Francia - Knowledge

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the construction of monastic cities, built to showcase a revival of the architecture of ancient Rome. Administration was conducted by bishops. The old Gallo-Roman aristocrats had survived in prestige and as an institution by taking up the episcopal offices, and they were now put in charge of fields such as justice, infrastructure, education and social services. Kings were legitimized by their links with the religious institutions. Episcopal elections became supervised by the kings, and royal confirmation helped to strengthen the bishops' authority as well. There were improvements in agriculture, notably the adoption of a new heavy

2972: 2027: 3342: 9793: 54: 2467:(c. 560) were incorporated into the Frankish kingdom. The outlying trans-Rhenish tribes were loosely attached to Frankish sovereignty, and though they could be forced to contribute to Frankish military efforts, in times of weak kings they were uncontrollable and liable to attempt independence. The Romanised Burgundian kingdom, however, was preserved in its territoriality by the Franks and converted into one of their primary divisions, incorporating the central Gallic heartland of Chlodomer's realm with its capital at Orléans. 2224: 147: 9805: 2695:, but they then fell foul of each other and the remainder of their time on the thrones was spent in infighting, often incited by their grandmother Brunhilda, who, angered over her expulsion from Theudebert's court, convinced Theuderic to unseat him and kill him. In 612 he did and the whole realm of his father Childebert was once again ruled by one man. This was short-lived, however, as he died on the eve of preparing an expedition against Chlothar in 613, leaving a young son named 1319: 2777: 2635: 2538: 2408: 2392:—was conceived of as a single realm ruled collectively by several kings and the turn of events could result in the reunification of the whole realm under a single king. The Merovingian kings ruled by divine right and their kingship was symbolised daily by their long hair and initially by their acclamation, which was carried out by raising the king on a shield in accordance with the ancient Germanic practice of electing a war-leader at an assembly of the warriors. 8543: 6436: 8533: 2817: 3358: 9781: 1780: 9769: 1234: 8553: 1794: 1249: 2764:(614), which has generally been viewed as a concession to the nobility, though this view has come under recent criticism. The Edict primarily sought to guarantee justice and end corruption in government, but it also entrenched the regional differences between the three kingdoms of Francia and probably granted the nobles more control over judicial appointments. 2868:; the duchy of Vasconia was also part of his allotment. Charibert campaigned successfully against the Basques, but after his death they revolted again (632). At the same time the Bretons rose up against Frankish suzerainty. In 635 an army sent by Dagobert subdued the Basques, while threats of military action induced the Breton leader 2752:, to give the kingdom over to Chlothar in order to remove Brunhilda, the young king's regent, from power. Warnachar was himself already the mayor of the palace of Austrasia, while Rado and Pepin were to find themselves rewarded with mayoral offices after Chlothar's coup succeeded and Brunhilda and the ten-year-old king were killed. 3552:, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria. In the hierarchy of the church, bishops and abbots looked to the patronage of the king's palace, where the sources of patronage and security lay. Charles had fully emerged as the leader of Western 3312:

alongside the Merovingian kings, conflict immediately erupted between Pepin and Carloman on one side and Grifo their younger brother on the other. Though Carloman captured and imprisoned Grifo, it may have been enmity between the elder brothers that caused Pepin to release Grifo while Carloman was on

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The king lost the support of many magnates while on campaign and the weakness of the monarchic institutions by that time are evident in his inability to effectively make war without the support of the magnates; in fact, he could not even provide his own bodyguard without the loyal aid of Grimoald and

2182:, reputed to be relatives of Chlodio, arose from within the Gallo-Roman military, with Childeric and his son Clovis being called "King of the Franks" in the Gallo-Roman military, even before having any Frankish territorial kingdom. Once Clovis defeated his Roman competitor for power in northern Gaul, 4120:

entrenching the rights of the nobility, but in actuality it sought to remove corruption from the judiciary and protect local and regional interests. Even after the last Merovingian capitulary, kings of the dynasty continued to independently exercise some legal powers. Childebert III even found cases

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Immediately after the fall of Rome and through the Merovingian dynasty, trading towns were re-established in the ruins of ancient cities. These specialised in exchange of goods, craft and agriculture, and were mostly independent of aristocratic control. Carolingian Francia saw royal sponsorship for

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to them as a subking in 633. This act was precipitated largely by the Austrasians' desire to be self-governing at a time when Neustrians dominated at the royal court. Chlothar had been the king at Paris for decades before becoming the king at Metz as well and the Merovingian monarchy was ever after

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Pepin reigned as an elected king. Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leading men. These men reserved the right to choose a new "kingworthy" leader out of the ruling clan if they felt that the old one could

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After 718 Charles Martel embarked on a series of wars intended to strengthen the Franks' hegemony in western Europe. In 718 he defeated the rebellious Saxons, in 719 he overran Western Frisia, in 723 he suppressed the Saxons again, and in 724 he defeated Ragenfrid and the rebellious Neustrians,

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was to prove the end of the Merovingian dynasty's power. Theuderic III succeeded his brother Chlothar III in Neustria in 673, but Childeric II of Austrasia displaced him soon thereafter—until he died in 675, and Theuderic III retook his throne. When Dagobert II died in 679, Theuderic received

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The fraternal kings showed only intermittent signs of friendship and were often in rivalry. On the early death of Chlodomer, his brother Chlothar had his young sons murdered in order to take a share of his kingdom, which was, in accordance with custom, divided between the surviving brothers.

1962:, generally subdivided into several smaller kingdoms ruled by different members of the ruling dynasties. Whilst these kingdoms coordinated, they also regularly came into conflict with one another. The old Frankish lands, for example, were initially contained within the kingdom of 2611:, incited her husband to war and the conflict between the two queens continued to plague relations until the next century. Guntram sought to keep the peace, though he also attempted twice (585 and 589) to conquer Septimania from the Goths, but was defeated both times. 2767:

By 623 the Austrasians had begun to clamour for a king of their own, since Chlothar was so often absent from the kingdom and, because of his upbringing and previous rule in the Seine basin, was more or less an outsider there. Chlothar thus granted that his son

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All the surviving brothers benefited at the death of Charibert, but Chilperic was also able to extend his authority during the period of war by bringing the Bretons to heel again. After his death, Guntram had to again force the Bretons to submit. In 587, the

3182:, Charles definitively defeated his rivals and forced them into hiding, eventually accepting the king back on the condition that he receive his father's positions (718). There were no more active Merovingian kings after that point and Charles and his 4143:

were selected from outside their respective regions in order to prevent conflicts of interest. A capitulary of 802 gives insight into their duties. They were to execute justice, enforce respect for the royal rights, control the administration of the

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to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom. This campaign expanded the practice of non-Roman Christian rulers undertaking the conversion of their neighbours by armed force; Frankish Catholic missionaries, along with others from Ireland and

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inherited Burgundy and Guntram's Aquitaine. United, the brothers sought to remove their father's cousin Chlothar II from power and they did succeed in conquering most of his kingdom, reducing him to only a few cities, but they failed to capture him.

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too defined itself in opposition to Neustria at about this time. However, it was the Austrasians, who had been seen as a distinct people within the realm since the time of Gregory of Tours, who were to make the most strident moves for independence.

2377:, who wrote around the year 590. His chronology for the reigns of the early kings is almost certainly fabricated, often contradicting itself and other sources. Clovis' baptism, traditionally dated to 496, is now believed to have taken place in 508. 2887:

Indeed, it is in the 640s that "Neustria" first appears in writing, its late appearance relative to "Austrasia" probably due to the fact that Neustrians (who formed the bulk of the authors of the time) called their region simply "Francia".

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for the ducal succession upon the Bavarians and forced the Alemanni to assist him in his campaigns in Bavaria (725 and 726), where laws were promulgated in Theuderic's name. In 730 Alemannia had to be subjugated by the sword and its duke,

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would be their king and he was duly acclaimed by the Austrasian warriors in the traditional fashion. Nonetheless, though Dagobert exercised true authority in his realm, Chlothar maintained ultimate control over the whole Frankish kingdom.

1982:. The exact borders and number of these subkingdoms varied over time, until a basic split between eastern and western domains became persistent. After various treaties and conflicts in the late-9th and early-10th centuries, 3317:, drawn from a monastery, in 743. Others have suggested that perhaps the position of the two brothers was weak or challenged, or perhaps there Carloman was merely acting for a loyalist or legitimist party in the kingdom. 2804:, and were defeated and reincorporated into the kingdom by the joint action of father and son. When Chlothar died in 628, Dagobert, in accordance with his father's wishes, granted a subkingdom to his younger brother 4132:

Among the legal reforms adopted by Charlemagne were the codifications of traditional law mentioned above. He also sought to place checks on the power of local and regional judiciaries by the method of appointing

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or Charles the Great, a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. Charlemagne restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.

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In 743 Pepin campaigned against Odilo and forced him to submit to Frankish suzerainty. Carloman also campaigned against the Saxons and the two together defeated a rebellion led by Hunoald at the head of the

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enlarged with some additional territories from Lothair's Middle Frankish Realm: much of these territories eventually evolved into modern Austria, Switzerland and Germany. For a list of successors, see the

2534:, was unable to retain them and on his death all of his vast kingdom passed to Chlothar, under whom, with the death of Childebert in 558, the entire Frankish realm was reunited under the rule of one king. 3042:

During the period of confusion in the 670s and 680s, attempts had been made to re-assert Frankish suzerainty over the Frisians, but to no avail. In 689, however, Pepin launched a campaign of conquest in

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in 631, made all the far eastern peoples subject to the court of Neustria and not of Austrasia. This, first and foremost, incited the Austrasians to request a king of their own from the royal household.

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of Alsatia probably died, either fighting for or against the brothers. In 746, however, the Frankish armies were still, as Carloman was preparing to retire from politics and enter the monastery of

2415:'s death (511). The kingdoms were not geographic unities because they were formed in an attempt to create equal-sized fiscs. The discrepancy in size reveals the concentration of Roman fiscal lands. 2990:

In 673, Chlothar III died and some Neustrian and Burgundian magnates invited Childeric to become king of the whole realm, but he soon upset some Neustrian magnates and he was assassinated (675).

2944:, dominated the kingdom for the next fifteen years of near-constant civil war. On his death (656), Sigbert's son was shipped off to Ireland, while Grimoald's son Childebert reigned in Austrasia. 3575:

presented as a surprise (Charlemagne did not wish to be indebted to the bishop of Rome), a further papal move in the series of symbolic gestures that had been defining the mutual roles of papal

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Though Charlemagne preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", the ceremony formally acknowledged the ruler of the Franks as the Roman Emperor, triggering disputes with the

3689:, followed his father as the ruler of a united empire. But sole inheritance remained a matter of chance, rather than intent. When Louis died in 840, the Carolingians adhered to the custom of 3531:(Tassilo's family), another leading family among the Franks and potential rivals. Until 796, Charles continued to expand the kingdom even farther southeast, into today's Austria and parts of 2800:

During the joint reign of Chlothar and Dagobert, who have been called "the last ruling Merovingians", the Saxons, who had been loosely attached to Francia since the late 550s, rebelled under

3441:, once again divided the kingdom between themselves. However, Carloman withdrew to a monastery and died shortly thereafter, leaving sole rule to his brother, who would later become known as 2171:

defeated a wedding party of his people (c. 431), this period marks the beginning of a situation that would endure for many centuries: the Germanic Franks ruled over an increasing number of

1951:—father, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-great-grandson—the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century, and is by this point referred to as the 3834:

was chosen to rule in the west, and was crowned the next month. At this point, West Francia was composed of Neustria in the west and in the east by Francia proper, the region between the

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On the opposite end of his realm, the Alemanni had defeated Theuderic in a rebellion and the Franks were losing their hold on the trans-Rhenish tribes. In 610 Theudebert had extorted the

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were Carolingian creations, their basis in earlier Frankish reality being difficult for scholars to discern at the present distance. Under Charlemagne codifications were also made of

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from Theuderic, beginning a long period of conflict over which kingdom was to have the region of Alsace, Burgundy or Austrasia, which was only terminated in the late seventh century.

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were still only mayors of the palaces. The Carolingians had assumed the regal status and practice, though not the regal title, of the Merovingians. The division of the kingdom gave

3039:, the beginning of Pepin's "reign". Thereafter the Merovingian monarchs showed only sporadically, in our surviving records, any activities of a non-symbolic and self-willed nature. 2932:, Dagobert's successor in Neustria and Burgundy, which were thereafter attached yet ruled separately, was a minor for almost the whole of his reign. He was dominated by his mother 2087:. While all of them had a tradition of participating in the Roman military, the Salians were allowed to settle within the Roman Empire. In 358, having already been living in the 4328:

The denarius subsequently appeared in Italy issued in the name of Carolingian monarchs after 794, later by so-called "native" kings in the tenth century, and later still by the

2627:, who had succeeded the assassinated Sigebert (575). Together the territory of Guntram and Childebert was well over thrice as large as the small realm of Chilperic's successor, 2561:

In 561 Chlothar died and his realm was divided, in a replay of the events of fifty years prior, between his four sons, with the chief cities remaining the same. The eldest son,

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Kreiner, Jamie. “About the Bishop: The Episcopal Entourage and the Economy of Government in Post-Roman Gaul.”, vol. 86, no. 2, Medieval Academy of America, 2011, pp. 321–60,

3262:. But Charles's real interests lay in the northeast, primarily with the Saxons, from whom he had to extort the tribute which for centuries they had paid to the Merovingians. 2014:. Competing French and German nationalisms in later centuries would claim succession from Charlemagne and the original kingdom, but nowadays both have become seen by many as 3458:, had entered Saxon lands since the mid-8th century, resulting in increasing conflict with the Saxons, who resisted the missionary efforts and parallel military incursions. 2740:, which had for sometime been visible in the kingdoms of the Franks, came to the fore in its internal politics, with a faction of nobles coalescing around the persons of 9845: 561: 547: 533: 508: 494: 2631:. During this period Francia took on the tripartite character it was to have throughout the rest of its history, being composed of Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy. 2569:, inherited the old kingdom of the Burgundians, augmented by the lands of central France around the old capital of Orléans, which became his chief city, and most of 8767: 9840: 7996: 5135:

Laury Sarti, "Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400–700 A.D.)" (= Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages, 22), Leiden/Boston 2013,

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and thus included northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.

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Shortly before his death in October 741, Charles divided the realm as if he were king between his two sons by his first wife, marginalising his younger son

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by killing Grimoald and removing Childebert in 661. However, the Austrasians demanded a king of their own again and Chlothar installed his younger brother

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Saxon prisoners. After several more uprisings, the Saxons suffered definitive defeat in 804. This expanded the Frankish kingdom eastwards as far as the

3430:" which he laid on the tomb of St Peter. The papacy had good cause to expect that the remade Frankish monarchy would provide a deferential power base ( 4044:

It was also under Frankish hegemony that the other Germanic societies east of the Rhine began to codify their tribal law, in such compilations as the

4572: 3587:, which had maintained the title since the division of the Roman Empire into East and West. The pope's right to proclaim successors was based on the 2400:

At the death of Clovis, his kingdom was divided territorially by his four adult sons in such a way that each son was granted a comparable portion of

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on the ducal throne. This outside interference led to another war in 712 and the Alemanni were, for the time being, restored to the Frankish fold.

8589: 3523:(duke) of Bavaria rebelled against Charles. Crushing the rebellion incorporated Bavaria into Charles's kingdom. This not only added to the royal 3163:

as mayor of the palace in all the realms, but soon there was a third candidate for the mayoralty of Austrasia in Pepin's illegitimate adult son,

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assassinated and reunited the entire Frankish realm again (632), though he was forced by the strong Austrasian aristocracy to grant his own son

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in 507. He founded the Merovingian dynasty, which was eventually replaced by the Carolingian dynasty. Under the nearly continuous campaigns of

6823: 3269:, who did receive a small portion (it is unknown exactly what). Though there had been no king since Theuderic's death in 737, Charles's sons 3111:

However, in southern Gaul, which was not under Arnulfing influence, the regions were pulling away from the royal court under leaders such as

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When Guntram died in 592, Burgundy went to Childebert in its entirety, but he died in 595. His two sons divided the kingdom, with the elder

2130:(411). Jovinus was dead by 413, but the Romans found it increasingly difficult to manage the Franks within their borders. The Frankish king 8088: 5209: 9206: 4093:

as a tool for the promulgation and preservation of royal ordinances. Its usage was to continue under the Carolingians and even the later

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or West Francia. This area, most of today's southern and western France, became the foundation for the later Kingdom of France under the

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in Italy. During the 7th century the disciples of Columbanus and other Scottish and Irish missionaries founded several monasteries or

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of Provence, called in the Umayyads to aid him in resisting the expanding influence of the Carolingians. However, Charles invaded the

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was capable of defending his inheritance, which formed the largest of the Frankish subkingdoms and the kernel of the later kingdom of

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This article is about the geographical and political development of the lands of the Franks. For the Frankish people and society, see

8757: 3729:. These areas with different cultures, peoples and traditions would later vanish as separate kingdoms, which would eventually become 4243:

in what are now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The Irish influence in these monasteries is reflected in the adoption of

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a pilgrimage to Rome. Perhaps in an effort to neutralise his brother's ambitions, Carloman initiated the appointment of a new king,

2545:'s death (561). Though more geographically unified realms were created out of the second fourfold division, the complex division of 6393: 3616:(emperor), but not as emperor of the Romans. The coronation gave permanent legitimacy to Carolingian primacy among the Franks. The 1818: 3918:, was an unnatural creation of the Treaty of Verdun, with no historical or ethnic identity. The kingdom was split on the death of 3713:, or Middle Francia, known as King of the Central or Middle Franks. His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them into 3239:

and a Lombard army and devastated the region. It was because of the alliance against the Arabs that Charles was unable to support

9148: 6411: 2123: 1377: 1270: 3465:, accepted baptism in 785 as part of a peace agreement, but other Saxon leaders continued to fight. Upon his victory in 787 at 2346:

to name a few prominent ones. By the end of his life, Clovis ruled all of Gaul save the Gothic province of Septimania and the

7966: 7776: 7158: 4886: 4773: 4746: 4661: 4634: 4571:“The legacy of Charlemagne: how the king of the Franks continues to cast a shadow over Europe”, History Extra, 2 April 2020, 3078: 2912:, rebelled and tried to make himself king. He defeated Sigebert in what was a serious reversal for the ruling dynasty (640). 2186:, he turned to the kings of the Franks to the north and east, as well as other post-Roman kingdoms already existing in Gaul: 1758: 1689: 1622: 920: 2844:

The subkingdom of Aquitaine corresponded to the southern half of the old Roman province of Aquitania and its capital was at

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When Pepin died in 714, however, the Frankish realm plunged into civil war and the dukes of the outlying provinces became

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Having achieved great successes against the Frisians, Pepin turned towards the Alemanni. In 709 he launched a war against

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Austrasia as well and became king of the whole Frankish realm. Thoroughly Neustrian in outlook, he allied with his mayor

2114:, were active on Roman soil for other reasons. After the fall of Arbogastes, his son Arigius succeeded in establishing a 1811: 1585: 1353: 1038: 9575: 8793: 8789: 8677: 8513: 7828: 6828: 4823: 4798: 3135:, though Childebert is founding making royal judgements against the interests of his supposed masters, the Arnulfings. 1724: 1518: 1373: 1263: 146: 9070: 8762: 8692: 8673: 8556: 8518: 8048: 6472: 5492: 5112: 5087: 5070: 5055: 5034: 4429: 2388:: dividing their lands among their sons. Even when multiple Merovingian kings ruled, the kingdom—not unlike the late 1199: 97: 75: 3842:. The Carolingians were restored ten years later in West Francia, and ruled until 987, when the last Frankish King, 3639: 68: 9706: 9301: 8711: 8700: 8696: 8669: 5454: 5202: 4452:

people were Christians). However, Christianity had largely supplanted paganism at the beginning of the 9th century.

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https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/charlemagne-unifier-father-europe-correct-european-symbol-who-was-he/

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beyond the borders of Francia, upon whom he tried to force tribute but who instead defeated him under their king

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not lead them in profitable battle. While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later

9518: 9351: 9289: 8720: 8641: 8575: 8382: 8322: 8294: 8053: 6406: 5674: 5479: 5339: 4272: 3486: 2956: 1399: 1358: 4015:, and Chamavi, had different legal traditions, which were only later codified, largely under Charlemagne. The 9726: 9635: 8728: 8724: 8468: 8299: 7892: 5187: 3995: 3030: 1216: 1209: 1194: 1182: 1167: 969: 4321:

and various non-royals around 673–675. A Carolingian denarius replaced the Merovingian one, and the Frisian

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revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888.

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at its greatest extent, with borders displaying the three territorial divisions of 843, from left to right:

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The exact date on which Clovis became "king of all Franks" is not known, but it happened sometime after the

9156: 9152: 9023: 7887: 7771: 5555: 5165: 5156: 4945: 3212: 3055: 1391: 3411:("protector of the Romans"). The following year Pepin fulfilled his promise to the pope and retrieved the 892: 9830: 9685: 9680: 9296: 8688: 8478: 7897: 6934: 6421: 5434: 5195: 3907: 3438: 2107: 1867: 1411: 1363: 1348: 1343: 1298: 1189: 3333:. Pepin's position was further stabilised and the path was laid for his assumption of the crown in 751. 2357:, which is securely dated to 507. One year after this battle, Clovis made Paris his capital, and in the 9759: 9741: 9736: 9192: 9066: 8804: 8747: 8637: 8473: 8463: 8427: 8269: 8171: 5587: 5582: 5243: 4333: 3965: 3345:

The growth of Frankish power, 481–814, showing Francia as it originally was after the crumbling of the

2955:. During Chlothar's reign, the Franks had made an attack on northwestern Italy, but were driven off by 2865: 2745: 2599:

This second fourfold division was quickly ruined by fratricidal wars, waged largely over the murder of

2347: 2205:(the "eastern lands"), while the large Romanised Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul came to be known as 1590: 1560: 1333: 1204: 1172: 1147: 707: 679: 4420:

Missionierung, Krisen und Reformen: Die Christianisierung von der Spätantike bis in Karolingische Zeit

3560:" of literate culture. Charles also created a large palace at Aachen, a series of roads, and a canal. 3246:

In 732 or 737—modern scholars have debated over the date—Charles marched against an Arab army between

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Rural Riches & Royal Rags?: Studies on Medieval and Modern Archaeology, Presented to Frans Theuws

3953: 3919: 3035: 2909: 2801: 2131: 1407: 1403: 1338: 773: 716: 193: 2565:, inherited the kingdom with its capital at Paris and ruled all of western Gaul. The second eldest, 2312:) and made them vassals of the Franks. He also incorporated the various Roman military settlements ( 8716: 8706: 8683: 8660: 8632: 8447: 7813: 7788: 7638: 7297: 7292: 5659: 5644: 5459: 5444: 5075: 4212: 3179: 2495: 1924: 1415: 735: 62: 35: 4056:

for the Alemanni and Bavarii respectively. Throughout the Frankish kingdoms there continued to be

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defeated the Chamavi and Salians, allowing the latter to settle further away from the border, in

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In the 7th century, the territory of the Frankish realm was (re-)Christianized with the help of

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During the reign of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, the Frankish realm was one large

882: 9540: 9369: 9141: 9137: 9049: 8916: 8508: 8264: 8038: 7902: 7803: 7798: 7486: 7434: 7354: 7287: 7191: 7176: 7069: 6836: 6790: 6631: 6518: 6176: 5609: 5604: 5531: 5426: 4996: 4719: 4358: 4116:, issued by Chlothar II in 614 in the presence of his magnates, had been likened to a Frankish 2901: 2876: 2837: 2608: 2261:

of the Romans. Childeric is chiefly important to history for bequeathing the Franks to his son

1548: 1442: 1162: 1110: 989: 79: 4215:. The result was the establishment of numerous monasteries, which would become the nucleus of 4125:

and became renowned among the people for his justness. But law in Francia was to experience a

2404:, which was probably land once part of the Roman fisc, now seized by the Frankish government. 9620: 9485: 8327: 8219: 8176: 7833: 7793: 7606: 7481: 6545: 6535: 6494: 6465: 5474: 5364: 4763: 4736: 4651: 4624: 4260: 4248: 4193: 4102: 3793: 3769: 3750: 3350: 2926:: "do-nothing king", not insofar as he "did nothing", but insofar as he accomplished little. 2236: 2015: 1745: 1387: 1120: 1047: 1009: 949: 7721: 3422:

Pepin donated the re-conquered areas around Rome to the Pope, laying the foundation for the

9675: 9670: 9610: 9545: 9450: 9096: 8907: 8546: 8488: 8284: 8191: 8161: 8146: 7952: 7926: 7756: 7726: 7601: 7532: 7503: 7422: 6756: 6594: 6584: 5565: 5536: 5439: 5303: 4916: 4911: 4791:

Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: The heirs of the Roman West

4584: 4189: 3690: 3412: 3404: 3346: 3309: 2385: 2164: 1900: 1740: 1568: 1555: 1447: 999: 725: 7706: 3668:, King of the Middle Franks, nominally titled Emperor. This kingdom lasted only until 869. 3341: 2354: 2297: 2277:

and put himself on good terms with the powerful Church and with his Gallo-Roman subjects.

1928: 8: 9640: 9570: 9513: 9430: 9256: 8992: 8987: 8976: 8956: 8926: 8432: 8412: 8392: 8357: 8289: 8201: 8068: 7618: 7498: 7464: 7366: 7186: 7181: 6993: 6712: 6648: 6523: 6508: 6401: 5614: 5288: 5268: 4983: 4928: 4152:(then still royal appointees), receive the oath of allegiance, and supervise the clergy. 3892:. After 987, the kingdom came to be known as France, because the new ruling dynasty (the 3831: 3825: 3742: 3718: 3693:, and after a brief civil war between the three sons, they made an agreement in 843, the 3595: 3455: 3378: 3190:

ending the civil war phase of his rule. In 720, when Chilperic II died, he had appointed

3116: 2737: 2577: 2381: 2285: 2218: 2179: 2172: 1885: 1881: 959: 868: 807: 797: 8823: 7334: 7324: 5153:. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. 4227:

was active in the Frankish Empire from 590, establishing monasteries until his death at

9809: 9746: 9650: 9434: 9386: 9381: 9284: 9274: 9231: 9223: 9118: 9017: 8982: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8938: 8934: 8897: 8868: 8815: 8665: 8536: 8372: 8347: 8249: 8126: 8078: 8073: 8063: 8001: 7731: 7711: 7694: 7645: 7510: 7319: 7270: 7203: 7121: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7008: 6978: 6870: 6768: 6636: 6611: 5784: 5636: 5575: 5464: 5396: 5372: 5313: 5218: 4698: 4483: 4283: 4220: 4098: 3987: 3974: 3945: 3856:. It is the precursor of modern France. It was divided into the following great fiefs: 3812:(870) the partitions were recast, to the detriment of Lotharingia. On 12 December 884, 3777: 3644: 3598:

acknowledged in 812 Charlemagne as co-emperor, according to some. According to others,

3470: 3374: 3366: 3195: 3112: 2983: 2897: 2793: 2007: 1952: 1535: 1495: 1467: 1307: 411: 226: 8930: 4076:, those regions which had formerly been under Gothic control continued to utilise the 3489:(9 AD). In order to more effectively Christianize the Saxons, Charles founded several 9625: 9600: 9580: 9560: 9550: 9440: 9422: 9391: 9324: 9241: 9215: 9168: 9133: 9129: 9107: 9084: 9080: 9013: 9009: 8948: 8912: 8902: 8892: 8887: 8864: 8532: 8274: 8244: 8234: 8224: 8141: 8131: 8116: 7983: 7840: 7736: 7672: 7667: 7596: 7493: 7208: 7136: 7131: 6973: 6902: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6675: 6626: 5560: 5411: 5386: 5298: 5136: 5119: 5108: 5083: 5066: 5051: 5030: 4882: 4819: 4794: 4769: 4742: 4702: 4657: 4630: 4445: 4425: 4329: 4294: 3969: 3843: 3821: 3773: 3722: 3599: 3592: 3427: 3385: 3270: 2979: 2905: 2639: 2616: 2366: 2293: 2274: 2143: 2011: 1991: 1975: 1889: 1870: 1500: 1423: 929: 828: 688: 356: 174: 5063:

Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World.

4528: 4502: 3572: 2419:

Clovis's sons made their capitals near the Frankish heartland in northeastern Gaul.

2296:

in 496) and established Frankish hegemony over them. Clovis defeated the Visigoths (

9825: 9615: 9530: 9475: 9445: 9396: 9356: 9339: 9329: 9264: 9236: 9103: 9092: 9062: 9041: 8922: 8827: 8778: 8772: 8752: 8627: 8493: 8442: 8437: 8377: 8342: 8254: 8211: 8181: 8103: 8021: 7991: 7689: 7476: 7471: 7427: 7414: 7344: 7312: 7307: 7171: 7166: 7148: 7109: 7042: 7025: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6892: 6848: 6818: 6778: 6761: 6744: 6707: 6458: 5983: 5355: 5222: 5023: 5002: 4988: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4715: 4690: 4475: 4165: 4094: 4077: 4052: 4012: 3933: 3853: 3817: 3809: 3789: 3765: 3694: 3675: 3655: 3628: 3584: 3298: 3289:

to Carloman and Neustria, Provence, and Burgundy to Pepin. It is indicative of the

3240: 3203:, was killed. In 734 Charles fought against Eastern Frisia and finally subdued it. 3052: 3022: 3014: 2960: 2707: 2679:

taking Austrasia plus Childebert's portion of Aquitaine, while his younger brother

2483: 2374: 2309: 2092: 2060: 2003: 1987: 1932: 1893: 1462: 1457: 1452: 902: 513: 434: 342: 338: 183: 4336:(962). Finally, denarii were issued in Rome in the names of pope and emperor from 3885: 3591:, a forged Roman imperial decree. After an initial protest at the usurpation, the 3104:, probably in an effort to force the succession of the young sons of the deceased 2828:

Dagobert, in his dealings with the Saxons, Alemans, and Thuringii, as well as the

1069: 874: 9655: 9630: 9418: 9401: 9246: 9164: 9076: 8944: 8567: 8503: 8417: 8387: 8111: 8028: 7907: 7875: 7748: 7716: 7699: 7655: 7650: 7628: 7623: 7581: 7574: 7549: 7409: 7404: 7245: 7126: 7020: 7015: 6983: 6808: 6798: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6665: 6621: 6503: 6489: 5592: 5570: 5514: 5484: 5368: 5253: 4448:; most of the Frankish elite shifted to Chalcedonian Christianity by 751 AD (the 4231:

in 615. He arrived on the continent with twelve companions and founded Annegray,

4216: 4046: 3949: 3813: 3686: 3544: 3396: 3255: 2749: 2730: 2362: 1948: 1940: 1632: 1058: 321: 297: 7329: 4956: 4087:, officials trained to remember it and pass it on. The Merovingians adopted the 3926:, Provence (with Burgundy divided between it and Lotharingia), and north Italy. 3232: 2922: 2223: 2110:, were committed to the cause of the Romans, but other Frankish rulers, such as 1020: 9785: 9605: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9565: 9555: 9470: 9413: 9306: 9269: 9160: 9114: 8782: 8407: 8352: 8306: 8259: 8239: 8083: 8006: 7850: 7845: 7808: 7783: 7766: 7677: 7662: 7633: 7591: 7439: 7399: 7394: 7349: 7275: 7235: 7225: 7215: 7030: 6909: 6803: 6670: 6552: 6266: 6050: 5714: 5401: 5308: 5273: 5146: 4960:. Woodruff, Jane Ellen. PhD Dissertation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1987. 4463: 4302: 4252: 4205: 4135: 4113: 4029: 3994:

times. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was used from that time, beginning with

3937: 3899: 3893: 3797: 3746: 3710: 3661: 3466: 3389: 3164: 3128: 3086: 3074: 3044: 2869: 2821: 2761: 2714:

to submission (602). This original Gascon conquest included lands south of the

2323: 2168: 1936: 1874: 1843: 1798: 1784: 1525: 1253: 839: 633: 526: 160: 127: 5217: 4259:

of the later Merovingian period eventually gave way to the development of the

2947:

Ebroin eventually reunited the entire Frankish kingdom for Clovis's successor

2373:, uniting all Franks under his rule. The sole source for this early period is 2201:

The original core territory of the Frankish kingdom later came to be known as

9819: 9797: 9773: 9701: 9500: 8819: 8166: 7931: 7818: 7613: 7586: 7559: 7537: 7515: 7282: 7265: 7250: 7094: 7047: 7035: 6961: 6853: 6727: 6722: 6697: 6579: 6025: 5988: 5948: 5814: 5543: 5502: 4314: 4256: 4038: 3330: 3314: 3266: 3194:

king, but this last was a mere puppet of his. In 724 he forced his choice of

3120: 2994: 2676: 2659: 2624: 2592:. The kingdom Chilperic ruled at his death (584) became the nucleus of later 2588:. The smallest kingdom was that of Soissons, which went to the youngest son, 2358: 2160: 2103: 2084: 1612: 1238: 979: 653: 499: 465: 369: 7359: 7339: 6127: 4694: 4479: 2490:(great king) because of his supposed suzerainty over peoples as far away as 9804: 9660: 9490: 9361: 9279: 8882: 8332: 8229: 8033: 7823: 7564: 7554: 7520: 7449: 7444: 7371: 7161: 7143: 7104: 7099: 7079: 7074: 6946: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6813: 6751: 6732: 6717: 6653: 5719: 5709: 5692: 5509: 5183:

Table. Capitals of the Frankish Kingdom according to the years, in 509–800.

4679:"Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs the bishop of Tours" 4609: 4337: 4318: 4298: 4057: 4023: 3961: 3929: 3849: 3671: 3651: 3564: 3482: 3423: 3220: 3191: 3171: 3156: 2952: 2948: 2880: 2805: 2776: 2741: 2680: 2472: 2436: 2389: 2335: 2064: 1995: 1983: 1721: 1717: 1652: 1642: 1603: 1490: 1087: 818: 663: 554: 540: 5048:

Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations

4464:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 3506: 2900:, who convinced the childless king to adopt his own Merovingian-named son 2857: 2247:

Chlodio's successors are obscure figures, but what can be certain is that

2151:), launched an attack on Roman territory and extended his realm as far as 1318: 9645: 9523: 9508: 9480: 9316: 8483: 8186: 8093: 7975: 7542: 7527: 7376: 7089: 6998: 6988: 6914: 6562: 6557: 6201: 6159: 6082: 5995: 5863: 5853: 5764: 5548: 4449: 4341: 4244: 4117: 4034: 3957: 3956:; to which after the death of Lothair II were added the eastern parts of 3923: 3758: 3734: 3714: 3607: 3553: 3528: 3442: 3236: 3183: 3175: 3003: 2702:

During their reigns, Theudebert and Theuderic campaigned successfully in

2696: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2589: 2562: 2550: 2537: 2482:

Theudebert was the first Frankish king to formally sever his ties to the

2420: 2407: 2248: 2191: 2111: 1999: 1944: 1916: 1505: 1082: 623: 593: 309: 273: 4139:

in pairs to oversee specific regions for short periods of time. Usually

3906:, wedged between East and West Francia. The kingdom, which included the 2623:— between Brunhilda and Guntram secured his protection of her young son 2300:

in 507) and conquered all of their territory north of the Pyrenees save

9408: 8997: 8058: 7944: 7569: 7386: 7260: 7220: 7153: 6378: 6166: 6149: 6097: 6087: 6072: 6040: 6030: 5908: 5858: 5734: 5729: 5697: 5416: 5093: 4839: 4487: 4224: 4122: 4089: 4069: 4017: 3881: 3738: 3395:

Pepin solidified his position in 754 by entering into an alliance with

3392:

and continued as elected rulers until the empire's formal end in 1806.

3216: 3082: 3007: 2937: 2769: 2670: 2600: 2581: 2542: 2531: 2507: 2444: 2301: 2240: 2080: 2072: 1575: 755: 658: 643: 285: 3556:, and his patronage of monastic centres of learning gave rise to the " 3498: 2619:— the text of which explicitly refers to the entire Frankish realm as 2486:

by striking gold coins with his own image on them and calling himself

2432: 2059:

The term "Franks" emerged in the 3rd century AD as a term for several

9455: 8367: 8136: 7459: 7230: 7114: 7084: 6865: 6739: 6530: 6373: 6368: 6358: 6291: 6196: 6092: 6055: 6045: 6005: 5958: 5953: 5903: 5843: 5769: 5759: 5739: 5702: 5687: 5238: 5233: 4923: 4204:, the Frankish Church became a substantial influence of the medieval 4112:

The last Merovingian capitulary was one of the most significant: the

4073: 4065: 4061: 3941: 3915: 3903: 3869: 3857: 3702: 3665: 3502: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3224: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3124: 3097: 3018: 2929: 2917: 2781: 2688: 2663: 2604: 2603:, the wife of Chilperic, allegedly by his mistress (and second wife) 2554: 2476: 2456: 2452: 2428: 2370: 2257: 2202: 2187: 2096: 1963: 334: 261: 9184: 4601: 4553:

Uehlinger, Urs; Haartmut, Arndt; Wantzen, Karl; Leuven, Rob (2009).

2816: 2365:, and some time later he orchestrated the murders of Frankish kings 9665: 9460: 8402: 8279: 8156: 6860: 6643: 6601: 6540: 6346: 6331: 6311: 6296: 6276: 6251: 6236: 6231: 6211: 6181: 6171: 6122: 6112: 6107: 5938: 5923: 5898: 5878: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5804: 5799: 5789: 5724: 5682: 5391: 5324: 5293: 4951: 4941:

The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations

4935: 4310: 4247:

style in book production, visible in 8th-century works such as the

3911: 3889: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3726: 3685:

Charlemagne had several sons, but only one survived him. This son,

3617: 3612: 3549: 3539: 3513: 3474: 3462: 3416: 3362: 3357: 3326: 3294: 3259: 3247: 3200: 3059: 2933: 2896:

The young Sigebert was dominated during his minority by the mayor,

2861: 2845: 2785: 2723: 2715: 2692: 2655: 2593: 2570: 2546: 2503: 2491: 2464: 2448: 2412: 2331: 2289: 2281: 2280:

In a thirty-year reign (481–511) Clovis defeated the Roman general

2262: 2232: 2206: 2195: 2183: 2148: 2115: 2068: 2035: 2031: 2010:, which would conquer Burgundy and Italy to then form the medieval 1979: 1920: 638: 249: 219: 5123:

After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History

4678: 4554: 3754: 2808:. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation. 2584:, who also inherited Austrasia with its chief cities of Reims and 1892:. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the 9535: 6773: 6702: 6658: 6513: 6363: 6351: 6341: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6281: 6271: 6246: 6186: 6144: 6117: 6035: 5968: 5963: 5943: 5933: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5809: 5794: 5744: 4322: 4232: 3983: 3877: 3730: 3568: 3542:

in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain (

3532: 3490: 3322: 3105: 3101: 3063: 3006:, Sigebert III's son, in their kingdom (briefly in opposition to 2999: 2966: 2789: 2711: 2703: 2647: 2566: 2515: 2339: 2305: 2252: 2156: 2138: 2127: 2076: 1912: 1670: 648: 628: 613: 603: 587: 200: 6574: 4881:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 398, 400–402. 3449:

From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the

6606: 6481: 6383: 6336: 6321: 6286: 6261: 6226: 6221: 6154: 6139: 6077: 6015: 6000: 5978: 5928: 5918: 5913: 5826: 5821: 5779: 5749: 5258: 4306: 4279: 4236: 4228: 3991: 3624: 3603: 3450: 2941: 2849: 2719: 2651: 2519: 2511: 2499: 2460: 2343: 2319: 2054: 1959: 1878: 786: 598: 582: 385: 209: 205: 42: 31: 5151:

The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750

4552: 3527:, but also drastically reduced the power and influence of the 3021:

mayor of Austrasia and the real power in that kingdom, at the

9005: 7240: 6256: 6241: 6216: 6206: 6191: 6134: 6102: 6067: 6062: 6020: 6010: 5893: 5754: 5597: 4600:

Bijsterveld, Arnoud-Jan A.; Toorians, Lauran (29 June 2018).

4145: 3839: 3835: 3434:) in the creation of a new world order, centred on the Pope. 3399:, who presented the king of the Franks a copy of the forged " 3251: 3170:

After the defeat of Plectrude and Theudoald by the king (now

2829: 2440: 2424: 2327: 2314: 2119: 2030:

The partition of the Frankish kingdom among the four sons of

1978:. The Gallo-Roman territory to its south and west was called 1971: 1967: 1908: 1904: 618: 608: 4602:"Texandria revisited: In search of a territory lost in time" 3978:). From the 10th century, East Francia became also known as 3968:

was crowned on 2 February 962, marking the beginning of the

2736:

During the brief minority of Sigebert II, the office of the

1923:, the son of Childeric, unified all Franks after conquering 1899:

Originally, the core Frankish territories inside the former

6326: 5973: 5263: 5050:, ed. Anne J. Duggan. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2000. 4301:

began minting his own money at the start of his reign. The

4149: 4083:

During the early period, Frankish law was preserved by the

3478: 3258:

that turned back the tide of the Arab advance north of the

3174:) and Ragenfrid, Charles briefly raised a king of his own, 3067: 2975: 2853: 2833: 2760:

Immediately after his victory, Chlothar II promulgated the

2585: 2401: 2270: 2228: 745: 6450: 5046:

Fouracre, Paul. "The Origins of the Nobility in Francia."

4192:

in the Merovingian period, which was given a particularly

3772:

or East Francia. This area formed the kernel of the later

3349:. It was located northeasterly of that during the time of 3219:, began advancing northwards into central Francia and the 3081:

and the beginning of the conversion of the Frisians under

2646:'s kingdom between the three surviving brothers. It gave 3077:. In 695 Pepin could even sponsor the foundation of the 3073:

Then, circa 690, Pepin attacked central Frisia and took

3062:, an important trading centre. All the land between the 2904:

as his son and heir. After Dagobert's death in 639, the

2872:

to relent, make peace with the Franks, and pay tribute.

2662:

in exchange for extensive lands in southern and central

2580:, and eastern Aquitaine were assigned to the third son, 2212: 3548:) after 795) over almost all of today's France (except 3485:

had only attempted once, and at which it failed in the

27:

United Frankish kingdom between the 6th and 9th century

3820:) reunited most of the Carolingian Empire, aside from 3131:

from 691 until 711 have all the hallmarks of those of

1919:

expanded their rule into what is now northern France.

9757: 5105:

The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987

3960:. This division persisted until 1268, the end of the 3301:) that they were not included in the division of the 2875:

Meanwhile, Dagobert had Charibert's infant successor

2251:, possibly his grandson, ruled a Salian kingdom from 5082:. (Peoples of Europe series) Basil Blackwell, 1988. 5029:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971. 2671:

Francia split into Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy

1911:

rivers in the north, before Frankish rulers such as

4599: 4354:

List of modern countries within the Frankish Empire

4200:throughout the 6th and 7th centuries, and with the 3538:Charles thus created a realm that reached from the 2884:him to be a Neustrian monarchy first and foremost. 8597: 4011:The different Frankish tribes, such as the Salii, 3512:At the same time (773–774), Charles conquered the 3407:anointed the king and his family and declared him 2063:who settled on the northern Rhine frontier of the 9846:States and territories disestablished in the 840s 4738:The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began 4626:The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began 3437:Upon Pepin's death in 768, his sons, Charles and 3033:", a title which signifies, to the author of the 3025:and was forced to accept Pepin as sole mayor and 3002:and made war on the Austrasian who had installed 9817: 5094:The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751. 4818:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–222. 4309:were minted in Francia between 534 and 679. The 2986:(yellow) was not a part of the Frankish kingdom. 2384:. The Frankish kings adhered to the practice of 1068: 4788: 4734: 4649: 4622: 2726:, but these were lost to the Visigoths in 612. 9841:States and territories established in the 500s 4813: 3896:) were originally dukes of the Île-de-France. 3623:Upon Charlemagne's death on 28 January 814 in 3336: 2967:Dominance of the mayors of the palace, 687–751 9200: 8583: 7960: 6466: 5340: 5203: 4920:. trans. by Roger Pearse. London: Bohn, 1862. 4650:Boucheron, Patrick; Gerson, Stéphane (2019). 3361:Frankish expansion from the early kingdom of 2607:. Galswintha's sister, the wife of Sigebert, 1819: 1271: 7923:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 4735:Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (2012). 4623:Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (2012). 4418: 4411: 4325:, in Gaul from 755 to the eleventh century. 3634: 3403:" at Paris and in a magnificent ceremony at 3293:autonomy of the duchies of Aquitaine (under 3155:, initially opposed an attempt by the king, 2102:Some of the early Frankish leaders, such as 1687: 1573: 5371:origin primarily identified as speakers of 3093:) remained outside of Frankish suzerainty. 2642:(587). The treaty followed the division of 2002:came under the control of the non-Frankish 457:1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi) 119: 9207: 9193: 8590: 8576: 7967: 7953: 6473: 6459: 5347: 5333: 5210: 5196: 5027:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751 4853:"Charlemagne and the Carolingian coinages" 3620:later resurrected this connection in 962. 3178:, in opposition to Chilperic. Finally, at 3147:independent. Pepin's appointed successor, 1826: 1812: 1278: 1264: 151:Expansion of the Frankish Kingdom, 481–870 145: 5065:New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 4653:France in the World: A New Global History 4461: 2471:Theuderic died in 534, but his adult son 98:Learn how and when to remove this message 7974: 5162:. London: Butler & tanner Ltd, 1962. 5100:, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410. 4876: 4768:. TEACH Services, Inc. pp. xv–xxx. 3638: 3356: 3340: 3308:After Charles Martel was buried, in the 2970: 2815: 2775: 2633: 2549:created many problems for the rulers of 2536: 2411:The division of the Frankish kingdom on 2406: 2243:remained unconquered at his death (511). 2222: 2025: 333:Contested between the three Louis' sons 61:This article includes a list of general 7747: 6412:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4877:Spufford, Peter (1989) . "Appendix I". 4741:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. xiii–xv. 4424:. Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 441–446. 3792:became King of the West Franks, of the 3223:. It was at this time (circa 736) that 2936:and the mayor of the Neustrian palace, 2848:. The other cities of his kingdom were 14: 9818: 5128:Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, Barbara. 4676: 4409: 3325:and another led by Alemanni, in which 2755: 2134:was executed by the sword, in c. 422. 9214: 9188: 8571: 7948: 6454: 5328: 5191: 4948:. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1960. 4761: 4730: 4728: 4109:("renewal of the Frankish kingdom"). 3697:, which divided the empire in three: 2318:) scattered over Gaul: the Saxons of 2213:Merovingian rise and decline, 481–687 2141:, whose kingdom may have been in the 2044:(Bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse) 400:• Coronation of Pepin the Short 5354: 4879:Money and its use in medieval Europe 4840:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41105589 4656:. Other Press, LLC. pp. 81–86. 4500: 4188:The Frankish Church grew out of the 3990:"), a term that became prevalent in 3936:. It was divided into four duchies: 2920:. He is often regarded as the first 2784:(628). The capital of Aquitaine was 2235:'s career (481). Note that only the 368:• Clovis I becomes king of the 47: 9722:History of the Mediterranean region 8552: 7997:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 4344:onwards to the late tenth century. 3206: 24: 8089:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4982:. trans. by Ernest Brehaut. 1916. 4725: 4670: 4127:renaissance under the Carolingians 4001: 3852:was the land under the control of 2126:some Franks supported the usurper 2122:and after the fall of the usurper 67:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 9862: 8519:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5176: 5130:In Praise of Later Roman Emperors 4793:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 29. 4317:) appeared later, in the name of 4068:. After the Frankish conquest of 3419:, and returned it to the Papacy. 3138: 2706:, where they had established the 2687:In 599 they routed his forces at 2361:of the same year he converted to 2041:Grandes Chroniques de Saint-Denis 1974:, roughly corresponding to later 9803: 9791: 9779: 9767: 9707:Bibliography of European history 9302:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8551: 8542: 8541: 8531: 6435: 6434: 4999:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967. 4608:. SPA-Uitgevers: 35 – via 4526: 4162:Christianity in Merovingian Gaul 3664:or the Middle Frankish Kingdom: 3469:, Charles ordered the wholesale 2395: 1792: 1778: 1317: 1247: 1232: 698: 559: 545: 531: 506: 492: 423:• Death of Louis the Pious 52: 9732:History of Western civilization 9335:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8017:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8012:Decline of Hellenistic religion 6417:Christianization of Scandinavia 4870: 4845: 4832: 4816:The Afterlife of the Roman City 4807: 4782: 4755: 4709: 4643: 4616: 4593: 4468:International Studies Quarterly 4213:Irish and Scottish missionaries 4184:Christianity in the 9th century 4180:Christianity in the 8th century 4176:Christianity in the 7th century 4172:Christianity in the 6th century 3602:reopened negotiations with the 3461:Charles's main Saxon opponent, 3070:was incorporated into Francia. 2792:and was the basis of the later 2494:. Theudebert interfered in the 1586:German revolutions of 1848–1849 9576:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9519:Christianity in the modern era 9290:Christianity in late antiquity 8599:European Middle Ages by region 8295:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6407:Christianization of the Franks 5480:Continental Germanic mythology 5041:Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 4677:Danuta, Shanzer (March 1998). 4578: 4565: 4546: 4520: 4494: 4455: 4438: 4403: 4376: 4273:Slavery in Merovingian Francia 4235:, and Fontaines in France and 3800:. For his successors, see the 3674:or the East Frankish Kingdom: 3654:or the West Frankish Kingdom: 3487:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 2957:Grimoald, King of the Lombards 13: 1: 9727:History of the European Union 8469:Disability in the Middle Ages 8142:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 8074:Rise of the Venetian Republic 4364: 4297:was in use in Francia before 3701:Louis's eldest surviving son 3388:proved unable to abolish the 3031:Duke and Prince of the Franks 2982:(714). At this time the vast 2811: 2510:, receiving the provinces of 391: 375: 242: 137: 9024:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 4946:John Michael Wallace-Hadrill 4559:Deutsche National Bibliothek 4369: 7: 9836:Former monarchies of Europe 9686:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9297:Crisis of the Third Century 6480: 6422:Christianization of Iceland 5171:. London: Hutchinson, 1970. 4347: 4289: 4282:and the growing use of the 3902:was the territory ruled by 3705:became Emperor in name but 3627:, he was buried in his own 3337:Carolingian Empire, 751–840 3213:Umayyad conquerors of Spain 2525: 2451:. During their reigns, the 2227:The political divisions of 410:• Charlemagne crowned 384:• Clovis I unites all 10: 9867: 9742:Military history of Europe 9737:Maritime history of Europe 8270:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5043:. London: MacMillan, 1991. 4899: 4590:(late 4th century), XVII.8 4533:World History Encyclopedia 4507:World History Encyclopedia 4270: 4266: 4169: 4159: 4107:renovation regni Francorum 3824:. In late 887, his nephew 3678:, King of the East Franks. 3658:, King of the West Franks. 3372: 3365:(481) to the divisions of 3215:, who had also subjugated 3013:In 687 he was defeated by 2940:. Erchinoald's successor, 2576:The rest of Provence, the 2216: 2091:of Batavia for some time, 2052: 2048: 2021: 1986:came under control of the 1591:North German Confederation 1561:Confederation of the Rhine 40: 29: 9712:Genetic history of Europe 9694: 9499: 9315: 9255: 9222: 9123:Principality of Chernigov 9032: 8953:Principality of Catalonia 8850: 8841: 8738: 8618: 8605: 8527: 8456: 8315: 8210: 8197:Mongol invasion of Europe 8102: 7982: 7916: 7868: 7385: 6789: 6488: 6430: 6392: 5673: 5635: 5425: 5379: 5362: 5229: 5118:Murray, Archibald C. and 5107:. London: Longman, 1983. 5008:Liber Historiae Francorum 4993:The History of the Franks 4980:The History of the Franks 4932:. trans. by H. B. Dewing. 4155: 3635:Divided empire, after 840 3415:, recently fallen to the 3036:Liber Historiae Francorum 3027:dux et princeps Francorum 2820:Francia and neighbouring 2802:Berthoald, Duke of Saxony 575: 471: 461: 453: 448: 444: 431: 421: 408: 398: 382: 366: 362: 352: 348: 327: 315: 303: 291: 279: 267: 255: 239: 235: 225: 215: 199: 194:Chalcedonian Christianity 189: 166: 156: 144: 136: 114: 9102:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 5660:North Germanic languages 5645:Germanic parent language 4789:Joachim Henning (2007). 4462:Taagepera, Rein (1997). 3186:heirs ruled the Franks. 2780:The Frankish Kingdom of 2638:Gaul as a result of the 2541:The division of Gaul on 2380:The Merovingians were a 1057: 1019: 849: 838: 817: 41:Not to be confused with 36:Francia (disambiguation) 9717:History of Christianity 9033:Central, Eastern Europe 8739:Central, Eastern Europe 8152:Investiture Controversy 8122:Second Bulgarian Empire 5665:West Germanic languages 5655:East Germanic languages 5650:Proto-Germanic language 5470:Proto-Germanic folklore 5407:Romano-Germanic culture 5221:established around the 5103:McKitterick, Rosamond. 4814:Hendrik W. Dey (2015). 4695:10.1111/1468-0254.00017 4555:"The Rhine River Basin" 4480:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4410:Lorenz, Sönke (2001). " 4202:Carolingian Renaissance 3802:List of French monarchs 3783:List of German monarchs 3711:Middle Frankish Kingdom 3629:Palace Chapel at Aachen 3589:Donation of Constantine 3563:On Christmas Day, 800, 3558:Carolingian Renaissance 3401:Donation of Constantine 2530:His son and successor, 180:Gallo-Romance languages 171:West Germanic languages 157:Official languages 82:more precise citations. 9541:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8917:Burgundian Netherlands 8758:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8509:Post-classical history 8265:Fall of Constantinople 8172:Capet–Plantagenet feud 8039:First Bulgarian Empire 5166:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 5157:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 4419: 4412: 4385:Chapter 18: The Franks 4359:List of Frankish kings 4064:and clergy subject to 4006: 3709:only the ruler of the 3682: 3606:in 812 and recognized 3370: 3354: 3243:against the Lombards. 3079:Archdiocese of Utrecht 2987: 2838:Battle of Wogastisburg 2825: 2797: 2667: 2558: 2416: 2273:. Clovis converted to 2244: 2045: 1877:. It was ruled by the 1859: 1847: 1688: 1574: 1443:Linear Pottery culture 893:Valois-Angoulême kings 329:• 840–843 (last) 120: 34:. For other uses, see 9621:Industrial Revolution 8794:Late Medieval Kingdom 8790:High Medieval Kingdom 7893:Medieval great powers 5475:Anglo-Saxon mythology 5365:Ethnolinguistic group 5160:The Long-Haired Kings 5092:Lewis, Archibald R. " 4762:Heiks, Heidi (2011). 4683:Early Medieval Europe 4629:. Walter de Gruyter. 4529:"Merovingian Dynasty" 4503:"Carolingian Dynasty" 4261:Carolingian minuscule 4249:Gelasian Sacramentary 4170:Further information: 4160:Further information: 4121:against the powerful 4105:under a programme of 3922:in 869 into those of 3808:Subsequently, at the 3794:West Frankish Kingdom 3770:East Frankish Kingdom 3768:, became King of the 3751:departments of France 3642: 3569:Emperor of the Romans 3481:river, something the 3360: 3351:Constantine the Great 3344: 3297:) and Bavaria (under 3254:and defeated it in a 3180:a battle near Soisson 2974: 2819: 2779: 2637: 2540: 2410: 2226: 2147:(with its capital in 2137:Around 428, the king 2029: 1888:dynasties during the 1850:), also known as the 1840:Kingdom of the Franks 1369:Territorial evolution 167:Common languages 116:Kingdom of the Franks 9676:European debt crisis 9671:European integration 9611:Age of Enlightenment 9451:Republic of Florence 9002:Caliphate of Córdoba 8908:Republic of Florence 8489:Medieval reenactment 8285:Renaissance Humanism 8192:Medieval Warm Period 8162:Republic of Florence 7976:European Middle Ages 7903:European colonialism 7888:Ancient great powers 5279:Kingdom of the Aurès 5239:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 5024:Bachrach, Bernard S. 5003:Bachrach, Bernard S. 4912:Ammianus Marcellinus 4585:Ammianus Marcellinus 4263:in the 9th century. 4194:Germanic development 3764:Louis's second son, 3691:partible inheritance 3567:crowned Charles as " 3413:Exarchate of Ravenna 3367:Charlemagne's Empire 3347:Western Roman Empire 3310:Abbey of Saint-Denis 2423:made his capital at 2386:partible inheritance 2304:, and conquered the 2269:south and west into 2239:and the province of 2231:at the inception of 2173:Gallo-Roman subjects 2165:Sidonius Apollinaris 1901:Western Roman Empire 1705:Expulsion of Germans 1671:Contemporary Germany 1569:German Confederation 1101:Provisional Republic 883:Valois-Orléans kings 9641:Revolutions of 1848 9571:Early modern France 9352:Anglo-Saxon England 9257:Classical antiquity 8993:Lordship of Ireland 8988:Kingdom of Scotland 8977:Kingdom of Portugal 8957:Kingdom of Valencia 8927:Kingdom of Asturias 8202:Kingdom of Portugal 8069:Old Church Slavonic 8054:Anglo-Saxon England 7898:Modern great powers 6402:Gothic Christianity 5289:Ostrogothic kingdom 4929:History of the Wars 4501:Griffith, Michael. 4078:Visigothic law code 3832:Odo, Count of Paris 3826:Arnulf of Carinthia 3757:drainage basin and 3596:Michael I Rhangabes 3456:Anglo-Saxon England 3409:patricius Romanorum 3379:Carolingian dynasty 3151:, under his widow, 3117:Antenor of Provence 3051:) and defeated the 2756:Rule of Chlothar II 2738:Mayor of the Palace 2498:on the side of the 2382:hereditary monarchy 2286:Kingdom of Soissons 2219:Merovingian dynasty 1519:Early Modern period 1506:Eastward settlement 9831:Barbarian kingdoms 9747:Crusading movement 9651:Russian Revolution 9486:Hundred Years' War 9382:Maritime republics 9285:Early Christianity 9275:Hellenistic period 9232:Paleolithic Europe 9153:Grand Principality 9071:Kingdom of Croatia 9018:Emirate of Granada 8983:Kingdom of England 8967:Kingdom of Navarre 8961:Kingdom of Majorca 8939:Kingdom of Galicia 8935:Kingdom of Castile 8898:Republic of Venice 8869:Kingdom of Bohemia 8383:In popular culture 8348:Crusading movement 8220:Hundred Years' War 8079:Civitas Schinesghe 8064:Carolingian Empire 8049:Kingdom of Croatia 8002:Barbarian kingdoms 5785:Germani cisrhenani 5493:Funerary practices 5397:Pre-Roman Iron Age 5373:Germanic languages 5314:Visigothic kingdom 5274:Kingdom of Odoacer 5244:Burgundian kingdom 5234:Alamannian kingdom 5219:Barbarian kingdoms 5169:The Barbarian West 5120:Goffart, Walter A. 5061:Geary, Patrick J. 4969:Historia Francorum 4957:Historia Epitomata 4765:AD 508 Source Book 4527:Mark, Harrison W. 4284:three-field system 4221:Carolingian Empire 3988:Kingdom of Germany 3975:translatio imperii 3914:, and the west of 3778:Kingdom of Germany 3683: 3645:Carolingian Empire 3390:elective tradition 3375:Carolingian Empire 3371: 3355: 3113:Savaric of Auxerre 2988: 2984:duchy of Aquitaine 2898:Grimoald the Elder 2826: 2798: 2794:Duchy of Aquitaine 2668: 2559: 2417: 2350:in the southeast. 2348:Burgundian kingdom 2284:and conquered the 2245: 2237:Burgundian kingdom 2046: 2008:Kingdom of Germany 1953:Carolingian Empire 1903:were close to the 1866:, was the largest 1860:Imperium Francorum 1799:History portal 1785:Germany portal 1536:Kingdom of Prussia 1496:Kingdom of Germany 1468:Barbarian kingdoms 1254:History portal 750: until 50 BC 412:Holy Roman Emperor 227:King of the Franks 9755: 9754: 9681:COVID-19 pandemic 9626:French Revolution 9601:Habsburg monarchy 9581:Cossack Hetmanate 9561:Portuguese Empire 9551:Absolute monarchy 9546:Thirty Years' War 9441:Holy Roman Empire 9366:Bulgarian Empire 9325:Early Middle Ages 9242:Bronze Age Europe 9216:History of Europe 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9134:Novgorod Republic 9108:Kingdom of Bosnia 9046:Bulgarian Empire 8949:Kingdom of Aragon 8913:Duchy of Burgundy 8903:Republic of Genoa 8893:Kingdom of Naples 8888:Kingdom of Sicily 8877:Swiss Confederacy 8865:Holy Roman Empire 8837: 8836: 8565: 8564: 8474:Basic topics list 8275:Swiss mercenaries 8225:Wars of the Roses 8132:Kingdom of Poland 8117:Holy Roman Empire 7984:Early Middle Ages 7942: 7941: 7864: 7863: 7829:Polish–Lithuanian 7004:Gurjara-Pratihara 6448: 6447: 5620:Gothic and Vandal 5412:Germanic Iron Age 5387:Nordic Bronze Age 5369:Northern European 5322: 5321: 5299:Sub-Roman Britain 5269:Kingdom of Altava 5132:. Berkeley, 1994. 5017:Secondary sources 4888:978-0-521-30384-2 4775:978-1-57258-631-4 4748:978-1-61451-099-4 4663:978-1-59051-942-4 4636:978-1-61451-099-4 4446:Frankish paganism 4295:Byzantine coinage 4255:influence on the 4198:"Frankish synods" 3980:regnum Teutonicum 3970:Holy Roman Empire 3774:Holy Roman Empire 3593:Byzantine Emperor 3519:In 788, Tassilo, 3428:Donation of Pepin 3386:Holy Roman Empire 3271:Pepin the Younger 3235:with his brother 2980:Pepin of Heristal 2906:duke of Thuringia 2640:Treaty of Andelot 2617:Treaty of Andelot 2355:Battle of Vouillé 2298:Battle of Vouillé 2294:Battle of Tolbiac 2144:civitas Tungrorum 2012:Holy Roman Empire 1992:Kingdom of France 1976:Lower Lotharingia 1966:, centred on the 1890:Early Middle Ages 1871:barbarian kingdom 1836: 1835: 1767: 1766: 1661: 1660: 1501:Holy Roman Empire 1378:Holy Roman Empire 1288: 1287: 1239:France portal 1132: 1131: 1029: 1028: 940:Kingdom of France 930:French Revolution 921:Long 19th century 911: 910: 859: 858: 829:Kingdom of France 764: 763: 672: 671: 571: 570: 567: 566: 519: 518: 357:Early Middle Ages 175:Frankish dialects 108: 107: 100: 16:(Redirected from 9858: 9808: 9807: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9763: 9616:Great Divergence 9531:Age of Discovery 9476:Late Middle Ages 9446:High Middle Ages 9357:Byzantine Empire 9340:Christianization 9330:Migration Period 9265:Classical Greece 9237:Neolithic Europe 9209: 9202: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9104:Banate of Bosnia 9042:Byzantine Empire 8923:Crown of Castile 8873:Kingdom of Italy 8848: 8847: 8616: 8615: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8555: 8554: 8545: 8544: 8535: 8494:Medieval studies 8338:Church and State 8212:Late Middle Ages 8104:High Middle Ages 8022:Christianization 7992:Migration Period 7969: 7962: 7955: 7946: 7945: 7745: 7744: 7410:Austro-Hungarian 7110:Chagatai Khanate 6475: 6468: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6438: 6437: 6394:Christianization 5984:Ripuarian Franks 5356:Germanic peoples 5349: 5342: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5249:Frankish kingdom 5223:Migration Period 5212: 5205: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5141:978-9004-25618-7 5039:Collins, Roger. 4995:. 2 vol. trans. 4989:Gregory of Tours 4976:Gregory of Tours 4964:Gregory of Tours 4893: 4892: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4849: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4732: 4723: 4716:Gregory of Tours 4713: 4707: 4706: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4597: 4591: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4459: 4453: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4380: 4219:literacy in the 4166:Gregory of Tours 4053:Lex Bajuvariorum 3934:Louis the German 3932:was the land of 3910:, Burgundy, the 3908:Kingdom of Italy 3854:Charles the Bald 3818:Louis the German 3810:Treaty of Mersen 3790:Charles the Bald 3766:Louis the German 3749:and the various 3695:Treaty of Verdun 3676:Louis the German 3656:Charles the Bald 3585:Byzantine Empire 3473:of thousands of 3256:watershed battle 3241:Pope Gregory III 3211:In the 730s the 3207:Umayyad invasion 3123:. The reigns of 3121:Odo of Aquitaine 3023:Battle of Tertry 3015:Pepin of Herstal 2978:at the death of 2710:and brought the 2708:Duchy of Gascony 2650:'s portion with 2484:Byzantine Empire 2375:Gregory of Tours 2310:Gregory of Tours 2067:, including the 2004:Ottonian dynasty 1988:Capetian dynasty 1933:Pepin of Herstal 1894:Migration Period 1852:Frankish Kingdom 1848:Regnum Francorum 1828: 1821: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1693: 1676: 1675: 1609: 1608: 1579: 1463:Migration Period 1458:Germanic peoples 1453:Urnfield culture 1321: 1311: 1293: 1292: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1128: 1044: 1043: 926: 925: 879: 878: 840:Direct Capetians 779: 778: 722: 721: 702: 692: 674: 673: 563: 562: 549: 548: 535: 534: 523: 522: 514:Ripuarian Franks 510: 509: 496: 495: 489: 488: 473: 472: 435:Treaty of Verdun 393: 377: 343:Charles the Bald 339:Louis the German 245:509–511 (first) 244: 184:Slavic languages 149: 139: 131: 123: 121:Regnum Francorum 112: 111: 103: 96: 92: 89: 83: 78:this article by 69:inline citations 56: 55: 48: 21: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9758: 9756: 9751: 9690: 9656:Interwar period 9631:Napoleonic Wars 9495: 9466:Mongol invasion 9419:Crown of Aragon 9311: 9251: 9247:Iron Age Europe 9218: 9213: 9183: 9174: 9119:Kingdom of Rus' 9077:Crusader states 9034: 9028: 8945:Crown of Aragon 8931:Kingdom of León 8860:Frankish Empire 8853:Northern Europe 8852: 8843: 8833: 8740: 8734: 8621:Northern Europe 8620: 8612:political units 8611: 8609: 8607: 8601: 8596: 8566: 8561: 8523: 8504:Neo-medievalism 8452: 8388:Itinerant court 8311: 8206: 8127:Georgian Empire 8112:Norman Conquest 8098: 8044:Frankish Empire 7978: 7973: 7943: 7938: 7927:American Empire 7912: 7908:African empires 7860: 7743: 7435:Central African 7381: 7199:Romano-Germanic 6785: 6519:Middle Assyrian 6492: 6484: 6479: 6449: 6444: 6426: 6388: 5669: 5631: 5593:Gothic alphabet 5485:Norse mythology 5421: 5375: 5358: 5353: 5323: 5318: 5304:Suebian kingdom 5284:Lombard kingdom 5254:Frisian kingdom 5225: 5216: 5179: 5174: 5147:Schutz, Herbert 5014: 4905:Primary sources 4902: 4897: 4896: 4889: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4733: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4598: 4594: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4566: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4499: 4495: 4460: 4456: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4350: 4330:German Emperors 4292: 4275: 4269: 4241:Schottenklöster 4217:Old High German 4196:in a number of 4186: 4168: 4158: 4047:Lex Alamannorum 4039:the Frisian law 4009: 4004: 4002:Life in Francia 3814:Charles the Fat 3745:, Switzerland, 3687:Louis the Pious 3681: 3637: 3571:" in Rome in a 3545:Marca Hispanica 3397:Pope Stephen II 3381: 3373:Main articles: 3339: 3209: 3141: 3091:Frisia Ulterior 3049:Frisia Citerior 2969: 2814: 2758: 2750:Pepin of Landen 2731:Duchy of Alsace 2691:and seized the 2673: 2528: 2398: 2288:, defeated the 2221: 2215: 2124:Constantine III 2061:Germanic tribes 2057: 2051: 2024: 2006:, becoming the 1990:, becoming the 1949:Louis the Pious 1941:Pepin the Short 1856:Frankish Empire 1832: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1750: 1729: 1696: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1633:Weimar Republic 1606: 1596: 1595: 1582: 1551: 1541: 1540: 1521: 1511: 1510: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1473:Frankish Empire 1448:Únětice culture 1438: 1430: 1429: 1374:Historic states 1329: 1309: 1302: 1290: 1284: 1248: 1246: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1111:Fourth Republic 1092: 1059:Interwar period 1041: 1031: 1030: 990:Second Republic 923: 913: 912: 871: 861: 860: 776: 766: 765: 719: 690: 683: 668: 560: 546: 532: 507: 493: 437: 424: 417:25 December 800 414: 401: 388: 372: 330: 322:Louis the Pious 318: 317:• 814–840 306: 305:• 768–814 298:Pepin the Short 294: 293:• 751–768 282: 281:• 629–639 270: 269:• 613–629 258: 257:• 558–561 246: 182: 178: 152: 132: 125: 117: 104: 93: 87: 84: 74:Please help to 73: 57: 53: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Frankish empire 15: 12: 11: 5: 9864: 9854: 9853: 9851:Former empires 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9813: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9606:Russian Empire 9603: 9598: 9596:British Empire 9593: 9591:Dutch Republic 9588: 9586:Swedish Empire 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9566:Spanish Empire 9563: 9558: 9556:Ottoman Empire 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9471:Serbian Empire 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9327: 9321: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9307:Late antiquity 9304: 9299: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9270:Roman Republic 9267: 9261: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9212: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9189: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9145: 9130:Rus' Khaganate 9126: 9111: 9100: 9074: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9021: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8969: 8964: 8942: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8786: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8686: 8681: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8635: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8613: 8603: 8602: 8595: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8572: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8549: 8539: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8499:Misconceptions 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8307:Little Ice Age 8304: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8260:Western Schism 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8014: 8009: 8007:Late antiquity 8004: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7530: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7322: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6791:Post-classical 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6590:Middle Kingdom 6587: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6546:Neo-Babylonian 6543: 6538: 6536:Old Babylonian 6528: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6051:Thracian Goths 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5402:Roman Iron Age 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5309:Vandal kingdom 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Rugian kingdom 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5177:External links 5175: 5173: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5144: 5133: 5126: 5116: 5101: 5090: 5073: 5059: 5044: 5037: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5000: 4986: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4933: 4921: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4869: 4844: 4831: 4825:978-1107069183 4824: 4806: 4800:978-3110183566 4799: 4781: 4774: 4754: 4747: 4724: 4708: 4669: 4662: 4642: 4635: 4615: 4592: 4577: 4564: 4545: 4519: 4493: 4474:(3): 475–504. 4454: 4437: 4430: 4402: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4291: 4288: 4268: 4265: 4206:Western Church 4190:Church in Gaul 4157: 4154: 4136:missi dominici 4114:edict of Paris 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3900:Middle Francia 3806: 3805: 3798:House of Capet 3788:His third son 3786: 3776:by way of the 3762: 3747:Northern Italy 3680: 3679: 3669: 3662:Middle Francia 3659: 3648: 3636: 3633: 3338: 3335: 3208: 3205: 3165:Charles Martel 3140: 3139:Death of Pepin 3137: 3133:rois fainéants 3129:Childebert III 3100:, duke of the 3087:Eastern Frisia 3045:Western Frisia 2968: 2965: 2822:Slavic peoples 2813: 2810: 2788:. It included 2762:Edict of Paris 2757: 2754: 2672: 2669: 2527: 2524: 2518:, and part of 2397: 2394: 2308:(according to 2214: 2211: 2169:Flavius Aetius 2093:Emperor Julian 2053:Main article: 2050: 2047: 2023: 2020: 1937:Charles Martel 1875:Western Europe 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1788: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759:Modern history 1755: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1699:1945–1949/1952 1697: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339:Historiography 1336: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1121:Fifth Republic 1117: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1048:Third Republic 1042: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1010:Third Republic 1006: 1005: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 966: 965: 962: 956: 955: 952: 950:First Republic 946: 945: 942: 936: 935: 932: 924: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 908: 905: 899: 898: 895: 889: 888: 885: 872: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 856: 853: 846: 845: 842: 835: 834: 831: 825: 824: 821: 814: 813: 810: 804: 803: 800: 794: 793: 790: 777: 772: 771: 768: 767: 762: 761: 760:50 BC – 486 AD 758: 752: 751: 748: 742: 741: 740:600 BC – 49 BC 738: 736:Greek colonies 732: 731: 728: 720: 715: 714: 711: 710: 704: 703: 695: 694: 685: 684: 677: 670: 669: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 634:Czech Republic 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 590: 585: 579: 577: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 557: 551: 550: 543: 537: 536: 529: 527:Middle Francia 520: 517: 516: 511: 503: 502: 497: 485: 484: 479: 469: 468: 463: 459: 458: 455: 451: 450: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 432: 429: 428: 425: 422: 419: 418: 415: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 395: 389: 383: 380: 379: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 353:Historical era 350: 349: 346: 345: 331: 328: 325: 324: 319: 316: 313: 312: 307: 304: 301: 300: 295: 292: 289: 288: 283: 280: 277: 276: 271: 268: 265: 264: 259: 256: 253: 252: 247: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 203: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 168: 164: 163: 161:Medieval Latin 158: 154: 153: 150: 142: 141: 134: 133: 118: 115: 106: 105: 60: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9863: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9777: 9775: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9702:Art of Europe 9700: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9501:Modern period 9498: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035:and Near East 9031: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8849: 8846: 8840: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741:and Near East 8737: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8581: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8558: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Scholasticism 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029:Rise of Islam 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7963: 7958: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7933: 7932:Soviet empire 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917:Miscellaneous 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516:German Empire 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7256:Turco-Persian 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6441: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Crimean Goths 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5989:Salian Franks 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5427:Early culture 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264:Hunnic empire 5262: 5260: 5259:Gepid kingdom 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113:0-582-49005-7 5110: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5088:0-631-17936-4 5085: 5081: 5077: 5076:James, Edward 5074: 5072: 5071:0-19-504458-4 5068: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056:0-85115-769-6 5053: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5035:0-8166-0621-8 5032: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4984:Excerpts here 4981: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917:Roman History 4913: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4720:Book II 38-43 4717: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4431:3-8062-1535-9 4427: 4423: 4421: 4414: 4413:Die Alemannen 4406: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4375: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257:uncial script 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4035:the Saxon law 4032: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4014: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986:kingdom" or " 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886:Île-de-France 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717:(centered on 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3579:and imperial 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3493:, among them 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3334: 3332: 3331:Monte Soratte 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3315:Childeric III 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3159:, to appoint 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2995:Theuderic III 2993:The reign of 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677:Theudebert II 2665: 2661: 2660:Childebert II 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625:Childebert II 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2396:Clovis's sons 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:Christmas Day 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2167:relates that 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118:countship at 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:Flavius Bauto 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1789: 1786: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741:Reunification 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1613:German Empire 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1556:Mediatisation 1554: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437:Early history 1434: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1070:Années folles 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1001: 1000:Second Empire 998: 997: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 981: 980:July Monarchy 978: 977: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 933: 931: 928: 927: 922: 917: 916: 906: 904: 903:Bourbon kings 901: 900: 896: 894: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 875:Ancien Régime 870: 865: 864: 854: 852: 848: 847: 843: 841: 837: 836: 832: 830: 827: 826: 822: 820: 816: 815: 811: 809: 806: 805: 801: 799: 796: 795: 791: 788: 784: 781: 780: 775: 770: 769: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 718: 713: 712: 709: 706: 705: 701: 697: 696: 693: 687: 686: 681: 676: 675: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 654:Liechtenstein 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 578: 576:Today part of 574: 558: 556: 553: 552: 544: 542: 539: 538: 530: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 505: 504: 501: 500:Salian Franks 498: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 470: 467: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 440:10 August 843 439: 436: 430: 426: 420: 416: 413: 407: 403: 397: 390: 387: 381: 374: 371: 370:Salian Franks 365: 361: 358: 355: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 326: 323: 320: 314: 311: 308: 302: 299: 296: 290: 287: 284: 278: 275: 272: 266: 263: 260: 254: 251: 248: 238: 234: 230: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 204: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 181: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 148: 143: 135: 129: 122: 113: 110: 102: 99: 91: 81: 77: 71: 70: 64: 59: 50: 49: 44: 37: 33: 19: 9661:World War II 9514:Early modern 9491:Kalmar Union 9362:Papal States 9346: 9280:Roman Empire 9149:Principality 8883:Papal States 8859: 8608:histories of 8328:Architecture 8300:Great Famine 8290:Universities 8230:Hussite Wars 8147:Great Schism 8043: 8034:Papal States 7683:Contemporary 7533:Indo-Persian 7521:Nazi Germany 7465:Contemporary 7367:Vijayanagara 7266:Great Seljuk 7177:Thessalonica 7105:Golden Horde 6745:Carthaginian 6524:Neo-Assyrian 6509:Neo-Sumerian 5720:Anglo-Saxons 5710:Adrabaecampi 5693:Bucinobantes 5435:Architecture 5248: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5129: 5122: 5104: 5097: 5079: 5062: 5047: 5040: 5026: 5006: 4997:O. M. Dalton 4992: 4979: 4968: 4955: 4944:. trans. by 4939: 4927: 4915: 4878: 4872: 4860:. Retrieved 4856: 4847: 4834: 4815: 4809: 4790: 4784: 4764: 4757: 4737: 4711: 4689:(1): 29–57. 4686: 4682: 4672: 4652: 4645: 4625: 4618: 4610:Academia.edu 4605: 4595: 4587: 4580: 4567: 4558: 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4532: 4522: 4510:. Retrieved 4506: 4496: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4440: 4417: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4384: 4378: 4327: 4319:Childeric II 4299:Theudebert I 4293: 4276: 4240: 4210: 4187: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4111: 4106: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4058:Gallo-Romans 4051: 4045: 4043: 4028: 4022: 4018:Leges Salica 4016: 4010: 3979: 3973: 3962:Hohenstaufen 3930:East Francia 3928: 3898: 3850:West Francia 3848: 3830: 3807: 3706: 3684: 3672:East Francia 3652:West Francia 3622: 3611: 3580: 3576: 3565:Pope Leo III 3562: 3543: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3511: 3483:Roman empire 3460: 3448: 3436: 3431: 3424:Papal States 3421: 3408: 3394: 3382: 3319: 3307: 3302: 3290: 3264: 3245: 3233:Rhône Valley 3228: 3221:Loire valley 3210: 3192:Theuderic IV 3188: 3172:Chilperic II 3169: 3157:Dagobert III 3144: 3142: 3132: 3110: 3095: 3090: 3072: 3053:Frisian king 3048: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3012: 2992: 2989: 2953:Childeric II 2949:Chlothar III 2946: 2928: 2923:roi fainéant 2921: 2914: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2881:Sigebert III 2874: 2843: 2827: 2806:Charibert II 2799: 2766: 2759: 2742:Warnachar II 2735: 2728: 2701: 2686: 2681:Theuderic II 2674: 2620: 2613: 2598: 2575: 2560: 2529: 2506:against the 2487: 2481: 2473:Theudebert I 2469: 2437:Childebert I 2418: 2399: 2390:Roman Empire 2379: 2352: 2336:Loire valley 2313: 2279: 2275:Christianity 2266: 2256: 2246: 2200: 2180:Merovingians 2177: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2101: 2088: 2065:Roman Empire 2058: 2039: 2016:Pan-European 1996:East Francia 1984:West Francia 1957: 1898: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1837: 1653:World War II 1643:Nazi Germany 1604:German Reich 1531:18th century 1526:Sectionalism 1491:East Francia 1472: 1289: 1242: 1200:Christianity 1088:Vichy France 1039:20th century 1021:Belle Époque 960:First Empire 873: 869:Early modern 819:West Francia 808:Carolingians 798:Merovingians 782: 664:Vatican City 555:West Francia 541:East Francia 482:Succeeded by 481: 476: 109: 94: 85: 66: 9810:Middle Ages 9646:World War I 9636:Nationalism 9524:Reformation 9509:Renaissance 9481:Black Death 9414:Kievan Rus' 9317:Middle Ages 9115:Kievan Rus' 8851:Western and 8844:territories 8768:Czech lands 8619:Western and 8557:WikiProject 8484:Medievalism 8323:Agriculture 8187:Manorialism 8182:Communalism 8177:Monasticism 8094:Reconquista 8084:Kievan Rus' 7271:Khwarezmian 7204:Carolingian 7009:Rashtrakuta 6713:Shaishunaga 6612:Hellenistic 6595:New Kingdom 6585:Old Kingdom 6160:Nahanarvali 6083:Hilleviones 5996:Frisiavones 5864:Cananefates 5854:Burgundians 5765:Banochaemae 5615:Anglo-Saxon 5566:Anglo-Saxon 5532:Anglo-Saxon 5515:Anglo-Saxon 5498:Anglo-Saxon 4538:15 December 4512:15 December 4450:Gallo-Roman 4444:Originally 4395:14 February 4391:. p. 4 4342:Charlemagne 4118:Magna Carta 4085:rachimburgs 4060:subject to 3958:Lotharingia 3924:Lotharingia 3759:Jura massif 3735:Netherlands 3715:Lotharingia 3608:Charlemagne 3554:Christendom 3529:Agilolfings 3443:Charlemagne 3405:Saint-Denis 3237:Childebrand 3184:Carolingian 3176:Chlothar IV 3085:. However, 3004:Dagobert II 2697:Sigebert II 2644:Charibert I 2629:Chlothar II 2590:Chilperic I 2563:Charibert I 2459:(534), and 2421:Theuderic I 2402:fiscal land 2363:Catholicism 2267:territorium 2249:Childeric I 2192:Burgundians 2112:Mallobaudes 2038:presiding, 2000:Lotharingia 1945:Charlemagne 1927:in 486 and 1917:Childeric I 1886:Carolingian 1882:Merovingian 1623:World War I 1549:Unification 1485:Middle Ages 1420:Württemberg 1400:Family tree 1308:History of 1153:Health care 1083:Free France 970:Restoration 774:Middle Ages 746:Celtic Gaul 689:History of 624:Switzerland 594:Netherlands 477:Preceded by 427:20 June 840 310:Charlemagne 274:Chlothar II 80:introducing 9820:Categories 9409:Viking Age 9224:Prehistory 9010:Almoravids 8998:al-Andalus 8971:Portugal ( 8814:Anatolia ( 8479:Land terms 8433:Technology 8413:Philosophy 8393:Literature 8358:Demography 8059:Viking Age 7841:Portuguese 7722:Revival Le 7712:Vietnamese 7355:Later Tran 7325:Vietnamese 7221:Singhasari 7209:Holy Roman 6833:Bulgarian 6769:Satavahana 6740:Phoenician 6676:Achaemenid 6637:Indo-Greek 6617:Macedonian 6531:Babylonian 6379:Vinoviloth 6167:Marcomanni 6150:Helveconae 6128:Heaðobards 6098:Istvaeones 6088:Ingaevones 6073:Hermunduri 6041:Ostrogoths 6031:Greuthungi 5909:Chattuarii 5735:Angrivarii 5730:Ampsivarii 5698:Lentienses 5527:Literature 5417:Viking Age 5080:The Franks 4588:Res Gestae 4365:References 4271:See also: 4225:Columbanus 4123:Arnulfings 4090:capitulary 4070:Septimania 4030:Chamavorum 3920:Lothair II 3753:along the 3739:Luxembourg 3577:auctoritas 3491:bishoprics 3217:Septimania 3083:Willibrord 3008:Clovis III 2938:Erchinoald 2902:Childebert 2812:Dagobert I 2770:Dagobert I 2601:Galswintha 2582:Sigebert I 2543:Chlothar I 2532:Theudebald 2508:Ostrogoths 2496:Gothic War 2488:magnus rex 2445:Chlothar I 2302:Septimania 2258:foederatus 2241:Septimania 2217:See also: 2159:) and the 2116:hereditary 2081:Chattuarii 2073:Ampsivarii 1868:post-Roman 1763:since 1990 1746:New states 1690:Ostgebiete 1683:Occupation 1576:Zollverein 1424:Mediatised 1334:Chronology 789:settlement 756:Roman Gaul 726:Prehistory 659:San Marino 644:Luxembourg 286:Dagobert I 216:Government 201:Demonym(s) 177:and others 173:including 63:references 9456:Feudalism 9427:Catalonia 9169:Despotate 9113:Ukraine ( 9097:Jerusalem 9061:Croatia ( 8816:Byzantine 8788:Hungary ( 8779:Byzantine 8678:1169–1536 8464:Dark Ages 8373:Household 8368:Hastilude 8137:Feudalism 7834:Couronian 7472:Ethiopian 7460:Manchukuo 7415:Brazilian 7261:Ghaznavid 7231:Srivijaya 7182:Trebizond 7167:Byzantine 7149:North Sea 7144:Norwegian 7132:Almoravid 7115:Ilkhanate 7085:Majapahit 7058:Muromachi 6967:Solomonic 6952:Ethiopian 6866:Caliphate 6799:Aragonese 6627:Ptolemaic 6374:Vidivarii 6369:Victohali 6359:Vangiones 6292:Thuringii 6197:Nuithones 6093:Irminones 6056:Visigoths 6046:Thervingi 6006:Gambrivii 5959:Dulgubnii 5954:Dauciones 5904:Chasuarii 5844:Brondings 5770:Bastarnae 5760:Baiuvarii 5740:Armalausi 5703:Raetovari 5637:Languages 5605:Symbology 5465:Folklore 5460:Festivals 5005:(trans.) 4924:Procopius 4857:Britanica 4703:161819012 4370:Citations 4097:emperors 4074:Catalonia 4066:canon law 4062:Roman law 3996:Conrad II 3964:dynasty. 3946:Franconia 3942:Alamannia 3916:Austrasia 3904:Lothair I 3894:Capetians 3870:Catalonia 3858:Aquitaine 3703:Lothair I 3666:Lothair I 3618:Ottonians 3600:Michael I 3581:potestas. 3507:Osnabrück 3503:Paderborn 3369:(843/870) 3287:Thuringia 3283:Alemannia 3279:Austrasia 3225:Maurontus 3161:Ragenfrid 3153:Plectrude 3149:Theudoald 3125:Clovis IV 3098:Willehari 3019:Arnulfing 2930:Clovis II 2918:Adalgisel 2890:Burgundia 2877:Chilperic 2858:Périgueux 2782:Aquitaine 2718:, namely 2689:Dormelles 2664:Aquitaine 2609:Brunhilda 2605:Fredegund 2555:Austrasia 2477:Austrasia 2457:Burgundes 2453:Thuringii 2429:Chlodomer 2371:Ragnachar 2203:Austrasia 2188:Visigoths 2163:. Though 2153:Camaracum 2132:Theudemer 2097:Toxandria 2018:symbols. 1964:Austrasia 1929:Aquitaine 1732:1949–1990 1709:1944–1950 1657:1939–1945 1647:1933–1945 1637:1918–1933 1627:1914–1918 1617:1871–1918 1392:Empresses 1222:Territory 1115:1946–1958 1105:1944–1946 1095:1940–1944 1074:1920–1929 1063:1919–1939 1052:1870–1940 1025:1871–1914 1014:1870–1940 1004:1852–1870 994:1848–1852 984:1830–1848 974:1814–1830 964:1804–1814 954:1792–1804 944:1791–1792 934:1789–1799 907:1589–1792 897:1515–1589 887:1498–1515 855:1328–1498 335:Lothair I 262:Clothar I 190:Religion 9695:See also 9666:Cold War 9461:Crusades 9431:Valencia 9165:Lordship 9147:Serbia ( 9128:Russia ( 9067:Pannonia 9063:Dalmatia 9014:Almohads 8842:Medieval 8777:Greece ( 8689:Scotland 8674:800–1169 8606:Medieval 8547:Category 8514:Timeline 8403:Minstrel 8398:Medicine 8280:Chivalry 8235:Burgundy 8157:Crusades 7814:Japanese 7777:Scottish 7757:American 7749:Colonial 7678:Imperial 7646:Moroccan 7582:Japanese 7560:Afsharid 7419:Burmese 7405:Austrian 7360:Later Le 7335:Early Le 7320:Venetian 7246:Tiwanaku 7159:Hellenic 7122:Moroccan 7053:Kamakura 7043:Japanese 7026:Saffarid 6979:Georgian 6893:Chalukya 6871:Rashidun 6861:Calakmul 6829:Bruneian 6708:Haryanka 6686:Sasanian 6681:Parthian 6632:Bactrian 6622:Seleucid 6602:Goguryeo 6580:Egyptian 6514:Assyrian 6504:Akkadian 6495:Colonies 6440:Category 6347:Hasdingi 6332:Usipetes 6312:Tubantes 6297:Toxandri 6277:Tencteri 6252:Suarines 6237:Sicambri 6232:Semnones 6212:Reudigni 6182:Mattiaci 6172:Marsacii 6123:Lombards 6113:Lacringi 6108:Juthungi 5939:Corconti 5924:Cherusci 5899:Charudes 5879:Chaedini 5849:Bructeri 5834:Bateinoi 5805:Eburones 5800:Condrusi 5795:Caeroesi 5790:Atuatuci 5725:Ambrones 5688:Brisgavi 5683:Alemanni 5561:Paganism 5450:Clothing 5445:Calendar 5392:Germania 5098:Speculum 4952:Fredegar 4936:Fredegar 4348:See also 4311:denarius 4290:Currency 4095:Spoletan 4024:Ribuaria 4013:Ripuarii 3984:Teutonic 3912:Provence 3890:Toulouse 3874:Flanders 3866:Burgundy 3862:Brittany 3846:, died. 3838:and the 3822:Burgundy 3816:(son of 3743:Lorraine 3727:Lombardy 3723:Burgundy 3719:Lorraine 3707:de facto 3613:basileus 3573:ceremony 3550:Brittany 3540:Pyrenees 3514:Lombards 3463:Widukind 3439:Carloman 3432:potestas 3426:in the " 3417:Lombards 3363:Clovis I 3327:Liutfrid 3291:de facto 3275:Carloman 3260:Pyrenees 3248:Poitiers 3201:Lantfrid 3145:de facto 3066:and the 3060:Dorestad 2934:Nanthild 2870:Judicael 2862:Bordeaux 2846:Toulouse 2786:Toulouse 2724:Gipuzkoa 2716:Pyrenees 2693:Dentelin 2656:Touraine 2594:Neustria 2578:Auvergne 2571:Provence 2551:Burgundy 2547:Provence 2526:Chlothar 2504:Lombards 2492:Pannonia 2465:Frisians 2449:Soissons 2367:Sigobert 2332:Armorica 2326:and the 2290:Alemanni 2282:Syagrius 2207:Neustria 2196:Alemanni 2184:Syagrius 2149:Tongeren 2108:Arbogast 2069:Bructeri 2036:Clotilde 1994:, while 1980:Neustria 1925:Soissons 1921:Clovis I 1879:Frankish 1858:(Latin: 1725:division 1384:Monarchs 1344:Military 1299:a series 1297:Part of 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