at gifted blue- and white-collar workers. In 1928 there were 102
3055:
amendment to the rules of procedure, an absolute majority was required from 1932 onward. The Minister President appointed the other ministers (Article 45).
1363:
1222:
SPD poster for the 1919 election to the constitutional Prussian State Assembly. It reads: "Women! Equal rights. Equal obligations. Vote Social Democratic!"
1079:
dissolved. The replacement of political elites, however, remained limited during the early years. In many cases the former royal district administrators (
9440:
8470:
4256:
1089:(MSPD). When conservative district administrators themselves requested to be dismissed, they were asked to stay on in order to maintain peace and order.
693:
7491:
4247:
The question of financial settlements with Germany's former ruling dynasties was in principle a matter for the states. In Prussia negotiations with the
726:
in 1932, the Free State was subordinated to the Reich government and deprived of its independence. Prussia had thus de facto ceased to exist before the
5892:
under Allied sectors of administration (British, French and American). West Berlin was surrounded by East Germany and ultimately was enclosed by the
5620:
What remained of Prussia comprised both a little over half of the remaining German territory and a little over half of Prussia's pre-1914 territory.
1194:, originally envisaged breaking Prussia into various smaller states. Given Prussian dominance in the former empire, there was sympathy for the idea.
5724:
The following states, after merging with other German states, were formed after the war, then abolished in 1952 and finally recreated following the
3961:
Domestically, the crisis strengthened radical forces. After a number of violent acts by right-wing militants, Interior Minister Severing banned the
2781:), of which there were a total of 116. While there were only five urban districts in agrarian East Prussia, there were 21 in industrial Westphalia.
3170:, KPD) – corresponded to that at the Reich level. The DNVP had a special affinity to the former Prussian monarchy. Among the regional parties, the
8531:
5179:, and high-ranking leaders of the police were arrested. There was no active resistance, such as a general strike by the SPD and trade unions. The
5155:). The members of the executive Prussian State Ministry were relieved of their posts, von Papen was appointed Reich Commissioner for Prussia, and
3519:(SPD), largely refrained from reorganizing the state administration in the spirit of the Republic. Heine made a crucial mistake when he appointed
8605:
8012:
7870:
1202:
commented, "Prussia occupied its position with the sword and that sword is broken. If Germany is to live, Prussia in its present form must die."
8521:
1175:
too there were efforts to form an independent state. In the eastern provinces, a revolt broke out at Christmas 1918 with the aim of restoring a
3774:
1324:
982:, legitimized the transfer of de facto governmental power to Hirsch. On 10 November Ebert found himself forced to form a joint government, the
7130:
820:
1135:
and units of the German army led to the withdrawal of the USPD from the government in both Prussia and at the Reich level. The dismissal of
8627:
7668:
3125:
smelters, water works, and electrical generation plants. Ideas about the economic common good, such as those advocated by State Secretary
7347:
5614:
3694:
3159:
1272:
963:
2738:, municipal parliaments existed for the district associations alongside the provincial parliament. The provincial parliaments elected a
9495:
9485:
9264:
4585:
4824:(SA) in Prussia. Only after such pressure did Brüning also support the ban of all paramilitary units of the NSDAP at the Reich level.
5665:
After the Allied occupation of Germany in 1945, the provinces of Prussia were split up into the following territories/German states:
4681:
period. It regulated state contributions to the church and the arrangement of bishoprics, including reestablishing the bishoprics of
3879:
shocked supporters of the Republic. In September 1921 the MSPD cleared the way for a coalition with the DVP at its party congress in
2816:
4817:
2827:
A distinctive feature was the Minister President's position, which was elevated by his authority to make policy. Minister President
8541:
6521:
5550:(Hamburg) to the Province of Hanover. Other changes took place in 1939 involving cessions of suburban municipalities of Hanover to
5538:
of 1937 transferred some territory from the provinces of Hanover and Schleswig-Holstein to Hamburg while at the same time annexing
7454:
5857:
4853:, who was an honorary member of the Stahlhelm, forced the ban to be lifted by threatening not to take part in the celebrations in
9490:
9480:
8460:
7723:
3089:
8516:
9450:
9243:
8615:
8296:
8269:
8113:
7693:
7340:
5489:
4513:
4185:
3913:
3628:
3175:
8137:
8125:
7997:
7985:
7855:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7235:
6000:
5761:
5699:
5515:
5470:
4842:
in the Rhineland and Westphalia for violating the demilitarization provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1930, when the
4839:
3955:
3860:
2442:
1422:
8336:
8316:
8932:
8506:
8341:
8331:
8326:
8154:
8149:
8101:
8096:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
7973:
7958:
7907:
7882:
7793:
7783:
7718:
7713:
5036:
4800:
4012:
coalition. Forming a new government proved as difficult as it had been in 1920. On 10 February the former Reich Chancellor
2775:) formed the basis of state administration in rural areas and small towns. Larger cities generally formed urban districts (
8450:
7887:
7184:
8579:
8511:
4167:
2811:
did not submit a draft constitution until 26 April 1920 because of delays caused by the Kapp Putsch and the wait for the
1199:
983:
8475:
9381:
7438:
7413:
7408:
5324:
5232:
5102:
5075:
4940:
4423:
4059:
3462:
3163:
1144:
928:
705:
8536:
3848:
of the Centre Party was elected with the votes of the previous coalition and the DVP, but his attempt to form a solid
9335:
9300:
8526:
7090:
6601:
6535:
6041:
5070:
4988:
4441:
4077:
3726:
3143:
2106:
1383:
1311:
1076:
975:
363:
8238:
7185:"Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten über den Reichskommissar für das Land Preußen. In: Reichsgesetzblatt, 1933, p. 33"
8666:
8281:
7661:
4873:
4833:
394:
5592:
3962:
2728:) that was not a true province but that had almost all the rights of one. The provinces were headed by governors (
9387:
8383:
1425:
clashes broke out between agricultural workers and large landowners, who received support from regional army and
940:
5573:. Most of the territory was not reintegrated into Prussia but assigned to separate territories of Nazi Germany.
5193:
5123:
3659:(SPD, DDP, and Centre) with a combined 224 of 428 seats still had a majority, albeit a small one, unlike in the
3067:
2834:
The constitution also provided for elements of plebiscitary democracy in the form of referendums and petitions.
716:
426:
9455:
7433:
5807:
5201:
5074:
changed at the instigation of Ernst Heilmann, chairman of the SPD parliamentary group. A preliminary form of a
3483:
3283:
2547:
2186:
1766:
1457:
1147:
12 January 1919 that attempted to turn the direction of the revolution towards the founding a communist state.
1093:
1033:
701:
409:
8632:
3444:
The DNVP and DVP had strongholds in a few cities and in areas that were more rural and Protestant, especially
1413:
troops marched into the Ruhr and bloodily put down the uprising. In August 1919 armed uprisings took place in
9129:
8584:
8434:
8311:
7446:
7363:
5181:
4743:
2673:
1805:
1786:
709:
219:
4804:
Anti-Nazi march of the SPD in Berlin, 1930. The sign reads: "Nazi victory will lead Germany to a civil war."
3108:
Although 61% of the Reich's population lived in Prussia in 1925, it had only two-fifths of the votes in the
978:, with maintaining peace and order in Prussia. The last Minister of the Interior of the Kingdom of Prussia,
9393:
9140:
8639:
8600:
7625:
5518:" of 14 February 1934, the states lost their representation to the upper chamber of the German parliament.
5083:
4789:
4641:
4637:
4020:
3660:
3644:
3449:
1231:
1227:
5236:
Nazi campaign posters in Berlin, 1932. They read: "Save my Prussia!" and "Break Red power through List 8".
75:
8844:
8371:
8258:
8048:
7925:
7654:
2331:
working-class families at educational academies rose from 7 percent in 1928/29 to 10 percent in 1932/33.
1794:
943:– who like most of his predecessors was also Minister President of Prussia – announced the abdication of
814:
566:
534:
8130:
8120:
8065:
7635:
5853:
1163:, fearing a dictatorship of the proletariat, called on 4 December 1918 for the formation of a Rhineland-
9078:
9073:
8927:
8352:
8321:
7968:
7688:
7562:
7554:
7398:
5356:
4972:
4700:
4477:
4339:
4131:
3758:
3167:
1770:
944:
936:
836:
808:
8216:
6523:
Arnold Brecht, 1884–1977 Demokratischer Beamter und politischer Wissenschaftler in Berlin und New York
5163:
4808:
The National Socialists saw Prussia as an important strategic target in taking over power in Germany.
1186:
Even for many supporters of the Republic, Prussian dominance seemed a dangerous burden for the Reich.
9470:
9465:
9460:
9203:
7585:
5473:
to serve him in an advisory capacity. Göring himself was President of the Council. It would consist,
3888:
do not have sufficient confidence in the power of our party's appeal. We must have the will to power.
3520:
3113:
2505:
2484:
2154:
2138:
1778:
1414:
967:
8486:
Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)
7251:
4756:
4252:
9411:
9220:
9209:
9198:
7620:
7610:
7536:
5861:
5847:
5725:
5389:
5004:
4495:
4264:
4113:
3954:
becoming enormous. The trend toward inflation that had existed since World War I exploded into the
3912:(DDP) on 24 June 1922, once again by members of the Organisation Consul. On the basis of the Reich
3822:
3742:
3652:
3379:
3151:
2872:
2735:
2652:
2631:
2307:
2266:
2234:
1782:
1387:
1337:
1021:
971:
660:
7768:
7187:[Decree of the President of the Reich on the Reich Commissioner for the Land of Prussia].
4813:
1238:(DDP). The Assembly met for the first time on 13 March 1919, during the final days of the violent
9358:
9353:
9270:
9135:
9067:
9050:
8942:
8937:
8909:
8455:
7840:
7418:
7393:
5737:
5707:
5499:
5437:
5172:
5052:
4766:
4531:
4203:
4149:
3942:
3925:, which was strongly supported by the Prussian government, Interior Minister Severing banned the
3806:
3790:
3648:
3610:
3171:
3155:
2400:
2074:
1418:
1350:
1298:
1235:
1155:
Prussia's continued existence was by no means assured in the aftermath of the revolution. In the
1066:
548:
7835:
6528:
Arnold Brecht, 1884–1977 Democratic Civil Servant and Political Scientist in Berlin and New York
5482:
The "First Ordinance for the Unification and Simplification of Administration" of 19 July 1934 (
1801:, which had been effectively under Prussian administration, was ceded to France without a vote.
1738:
9306:
9089:
8703:
8571:
8366:
8168:
8053:
7915:
7615:
7580:
5827:
5823:
5794:
The remainder of Prussia was merged with other German states to become the following states of
5757:
5340:
4956:
4459:
4095:
3950:
3938:
3710:
3347:
3202:
3147:
3084:
2750:
2589:
2218:
2023:
1285:
1164:
1160:
739:
350:
8489:
8274:
8243:
7080:
5569:
The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were reannexed during
4003:(DVP) described the Prussia of the 1923 crisis period as the "bulwark of German republicans".
3543:
1113:('cultural conflict') against the Catholic Church. At the end of December 1919, MSPD Minister
9475:
9124:
9094:
8959:
8892:
7897:
7287:
5896:. The two halves were reunited after German reunification to form the modern German state of
3466:
1128:
895:
8346:
8159:
8039:
7332:
4797:
supported the SPD's course of tolerating Brüning due to the lack of political alternatives.
9311:
9276:
8922:
8723:
8708:
8376:
7990:
7825:
7677:
7572:
7541:
7521:
7378:
5837:
5687:
5596:
5582:
5138:
4366:, introduced teacher training at universities or technical universities. Others, including
4351:
2815:, which was ratified on 11 August 1919. On 30 November 1920 the State Assembly adopted the
2345:
1829:
1710:
1239:
748:
453:
9406:
Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution
8698:
8357:
7788:
5873:
5869:
4354:. One of its goals was to reduce the educational disparity between urban and rural areas.
4310:
8:
9347:
9214:
9168:
8987:
8977:
8809:
8718:
8693:
8440:
8306:
7963:
7526:
7403:
6439:
5817:
5779:
5695:
5634:
5535:
5523:
5216:
4850:
4846:
on German reparations came into force and foreign troops were to evacuate the Rhineland,
3876:
3109:
3060:
3012:
2812:
2746:
2568:
2202:
1798:
1191:
1172:
1168:
1140:
1132:
846:
832:
9174:
8253:
7131:"Wiederherstellung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung im Gebiet des Landes Preußen"
4785:
4728:
similar to the concordat with the Catholic Church, met with resistance from the church.
2876:
1793:
region was placed under the control of the League of Nations for fifteen years before a
1041:
9323:
9294:
9282:
9231:
9180:
9145:
8982:
8743:
8445:
8291:
8248:
8221:
8211:
8091:
8086:
7953:
7948:
7865:
7830:
7778:
7773:
6788:
5803:
5747:
5711:
5677:
5421:
5176:
5134:
5020:
4710:
4672:
4660:
4306:
3872:
3465:, the NSDAP had above-average strength in constituencies such as East Prussia (56.5%),
2792:
2526:
2463:
2170:
2122:
1121:
901:
852:
677:
503:
338:
9044:
8763:
8233:
8142:
8007:
6985:[Law on the Agreement with the Evangelical Regional Churches of 26 June 1931]
5152:
Wiederherstellung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung im Gebiet des Landes Preußen
4288:
1436:
Otto Braun, who became the Free State of Prussia's longest serving Minister President.
881:
516:
9399:
9341:
9317:
9186:
9055:
9032:
8967:
8728:
8713:
8072:
7938:
7877:
7850:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7749:
7508:
7383:
7269:
7231:
7086:
6597:
6531:
6126:
Prussia in the West. The Struggle for Parliamentarism in the Rhineland and Westphalia
6037:
5996:
5865:
5765:
5527:
5510:
4298:
4268:
4000:
3524:
1746:
1726:
1440:
In March 1920 the republican order in the Reich and in Prussia was challenged by the
1180:
1104:
1054:
991:
594:
277:
7254:[First Ordinance for the Unification and Simplification of Administration].
6390:
5264:
4773:
4742:
a ban on all open-air demonstrations and gatherings. The ban applied to 1 May 1929,
3871:
in the Ruhr. The assassination of former Reich Vice-Chancellor and Finance Minister
3112:, the Reich-level equivalent of the State Council. In a departure from the empire's
3030:
2322:
Berlin's special urban situation was also reflected in its average income. At 1,566
731:
316:
262:
9369:
9363:
9225:
9151:
9083:
9038:
8875:
8753:
8733:
8002:
7892:
7860:
7800:
7630:
5563:
4705:
3988:
3980:
3909:
3656:
3595:
An important change in the organization was the creation of the Protection Police (
1397:
1050:
826:
767:
735:
720:
6982:
5069:
Elections in Prussia and several other states were scheduled to be held after the
3863:
of 5 May 1921 regarding German payment of war reparations, Allied troops occupied
1785:
there had voted to remain in the German Reich. Over 90% of those who voted in the
9329:
9237:
9192:
9106:
8972:
8949:
8748:
8738:
8688:
8418:
8300:
7978:
7845:
7820:
5626:
5250:
5142:
5129:
4847:
4809:
4689:
3849:
3845:
3504:
3478:
3457:(NSDAP) changed the pattern, but it remained dominant in basic terms until 1932.
3129:(SPD), also played a role in the expedited development of state-owned companies.
3126:
3093:
3071:
2988:
2924:
1762:
1730:
1114:
1100:
1006:
987:
959:
958:
On the same day, Prince Maximilian transferred the office of Reich Chancellor to
952:
932:
723:
689:
673:
648:
375:
243:
103:
82:
56:
45:
8201:
5185:– a paramilitary force connected primarily to the SPD – was also not mobilized.
4675:
and the Vatican and eliminated the last remnants of church legislation from the
2468:
1452:, that feared loss of its traditional power. While the Reich government fled to
9288:
8804:
8196:
7902:
7763:
7531:
7516:
7481:
5831:
5457:
Provisional Law and Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
5257:
4821:
4794:
4772:
The events led to increased hostility in the KPD towards the Social Democrats.
3996:
3946:
3516:
3411:
3315:
2610:
2250:
1825:
1742:
1195:
1156:
1086:
1045:
948:
790:
6983:"Gesetz zu dem Vertrage mit den Evangelischen Landeskirchen vom 26. Juni 1931"
4371:
3663:, following which a minority government of the Centre, DDP and DVP was built.
1036:
along the lines of the coalition at the Reich level. It included Paul Hirsch,
9434:
9248:
8854:
8555:
8263:
8108:
7758:
6596:] (in German). Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. p. 539.
5840:, from the southern part of the Rhine Province (under French administration).
5743:
5559:
5196:, the caretaker government filed suit with the Reich Constitutional Court in
5087:
219 seats, the KPD and NSDAP had a negative majority. The National Socialist
4877:
4709:) of the Union with far-reaching rights, even to the shaping of the liturgy.
4668:
4653:
As the election campaign of 1918/19 had shown, the memory of royal Prussia's
4248:
3937:
Prussian territory was directly affected when troops from France and Belgium
3898:
3597:
3568:
3552:
2808:
1714:
1469:
1243:
1136:
840:
802:
681:
5605:
3864:
3859:
Pressure on Prussian policy came primarily from external factors. After the
2384:
1993:
1955:
1187:
8819:
8758:
8670:
8286:
7082:
German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933
6162:] (in German). Vol. 3. Berlin / New York: De Gruyter. p. 173.
6122:
Preußen im Westen. Kampf um den Parlamentarismus in Rheinland und Westfalen
5813:
5795:
5715:
5673:
5646:
5642:
5588:
5570:
5461:
5205:
5156:
4861:
4724:
influences, especially among theological faculties, also grew in strength.
4721:
4703:
lost the king as their top leader. He had officially been the head bishop (
4693:
4664:
4013:
3985:
3492:
3219:
2954:
2379:
2058:
1758:
1750:
1461:
1176:
1025:
580:
379:
300:
206:
60:
6036:] (in German). Vol. 11/I. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. p. 16.
5657:
1789:
and parts of West Prussia were in favor of remaining part of Germany. The
1432:
875:
8881:
8859:
7920:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5769:
5733:
5638:
5609:
5555:
5534:
A few changes were made to Prussian provinces under the Nazi regime. The
5088:
4655:
3528:
2657:
1441:
1109:
1037:
911:
763:
685:
333:
7252:"Erste Verordnung zur Vereinheitlichung und Verbilligung der Verwaltung"
5929:] (in German). Leipzig / Vienna: Verlagsanstalt Otto Beckmann. 1931.
4827:
4280:
3979:
on 16 November 1923. This spurred the regional separatists to action. A
8917:
8849:
8226:
7646:
7601:
7473:
5539:
5475:
5308:
4924:
4843:
4327:
3976:
3926:
3852:
failed. The MSPD then terminated its support, and Stegerwald resigned.
3841:
3500:
3454:
3445:
2908:
2828:
2800:
2323:
1449:
1445:
1410:
1002:
979:
780:
727:
5485:
Erste Verordnung zur Vereinheitlichung und Verbilligung der Verwaltung
4692:, supported by the DNVP and DVP, saw it as strengthening Catholicism.
3880:
2594:
1150:
1017:
775:
696:
in Europe had come from its lands. It was home to the federal capital
8839:
8799:
8180:
8077:
7135:
100(0) Schlüsseldokumente zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert
5751:
5488:) effectively merged state ministries with Reich ministries. In the "
5455:
The Parliament refrained from electing a new Minister President. The
4881:
4359:
3496:
3477:
Prussian SPD quickly identified with their new task. The philosopher
2531:
1734:
1453:
1426:
7085:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 423.
6789:"[Erstes] Gesetz zum Schutze der Republik vom 21. Juli 1922"
5864:(under French administration). The state was ultimately merged with
5543:
8814:
8191:
8186:
6791:[ Law for the Protection of the Republic of 21 July 1922].
6028:
Schulze, Gerhard, ed. (2002). "Einleitung" [Introduction].
5547:
4874:
referendum for the premature dissolution of the Prussian Parliament
4263:
also received 250,000 acres, plus the royal palaces along with the
3999:" in central Germany, took place outside Prussia. Reich Chancellor
3868:
3470:
2791:
1974:
1917:
1790:
1421:). The violence there was suppressed by military means as well. In
189:
7068:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Propyläen. pp. 631–634.
6590:
Die Weimarer Republik 1918–1933. Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft
2831:
in particular clearly recognized this and made purposeful use it.
1218:
8789:
7486:
7388:
6530:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 116.
5703:
5691:
5242:
5197:
5146:
4869:
4865:
4854:
4747:
4367:
3992:
2678:
2615:
2573:
2489:
2447:
2405:
1898:
1879:
1774:
1718:
1118:
891:
744:
622:
93:
6843:
6327:] (in German). Vol. III. Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 23.
6242:
Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie
5995:] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 706.
3448:. In East Prussia the DNVP received over 30% of the vote in the
734:
continued to function formally until 1945. After the end of the
8834:
8829:
8824:
8779:
7428:
7062:
Otto Braun oder Preußens demokratische Sendung. Eine Biographie
5897:
5783:
5775:
5551:
4868:" Prussian government at the Reich Front-Line Soldiers' Day in
4751:
4682:
4363:
3602:
as an instrument to protect the constitution and the Republic.
3251:
2819:. 280 deputies voted in favor, 60 against and 7 abstained. The
2636:
2426:
2421:
2090:
1860:
1754:
1722:
1171:, 100,000 people signed an appeal for territorial autonomy. In
907:
887:
796:
697:
632:
627:
126:
7228:
Der Prußische Staatsrat 1921–1933: Ein biographisches Handbuch
4688:
There was opposition to the concordat from various sides. The
3510:
1765:. Additional changes were decided by plebiscites. In Northern
730:
seized power in 1933, even though a Prussian government under
688:, it continued to be the dominant state in Germany during the
8794:
8784:
7362:
5843:
4568:
3192:
3035:
2510:
1936:
198:
6340:
5109:
3844:
did not run as a candidate for Minister President. Instead,
1733:
came under Allied administration before ultimately going to
1392:(See the Constitution section below for additional details.)
1117:
rescinded Hoffmann's decree. In a letter to the Cardinal of
98:
The Free State of Prussia within the Weimar Republic in 1925
9405:
7195:
6991:
Kirchenrecht evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers
6951:
6757:
5602:
seizure of Poland's eastern territories by the Soviet Union
5405:
5372:
3197:
2820:
2552:
27:
Successor state of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1918 to 1947
7111:
6699:
6697:
6467:
6465:
6337:
Protokolle des Staatsministeriums 11/I (in German). p. 8.
5977:
Protokolle des Staatsministeriums 11/I (in German). p. 2.
3995:
and the attempt at a communist revolution, the so-called "
1709:
Most of the German territorial cessions stipulated in the
1213:
8466:
Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania
7207:
6903:
6807:
6594:
The Weimar Republic 1918–1933. Politics, Economy, Society
4788:(Centre Party) Reich government on 31 March 1930 and the
4731:
4645:
was to be a municipal reorganization of the Ruhr region.
3212:
3207:
2823:
and independent deputies in particular voted against it.
1183:
and eventually took on the character of a guerrilla war.
7099:
7017:
6963:
6915:
6891:
6867:
6855:
6721:
6670:
6610:
6364:
5900:. A proposal to merge Berlin with the reformed state of
692:, as it had been during the empire, even though most of
8623:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
7153:
7141:
7066:
Otto Braun or Prussia's Democratic Mission. A Biography
7029:
7005:
6831:
6769:
6733:
6694:
6489:
6462:
6264:
6246:
Weimar 1918–1933. History of the First German Democracy
6185:
6181:] (in German). Hamburg: Gruner + Jahr. p. 344.
6137:
6135:
6103:
6101:
4671:). The treaty superseded an 1821 agreement between the
4006:
3507:
were among the Social Democratic mayors in early 1933.
2013:
1797:
was to be held there. The former Imperial Territory of
1781:
went to Poland, although the majority of voters in the
7165:
7041:
6939:
6927:
6879:
6819:
6745:
6682:
6658:
6622:
6556:
6450:
6420:
6300:
6288:
6252:
6050:
5175:. The police were placed under the command of General
3941:
on 11 January 1923 after Germany defaulted on its war
1761:
was separated from the rest of Reich territory by the
1487:
Prussian Regions Ceded under the Treaty of Versailles
6634:
6568:
6544:
6477:
6408:
6352:
6276:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6128:] (in German). Münster: Aschendorff. p. 305.
6074:
5227:
4838:
In 1929 the Braun government banned the paramilitary
4828:
Referendum on the dissolution of the state Parliament
4275:
3142:
The Prussian party system – made up of conservatism (
1139:(USPD) as Berlin's police chief triggered the failed
7317:
6709:
6646:
6501:
6132:
6098:
6086:
6062:
6009:
5171:
A state of emergency was declared in Berlin and the
5101:
Braun had had a physical collapse on the night of 22
4242:
4026:
8471:
Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig
6440:"Der Freistaat Preußen – Die preußischen Provinzen"
5128:Behind the scenes, the cabinet of Reich Chancellor
4667:, signed on 14 June 1929 by Eugenio Pacelli (later
1725:became a free city under the administration of the
1386:(DNVP), and one each from the USPD and the liberal
1151:
Separatist tendencies and the threat of dissolution
7272:[Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich].
5680:is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.
3582:
3571:(East Prussia) and Felix Philipp (Lower Silesia).
1832:, by way of contrast, had 333 inhabitants per km.
1060:
5576:
4887:
4390:
2035:Percentage of Employment by Economic Sector 1925
9432:
5856:, from the southern half of the former state of
5469:its place, he created a revised non-legislative
8665:
8606:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany
7230:. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. pp. 292–295.
6520:Krohn, Claus-Dieter; Unger, Corinna R. (2006).
5967:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. pp. 34–44.
5750:. The remainder of the province became part of
5604:. The northern third of East Prussia including
4336:Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party
3083:The constitution stipulated the formation of a
3070:, which replaced Prussia's legal government by
146:292,695.36 km (113,010.31 sq mi)
6393:[The Free State of Prussia Overview].
6034:Protocol of the Ministry of State 1817–1934/38
6030:Protokolle des Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38
3633:
3622:
1836:Population of Selected Large Cities 1910–1939
9446:States and territories disestablished in 1947
8610:Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania
7662:
7348:
6248:] (in German). Munich: Beck. p. 115.
5220:the government resources that wielded power.
5091:became president of the Prussian Parliament.
3162:, MSPD) and socialism/communism (Independent
1403:
927:On 9 November 1918, in the early days of the
9370:Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement
8893:Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians
8628:Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland
5948:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. p. 400.
5503:
5493:
5483:
5210:
5204:represented the SPD parliamentary group and
5150:
5111:
4760:
4715:
4676:
4636:In May 1928 elections were held at both the
4378:
3966:
3917:
3562:
3556:
3532:
3099:
2839:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2739:
2729:
2723:
1080:
1070:
754:
314:
298:
275:
260:
241:
204:
110:
37:
7189:Historische Rechts- und Gesetzetexte Online
5245:grew out of the Prussian political police.
3897:chosen from the MSPD, Centre, DDP and DVP.
3511:Democratization of the state administration
2853:Minister Presidents of Prussia (1918–1945)
2339:
2334:
1179:. The movement soon encompassed the entire
1099:In educational policy, Minister of Culture
997:On 12 November 1918 commissioners from the
966:(MSPD), which was the largest party in the
9441:States and territories established in 1918
7669:
7655:
7355:
7341:
6519:
5989:Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947
5927:Beckman's World Dictionary and World Atlas
5637:. The lands east of this boundary (except
4284:Black-red-gold flag of the Weimar Republic
3184:Reichstag Constituencies in 1928 and 1933
3119:
1001:of Greater Berlin, including Paul Hirsch,
922:
92:
5652:
3875:on 26 August by members of the far right
2817:constitution of the Free State of Prussia
2794:Constitution of the Free State of Prussia
1417:among segments of the Polish population (
7676:
7213:
7201:
7159:
7147:
7035:
7011:
6957:
6909:
6873:
6849:
6837:
6813:
6775:
6763:
6739:
6703:
6495:
6471:
6270:
6191:
6119:
5915:
5656:
5263:
5231:
5162:
4799:
4769:, the other German states did the same.
4696:in the SPD also rejected the agreement.
4292:Black-white-red flag of Imperial Germany
4287:
4279:
3643:After the adoption of the constitution,
3609:
3542:
1431:
1217:
1167:republic independent of Prussia. In the
1016:
1012:
676:from 1918 to 1947. The successor to the
8461:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany
7304:
7171:
7117:
7105:
7059:
7023:
6945:
6933:
6921:
6897:
6885:
6861:
6825:
6751:
6727:
6676:
6664:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6586:
6562:
6507:
6483:
6456:
6426:
6414:
6370:
6358:
6346:
6318:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6258:
6239:
6227:
6203:
6172:
6107:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6027:
6015:
5958:
5939:
5082:The coalition parties' fears about the
4779:
3901:again became Minister of the Interior.
3527:and later one of the supporters of the
2837:
1226:On 26 January 1919, one week after the
1214:State Assembly and coalition government
1159:, the advisory council of the Catholic
672:) was one of the constituent states of
14:
9433:
8616:Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany
8297:Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939
7270:"Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs"
6574:
6550:
6215:
6153:
5617:from the territories.
5490:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
4732:Prussia and the crisis of the Republic
4320:
3914:Law for the Protection of the Republic
3629:Elections in the Free State of Prussia
9014:
8664:
8406:
7998:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
7856:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
7736:
7650:
7336:
7323:
7225:
7133:[(Complete text in German)].
7078:
7047:
6969:
6715:
6688:
6652:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6141:
6092:
5986:
5961:Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung
5923:Beckmanns Welt-Lexikon und Welt-Atlas
5904:was rejected by popular vote in 1996.
5645:and the remainder became part of the
5516:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
5495:Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reiches
4648:
4345:
3956:hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic
3182:Election Results in Selected Prussian
3096:, was chairman of the State Council.
1448:, the largely rural area east of the
1190:, author of the draft version of the
694:Germany's post-war territorial losses
659:
8888:WWII flight and expulsion of Germans
7313:] (in German). pp. 547–549.
4860:On 4 October 1930, Stahlhelm leader
4257:referendum on princely expropriation
4007:Transitional cabinet of Wilhelm Marx
3523:(DNVP) – father of rocket scientist
3049:
2014:Settlement patterns and urban growth
8580:Evangelical State Church in Prussia
8307:Free City of Danzig 1920–1939
6156:Handbuch der preußischen Geschichte
5071:Reich presidential election of 1932
3932:
3176:Socialist Worker's Party of Germany
3132:
2313:
1787:plebiscite in southern East Prussia
1232:constituent Prussian State Assembly
843:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)
24:
8407:
7737:
7290:[Law on Reich Governors].
6376:
5791:Placed under Allied administration
5721:Placed under Soviet administration
5591:in 1945, Germany was divided into
5546:to Schleswig-Holstein, as well as
5268:Service flag of Prussia, 1933–1935
5228:National Socialist era (1933–1945)
5137:for Prussia. The occasion was the
5076:constructive vote of no confidence
4276:Tensions with the Reich government
3551:The new Minister of the Interior,
1745:, large areas of the provinces of
25:
9507:
9496:1947 disestablishments in Prussia
9486:1947 disestablishments in Germany
9301:North German Confederation Treaty
6391:"Der Freistaat Preußen Überblick"
6321:Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch
6240:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
5959:Winkler, Heinrich August (1984).
5940:Winkler, Heinrich August (1985).
5595:, and all of Germany east of the
4736:
4243:Settlement with the Hohenzollerns
4027:High point of political stability
3614:Justice Minister Hugo am Zehnhoff
976:Prussian House of Representatives
974:, the MSPD's party leader in the
18:Free State of Prussia (1933–1935)
8476:Apostolic Administration of Tütz
7888:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952
7463:
5993:Prussia. Rise and Fall 1600–1947
5965:From Revolution to Stabilization
5888:under Soviet administration and
5850:(under American administration).
5554:and in return the annexation of
5145:, a town in Prussia adjacent to
4872:. He announced a plan to call a
4834:1931 Prussian Landtag referendum
3968:Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei
3929:in Prussia on 15 November 1922.
3160:Majority Social Democratic Party
3146:, DNVP), political Catholicism (
3078:
1753:became part of the new state of
1200:Council of the People's Deputies
984:Council of the People's Deputies
779:
774:
599:
585:
571:
557:
539:
525:
496:
74:
8384:Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
8353:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998
8322:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975
8138:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
7305:Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1988).
7298:
7280:
7262:
7244:
7219:
7177:
7123:
7072:
7053:
6975:
6781:
6580:
6513:
6432:
6331:
6312:
6233:
6166:
6147:
6113:
5834:(under British administration).
5820:(under British administration).
5810:(under British administration).
3919:Gesetz zum Schutze der Republik
3583:Republicanization of the police
3137:
2784:
1061:Political change and its limits
1040:and Otto Braun of the MSPD and
999:Workers' and Soldiers' Councils
955:before he had in fact done so.
941:Chancellor of the German Empire
9491:1918 establishments in Prussia
9481:1918 establishments in Germany
8532:Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień
8342:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
8332:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
8327:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
8239:Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo
8155:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
8150:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
8035:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
8030:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
8025:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
8020:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
7908:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
7883:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
6021:
5980:
5971:
5952:
5933:
5615:fled or were forcibly expelled
5577:Formal dissolution (1945–1947)
5498:) of 30 January 1934 and the "
4888:State Parliament election 1932
4757:Alliance of Red Front Fighters
4391:State Parliament election 1928
4023:were held on 7 December 1924.
3561:), three district presidents (
3463:March 1933 Reichstag elections
3144:German National People's Party
2997:as of 3 June 1932 Independent
1773:was in favor of annexation to
1384:German National People's Party
1230:, elections were held for the
1094:Prussian three-class franchise
1034:Prussian revolutionary cabinet
986:, with representatives of the
805:(pre – 13th century)
799:(983 – 12th century)
751:occurred on 25 February 1947.
13:
1:
9451:States of the Weimar Republic
8585:Pomeranian Evangelical Church
8522:Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg
8435:Christianization of Pomerania
8312:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
8282:Free City of Danzig 1807–1814
7364:States of the Weimar Republic
7307:Dualismus und Gleichschaltung
5908:
5830:and the northern half of the
5182:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
4714:church congress of 1927 was "
4021:state parliamentary elections
3963:German Völkisch Freedom Party
1815:
1806:Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont
116:"Free State of Prussia March"
9394:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
9244:Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
9015:
8933:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
8640:Pentecostal Church in Poland
8601:Protestant Church in Germany
8337:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
8317:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975
7079:Jones, Larry Eugene (2017).
6160:Handbook of Prussian History
5736:, from the remainder of the
5558:to the Province of Hanover.
4784:Even after the formation of
4604:Völkisch National Bloc (VNB)
4259:at the Reich level in 1926.
3638:
1771:the vote on 10 February 1920
1481:
1476:
1228:1919 German federal election
661:[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːtˈpʁɔʏsn̩]
7:
9388:German–Polish Border Treaty
9382:German Reunification Treaty
8633:Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław
8372:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
8259:State of the Teutonic Order
8049:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
7926:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
7311:Dualism and Gleichschaltung
6173:Haffner, Sebastian (1979).
5987:Clark, Christopher (2007).
5946:The Appearance of Normality
5686:Everything east of the Oder
5647:Federal Republic of Germany
5110:1932 Prussian coup d'état (
3634:Grand coalition (1921–1925)
3623:Weimar Republic (1921–1933)
3090:Federal Republic of Germany
535:Territory of the Saar Basin
10:
9512:
9277:Polish Partitions Treaties
6120:Ribhegge, Wilhelm (2008).
5643:German Democratic Republic
5622:Control Council Law No. 46
5580:
5121:
4831:
4744:International Workers' Day
4701:Prussian Union of Churches
3626:
3605:
3168:Communist Party of Germany
3158:, DDP), social democracy (
2351:Prussian Provinces (1925)
2343:
2029:
1404:Unrest and the Kapp Putsch
837:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
809:Margraviate of Brandenburg
9257:
9161:
9025:
9021:
9010:
8958:
8908:
8901:
8868:
8772:
8681:
8677:
8660:
8593:
8563:
8554:
8499:
8481:Prelature of Schneidemühl
8426:
8417:
8413:
8402:
8292:Posen-West Prussia Region
8179:
8064:
7936:
7747:
7743:
7732:
7684:
7598:
7571:
7553:
7507:
7500:
7472:
7461:
7371:
7288:"Reichsstatthaltergesetz"
6319:Petzina, Dietmar (1978).
5942:Der Schein der Normalität
5669:Ceded to the Soviet Union
5124:1932 Prussian coup d'état
4765:). With the exception of
3521:Magnus Freiherr von Braun
3482:political break from the
3100:Relationship to the Reich
3068:1932 Prussian coup d'état
1053:, then from January 1919
1024:, Prussian leader of the
755:Establishment (1918–1920)
615:
475:
471:
467:
463:
450:
437:
422:
405:
390:
386:
370:
356:
344:
332:
328:
324:
315:
308:
299:
292:
288:
274:
270:
261:
251:
242:
232:
228:
218:
195:
183:
176:
172:
162:
158:
150:
140:
132:
122:
109:
102:
91:
71:
66:
54:
34:
9412:Treaty of Accession 2003
8869:Major demographic events
8441:Diocese of Wollin/Cammin
8131:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
8126:Brandenburgian Pomerania
7986:Brandenburgian Pomerania
7689:10,000 BC – 600 AD
6852:, pp. 383–387, 399.
5854:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
5726:reunification of Germany
5694:. This included most of
5280:(parties that won seats)
4896:(parties that won seats)
4857:to mark the evacuation.
4399:(parties that won seats)
4035:(parties that won seats)
3670:(parties that won seats)
3651:(DDP) lost seats to the
2995:previously Centre Party,
2340:Administrative divisions
2335:State and administration
1253:(parties that won seats)
1077:House of Representatives
1075:) was abolished and the
680:after the defeat of the
567:Polish People's Republic
364:House of Representatives
112:Freistaat Preußen Marsch
9279:(1772/1773, 1793, 1795)
8682:Archaeological cultures
7841:Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp
7226:Lilla, Joachim (2005).
7060:Schulze, Hagen (1977).
6325:Social History Workbook
6179:Prussia Without Legends
5846:, from the province of
5826:, from the province of
5816:, from the province of
5806:, from the province of
5778:: the remainder of the
5760:: the remainder of the
5746:, from the bulk of the
5738:Province of Brandenburg
5562:(Hanover) was ceded to
5505:Reichsstatthaltergesetz
5173:province of Brandenburg
4340:Rural People's Movement
3661:1920 Reichstag election
3649:German Democratic Party
3172:German-Hanoverian Party
3164:Social Democratic Party
3156:German Democratic Party
3120:State-owned enterprises
3061:German National Railway
2805:(Full text in English)
1419:first Silesian uprising
1236:German Democratic Party
1067:Prussian House of Lords
929:Revolution of 1918–1919
923:Revolution of 1918–1919
861:(1918 – 1947)
855:(1701 – 1918)
849:(1618 – 1701)
829:(1525 – 1618)
823:(1356 – 1806)
817:(1224 – 1525)
706:Social Democratic Party
553:Allied-occupied Germany
9307:Peace of Prague (1866)
8902:Languages and dialects
8572:Protestant Reformation
8367:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8270:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8169:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8114:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8054:Pomeranian Voivodeship
7916:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
5824:North Rhine-Westphalia
5758:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
5672:The northern third of
5662:
5653:Post-war dismemberment
5542:(part of Hamburg) and
5504:
5494:
5484:
5471:Prussian State Council
5277:1933 Prussian Election
5269:
5237:
5211:
5168:
5151:
5112:
5084:1932 Prussian election
4893:1932 Prussian Election
4864:sharply attacked the "
4805:
4762:Roter Frontkämpferbund
4761:
4716:
4677:
4396:1928 Prussian Election
4379:
4293:
4285:
4253:Hermann Höpker-Aschoff
4032:1924 Prussian Election
3967:
3918:
3890:
3667:1921 Prussian Election
3615:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3533:
3446:east of the Elbe River
2840:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2751:Prussian State Council
2749:and the corresponding
2740:
2730:
2724:
2024:Province of Westphalia
1804:The annexation of the
1437:
1250:1919 Prussian Election
1223:
1133:People's Navy Division
1131:in Berlin between the
1129:Christmas Eve fighting
1081:
1071:
1044:, Adolph Hoffmann and
1029:
962:, the chairman of the
931:that brought down the
914:(1947–1952, from 1990)
884:(1920–1939, from 1945)
841:Royal (Polish) Prussia
821:Elector of Brandenburg
740:Allied Control Council
652:
276:
205:
111:
38:
9456:Free State of Prussia
9148:(1448/1468/1472/1479)
8517:Archdiocese of Gdańsk
8507:Archdiocese of Berlin
7898:Bezirk Neubrandenburg
7769:Principality of Rügen
6349:, pp. 15–21, 42.
5762:Province of Pomerania
5714:, and the portion of
5660:
5641:) became part of the
5267:
5235:
5166:
4803:
4620:Centre (Lower Saxony)
4291:
4283:
3885:
3653:German People's Party
3613:
3564:Regierungspräsidenten
3546:
3484:three-class franchise
3467:Frankfurt an der Oder
3450:1928 federal election
3152:German People's Party
3059:establishment of the
3016:(Reich Commissioner)
2992:(Reich Commissioner)
2695:Free State of Prussia
1435:
1388:German People's Party
1221:
1020:
1013:Revolutionary cabinet
970:. Ebert then charged
896:Recovered Territories
859:Free State of Prussia
793:(965 – 983)
645:Free State of Prussia
441:Nazi seizure of power
35:Free State of Prussia
9141:Thorn, Second (1466)
8542:Diocese of Włocławek
8512:Diocese of Bydgoszcz
8121:Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn
7991:Starostwo of Draheim
7836:Pomerania-Rügenwalde
7826:Pomerania-Neustettin
7678:History of Pomerania
7414:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
7409:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
6175:Preußen ohne Legende
5860:and the province of
5838:Rhineland-Palatinate
5718:not ceded to Russia.
5583:Abolition of Prussia
5194:Prussian coup d'état
5141:of 17 July 1932. In
5139:Altona Bloody Sunday
4780:Bulwark of democracy
4352:Carl Heinrich Becker
3943:reparations payments
3883:. Otto Braun stated:
2346:Provinces of Prussia
1830:Free State of Saxony
1739:Hultschiner Ländchen
1711:Treaty of Versailles
1605:Free City of Danzig
1240:Berlin March battles
937:Maximilian von Baden
749:abolition of Prussia
717:Prussian coup d'état
427:Prussian coup d'état
410:Constitution adopted
358:• Lower Chamber
346:• Upper Chamber
9232:Wehlau and Bromberg
8490:Gorzów Wielkopolski
8456:Diocese of Roskilde
8275:Chełmno Voivodeship
8244:Duchy of Białogarda
7292:Verfassung der Welt
7274:Verfassung der Welt
7256:Verfassung der Welt
7204:, pp. 548–555.
7120:, pp. 457–461.
6972:, pp. 723–724.
6960:, pp. 439–448.
6766:, pp. 328–330.
5780:Province of Silesia
5635:inner German border
5536:Greater Hamburg Act
5524:Frederick the Great
5500:Reich Governors Law
5282:
4898:
4851:Paul von Hindenburg
4401:
4321:Agricultural policy
4037:
3877:Organisation Consul
3672:
3185:
3013:Kurt von Schleicher
2854:
2352:
2036:
1839:
1638:East Upper Silesia
1510:language in %
1488:
1255:
1192:Weimar Constitution
1169:Province of Hanover
1141:Spartacist Uprising
1065:On 14 November the
847:Brandenburg-Prussia
833:Malbork Voivodeship
797:Lutician federation
738:, by decree of the
715:As a result of the
708:(SPD) provided the
9336:Molotov–Ribbentrop
9324:Prussian Concordat
9258:1700–present
9119:Eberswalde, Second
8928:Central Pomeranian
8845:German Pomeranians
8810:Slavic Pomeranians
8699:Ertebølle-Ellerbek
8527:Diocese of Pelplin
8451:Diocese of Chełmno
8446:Diocese of Kolberg
8347:Słupsk Voivodeship
8249:Duchy of Lubiszewo
8222:Duchy of Pomerelia
8160:Słupsk Voivodeship
8092:House of Pomerania
8087:Duchy of Pomerania
8040:Słupsk Voivodeship
8013:List of placenames
7954:House of Pomerania
7949:Duchy of Pomerania
7871:List of placenames
7831:Pomerania-Stargard
7779:House of Pomerania
7774:Duchy of Pomerania
7724:1945–present
5808:Schleswig-Holstein
5804:Schleswig-Holstein
5748:Province of Saxony
5712:Posen-West Prussia
5678:Kaliningrad Oblast
5663:
5276:
5270:
5238:
5192:On the day of the
5177:Gerd von Rundstedt
5169:
5135:Reich commissioner
5133:time to appoint a
4892:
4806:
4790:Reichstag election
4786:Heinrich Brüning's
4717:Volk und Vaterland
4711:Emperor William II
4673:Kingdom of Prussia
4661:Prussian Concordat
4649:Religious politics
4395:
4387:its stated goals.
4346:Educational policy
4307:Walter von Keudell
4294:
4286:
4031:
3873:Matthias Erzberger
3666:
3616:
3549:
3284:Schleswig-Holstein
3181:
2852:
2813:Reich constitution
2653:Hohenzollern Lands
2548:Schleswig-Holstein
2464:Posen-West Prussia
2350:
2308:Hohenzollern Lands
2267:Hohenzollern Lands
2187:Schleswig-Holstein
2123:Posen-West Prussia
2034:
1835:
1713:affected Prussia.
1621:(Memel Territory)
1549:Southeast Prussia
1486:
1458:Schleswig-Holstein
1438:
1249:
1224:
1122:Felix von Hartmann
1030:
902:Kaliningrad Oblast
853:Kingdom of Prussia
710:Minister President
678:Kingdom of Prussia
504:Kingdom of Prussia
454:Formally abolished
378: •
220:Minister President
9428:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9101:Eberswalde, First
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8729:Nordic Bronze Age
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8550:
8549:
8398:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8358:Toruń Voivodeship
8073:Farther Pomerania
7939:Farther Pomerania
7878:Enclave of Police
7851:Swedish Pomerania
7816:Pomerania-Wolgast
7811:Pomerania-Schlawe
7806:Pomerania-Stettin
7750:Western Pomerania
7644:
7643:
7594:
7593:
7237:978-3-770-05271-4
7216:, pp. 558 f.
7108:, pp. 422 f.
7050:, pp. 729 f.
7026:, pp. 350 f.
6924:, pp. 100 f.
6912:, pp. 412 f.
6900:, pp. 321 f.
6864:, pp. 270 f.
6816:, pp. 351 f.
6793:documentArchiv.de
6730:, pp. 262 f.
6691:, pp. 719 f.
6679:, pp. 339 f.
6619:, pp. 400 f.
6373:, pp. 36–38.
6002:978-3-89331-786-8
5874:Baden-Württemberg
5870:Württemberg-Baden
5766:Western Pomerania
5690:Neisse line plus
5528:Otto von Bismarck
5511:Reichsstatthalter
5452:
5451:
5281:
5067:
5066:
4897:
4634:
4633:
4400:
4299:Albert Grzesinski
4236:
4235:
4036:
4001:Gustav Stresemann
3939:occupied the Ruhr
3837:
3836:
3671:
3525:Wernher von Braun
3442:
3441:
3050:Ministry of State
3047:
3046:
2965:20 February 1925
2962:18 February 1925
2886:12 November 1918
2720:
2719:
2303:
2302:
2011:
2010:
1727:League of Nations
1707:
1706:
1375:
1374:
1254:
1181:Province of Posen
1055:Walther Reinhardt
992:council communism
920:
919:
702:1920 constitution
653:Freistaat Preußen
641:
640:
611:
610:
607:
606:
595:Republic of Gniew
509:
508:
395:German Revolution
310:• 1935–1945
294:• 1933–1935
278:Reichsstatthalter
253:• 1933–1945
185: • Type
39:Freistaat Preußen
16:(Redirected from
9503:
9471:1930s in Prussia
9466:1920s in Prussia
9461:1910s in Prussia
9400:Polish Concordat
9364:Helsinki Accords
9318:Polish Concordat
9079:Stralsund (1370)
9074:Stralsund (1354)
9023:
9022:
9012:
9011:
8906:
8905:
8876:Migration Period
8764:Dębczyn (Denzin)
8679:
8678:
8662:
8661:
8561:
8560:
8537:Diocese of Toruń
8424:
8423:
8415:
8414:
8404:
8403:
8254:Duchy of Świecie
8217:Danish Pomerelia
8212:Polish Pomerelia
8205:
8080:
7893:Bezirk Frankfurt
7866:Stralsund Region
7801:Pomerania-Demmin
7745:
7744:
7734:
7733:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7648:
7647:
7546:
7505:
7504:
7467:
7451:
7443:
7434:Schaumburg-Lippe
7357:
7350:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6988:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6876:, pp. 49 f.
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6387:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6059:, pp. 74 f.
6054:
6048:
6047:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5919:
5597:Oder–Neisse line
5593:occupation zones
5507:
5497:
5487:
5301:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5214:
5154:
5115:
4917:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4814:Reich government
4764:
4719:
4706:summus episcopus
4680:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4382:
4038:
4034:
4030:
3989:Beer Hall Putsch
3981:Rhenish Republic
3970:
3933:Crisis year 1923
3921:
3910:Walther Rathenau
3861:London ultimatum
3673:
3669:
3665:
3657:Weimar coalition
3566:
3560:
3536:
3186:
3180:
3133:Political system
3025:30 January 1933
3022:3 December 1932
3002:30 January 1933
2983:6 February 1933
2949:23 January 1925
2946:7 November 1921
2935:5 November 1921
2877:Heinrich Ströbel
2855:
2851:
2843:
2804:
2798:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2758:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2725:Regierungsbezirk
2353:
2349:
2314:Social structure
2037:
2033:
1840:
1834:
1674:North Schleswig
1508:German as native
1489:
1485:
1398:Weimar Coalition
1256:
1252:
1248:
1084:
1074:
1051:Heinrich Schëuch
1042:Heinrich Ströbel
878:area (from 1918)
827:Duchy of Prussia
783:
778:
759:
758:
736:Second World War
721:Reich Chancellor
671:
670:
669:
663:
658:
603:
602:
589:
588:
575:
574:
561:
560:
543:
542:
529:
528:
513:
512:
500:
499:
493:
492:
477:
476:
459:25 February 1947
442:
429:
418:
417:30 November 1920
412:
397:
382:
366:
339:State Parliament
320:
319:
304:
303:
281:
266:
265:
256:
247:
246:
237:
214:
210:
201:
186:
114:
96:
78:
49:
41:
32:
31:
21:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9416:
9330:Reichskonkordat
9253:
9162:1500–1700
9157:
9130:Brześć Kujawski
9090:Raciążek (1404)
9026:1200–1500
9017:
8994:
8954:
8950:Standard German
8943:West Pomeranian
8938:East Pomeranian
8897:
8864:
8768:
8673:
8644:
8589:
8546:
8495:
8409:
8390:
8377:Gmina Biały Bór
8301:Polish Corridor
8234:Duchy of Gdańsk
8200:
8195:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8175:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8066:Lauenburg-Bütow
8060:
7979:Pomerania-Stolp
7942:
7941:
7932:
7846:Pomerania-Barth
7821:Pomerania-Stolp
7752:
7739:
7728:
7719:1933–1945
7714:1806–1933
7709:1500–1806
7704:1300–1500
7699:1100–1300
7680:
7675:
7645:
7640:
7600:
7590:
7567:
7549:
7544:
7542:Weimar-Eisenach
7496:
7468:
7459:
7449:
7441:
7367:
7361:
7331:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7303:
7299:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7224:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7200:
7196:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7146:
7142:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7116:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7077:
7073:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7006:
6996:
6994:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6892:
6884:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6762:
6758:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6585:
6581:
6573:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6538:
6518:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6451:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6389:
6388:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6317:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6238:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6214:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6171:
6167:
6152:
6148:
6140:
6133:
6118:
6114:
6106:
6099:
6091:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6044:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5957:
5953:
5938:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5683:Ceded to Poland
5655:
5627:Konrad Adenauer
5585:
5579:
5302:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5278:
5251:Konrad Adenauer
5230:
5167:Franz von Papen
5130:Franz von Papen
5126:
5120:
4918:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4848:Reich President
4836:
4830:
4810:Joseph Goebbels
4782:
4739:
4734:
4690:Lutheran Church
4651:
4417:
4409:
4397:
4393:
4348:
4323:
4278:
4245:
4053:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4009:
3935:
3850:grand coalition
3846:Adam Stegerwald
3688:
3680:
3668:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3608:
3585:
3558:Oberpräsidenten
3513:
3479:Eduard Spranger
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3183:
3150:), liberalism (
3140:
3135:
3127:Hans Staudinger
3122:
3114:Federal Council
3102:
3094:Konrad Adenauer
3081:
3072:Franz von Papen
3052:
3015:
3006:
3005:3 December 1932
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Franz von Papen
2982:
2980:
2925:Adam Stegerwald
2900:3 January 1919
2889:3 January 1919
2882:
2875:
2846:
2790:
2787:
2741:Landeshauptmann
2731:Oberpräsidenten
2373:
2368:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2316:
2052:
2048:Skilled Trades
2047:
2032:
2016:
1838:(in thousands)
1837:
1818:
1799:Alsace–Lorraine
1763:Polish Corridor
1731:Memel Territory
1660:Czechoslovakia
1656:
1620:
1601:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1484:
1479:
1406:
1263:
1251:
1216:
1153:
1115:Konrad Haenisch
1101:Adolph Hoffmann
1063:
1015:
1007:Adolph Hoffmann
988:Independent SPD
960:Friedrich Ebert
953:King of Prussia
933:German monarchy
925:
882:Klaipėda Region
757:
724:Franz von Papen
690:Weimar Republic
665:
664:
656:
637:
600:
586:
572:
558:
552:
540:
526:
521:Klaipėda Region
520:
497:
456:
446:30 January 1933
443:
440:
430:
425:
416:
413:
408:
401:9 November 1918
398:
393:
374:
362:
359:
347:
311:
295:
257:
254:
244:Friedrich Ebert
238:
235:
212:
211:
196:
184:
165:
143:
117:
115:
97:
87:
84:
80:
79:
57:Weimar Republic
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9509:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9426:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9403:
9397:
9391:
9385:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9327:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9304:
9298:
9292:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9268:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9229:
9223:
9221:Stettin (1653)
9218:
9212:
9210:Stettin (1630)
9207:
9201:
9199:Stettin (1570)
9196:
9190:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9149:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9127:
9125:Łęczyca (1433)
9122:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9087:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9065:
9059:
9053:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9029:
9027:
9019:
9018:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8975:
8970:
8964:
8962:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8914:
8912:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8878:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8805:Vistula Veneti
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8704:Linear Pottery
8701:
8696:
8691:
8685:
8683:
8675:
8674:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8567:
8565:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8430:
8428:
8421:
8419:Roman Catholic
8411:
8410:
8408:Ecclesiastical
8400:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8369:
8361:
8355:
8350:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8197:Tuchola Forest
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8163:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8123:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8083:
8081:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8043:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8003:Stettin Region
7995:
7994:
7993:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7910:
7905:
7903:Bezirk Rostock
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7861:Stettin Region
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7771:
7766:
7764:Northern March
7761:
7755:
7753:
7748:
7741:
7740:
7738:Administrative
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7694:600–1100
7691:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7607:
7605:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7559:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7513:
7511:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7478:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7360:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7329:
7328:
7326:, p. 753.
7316:
7297:
7279:
7261:
7243:
7236:
7218:
7206:
7194:
7176:
7174:, p. 500.
7164:
7162:, p. 531.
7152:
7150:, p. 520.
7140:
7122:
7110:
7098:
7091:
7071:
7052:
7040:
7038:, p. 488.
7028:
7016:
7014:, p. 448.
7004:
6974:
6962:
6950:
6948:, p. 397.
6938:
6936:, p. 391.
6926:
6914:
6902:
6890:
6888:, p. 314.
6878:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6840:, p. 387.
6830:
6828:, p. 400.
6818:
6806:
6780:
6778:, p. 351.
6768:
6756:
6754:, p. 163.
6744:
6742:, p. 329.
6732:
6720:
6718:, p. 718.
6708:
6706:, p. 350.
6693:
6681:
6669:
6667:, p. 101.
6657:
6655:, p. 719.
6645:
6633:
6631:, p. 413.
6621:
6609:
6602:
6579:
6577:, p. 227.
6567:
6565:, p. 175.
6555:
6553:, p. 198.
6543:
6536:
6512:
6500:
6498:, p. 319.
6488:
6476:
6474:, p. 327.
6461:
6459:, p. 172.
6449:
6431:
6429:, p. 111.
6419:
6407:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6330:
6311:
6309:, p. 322.
6299:
6297:, p. 130.
6287:
6275:
6273:, p. 322.
6263:
6261:, p. 305.
6251:
6232:
6220:
6218:, p. 204.
6208:
6196:
6194:, p. 305.
6184:
6165:
6146:
6144:, p. 706.
6131:
6112:
6097:
6095:, p. 705.
6085:
6073:
6061:
6049:
6042:
6020:
6008:
6001:
5979:
5970:
5951:
5932:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5851:
5841:
5835:
5832:Rhine Province
5821:
5811:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5773:
5768:) merged into
5755:
5741:
5730:
5729:
5722:
5719:
5684:
5681:
5670:
5654:
5651:
5587:At the end of
5581:Main article:
5578:
5575:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5294:
5287:
5258:Reichstag fire
5229:
5226:
5202:Hermann Heller
5122:Main article:
5119:
5108:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4910:
4903:
4889:
4886:
4832:Main article:
4829:
4826:
4822:Sturmabteilung
4818:Hermann Müller
4795:Ernst Heilmann
4781:
4778:
4774:Ernst Thälmann
4738:
4737:Blood May 1929
4735:
4733:
4730:
4650:
4647:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4392:
4389:
4347:
4344:
4322:
4319:
4277:
4274:
4244:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4028:
4025:
4008:
4005:
3997:German October
3986:Adolf Hitler's
3934:
3931:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3624:
3621:
3607:
3604:
3584:
3581:
3517:Wolfgang Heine
3512:
3509:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Rhine Province
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3121:
3118:
3101:
3098:
3080:
3077:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:23 April 1945
3041:
3040:11 April 1933
3038:
3033:
3031:Hermann Göring
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:21 April 1921
2930:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:10 March 1921
2917:
2916:27 March 1920
2914:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2903:25 March 1920
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2845:
2836:
2786:
2783:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2611:Rhine Province
2607:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2422:Greater Berlin
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2344:Main article:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2315:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:Rhine Province
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1826:Rhine Province
1817:
1814:
1743:Czechoslovakia
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:Eupen-Malmedy
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1460:, Hanover and
1405:
1402:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1215:
1212:
1198:(MSPD) of the
1196:Otto Landsberg
1157:Rhine Province
1152:
1149:
1087:Wolfgang Heine
1062:
1059:
1046:Kurt Rosenfeld
1014:
1011:
949:German Emperor
924:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
905:
899:
885:
879:
870:
869:
865:
864:
863:
862:
856:
850:
844:
830:
824:
818:
815:Teutonic Order
812:
806:
800:
794:
791:Northern March
785:
784:
771:
770:
756:
753:
732:Hermann Göring
719:instigated by
639:
638:
636:
635:
630:
625:
619:
617:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
597:
591:
590:
583:
577:
576:
569:
563:
562:
555:
545:
544:
537:
531:
530:
523:
510:
507:
506:
501:
489:
488:
483:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
435:
434:
431:
423:
420:
419:
414:
406:
403:
402:
399:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
372:
371:Historical era
368:
367:
360:
357:
354:
353:
348:
345:
342:
341:
336:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
317:Hermann Göring
312:
309:
306:
305:
296:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:Hermann Göring
258:
252:
249:
248:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
202:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
178:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
107:
106:
100:
99:
89:
88:
81:
73:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
52:
51:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9508:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9413:
9410:
9407:
9404:
9401:
9398:
9395:
9392:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9376:Two Plus Four
9374:
9371:
9368:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9359:Warsaw (1970)
9357:
9355:
9354:Moscow (1970)
9352:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9302:
9299:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9271:Frederiksborg
9269:
9267:(1719 / 1720)
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9160:
9153:
9150:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9136:Soldin (1466)
9134:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9051:Soldin (1309)
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9013:
9009:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8910:West Germanic
8907:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8663:
8659:
8641:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8617:
8614:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8401:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8363:Contemporary
8362:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:Royal Prussia
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8182:
8178:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8165:Contemporary
8164:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8143:Köslin Region
8141:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8109:Royal Prussia
8107:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8097:List of Dukes
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8074:
8070:classified as
8067:
8063:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:Contemporary
8044:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8008:Köslin Region
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7969:Schlawe-Stolp
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7959:List of Dukes
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:Contemporary
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7784:List of Dukes
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7759:Billung March
7757:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7597:
7587:
7586:Sondershausen
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7466:
7456:
7453:
7448:
7445:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7358:
7353:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7325:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7239:
7233:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7214:Ribhegge 2008
7210:
7203:
7202:Ribhegge 2008
7198:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7173:
7168:
7161:
7160:Ribhegge 2008
7156:
7149:
7148:Ribhegge 2008
7144:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7119:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7094:
7092:9781469619682
7088:
7084:
7083:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7044:
7037:
7036:Ribhegge 2008
7032:
7025:
7020:
7013:
7012:Ribhegge 2008
7008:
6992:
6984:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6959:
6958:Ribhegge 2008
6954:
6947:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6918:
6911:
6910:Ribhegge 2008
6906:
6899:
6894:
6887:
6882:
6875:
6874:Ribhegge 2008
6870:
6863:
6858:
6851:
6850:Ribhegge 2008
6846:
6839:
6838:Ribhegge 2008
6834:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6814:Ribhegge 2008
6810:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6777:
6776:Ribhegge 2008
6772:
6765:
6764:Ribhegge 2008
6760:
6753:
6748:
6741:
6740:Ribhegge 2008
6736:
6729:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6705:
6704:Ribhegge 2008
6700:
6698:
6690:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6666:
6661:
6654:
6649:
6643:, p. 17.
6642:
6637:
6630:
6625:
6618:
6613:
6605:
6603:3-89331-000-2
6599:
6595:
6591:
6583:
6576:
6571:
6564:
6559:
6552:
6547:
6539:
6537:9783515088831
6533:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6516:
6509:
6504:
6497:
6496:Ribhegge 2008
6492:
6486:, p. 15.
6485:
6480:
6473:
6472:Ribhegge 2008
6468:
6466:
6458:
6453:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6428:
6423:
6417:, p. 79.
6416:
6411:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6367:
6361:, p. 38.
6360:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6285:, p. 16.
6284:
6279:
6272:
6271:Ribhegge 2008
6267:
6260:
6255:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6230:, p. 12.
6229:
6224:
6217:
6212:
6206:, p. 14.
6205:
6200:
6193:
6192:Ribhegge 2008
6188:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6094:
6089:
6083:, p. 93.
6082:
6077:
6071:, p. 85.
6070:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6045:
6043:9783487110080
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6018:, p. 66.
6017:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5884:Divided into
5883:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5744:Saxony-Anhalt
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5560:Wilhelmshaven
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5458:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5295:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5234:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5113:Preußenschlag
5107:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4911:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:Joseph Stalin
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4669:Pope Pius XII
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:Aufbauschulen
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4282:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4249:Hohenzollerns
4240:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:Carl Severing
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3630:
3620:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3598:Schutzpolizei
3593:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:August Winnig
3565:
3559:
3554:
3553:Carl Severing
3547:Carl Severing
3545:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3130:
3128:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3085:State Council
3079:State Council
3076:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:7 April 1933
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2979:20 July 1932,
2978:
2976:6 April 1925
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:Carl Severing
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Upper Silesia
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Lower Silesia
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Upper Silesia
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Lower Silesia
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:Upper Silesia
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:Eupen-Malmedy
1712:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:West Prussia
1531:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1471:
1470:Carl Severing
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Upper Silesia
1412:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1244:Ruhr uprising
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Emil Eichhorn
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
867:
866:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:Old Prussians
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
782:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
761:
760:
752:
750:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:German Empire
679:
675:
668:
662:
654:
650:
646:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
618:
616:Today part of
614:
598:
596:
593:
592:
584:
582:
579:
578:
570:
568:
565:
564:
556:
554:
551:
547:
546:
538:
536:
533:
532:
524:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
505:
502:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
449:
445:
436:
432:
428:
421:
415:
411:
404:
400:
396:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
355:
352:
351:State Council
349:
343:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
313:
307:
302:
297:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:
273:
269:
264:
259:
250:
245:
240:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:"God with us"
209:
208:
203:
200:
197: •
194:
191:
188:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
113:
108:
105:
101:
95:
90:
86:
77:
70:
65:
62:
58:
55:State of the
53:
47:
40:
33:
30:
19:
9476:West Prussia
9095:Thorn, First
8923:Low Prussian
8880:
8724:Comb Ceramic
8709:Funnelbeaker
8671:anthropology
8570:
8488:with see in
8433:
8287:West Prussia
8202:Chełmno Land
7599:Unrecognized
7545:(until 1920)
7450:(until 1929)
7423:
7319:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7294:(in German).
7291:
7282:
7276:(in German).
7273:
7264:
7258:(in German).
7255:
7246:
7227:
7221:
7209:
7197:
7188:
7179:
7172:Winkler 1993
7167:
7155:
7143:
7137:(in German).
7134:
7125:
7118:Winkler 1993
7113:
7106:Winkler 1993
7101:
7081:
7074:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7043:
7031:
7024:Winkler 1993
7019:
7007:
6995:. Retrieved
6990:
6977:
6965:
6953:
6946:Winkler 1985
6941:
6934:Winkler 1985
6929:
6922:Winkler 1985
6917:
6905:
6898:Winkler 1993
6893:
6886:Winkler 1993
6881:
6869:
6862:Winkler 1985
6857:
6845:
6833:
6826:Winkler 1985
6821:
6809:
6797:. Retrieved
6792:
6783:
6771:
6759:
6752:Winkler 1993
6747:
6735:
6728:Winkler 1993
6723:
6711:
6684:
6677:Winkler 1984
6672:
6665:Schulze 2002
6660:
6648:
6641:Schulze 2002
6636:
6629:Winkler 1985
6624:
6617:Winkler 1985
6612:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6570:
6563:Petzina 1978
6558:
6546:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6510:, p. 6.
6508:Schulze 2002
6503:
6491:
6484:Schulze 2002
6479:
6457:Petzina 1978
6452:
6444:gonschior.de
6443:
6434:
6427:Winkler 1985
6422:
6415:Petzina 1978
6410:
6398:. Retrieved
6394:
6371:Petzina 1978
6366:
6359:Petzina 1978
6354:
6347:Petzina 1978
6342:
6333:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6307:Winkler 1984
6302:
6295:Winkler 1993
6290:
6283:Schulze 2002
6278:
6266:
6259:Winkler 1984
6254:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6228:Schulze 2002
6223:
6211:
6204:Schulze 2002
6199:
6187:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6110:, p. 7.
6108:Schulze 2002
6088:
6081:Winkler 1984
6076:
6069:Winkler 1984
6064:
6057:Winkler 1984
6052:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6016:Winkler 1984
6011:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5862:Hohenzollern
5848:Hesse-Nassau
5814:Lower Saxony
5796:West Germany
5782:merged into
5716:East Prussia
5676:. Today the
5674:East Prussia
5664:
5631:
5619:
5589:World War II
5586:
5571:World War II
5568:
5533:
5520:
5509:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5462:enabling act
5453:
5271:
5261:governments.
5255:
5247:
5239:
5222:
5206:Carl Schmitt
5191:
5187:
5180:
5170:
5157:Franz Bracht
5127:
5116:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5081:
5068:
4862:Franz Seldte
4859:
4837:
4807:
4783:
4771:
4740:
4726:
4704:
4698:
4694:Freethinkers
4687:
4654:
4652:
4635:
4619:
4603:
4586:
4567:
4550:
4532:
4514:
4496:
4478:
4460:
4442:
4424:
4385:
4376:
4356:
4349:
4332:
4324:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4261:
4246:
4237:
4222:Poland Party
4221:
4204:
4186:
4168:
4150:
4132:
4114:
4096:
4078:
4060:
4018:
4014:Wilhelm Marx
4010:
3973:
3960:
3936:
3922:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3858:
3854:
3838:
3642:
3617:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3573:
3550:
3537:
3514:
3493:Ernst Reuter
3489:
3475:
3459:
3443:
3380:Hesse-Nassau
3220:East Prussia
3166:, USPD, and
3148:Centre Party
3141:
3138:Party system
3123:
3107:
3103:
3082:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3019:Independent
3000:20 July 1932
2981:acting until
2955:Wilhelm Marx
2894:Paul Hirsch
2867:Left office
2864:Took office
2847:
2838:Parliament (
2833:
2825:
2807:
2799:– via
2793:
2788:
2785:Constitution
2761:
2736:Hesse-Nassau
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2632:Hesse-Nassau
2469:Schneidemühl
2380:East Prussia
2329:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2235:Hesse-Nassau
2059:East Prussia
2046:Industry and
2043:Agriculture
2021:
2017:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1759:East Prussia
1751:West Prussia
1708:
1657:(Hultschin)
1619:East Prussia
1600:West Prussia
1467:
1462:East Prussia
1439:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1225:
1208:
1204:
1185:
1177:Polish state
1161:Centre Party
1154:
1126:
1108:
1098:
1091:
1064:
1031:
1026:Majority SPD
996:
964:Majority SPD
957:
926:
858:
743:
714:
644:
642:
581:Soviet Union
549:
517:
486:Succeeded by
485:
480:
433:20 July 1932
380:World War II
301:Adolf Hitler
234:• 1918
207:Gott mit uns
164:• 1925
61:Nazi Germany
29:
9249:Lund (1679)
9062:Ueckermünde
8960:West Slavic
8882:Ostsiedlung
8860:Slovincians
8719:Corded Ware
8694:Maglemosian
7921:Brandenburg
7636:Würzburg SR
7611:Bavarian SR
7573:Schwarzburg
7474:City-states
7455:Württemberg
7442:(from 1920)
7366:(1919–1933)
6993:(in German)
6795:(in German)
6575:Möller 2001
6551:Möller 2001
6400:13 November
6216:Möller 2001
5902:Brandenburg
5894:Berlin Wall
5890:West Berlin
5886:East Berlin
5858:Württemberg
5770:Mecklenburg
5734:Brandenburg
5708:Brandenburg
5639:West Berlin
5625:Chancellor
5610:Kaliningrad
5556:Bremerhaven
5089:Hanns Kerrl
4722:Antisemitic
4678:Kulturkampf
4656:Kulturkampf
4372:Württemberg
3655:(DVP), the
3529:Kapp Putsch
3154:, DVP, and
2970:Otto Braun
2940:Otto Braun
2873:Paul Hirsch
2778:Stadtkreise
2658:Sigmaringen
2401:Brandenburg
2324:Reichsmarks
2075:Brandenburg
1442:Kapp Putsch
1165:Westphalian
1110:Kulturkampf
1038:Eugen Ernst
1022:Paul Hirsch
1005:(MSPD) and
972:Paul Hirsch
939:, the last
912:Brandenburg
904:(from 1945)
898:(from 1945)
811:(1157–1618)
764:Brandenburg
762:History of
686:World War I
481:Preceded by
334:Legislature
142:• 1925
118:(1922–1935)
85:(1918–1935)
9435:Categories
9312:Versailles
9215:Westphalia
8988:Slovincian
8978:Pomeranian
8918:Low German
8850:Kashubians
8744:Pomeranian
8667:Demography
8564:Historical
8556:Protestant
8427:Historical
8266:1466–1793
8227:Samborides
8102:Partitions
7974:Partitions
7794:Partitions
7621:Bottleneck
7602:separatist
7581:Rudolstadt
7537:Saxe-Gotha
7501:Until 1920
7324:Clark 2007
7048:Clark 2007
6970:Clark 2007
6799:26 January
6716:Clark 2007
6689:Clark 2007
6653:Clark 2007
6142:Clark 2007
6093:Clark 2007
5909:References
5828:Westphalia
5706:region of
5698:, Eastern
5606:Königsberg
5540:Geesthacht
5476:ex officio
5375:(as KSWR)
4844:Young Plan
4328:East Elbia
4269:Babelsberg
3977:Rentenmark
3951:Westphalia
3927:Nazi Party
3865:Düsseldorf
3842:Otto Braun
3627:See also:
3501:Max Brauer
3455:Nazi Party
3348:Westphalia
3066:After the
2909:Otto Braun
2829:Otto Braun
2801:Wikisource
2789:See also:
2772:Landkreise
2590:Westphalia
2385:Königsberg
2369:in 1,000s
2367:Population
2219:Westphalia
2053:Transport
2051:Trade and
1994:Königsberg
1956:Düsseldorf
1816:Population
1795:referendum
1783:plebiscite
1729:, and the
1624:Lithuania
1566:Pomerania
1505:in 1,000s
1503:Population
1450:Elbe River
1446:East Elbia
1411:Reichswehr
1188:Hugo Preuß
1105:Bismarck's
1072:Herrenhaus
1003:Otto Braun
980:Bill Drews
945:Wilhelm II
728:Nazi Party
657:pronounced
177:Government
168:38,175,986
151:Population
83:Civil Flag
9348:Zgorzelec
9265:Stockholm
9204:Franzburg
9113:Perleberg
8983:Kashubian
8840:Velunzani
8800:Vidivarii
8714:Havelland
8492:1945–1972
8360:1975–1998
8349:1975–1998
8181:Pomerelia
8162:1975–1998
8078:Pomerelia
8042:1975–1998
7616:Bremen SR
7604:movements
7532:Meiningen
7517:Altenburg
7439:Thuringia
7419:Oldenburg
7394:Brunswick
6395:Gonschior
5764:(most of
5752:Thuringia
5710:, all of
5700:Pomerania
5608:(renamed
5564:Oldenburg
5303:vs. 1932
5217:Reichsrat
5212:Staatsrat
4919:vs. 1928
4882:Comintern
4840:Stahlhelm
4767:Brunswick
4748:Blood May
4663:with the
4418:vs. 1924
4360:Thuringia
4054:vs. 1921
3947:Rhineland
3689:vs. 1919
3645:elections
3639:Formation
3497:Magdeburg
3469:(55.2%),
3110:Reichsrat
2756:Staatsrat
2747:Reichsrat
2532:Magdeburg
2443:Pomerania
2356:Province
2327:average.
2107:Pomerania
1855:Increase
1767:Schleswig
1735:Lithuania
1602:(Danzig)
1495:Ceded to
1482:Territory
1477:Structure
1454:Stuttgart
1427:Freikorps
1423:Pomerania
968:Reichstag
935:, Prince
876:Działdowo
67:1918–1947
9187:Augsburg
9181:Grimnitz
9146:Prenzlau
9016:Treaties
8968:Polabian
8815:Prissani
8754:Wielbark
8734:Lusatian
8192:Kociewie
8187:Kashubia
5872:to form
5728:in 1990:
5548:Cuxhaven
5249:Council
4880:and the
4314:movement
4312:völkisch
4265:Bellevue
3869:Duisburg
3534:Landräte
3471:Liegnitz
2359:Capital
1975:Dortmund
1918:Duisburg
1741:went to
1717:went to
1694:Belgium
1677:Denmark
1583:Silesia
1242:and the
1082:Landräte
376:Interwar
190:Republic
9342:Potsdam
9056:Templin
9033:Kremmen
8790:Lemovii
8773:Peoples
8749:Oksywie
8739:Jastorf
8689:Hamburg
7789:Gützkow
7631:Rhenish
7626:Bavaria
7487:Hamburg
7447:Waldeck
7424:Prussia
7389:Bavaria
6997:28 June
5818:Hanover
5704:Neumark
5696:Silesia
5692:Stettin
5243:Gestapo
5215:), the
5198:Leipzig
5147:Hamburg
4870:Koblenz
4866:Marxist
4855:Koblenz
4665:Vatican
4368:Bavaria
4301:(SPD).
3993:Bavaria
3881:Görlitz
3606:Justice
3189:Region
2959:Centre
2929:Centre
2841:Landtag
2705:291,700
2679:Arolsen
2674:Waldeck
2641:15,790
2620:23,974
2616:Koblenz
2599:20,215
2595:Münster
2578:38,788
2574:Hanover
2569:Hanover
2557:15,073
2536:25,528
2494:26,600
2490:Breslau
2452:30,270
2448:Stettin
2410:39,039
2406:Potsdam
2389:36,991
2374:per km
2372:Density
2283:Prussia
2203:Hanover
2040:Region
2030:Economy
1899:Breslau
1880:Cologne
1775:Denmark
1769:74% of
1719:Belgium
1655:Silesia
1641:Poland
1586:Poland
1569:Poland
1552:Poland
1538:15,865
1535:Poland
1521:26,042
1518:Poland
1492:Region
1390:(DVP).
1173:Silesia
1119:Cologne
894:within
892:Masuria
868:Present
839:within
768:Prussia
745:de jure
674:Germany
623:Germany
452:•
439:•
424:•
407:•
392:•
236:(first)
123:Capital
9408:(1996)
9402:(1993)
9396:(1991)
9390:(1991)
9384:(1990)
9378:(1990)
9372:(1989)
9366:(1975)
9350:(1951)
9344:(1945)
9338:(1939)
9332:(1933)
9326:(1929)
9320:(1925)
9314:(1919)
9303:(1866)
9297:(1815)
9295:Vienna
9291:(1814)
9285:(1807)
9283:Tilsit
9273:(1720)
9240:(1660)
9234:(1657)
9228:(1656)
9226:Labiau
9217:(1648)
9206:(1627)
9195:(1569)
9193:Lublin
9189:(1555)
9183:(1529)
9177:(1525)
9175:Kraków
9171:(1521)
9154:(1493)
9152:Pyritz
9132:(1435)
9121:(1427)
9115:(1427)
9109:(1422)
9103:(1415)
9097:(1411)
9086:(1390)
9084:Pyzdry
9070:(1343)
9068:Kalisz
9064:(1327)
9058:(1317)
9047:(1282)
9041:(1250)
9039:Landin
9035:(1236)
8973:Polish
8835:Lutici
8830:Veleti
8825:Ukrani
8780:Gepids
8759:Gustow
8594:Extant
8500:Extant
7964:Cammin
7522:Coburg
7509:Ernest
7492:Lübeck
7482:Bremen
7429:Saxony
7379:Anhalt
7372:States
7234:
7089:
6600:
6534:
6040:
5999:
5898:Berlin
5881:Berlin
5784:Saxony
5776:Saxony
5702:, the
5552:Bremen
5544:Lübeck
5341:Centre
5296:Seats
5293:votes
5286:Party
5143:Altona
4957:Centre
4912:Seats
4909:votes
4902:Party
4752:Moscow
4683:Aachen
4461:Centre
4413:Seats
4410:votes
4405:Party
4364:Saxony
4097:Centre
4049:Seats
4046:votes
4041:Party
3711:Centre
3684:Seats
3681:votes
3676:Party
3505:Altona
3316:Oppeln
3252:Berlin
3203:Centre
2861:Party
2796:
2766:Kreise
2710:38,206
2700:Berlin
2683:1,055
2662:1,142
2644:2,397
2637:Kassel
2623:7,257
2602:4,811
2581:3,191
2560:1,519
2539:3,277
2527:Saxony
2518:1,379
2515:9,714
2511:Oppeln
2497:3,132
2473:7,715
2455:1,879
2437:4,554
2434:4,024
2427:Berlin
2413:2,592
2392:2,256
2364:in km
2171:Saxony
2091:Berlin
1871:4,339
1868:4,024
1865:2,071
1861:Berlin
1757:, and
1755:Poland
1737:. The
1723:Danzig
1697:1,036
1680:3,992
1644:3,213
1627:2,657
1608:1,914
1524:1,946
1515:Posen
1500:in km
1286:Centre
1267:Seats
1264:votes
1262:Pct of
1259:Party
1107:1870s
1028:(MSPD)
908:Berlin
888:Warmia
742:, the
698:Berlin
649:German
633:Russia
628:Poland
284:
255:(last)
224:
154:
136:
127:Berlin
104:Anthem
46:German
42:
9238:Oliva
9169:Thorn
9107:Melno
9045:Kępno
8855:Poles
8795:Rugii
8785:Goths
7563:Reuss
7555:Reuss
7527:Gotha
7404:Lippe
7399:Hesse
7384:Baden
7309:[
7064:[
6987:(PDF)
6592:[
6526:[
6323:[
6244:[
6177:[
6158:[
6124:[
6032:[
5991:[
5963:[
5944:[
5925:[
5866:Baden
5844:Hesse
5361:13.2
5345:14.2
5329:16.6
5313:43.2
5309:NSDAP
4977:12.9
4961:15.3
4945:21.2
4935:+156
4929:36.7
4925:NSDAP
4642:state
4638:Reich
4569:NSDAP
4484:11.9
4466:14.5
4448:17.4
4430:29.0
4416:+ / -
4102:17.6
4084:23.7
4066:24.9
4052:+ / -
3747:14.2
3731:18.1
3715:17.2
3699:26.3
3687:+ / -
3438:15.3
3428:29.8
3418:34.1
3401:18.7
3396:13.9
3386:49.4
3374:13.8
3369:16.1
3364:25.5
3354:34.3
3332:32.3
3322:43.2
3310:10.7
3305:22.2
3295:10.1
3290:53.2
3278:30.1
3273:22.5
3258:31.3
3241:14.6
3231:11.3
3226:56.5
3193:NSDAP
3036:NSDAP
2913:MSPD
2897:MSPD
2883:USPD
2858:Name
2274:26.0
2271:53.7
2261:18.6
2258:50.9
2255:13.3
2245:18.9
2242:39.6
2239:21.9
2229:14.2
2226:56.8
2223:13.3
2213:16.9
2210:33.9
2207:31.7
2197:20.4
2194:33.3
2191:23.0
2181:16.0
2178:42.2
2175:23.5
2165:13.8
2162:36.5
2159:30.7
2149:15.7
2146:37.1
2143:27.4
2133:12.8
2130:19.4
2127:47.5
2117:14.8
2114:23.5
2111:41.2
2101:28.1
2098:46.2
2085:13.9
2082:36.6
2079:31.5
2069:12.9
2066:19.6
2063:45.4
1988:153%
1950:126%
1937:Essen
1874:110%
1852:1939
1849:1925
1846:1910
1843:City
1747:Posen
1703:81.7
1686:24.1
1669:14.6
1650:29.6
1633:51.1
1614:95.2
1595:34.6
1544:42.7
1527:34.4
1364:SHBLD
1316:11.2
1303:16.2
1290:22.2
1277:36.4
550:1946:
518:1919:
199:Motto
9289:Kiel
8820:Rani
8669:and
7232:ISBN
7087:ISBN
6999:2002
6801:2023
6598:ISBN
6532:ISBN
6402:2009
6038:ISBN
5997:ISBN
5868:and
5526:and
5442:0.2
5426:0.7
5422:DStP
5410:0.9
5406:CSVD
5394:2.1
5384:+12
5378:8.9
5373:DNVP
5335:-14
5319:+49
5316:211
5290:% of
5256:The
5057:0.3
5047:New
5041:1.2
5037:CSVD
5031:-19
5025:1.5
5021:DStP
5015:-35
5009:1.7
4999:-51
4993:7.0
4989:DNVP
4951:-43
4932:162
4906:% of
4640:and
4630:New
4624:0.7
4614:New
4608:1.1
4598:New
4592:1.3
4574:1.8
4556:2.5
4551:CNVL
4538:4.5
4520:4.5
4502:8.5
4472:-13
4454:-27
4443:DNVP
4433:137
4408:% of
4370:and
4362:and
4267:and
4232:New
4226:0.4
4210:1.4
4192:2.5
4180:New
4174:2.5
4169:NSFP
4156:5.9
4144:+13
4138:9.6
4126:-13
4120:9.8
4090:+34
4087:109
4079:DNVP
4069:114
4044:% of
4019:New
3949:and
3867:and
3833:New
3827:1.2
3811:2.7
3801:-39
3795:6.2
3779:6.6
3775:USPD
3769:New
3763:7.4
3753:+35
3737:+27
3727:DNVP
3721:-12
3705:-31
3702:114
3695:MSPD
3679:% of
3499:and
3453:the
3436:14.3
3433:9.8
3431:17.3
3426:35.1
3423:6.5
3406:9.0
3399:32.2
3394:14.8
3391:4.9
3389:10.0
3372:10.4
3367:27.0
3362:27.4
3359:6.7
3342:9.3
3340:12.7
3337:6.9
3335:12.6
3330:40.0
3327:7.5
3325:17.1
3303:35.3
3300:1.0
3293:23.0
3276:29.6
3271:34.0
3268:4.7
3263:9.1
3261:15.7
3246:8.7
3239:26.8
3236:6.5
3229:31.4
3198:DNVP
2973:SPD
2943:SPD
2881:MSPD
2821:DNVP
2647:152
2626:303
2605:238
2563:101
2553:Kiel
2542:128
2521:142
2500:118
2476:332
2431:884
2362:Area
2298:17.5
2293:41.3
2288:22.0
2277:7.1
2095:0.8
2007:51%
2004:372
2001:280
1998:246
1985:542
1982:322
1979:214
1969:51%
1966:541
1963:433
1960:359
1947:667
1944:470
1941:295
1931:90%
1928:434
1925:272
1922:229
1912:23%
1909:629
1906:557
1903:512
1893:50%
1890:772
1887:700
1884:516
1791:Saar
1749:and
1683:166
1663:316
1647:893
1630:141
1611:331
1589:512
1578:100
1575:0.2
1555:501
1541:965
1498:Area
1368:0.4
1355:0.5
1342:5.7
1329:7.4
1325:USPD
1312:DNVP
1280:145
1273:MSPD
1143:of 5
1127:The
951:and
910:and
835:and
766:and
643:The
133:Area
59:and
8076:or
5502:" (
5492:" (
5448:+1
5438:DHP
5432:+1
5416:+1
5400:+1
5390:DVP
5381:43
5367:+6
5364:63
5357:KPD
5351:+1
5348:68
5332:80
5325:SPD
5300:+/–
5063:-3
5053:DHP
5005:DVP
4996:31
4983:+1
4980:57
4973:KPD
4967:-4
4964:67
4948:94
4941:SPD
4916:+/–
4816:of
4720:".
4587:VRP
4580:-5
4559:12
4544:-6
4541:21
4533:DDP
4526:10
4523:21
4508:-5
4505:40
4497:DVP
4490:12
4487:56
4479:KPD
4469:68
4451:82
4436:23
4425:SPD
4216:-5
4205:DHP
4198:+7
4195:11
4177:11
4162:+1
4159:27
4151:DDP
4141:44
4133:KPD
4123:45
4115:DVP
4105:81
4061:SPD
3991:in
3817:+9
3814:11
3807:DHP
3798:26
3791:DDP
3785:+4
3782:28
3766:31
3759:KPD
3750:58
3743:DVP
3734:75
3718:81
3503:in
3495:in
3421:9.5
3416:1.6
3404:8.0
3384:3.6
3357:8.9
3352:1.3
3320:1.0
3308:7.9
3298:1.1
3288:4.0
3266:3.3
3256:1.4
3244:9.5
3234:7.4
3224:0.8
3213:KPD
3208:SPD
3178:.)
2769:or
2759:).
2715:131
2689:53
2686:56
2668:63
2665:72
2584:82
2479:43
2458:62
2416:66
2395:61
1700:60
1666:48
1592:26
1572:10
1561:36
1558:25
1351:DHP
1345:23
1338:DVP
1332:24
1319:48
1306:65
1299:DDP
1293:93
947:as
684:in
9437::
8199:,
8194:,
8189:,
6989:.
6696:^
6464:^
6442:.
6378:^
6134:^
6100:^
5629:.
5566:.
5445:2
5429:3
5413:3
5397:8
5200:.
5060:1
5044:2
5028:2
5012:7
4627:3
4611:2
4595:2
4577:6
4562:6
4515:WP
4342:.
4229:2
4213:6
4187:WP
4108:0
4072:0
3958:.
3830:4
3823:WP
3092:,
1721:,
1371:1
1358:2
1246:.
994:.
890:,
655:,
651::
8303:)
8299:(
8204:)
8185:(
7670:e
7663:t
7656:v
7356:e
7349:t
7342:v
7240:.
7191:.
7095:.
7001:.
6803:.
6606:.
6540:.
6446:.
6404:.
6046:.
6005:.
5876:.
5798::
5786:.
5772:.
5754:.
5740:.
5688:–
5209:(
5117:)
5103:–
4759:(
3965:(
3923:)
3916:(
3600:)
3538:)
2844:)
2803:.
2753:(
1145:–
1069:(
647:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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