87:
2175:
163:
31:
66:
used in fortifications. Attackers (if they have not bridged the ditch) must descend the counterscarp and ascend the scarp. In permanent fortifications the scarp and counterscarp may be encased in stone. In less permanent fortifications, the counterscarp may be lined with paling fence set at an
117:
were built into the counterscarp, but they were more commonly designed for infantry weapons only. The galleries were usually connected to the main body of the fort by a tunnel which passed under the ditch, or by a
110:, so that attacking forces that enter the moat can be directly fired upon. Counterscarp galleries were usually built into the angles of the ditch to give the widest field of fire. Occasionally,
240:, and in this case the escarpment is the ditch and wall of a fortress. So if a defensive ditch is dug on the inner side of a wall then there can be a counterscarp on both side of the wall.
1569:
78:, in which case the side of the ditch farthest from the breached wall and closest to the centre of the fortification is also called the counterscarp.
2205:
178:
46:
from where the defenders could fire on attackers that managed to climb down into the ditch, while being protected from cannon fire themselves.
102:
These are tunnels or "galleries" that have been built behind the counterscarp wall inside the moat or ditch. Each gallery is pierced with
183:
202:
282:
1385:
17:
138:
A Dictionary of
Military Architecture Fortification and Fieldworks from the Iron Age to the Eighteenth Century: Counterscarp
250:
1979:
1674:
131:
1794:
1579:
2004:
86:
1227:
765:
275:
1564:
645:
1160:
1609:
1234:
224:
2106:
1184:
67:
angle so as to give no cover to the attackers but to make advancing and retreating more difficult.
2153:
1928:
1634:
1629:
1549:
1346:
1293:
1263:
1020:
950:
894:
471:
268:
252:
A Course of
Military Instruction Originally Composed for the Use of the Royal Engineers: Volume 3
2200:
2178:
1994:
1584:
1481:
1366:
550:
42:). Counterscarps had become vertical by this time. The housing at the bottom of the ditch is a
2131:
1969:
1751:
1504:
1241:
1064:
393:
59:
39:
142:
2116:
1644:
1270:
1069:
1035:
435:
317:
199:
137:
8:
1933:
1669:
1025:
403:
114:
2055:
1664:
1639:
1624:
1619:
1469:
1449:
1246:
807:
674:
418:
2111:
2070:
2045:
1918:
1599:
1439:
1286:
872:
750:
428:
371:
2085:
2060:
1989:
1913:
1514:
1509:
1444:
995:
799:
378:
1974:
1826:
1799:
1739:
1709:
1594:
1559:
1539:
1524:
1079:
1074:
1042:
803:
745:
733:
715:
582:
563:
489:
466:
236:
The term "scarp" is from the same origin as a "scarp slope", the leading edge of
206:
91:
2143:
2138:
1804:
1789:
1724:
1714:
1589:
1574:
1474:
1464:
1429:
1303:
1096:
793:
760:
724:
540:
398:
362:
35:
2194:
2148:
2101:
2009:
1999:
1953:
1923:
1908:
1877:
1858:
1719:
1659:
1614:
1529:
1488:
1298:
931:
926:
659:
622:
607:
558:
503:
482:
291:
174:
169:
2126:
1984:
1948:
1903:
1887:
1815:
1768:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1544:
1222:
1189:
1054:
990:
965:
877:
851:
819:
813:
755:
694:
664:
512:
75:
2025:
1882:
1851:
1833:
1821:
1763:
1758:
1699:
1694:
1654:
1554:
1519:
1415:
1318:
1089:
1059:
1049:
955:
844:
461:
408:
652:
132:
Counterscarp: European fortress wall - Art - Britannica
Concise: diagram
2050:
1870:
1842:
1773:
1649:
1604:
1534:
1454:
1351:
1256:
1196:
1155:
1133:
1084:
1030:
980:
975:
960:
919:
867:
825:
770:
612:
528:
237:
200:
Historic
Resource Study, (chapter 4): Jackson's line at Rodriguez Canal
187:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 316.
148:
95:
2030:
575:
1459:
1390:
1217:
1212:
1145:
786:
699:
629:
587:
413:
383:
344:
310:
103:
1943:
1938:
1863:
1704:
1422:
1397:
1380:
1310:
1251:
1179:
1172:
1015:
903:
777:
597:
592:
568:
496:
476:
456:
423:
119:
111:
43:
168:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2075:
2040:
2035:
1373:
1356:
1341:
1325:
1277:
1205:
1150:
1140:
1108:
1010:
985:
970:
740:
684:
602:
449:
442:
388:
260:
71:
30:
2080:
1434:
1000:
938:
882:
860:
837:
830:
706:
689:
521:
353:
335:
305:
107:
227:
From Duffy's
Hibernian Magazine, Vol. III, No. 14, August 1861
2121:
2065:
1809:
1334:
1165:
1005:
326:
1103:
945:
912:
887:
679:
669:
638:
617:
63:
74:can be dug on the inside of the wall to hinder the
149:Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898: Counterscarp
58:are the inner and outer sides, respectively, of a
122:, a gallery built across the floor of the ditch.
2192:
136:Stephen Francis Wyley (Drawings by Steven Lowe)
27:Outer side of a ditch or moat in a fortification
532:
1094:
1040:
858:
704:
70:If an attacker succeeds in breaching a wall a
1749:
1479:
1308:
1284:
901:
892:
849:
573:
369:
360:
276:
225:Clonmel: Its Monastery, and Siege by Cromwell
1868:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1420:
1395:
1371:
1332:
1323:
1275:
1261:
1232:
1203:
1194:
1170:
1131:
936:
917:
835:
784:
775:
731:
722:
713:
650:
636:
627:
510:
487:
519:
501:
447:
433:
351:
342:
333:
324:
315:
283:
269:
173:
85:
29:
81:
14:
2206:Fortification (architectural elements)
2193:
264:
249:Pasley, Charles William, Sir (1817)
1675:Weapons Storage and Security System
24:
290:
192:
25:
2217:
2174:
2173:
161:
34:Counterscarp of a Napoleon era
243:
230:
218:
13:
1:
1570:British "hedgehog" road block
125:
212:
90:The counterscarp gallery at
7:
1980:Cities with defensive walls
1565:Defensive fighting position
1480:
1285:
1095:
1041:
902:
893:
859:
850:
705:
255:John Murray, London (p.380)
147:E. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897
10:
2222:
2164:
2094:
2018:
1962:
1896:
1782:
1687:
1610:Hardened aircraft shelter
1585:Entry control point (ECP)
1497:
1408:
1124:
1117:
549:
298:
2107:Continuity of government
1929:Motte-and-bailey castle
1635:Missile launch facility
1630:Main line of resistance
325:
184:Encyclopædia Britannica
2005:Military installations
1869:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1750:
1421:
1396:
1372:
1362:Scarp and Counterscarp
1333:
1324:
1309:
1276:
1262:
1233:
1204:
1195:
1171:
1132:
937:
918:
836:
785:
776:
732:
723:
714:
651:
637:
628:
574:
533:
520:
511:
502:
488:
448:
434:
370:
361:
352:
343:
334:
316:
99:
47:
1774:Floating water castle
1505:Admiralty scaffolding
798:Fortified buildings (
89:
40:Fort Napoleon, Ostend
33:
18:Scarp (fortification)
2117:Subterranean warfare
1070:Viking ring fortress
143:Counterscarp Gallery
82:Counterscarp gallery
1934:Quadrangular castle
1670:Weapon storage area
1026:Quadrangular castle
115:artillery batteries
1665:Underground hangar
1450:Fire control tower
1247:Gunpowder magazine
675:Butter-churn tower
205:2006-03-14 at the
100:
48:
2188:
2187:
2112:Military urbanism
2046:Fortified gateway
1919:Concentric castle
1683:
1682:
1600:Fire support base
1440:Coastal artillery
1315:(Spanish America)
909:
751:Concentric castle
16:(Redirected from
2213:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2061:National redoubt
1990:Fortified estate
1914:Circular rampart
1874:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1755:
1515:Anti-tank trench
1510:Air raid shelter
1485:
1445:Disappearing gun
1426:
1401:
1377:
1338:
1329:
1314:
1290:
1281:
1267:
1238:
1209:
1200:
1176:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1100:
1080:Bailey (or ward)
1046:
951:Motte-and-bailey
942:
923:
907:
899:
898:
864:
855:
841:
790:
781:
737:
728:
719:
710:
656:
642:
633:
579:
536:
525:
516:
507:
493:
453:
439:
379:Circular rampart
375:
366:
357:
348:
339:
330:
321:
285:
278:
271:
262:
261:
256:
247:
241:
234:
228:
222:
188:
167:
165:
164:
21:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2168:
2160:
2090:
2014:
1958:
1892:
1827:Imperial castle
1800:Coercion castle
1795:Coastal defence
1778:
1740:Promontory fort
1710:Hillside castle
1679:
1595:Fallout shelter
1560:Concertina wire
1540:Border security
1493:
1404:
1113:
746:Coercion castle
734:Cheval de frise
716:Chemin de ronde
564:Albarrana tower
545:
490:Schwedenschanze
467:Promontory fort
294:
289:
259:
248:
244:
235:
231:
223:
219:
215:
207:Wayback Machine
195:
193:Further reading
177:, ed. (1911). "
162:
160:
128:
92:Southsea Castle
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2144:Trench warfare
2141:
2139:Tunnel warfare
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Fortifications
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1805:Counter-castle
1802:
1797:
1792:
1790:Border barrier
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:Lowland castle
1722:
1717:
1715:Hilltop castle
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Electric fence
1587:
1582:
1580:Dragon's teeth
1577:
1575:Czech hedgehog
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1489:Wire obstacles
1486:
1477:
1475:Polygonal fort
1472:
1467:
1465:Martello tower
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Border outpost
1427:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1304:Polygonal fort
1301:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
934:
929:
924:
915:
910:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
856:
847:
842:
833:
828:
823:
816:
811:
796:
794:Flanking tower
791:
782:
773:
768:
763:
761:Counter-castle
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
648:
643:
634:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
571:
566:
561:
555:
553:
551:Post-classical
547:
546:
544:
543:
541:Vitrified fort
538:
526:
517:
508:
499:
494:
485:
480:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
445:
440:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:Defensive wall
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
367:
358:
349:
340:
331:
322:
313:
308:
302:
300:
296:
295:
292:Fortifications
288:
287:
280:
273:
265:
258:
257:
242:
229:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
194:
191:
190:
189:
175:Chisholm, Hugh
157:
156:
152:
151:
145:
140:
134:
127:
124:
83:
80:
36:polygonal fort
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Siege tactics
2199:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:Urban warfare
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Civil defense
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Bastion forts
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:Z-plan castle
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:L-plan castle
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Bridge castle
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Refuge castle
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Military base
1857:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Hunting lodge
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Moated castle
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Island castle
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:By topography
1686:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Submarine pen
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Hesco bastion
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Blast shelter
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Place-of-arms
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
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932:Machicolation
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170:public domain
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2172:
2127:Siege engine
2095:Other topics
2019:Related word
1985:Defense line
1949:Tower castle
1904:Bastion fort
1888:Urban castle
1816:Ganerbenburg
1814:
1769:Water castle
1745:Ridge castle
1730:Marsh castle
1545:Bomb shelter
1525:Belgian gate
1498:20th century
1409:19th century
1361:
1347:Retrenchment
1319:Punji sticks
1228:Entrenchment
1223:Device Forts
1190:Counterguard
1125:Early modern
1055:Tower castle
991:Powder tower
966:Outer bailey
878:Inner bailey
852:Gulyay-gorod
820:Ganerbenburg
818:
814:Fujian tulou
756:Corner tower
695:Chamber gate
665:Bridge tower
513:Trou de loup
251:
245:
232:
220:
182:
179:Counterscarp
101:
76:forlorn hope
69:
56:counterscarp
55:
51:
49:
2026:Castle town
1883:Toll castle
1852:Lustschloss
1834:Kaiserpfalz
1764:Spur castle
1759:Rock castle
1700:Hill castle
1695:Cave castle
1655:Spider hole
1555:Bremer wall
1520:Barbed tape
1416:Barbed wire
1090:Witch tower
1060:Tower house
1050:Toll castle
1036:Shield wall
956:Murder hole
845:Guard tower
462:Pincer gate
409:Faussebraye
155:Attribution
2195:Categories
2051:Gatekeeper
1871:Ordensburg
1843:Landesburg
1650:Sentry gun
1605:Flak tower
1535:Blast wall
1455:Gun turret
1352:Sally port
1257:Kotta mara
1197:Couvreface
1161:Breastwork
1156:Blockhouse
1134:Abwurfdach
1085:Watchtower
1075:Wall tower
1031:Shell keep
981:Portcullis
976:Peel tower
961:Neck ditch
920:Landesburg
868:Half tower
826:Gate tower
771:Drawbridge
613:Battlement
529:Wagon fort
372:Chengqiang
238:escarpment
126:References
96:Portsmouth
2154:Guerrilla
1897:By design
1645:Revetment
1460:Land mine
1391:Star fort
1218:Crownwork
1213:Covertway
1146:Barricade
787:Embrasure
700:Chartaque
630:Bergfried
588:Arrowslit
414:Gatehouse
384:City gate
345:Castellum
311:Acropolis
213:Footnotes
112:casemated
104:loopholes
98:, England
2179:Category
2169:See also
2056:Loophole
1944:Ringwork
1939:Ringfort
1864:Obstacle
1705:Hillfort
1625:Loophole
1423:Barbette
1398:Tenaille
1381:Sea fort
1311:Presidio
1271:Magazine
1252:Hornwork
1185:Cavalier
1180:Casemate
1173:Caponier
1016:Ringwork
904:Detinets
873:Hoarding
778:Enceinte
653:Bretèche
598:Bartizan
593:Barbican
569:Alcazaba
497:Stockade
477:Ringfort
457:Palisade
429:Landwehr
424:Hillfort
203:Archived
120:caponier
108:musketry
44:caponier
2086:Vedette
2076:Schloss
2041:Festung
2036:Dungeon
2031:Château
1975:Castles
1783:By role
1640:Pillbox
1470:Outpost
1386:Station
1374:Schanze
1357:Sandbag
1342:Redoubt
1326:Ravelin
1294:Palanka
1278:Orillon
1264:Lunette
1206:Coupure
1151:Bastion
1141:Arsenal
1109:Zwinger
1021:Roundel
1011:Ricetto
986:Postern
971:Outwork
895:Kremlin
766:Curtain
741:Citadel
725:Chemise
685:Caltrop
603:Bastion
576:Alcázar
472:Rampart
450:Oppidum
443:Nuraghe
389:Crannog
363:Castros
299:Ancient
172::
72:coupure
2081:Trench
2071:Picket
1482:Sangar
1435:Bunker
1367:Sconce
1287:Ostrog
1235:Flèche
1118:Modern
1097:Yagura
1065:Turret
1001:Reduit
939:Merlon
883:Kasbah
861:Gusuku
838:Glacis
831:Gabion
800:church
707:Chashi
690:Castle
534:Laager
522:Vallum
479:(Rath)
354:Castra
336:Burgus
306:Abatis
166:
54:and a
2122:Siege
2066:Palas
2010:Walls
2000:Forts
1963:Lists
1810:Fence
1752:Rocca
1620:Kabal
1335:Redan
1242:Gorge
1166:Canal
1043:Shiro
1006:Ribat
996:Qalat
808:Dzong
804:house
504:Sudis
436:Limes
394:Ditch
327:Broch
318:Agger
60:ditch
52:scarp
2132:list
1550:Buoy
1104:Yett
946:Moat
913:Ksar
888:Keep
680:Caer
670:Burh
646:Boom
639:Berm
618:Bawn
583:Amba
419:Gord
106:for
64:moat
404:Dun
181:".
94:in
62:or
2197::
2171::
806:,
802:,
50:A
908:)
900:(
810:)
537:)
531:(
284:e
277:t
270:v
38:(
20:)
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