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its
Frankish and Ottoman buildings the old town of Rhodes is an important ensemble of traditional human settlement, characterized by successive and complex phenomena of acculturation. Contact with the traditions of the Dodecanese changed the forms of Gothic architecture, and building after 1523 combined vernacular forms resulting from the meeting of two worlds with decorative elements of Ottoman origin. All the built-up elements dating before 1912 have become vulnerable because of the evolution in living conditions and they must be protected as much as the great religious, civil and military monuments, the churches, monasteries, mosques, baths, palaces, forts, gates and ramparts."
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636:(Πόρτα Κόκκινη, "red door"). According to the tradition during the siege of 1522 there were so many fallen men in front of this gate that the stones were dyed red. The external fortification of the Gate of Saint John was built by the Grand Master d'Aubusson to protect the previous fortifications built by Grand Masters Fluvian,
584:) is a grand gate just below the Palace of the Grand Master. It has a triple defensive belt with chemins de ronde, two round towers and covered entrance. Remains of the ancient studded wood doors are still visible. The Saint George bastion, pentagonal in shape, covered with its cannons the access through the gate.
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This terreplein (embankment) was built in the middle of the moat together the other two after the siege of 1480. It prevented cannon from having a clear shot at the walls and if assailants had entered the moat, the moat could have been reached through underground passages that could have quickly been
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It is known as Tower of France or Tower of the Angel. It was one of the two towers protecting the
Commercial harbour ("emporium" in Greek Εμπόριον). It was built on the natural mole East of the harbour by the Grand Master d'Aubusson who had the coat of arms of France placed on the tower (hence one of
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The
Acandia Gate (Πύλη Ακαντιάς) was opened by the Italian administration in 1935 in the segment of fortifications to the North-East of the Del Carretto bastion to connect the commercial harbour with the South-East zone of the town beyond the medieval town. For the occasion a new street was outlined
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ordered the fortifications to be rebuilt to withstand the cannons. For the purpose they called to Rhodes the best
Italian military architects. Among them Matteo Gioeni, Basilio della Scuola, Gerolamo Bartolucci and Gabriele Tadino da Martinengo. The latter two were present in Rhodes during the final
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before the development of the cannons on the mole east of the Gate of Saint Paul that closes the commercial harbour. It had a square shape like many other medieval towers and was 46 m (145 ft.) high. It was the terminal of the wall belt facing the harbour and was used as a watch tower. It
600:
The Gate of St
Athanasios (Πύλη Αγίου Αθανασίου) was built between 1441 and 1442. It is also known to locals as Saint Francis Gate since the church of Saint Francis of Assisi, built by the Italians, is just outside the gate. The round tower of Saint Mary that controlled the entrance to the gate was
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architecture. However, after the second Siege of Rhodes the medieval town was also developed in the
Ottoman era. New buildings were constructed including: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The architectural significance of Rhodes, is summarised by UNESCO when it states: "with
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struck the island causing severe damages to the houses and the fortification and about 30,000 casualties. A new
Ottoman siege could not be withstood, so the Knights made available their great financial resources and in a very short time the most important palaces of the town and the fortifications
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The
Liberty Gate (Πύλη Ελευθερίας) was opened by the Italians in 1924, who portrayed themselves as liberators from Ottoman rule. It is the main access to the Kolona harbour and allows the connection between the Kolona and Mandraki harbours. Although it is a modern gate it was built respecting the
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The
Mandraki (in Greek Μανδράκι) was the military harbour and was guarded by a tower built between 1464 and 1467 by the Grand Master Zacosta at the end of the natural mole. After the siege of Rhodes in 1480 the Grand Master d'Aubusson added a bastion around the tower transforming it into a guard
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entered Rhodes through this gate. The gate was closed by the sultan who wished to avoid that any other conqueror could pass after him. Probably the door was closed by the
Hospitallers for security reasons. It was re-opened by the Italians in 1922 during the 400th anniversary of the conquest of
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town in Europe, with over 6,000 inhabitants. The medieval town, as well as being part of the UNESCO world heritage site, is also a major tourism attraction. The medieval town (Παλαιά Πόλη) contains a number of sites, including the clock-tower, Socrates Square, the Jewish Square, the old Haman,
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whose coat of arms stands on top of the gate. In 1908 the Ottoman administration demolished the side towers to widen the access road to the Kolona harbour. Today thanks to the direct connection with the Liberty gate it allows a fast flow of vehicles between the Kolona harbour and the new town.
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The Marine or Sea Gate (Πύλη Θαλασσινή) was the main entrance to the town from the harbour. Its defensive towers have a representative task more than defence in facts due to the reduced space between the waterfront and the walls no army could have ever attempted an attack from this side of the
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for the reverse fire of cannons on the nearby spans of wall. This bastion was named "Bastion Del Carretto" after the Grand Master. The gate of Saint John was closed and a pentagonal bastion with the same name was built on the western side of the walls to guard Gate d'Amboise. After The Ottoman
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at 1522 so that Rhodes is one of the few European walled towns that still shows the transition between the classical medieval fortification and the modern ones. The fortifications that still today make a belt around the medieval town, so that it is a separate neighbour from the new town, were
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from the nearby coast (Turkey is just 18 km away and can be easily seen from Rhodes). The knights started continuous works on the fortifications, both to include the new villages in the South of the historical Byzantine town and to update the fortification to the new military defensive
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The Gate (in Greek: Πύλη Αγίου Παύλου) was built in the second half of the 15th century to allow the access to the fortified city and the Kolona harbour. The Gate of Saint Paul was almost completely demolished during World War II and was rebuilt together with Marine Gate in 1951.
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who allowed the (medieval) town of Rhodes to reach the current area of about 42 hectares (104 acres). The wall curtain was finished between 1457 and 1465. The Byzantine fortifications were demolished leaving just a portion of those of the old fort known at the time of Knights as
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The Gate of the Virgin (Πύλη Παναγίας) is a modern gate, envisaged in the town master plan by the Italian administration to allow vehicle traffic, but opened only in 1955 by the Greek administration. Its name comes from the nearby church of the Virgin of the Burgh (or Virgin of
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of Spain the Bastion of Saint Georges is the model of the successive modern forts. It final transformation was designed by the Italian architect Basilio della Scuola and carries coat of arms of the latest Grand master in Rhodes Philippe Villiers de l’Isle Adam.
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The Knights of Saint John had had a long experience in building fortresses and fortifications during the almost three centuries of their stay in the Holy Land, nevertheless the reference model for the construction of the fortification were the
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but the powerful army of the conqueror of Constantinople manned with 100,000 troops and 170 ships was repelled by the courage of the Knights and the strong fortifications, notwithstanding the outnumbering assailants. In 1481 a destructive
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There are 11 gates to access the old city. Some of them are ancient, some are modern. The ancient gate of Saint George was closed by the Grand Master d'Aubusson after the siege of 1480 and transformed into a bastion. Starting from the
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Post of Italy or Del Carretto Bastion. This is the place where the troops of Mehmed II breached the walls and were then repelled by the knights during the siege of 1481. Grand Master Fabrizio del Carretto had it armoured with a
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It has a pentagonal shape and represents one of the examples of a gate transformed into a bastion through subsequent modifications that took place until the final siege of 1522. With the addition of the powerful
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The Gate of St Catherine (Πύλη της Αγίας Αικατερίνης) is also known as the Windmills Gate, since it allowed to reach the grain mills on the harbour mole from the commercial part of the town.
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The medieval town contains a number of different architectural styles, due to its history. The town mostly developed under the Knights of St John, which accounts for its predominantly
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Ministry of Culture – Works supervision committee for the monuments of the medieval town of Rhodes "Medieval Town of Rhodes - Restoration Works (1985–2000) - Part Two" Rhodes, 2001
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Ministry of Culture – Works supervision committee for the monuments of the medieval town of Rhodes "Medieval Town of Rhodes - Restoration Works (1985–2000) - Part One" Rhodes, 2001
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The terreplein of Spain is placed in the South West portion of the walls on the side of the Gate of Saint Athanasiou and was guarded by the knights of the
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bombings destroyed the upper part of the North tower. In 1951 the gate was restored by the Greek administration together with the Gate of Saint Paul.
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I. D. Kondis "Recent Restoration and Preservation of the Monuments of the Knights in Rhodes" - British School at Athens (pp. 213-216) - Vol. 47, 195
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conquered Rhodes in 1522 they did not demolish the walls but repaired them and kept them under maintenance during the four centuries of their rule.
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author of the treatise "Paraskeuastica" on defensive works, stayed in Rhodes in the 3rd century BC and expressed his admiration for its walls. The
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The terreplein of Italy was placed in the south East portion of the wall just north of the Bastion of Italy and guarded by the knights of the
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Placed in the South side of the walls between the Gate of Saint Athanasiou and the Gate of Sain John was guarded by the knights of the
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severely damaged the fortifications, but they were soon rebuilt. The Byzantines built a fortress on the highest part of the town.
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The Arnaldo Gate (Πύλη Αρνάλδου) is a small gate that gives access to the New Hospital of Saint John, which hosts currently the
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in the late 4th century BC, the town of Rhodes was already enclosed in defensive walls which allowed to withstand the siege of
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restored during the Italian administration of the island and are, at present (2011), being studied, restored and maintained.
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of Italy. It was partially demolished and split into three portions by the Italian administration to open the Acandia Gate.
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In 1912 Italian troops entered the town through this gate. A frame which is currently empty, hosted a commemorative stone.
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The Bastion of Italy (or Post of Italy) in which the Ottomans had opened a breach in 1480 was rebuilt with a powerful
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blown up in case of withdrawal. In 1522 the Ottoman tried to undermine the terrepleins by tunnelling under the moat.
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which allows for a great mass capable of withstanding gunshots with smooth external stone faces to prevent climbing.
1065:. Rhodes: Ministry of Culture – Works supervision committee for the monuments of the medieval town of Rhodes. 2001.
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1950:
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Harry Coccossis, Alexandra Mexa, The challenge of tourism carrying capacity assessment: theory and practice, 2004
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was severely damaged during earthquakes of the 19th century and was demolished by the Ottoman administration.
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David Nicolle "Knights of Jerusalem: the crusading order of Hospitallers 1100-1565" – Osprey Publishing, 2008
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David Nicolle "Knights of Jerusalem: the crusading order of Hospitallers 1100-1565" – Osprey Publishing, 2008
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walls starting from 1309, the year in which they took possession of the island after a three-year struggle.
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architectural style of the medieval gates. The road that crosses it continues through the Arsenal gate.
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1965:
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After their expulsion from Rhodes, the Hospitallers moved to the central Mediterranean island of
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Konstantin Nossov, Brian Delf "The Fortress of Rhodes 1309-1522" Osprey Publishing, 2010
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The Gate (in Greek: Πύλη Ταρσανά) was built during the 14th century by the Grand Master
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are shaped like a defensive crescent around the medieval town and consist mostly of a
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its names). On the mole there were originally 13 windmills. Today only one is left.
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and to the inheritance of the Templars' assets given to the Hospitallers after the
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The medieval town of Rhodes, has been the set of a number of movies, including
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techniques after the artillery started to be used currently as a siege means.
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The defence of different portions of fortifications was assigned to different
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composed of a huge wall made of an embankment encased in stone, equipped with
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Ryan Ver Berkmoes, Oliver Berry, Geert Cole, David Else, Western Europe, 2009
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which, during the centuries, had shown a great capacity to withstand sieges.
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Like most of the defensive walls, they were built with a technique called
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The Gate of the Virgin seen from the church of the Virgin of the Burgh
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Contained within the Fortifications of Rhodes is the largest active
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still hold the name of the langue involved (e.g. Bastion of Italy,
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Gino Manicone "Rodi sposa del sole", Casamari, La Monastica, 1992.
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Medieval Town of Rhodes - Restoration Works (1985-2000) - Part One
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Gino Manicone "Rodi sposa del sole", Casamari, La Monastica, 1992.
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According to the Turkish tradition the troops of the conqueror
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299:(tongues) of Knights. The North face was under the rule of the
261:
34:
30:
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The Gate of St John (Πύλη Αγίου Ιωάννου) is commonly known as
2289:
1880:
693:(as opposed to Knights) who inhabited this part of the town.
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352:
320:
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The Fort of Saint Nicholas that guards the Mandraki harbour
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was built to thank gods for the victory against Demetrius.
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were in a similar style to the fortifications of Rhodes.
689:, meaning "main town"), The name "Burgh" comes from the
303:, then moving West and South the posts were held by the
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It was built between 1396 and 1421 by the Grand Master
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was suppressed in 1312 by decree of the king of France
1530:
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
550:
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Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller
375:
The cannons protecting the Palace of the Grand Master
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that is from North-West towards the South they are:
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Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes
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Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes
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499:were rebuilt. In the following years Grand Masters
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379:Due to its geographical position as a gate to the
1029:
2343:
908:Albergo d'Inghilterra, English Knights' quarters
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1951:
1488:
1224:
1057:
1055:
1053:
451:The expansion of the walls was undertaken by
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850:Albergo di Francia, French Knights' quarters
431:. The richness of the island attracted the
829:Naillac tower (from a drawing of late 1700)
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1958:
1944:
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1231:
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1114:Duncan Garwood, Mediterranean Europe, 2009
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785:
663:
2352:Buildings and structures in Rhodes (city)
1008:
545:fortifications they built within the city
391:king of Macedonia, in 305 BC. The famous
1195:36.44385254463199°N 28.229161022192063°E
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808:Del Carretto Bastion and the angled wall
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370:
279:of Saint John by enhancing the existing
272:, towers and defensive forts are found.
2377:Tourist attractions in the South Aegean
1238:
16:Historical fortifications of Greek city
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2200:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
1907:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
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875:
780:
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478:sultan of Egypt tried without success
1939:
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1212:
1200:36.44385254463199; 28.229161022192063
949:Suleiman Mosque Socrates Street, the
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671:
615:
539:in 1530. They settled in the town of
411:Chemin de ronde on the Southern Walls
1863:Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
48:View of the fortifications of Rhodes
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551:The gates of the old town of Rhodes
60:Map of the fortifications of Rhodes
13:
1674:
1666:
1658:
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841:
601:built in 1441 by the Grand Master
527:The fortifications of Rhodes were
14:
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1599:Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos
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2318:
1967:
859:Tower and Fort of Saint Nicholas
820:
513:Philippe Villiers de l’Isle Adam
54:
42:
1322:St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral
1277:Archaeological Museum of Rhodes
1153:
1135:
1126:
763:
728:Archaeological Museum of Rhodes
713:
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2382:World Heritage Sites in Greece
2372:Archaeological sites on Rhodes
1504:World Heritage Sites in Greece
1117:
1108:
1099:
1069:
1041:
1020:
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1:
2387:Gothic architecture in Greece
1001:
817:to hold cannon emplacements.
415:When the Knights Hospitaller
1995:St. George's Castle, Preveza
1550:Church of the Acheiropoietos
1441:International Tour of Rhodes
1105:Paul Hellander, Greece, 2008
7:
2105:Fortifications of Heraklion
1592:Church of the Holy Apostles
1585:Church of Saint Panteleimon
989:
932:The medieval town of Rhodes
10:
2403:
1578:Church of Panagia Chalkeon
558:Palace of the Grand Master
456:Antonio Fluvian de Riviere
366:
154:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2327:
2316:
1980:
1871:
1785:
1762:
1685:
1648:
1606:Church of Saint Catherine
1557:Church of Saint Demetrios
1510:
1454:
1433:
1372:
1247:
1143:"Medieval City of Rhodes"
940:Rhodes city, around 1490.
740:Juan Fernandez de Heredia
581:
468:
226:
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101:
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75:
65:
53:
41:
28:
23:
2275:Fortifications of Rhodes
2165:Koules (Castello a Mare)
2100:Fortifications of Chania
1701:Temple of Athena Pronaia
1627:Church of Prophet Elijah
1292:Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library
1282:Fortifications of Rhodes
1077:"Birgu's Fortifications"
664:Gate of Saint Catherine
612:Rhodes by the Ottomans.
609:Suleiman the Magnificent
596:Gate of Saint Athanasiou
588:Gate of Saint Athanasios
482:sieging it for 40 days.
217:Europe and North America
24:Fortifications of Rhodes
2333:List of gates in Greece
1886:Medieval City of Rhodes
996:Fortifications of Malta
786:Bastion of Saint George
702:fortifications. During
275:They were built by the
2005:Castle of Saint Andrew
1911:Cave of the Apocalypse
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1571:Church of Hagia Sophia
1446:Medieval Rose Festival
1302:Kahal Shalom Synagogue
969:
941:
909:
885:
868:
851:
830:
809:
773:
756:
723:
681:
642:Pedro Raimundo Zacosta
625:
597:
573:
412:
376:
146:1481 Rhodes earthquake
136:Siege of Rhodes (1522)
132:Siege of Rhodes (1480)
128:Siege of Rhodes (1444)
97:Antiquity–16th century
2310:Walls of Thessaloniki
2225:New Navarino fortress
2170:Larissa Castle, Argos
2075:Didymoteicho Fortress
1892:Grand Master's Palace
1729:Stoa of the Athenians
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1613:Church of the Saviour
1339:New Market (Mandraki)
1287:Grand Master's Palace
966:Avenue of the Knights
963:
951:Street of the Knights
939:
907:
900:Terreplein of England
883:
872:fortress on the sea.
866:
849:
828:
807:
771:
754:
721:
679:
623:
595:
571:
509:Fabrizio del Carretto
410:
389:Demetrius Poliorketes
374:
195:Medieval old town of
2357:City walls in Greece
2140:Kastellos (Kritinia)
2090:Fortezza of Rethymno
2010:Angelokastro (Corfu)
1831:Tomb of Clytemnestra
983:The Guns of Navarone
835:Philibert de Naillac
734:Gate of the Arsenal
576:The d’Amboise Gate (
417:conquered the island
402:earthquake of 226 BC
2245:Old Navarino castle
2240:Old Fortress, Corfu
2220:New Fortress, Corfu
1772:Acropolis of Athens
1409:Acropolis of Lindos
1364:Temple of Aphrodite
1332:Holy Trinity church
1317:Panagia tou Kastrou
1267:Evangelismos Church
1257:Acropolis of Rhodes
1191: /
1081:Birgu Local Council
920:Terreplein of Italy
884:Terreplein of Spain
876:Terreplein of Spain
781:Bastions and towers
485:In 1480 Rhodes was
480:to conquer the town
277:Knights Hospitaller
110:Knights Hospitaller
2215:Castle of Mytilene
1824:Treasury of Atreus
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1620:Vlatades Monastery
1462:Colossus of Rhodes
1373:Rest of the island
1262:Aquarium of Rhodes
1087:on 20 October 2010
970:
942:
910:
886:
869:
852:
831:
810:
774:
757:
755:Gate of Saint Paul
747:Gate of Saint Paul
724:
682:
672:Gate of the Virgin
626:
624:Gate of Saint John
616:Gate of Saint John
598:
574:
413:
398:Philo of Byzantium
393:Colossus of Rhodes
385:Hellenistic period
377:
203:Reference no.
2367:Culture of Rhodes
2339:
2338:
2040:Astypalaia Castle
2015:Antimachia Castle
1974:Castles in Greece
1933:
1932:
1916:Nea Moni of Chios
1901:
1894:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1817:Tomb of Aegisthus
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2175:Leros Castle
2045:Assos Castle
1921:Pythagoreion
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1154:Bibliography
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1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
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764:Liberty Gate
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722:Arnaldo Gate
714:Arnaldo Gate
704:World War II
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301:Grand Master
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258:counterscarp
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184:12th session
124:Battles/wars
89:Site history
18:
2125:Heptapyrgio
2025:Arta Castle
1990:Acronauplia
1985:Acrocorinth
1525:Mount Athos
1380:Archangelos
1359:Rodini Park
1249:Rhodes city
1198: /
916:of England
697:Marine Gate
363:of Spain).
357:terrepleins
347:), and the
266:crenellated
116:In use
2346:Categories
2285:Rio Castle
2190:Monemvasia
2085:Exomvourgo
2080:Eleutherae
2065:Chlemoutsi
1536:City Walls
1420:Petaloudes
1415:Monolithos
1307:La Juderia
1186:28°13′45″E
1183:36°26′38″N
1002:References
953:, and the
896:of Spain.
793:terreplein
496:earthquake
461:Collachium
381:Aegean Sea
361:terreplein
329:Portuguese
177:Designated
2330:See also:
2120:Glarentza
1810:Lion Gate
1795:Epidaurus
1722:Gymnasium
1425:Prasonisi
691:bourgeois
630:Koshkinou
491:Mehmed II
469:Κολλάκιον
429:Philip IV
421:Holy Land
281:Byzantine
172:ii, iv, v
81:Condition
70:City wall
2260:Palamidi
2135:Izzeddin
1909:and the
1642:Philippi
1400:Kritinia
1395:Kameiros
1385:Faliraki
990:See also
946:medieval
487:besieged
476:Mameluke
433:Ottomans
313:Alvernia
250:bastions
169:Criteria
164:Cultural
2185:Mystras
1858:Olympia
1853:Mystras
1800:Mycenae
1749:Meteora
1687:Central
1543:Rotunda
1390:Ialysos
1091:5 April
367:History
341:English
337:Germany
331:), the
325:Spanish
192:Part of
1804:Tiryns
1764:Attica
1708:Tholos
1695:Delphi
1434:Events
1405:Lindos
1241:Rhodes
974:Gothic
926:langue
914:langue
894:langue
708:Allied
529:frozen
349:Langue
345:German
333:Langue
317:Langue
315:, the
309:France
305:Langue
296:Langue
262:glacis
238:Rhodes
213:Region
197:Rhodes
142:Events
35:Greece
31:Rhodes
2290:Rogoi
1881:Delos
1787:South
1520:Aigai
1512:North
687:Chora
578:Greek
541:Birgu
537:Malta
465:Greek
353:Italy
321:Spain
270:moles
246:scarp
180:1988
94:Built
1923:and
1802:and
1455:Past
1093:2015
964:The
706:the
640:and
511:and
471:).
343:and
327:and
311:and
260:and
254:moat
232:The
161:Type
66:Type
632:or
444:of
351:of
335:of
319:of
307:of
207:493
2348::
1079:.
1052:^
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580::
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467::
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33:,
1959:e
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1945:v
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1411:)
1407:(
1232:e
1225:t
1218:v
1145:.
1095:.
968:.
656:(
463:(
339:(
323:(
186:)
182:(
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