132:
229:
120:
2630:
33:
101:
61:
2881:
2526:(or flanking) fire against any attackers on the outer edge of the ditch and also any who should reach the base of any of the walls. The indentations in the base of each point on the star sheltered cannons. Those cannons would have a clear line of fire directly down the edge of the neighbouring points, while their point of the star was protected by fire from the base of those points. The evolution of these ideas can be seen in transitional fortifications such as
5387:
2600:
2539:
2805:
2693:
2970:
148:
41:
83:
2681:
2673:
2267:
2660:
purpose-built fortifications would often have a brick fascia because of the material's ability to absorb the shock of artillery fire, many improvised defences cut costs by leaving this stage out and instead opting for more earth. Improvisation could also consist of lowering medieval round towers and infilling them with earth to strengthen the structures.
2519:
A further and more subtle change was to move from a passive model of defence to an active one. The lower walls were more vulnerable to being stormed, and the protection that the earthen banking provided against direct fire failed if the attackers could occupy the slope on the outside of the ditch and
2659:
in 1544 bankrupted itself to pay for its defences. For this reason, bastion forts were often improvised from earlier defences. Medieval curtain walls were torn down, and a ditch was dug in front of them. The earth used from the excavation was piled behind the walls to create a solid structure. While
2572:
The key to the fort's defence moved to the outer edge of the ditch surrounding the fort, known as the covered way, or covert way. Defenders could move relatively safely in the cover of the ditch and could engage in active countermeasures to keep control of the glacis, the open slope that lay outside
2310:
proved vulnerable to damage or destruction when attackers directed cannon fire on to perpendicular masonry wall. In addition, attackers that could get close to the wall were able to conduct undermining operations in relative safety, as the defenders could not shoot at them from nearby walls, until
2568:
commanded the slopes which defended walls deeper in the complex from direct fire. The defending cannon were not simply intended to deal with attempts to storm the walls, but to actively challenge attacking cannon and deny them approach close enough to the fort to engage in direct fire against the
131:
2595:
Firing emplacements for defending cannon were heavily defended from bombardment by external fire, but open towards the inside of the fort, not only to diminish their usefulness to the attacker should they be overcome, but also to allow the large volumes of smoke that the defending cannon would
2940:
in early modern Europe, and the difficulty of taking such fortifications, is what resulted in a profound change in military strategy, most importantly, Parker argued, an increase in army sizes necessary to attack these forts. "Wars became a series of protracted sieges", Parker suggests, and
2492:
The rounded shape that had previously been dominant for the design of turrets created "dead space", or "dead zones", which were relatively sheltered from defending fire, because direct fire from other parts of the defences could not be directed around curved walls. To prevent this, what had
3454:
De arte bellica, sive, De designandis ac construendis arcibus & propugnaculis, necnon & de ijs oppugnandis, expugnandis, ac propugnandis: de itinere exercitus, ac castrametatione: quando expediat manus cum hoste conserere, ac tandem, quid imperatori sit in procinctu cauendum vel
2960:
Parker's emphasis on the fortification as the key element has attracted substantial criticism from some academics, such as John A. Lynn and M. S. Kingra, particularly with respect to the claimed causal link between the new fortress design and increases in army sizes during this period.
2921:. Roberts linked military technology with larger historical consequences, arguing that innovations in tactics, drill and doctrine by the Dutch and Swedes (1560–1660), which maximized the utility of firearms, led to a need for more trained troops and thus for permanent forces (
2626:, and the consequent large increase in the destructive power of explosive shells and thus plunging fire rendered the intricate geometry of such fortifications irrelevant. Warfare was to become more mobile. It took, however, many years to abandon the old fortress thinking.
2781:
that could be swept by flanking fire from gun ports set low in projections extending into the ditch. Finding that their cannon fire made little impression on these low ramparts, the French and allied besiegers made several bloody and fruitless assaults and then withdrew.
3057:
49:
2668:
in front of ditches so that the walls were almost totally hidden from horizontal artillery fire. The main benefit of the glaces was to deny enemy artillery the ability to fire point-blank. The lower the angle of elevation, the higher the stopping power.
2319:, specifically designed to cover each other, and a ditch. To counteract the cannonballs, defensive walls were made lower and thicker. To counteract the fact that lower walls were easier to climb, the ditch was widened so that attacking
2663:
It was also often necessary to widen and deepen the ditch outside the walls to create a more effective barrier to frontal assault and mining. Engineers from the 1520s were also building massive, gently sloping banks of earth called
2444:: "The Renaissance was hypnotized by one city type which for a century and a half—from Filarete to Scamozzi—was impressed upon all utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city". In the nineteenth century, the development of the
2793:; nevertheless it was a long and bloody siege, and the besieged had no hope of outside relief because the island was close to the Ottoman power base and far from any allies. On the other hand, the Ottomans failed to take
2851:
After the fall of Venice to
Napoleon, Corfu was occupied in 1797 by the French republican armies. The now ancient fortifications were still of some value at this point. A Russian–Ottoman–English alliance led at sea by
2392:
It was employed heavily throughout Europe for the following three centuries. Italian engineers were heavily in demand throughout Europe to help build the new fortifications. The late-seventeenth-century architects
2997:. In the twentieth century, with the development of tanks and aerial warfare during and after the First World War, fixed fortifications became and have remained less important than in previous centuries.
2484:, the ditches were cut into the native rock, and the wall at the inside of the ditch was simply unquarried native rock. As the walls became lower, they also became more vulnerable to assault.
2610:
Fortifications of this type continued to be effective while the attackers were armed only with cannon, where the majority of the damage inflicted was caused by momentum from the impact of
2844:
when it managed to hold out heavy bombardment for over a month. Eventually it fell, but the
Ottoman casualties were very high, and it bought time for the relief force which arrived from
4781:
3377:
Kingra, Mahinder S. 'The Trace
Italienne and the Military Revolution During the Eighty Years' War, 1567–1648.' The Journal of Military History 57, No. 3 (July, 1993): 431–446
3077:
2297:
and overcome the defenders. For the invading force these fortifications proved quite difficult to overcome and, accordingly, fortresses occupied a key position in warfare.
2635:
2497:
were extended into diamond-shaped points to eliminate potential cover for attacking troops. The ditches and walls channelled the attackers into carefully constructed
2573:
the ditch, by creating defensive earthworks to deny the enemy access to the glacis and thus to firing points that could bear directly onto the walls and by digging
3467:
2449:
3388:
2993:
In the nineteenth century, with the development of more powerful artillery and explosive shells, star forts were replaced by simpler but more robust
64:
2468:
was to arrange for the walls to be embedded into ditches fronted by earthen slopes (glacis) so that they could not be attacked by destructive
2274:, laid out in a radial pattern within polygonal fortifications and extensive outer earthworks as rebuilt in the early seventeenth century by
5417:
3303:
3494:
1152:
2785:
The new type of fortification also played a role in the numerous
Mediterranean wars, slowing down the Ottoman expansion. Although
2250:
at the corners of the walls. These outcroppings eliminated protected blind spots, called "dead zones", and allowed fire along the
1579:
2361:
Bastion fortifications were further developed in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, primarily in response to the
4597:
2592:, with tiers of defences that an attacker needed to overcome in order to bring cannon to bear on the inner layers of defences.
119:
2797:
in no small part because of the new fortifications, and several attempts spanning almost two centuries (another major one was
2754:
army. With the original medieval fortifications beginning to crumble to French cannon fire, the Pisans constructed an earthen
3439:
3425:
3362:
3337:
3286:
3159:
3208:
2464:
When the newly-effective manoeuvrable siege cannon came into military strategy in the fifteenth century, the response from
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1935:
228:
3027:
2130:
1908:
523:
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to relieve the rest of the besieged island. The star fort therefore played a crucial and decisive role in the siege.
1584:
187:
3047:
3005:
1662:
178:
5216:
2007:
1645:
1432:
277:
1771:
2730:, where the original walls were lowered and thickened because the stone tended to shatter under bombardment.
2350:, and sometimes provide additional defensive positions. They were built of many materials, usually earth and
2346:, and even detached forts could be added to create complex outer works to further protect the main wall from
2188:
1635:
2865:
2405:'s military engineer, are considered to have taken the form to its logical extreme. "Fortresses... acquired
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3487:
3037:
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2758:
behind the threatened sector. It was discovered that the sloping earthen rampart could be defended against
2251:
2125:
829:
589:
2945:
existed. Ultimately, Parker argues, "military geography", in other words, the existence or absence of the
2688:
in 1841. The colossal fortifications, among the most important in Europe, were demolished ten years later.
5422:
4776:
3857:
2929:
2910:
2900:
2135:
1322:
1124:
995:
533:
3451:
4372:
1599:
53:
3461:
4821:
2884:
2818:
2560:
Thus forts evolved complex shapes that allowed defensive batteries of cannon to command interlocking
2275:
1709:
1217:
566:
440:
294:
135:
17:
4446:
3058:
Venetian Works of
Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar
5318:
4396:
3254:
Gunpowder & galleys: changing technology & Mediterranean warfare at sea in the 16th century
2561:
2293:
were shot at the enemies. The enemies' hope was to either ram the gate or climb over the wall with
2255:
2160:
2027:
1574:
1267:
1085:
933:
2323:
were still exposed to fire from a higher elevation, including enfilading fire from the bastions.
5365:
5140:
4846:
4841:
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4558:
4505:
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4232:
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had been partially upgraded to the new type of fortifications after the 1480 siege, it was still
2755:
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and to have the walls topped by earthen banks that absorbed and largely dissipated the energy of
2414:
2113:
2095:
1851:
1410:
1332:
1277:
875:
538:
2629:
32:
5390:
5206:
4796:
4693:
4578:
3762:
2790:
2707:
2585:
2307:
2282:
1980:
1955:
1677:
1589:
1462:
1337:
938:
915:
361:
260:
3151:
2917:
searching for major changes in the
European way of war caused by the introduction of portable
2456:
is considered by some to be the best surviving example of the Dutch school of fortifications.
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5181:
4963:
4716:
4453:
4276:
3605:
3032:
2798:
2794:
2778:
2494:
2440:
The star-shaped fortification had a formative influence on the patterning of the
Renaissance
2330:
to deflect cannonballs aimed at the lower part of the main wall. Further structures, such as
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1502:
1455:
1109:
1072:
1035:
953:
905:
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599:
407:
316:
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4247:
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1714:
1532:
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1232:
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910:
846:
700:
670:
267:
90:
69:
2520:
mount an attacking cannon there. Therefore, the shape was designed to make maximum use of
2315:. In contrast, the bastion fortress was a very flat structure composed of many triangular
8:
5412:
5145:
4881:
4237:
3615:
3116:
2954:
2950:
2906:
2892:
2857:
2825:
2402:
2216:
1811:
1796:
1672:
1559:
1537:
1512:
1472:
1382:
1192:
1097:
1047:
814:
804:
769:
561:
551:
321:
245:
5267:
4876:
4851:
4836:
4831:
4681:
4661:
4458:
4019:
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3241:] (in Turkish). Translated by Kolçak, Özgür. Turkey: Osprey Publishing. p. 48.
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and was also much more resistant to cannon fire than the curtain wall it had replaced.
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2394:
2382:
2145:
2000:
1920:
1841:
1786:
1761:
1682:
1628:
1594:
1525:
1442:
1352:
1257:
1202:
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1057:
1010:
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856:
809:
747:
722:
556:
370:
289:
2211:(a phrase derived from non-standard French, literally meaning 'Italian outline') is a
166:
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5282:
5257:
5130:
4811:
4651:
4498:
4084:
3962:
3640:
3583:
3435:
3421:
3358:
3333:
3282:
3257:
3188:
3155:
3144:
2986:
2578:
2565:
2386:
2258:, which are raised secondary structures based entirely inside the primary structure.
2181:
2090:
2037:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1895:
1878:
1873:
1846:
1791:
1492:
1482:
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1387:
1377:
1372:
1347:
1317:
1207:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1062:
1015:
985:
824:
617:
594:
528:
170:
2511:" areas where the attackers had no place to shelter from the fire of the defenders.
2150:
5297:
5272:
5201:
5125:
4726:
4721:
4656:
4207:
4011:
3590:
2589:
2366:
2155:
2120:
2052:
1945:
1883:
1776:
1704:
1697:
1554:
1487:
1437:
1427:
1302:
1222:
1182:
1167:
1134:
1119:
990:
975:
928:
836:
794:
737:
732:
690:
513:
490:
397:
326:
255:
238:
86:
5186:
5038:
5011:
4951:
4921:
4806:
4771:
4751:
4736:
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4286:
4254:
4015:
3957:
3945:
3927:
3794:
3775:
3701:
3678:
3212:
2872:
at the entrance of the port, surrendered and was allowed passage back to France.
2853:
2833:
2813:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2543:
2504:
2445:
1965:
1950:
1868:
1824:
1766:
1422:
1417:
1307:
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1212:
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970:
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890:
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727:
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622:
422:
402:
250:
3205:
3091:
100:
5355:
5350:
5016:
5001:
4936:
4926:
4801:
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4515:
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4005:
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3936:
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3610:
3574:
2994:
2974:
2914:
2711:
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2140:
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1312:
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1250:
1237:
1227:
1197:
1114:
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861:
752:
705:
685:
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645:
612:
500:
457:
412:
284:
217:
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5360:
5313:
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5120:
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5070:
4931:
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3871:
3834:
3819:
3770:
3715:
3694:
3503:
3022:
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2922:
2777:
city, cut down the city's medieval wall and surrounded the city with a broad
2727:
2652:
2473:
2312:
2212:
1987:
1975:
1831:
1751:
1667:
1650:
1507:
1362:
1342:
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895:
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841:
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655:
495:
417:
380:
375:
272:
60:
2880:
5338:
5196:
5160:
5099:
5027:
4980:
4956:
4946:
4941:
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4573:
4434:
4401:
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4031:
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3906:
3876:
3724:
2770:
2723:
2574:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2374:
2362:
2254:
from positions protected from direct fire. Many bastion forts also feature
2174:
2100:
2080:
2075:
1970:
1915:
1549:
1544:
1367:
1282:
1030:
764:
665:
462:
366:
174:
5237:
5094:
5063:
5045:
5033:
4975:
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4911:
4906:
4866:
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4731:
4627:
4530:
4301:
4271:
4261:
4167:
4056:
3673:
3620:
3052:
2618:
were largely ineffective against such fortifications. The development of
2606:, which was built in 1458, is the oldest known star-shaped fortification.
2477:
2469:
2422:
2370:
2369:
that were easily able to destroy traditional fortifications built in the
2085:
1836:
1801:
1640:
1327:
1292:
1005:
948:
851:
635:
356:
351:
94:
3864:
3206:"Sarzana and Sarzanello – Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers"
5262:
5082:
5054:
4985:
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4816:
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4408:
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4131:
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3017:
2611:
2441:
2042:
2012:
1734:
1103:
5242:
3787:
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4602:
4429:
4424:
4357:
3998:
3911:
3841:
3799:
3625:
3595:
3556:
3522:
3389:"Medieval Star Forts Are Surprisingly Alive and Well in North Africa"
2648:
2538:
2508:
2430:
2347:
2343:
2271:
2220:
2032:
1856:
1806:
1756:
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1741:
1606:
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1357:
799:
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452:
341:
45:
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4522:
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3809:
3804:
3780:
3708:
3688:
3668:
3635:
2918:
2804:
2759:
2747:
2692:
2614:. Because only low explosives such as black powder were available,
2603:
2547:
2522:
2453:
2378:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2302:
2047:
2022:
1655:
1287:
1262:
880:
435:
309:
162:
105:
5287:
5252:
5247:
4585:
4568:
4553:
4537:
4489:
4417:
4362:
4352:
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4182:
3952:
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3654:
3600:
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2875:
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2527:
2499:
2410:
2406:
2331:
2316:
2247:
2236:
2057:
2017:
1781:
1615:
1611:
958:
943:
819:
480:
475:
445:
384:
346:
124:
113:
3276:
82:
40:
5292:
4646:
4212:
4150:
4094:
4072:
4049:
4042:
3918:
3901:
3733:
3565:
3547:
3517:
2888:
2845:
2786:
2751:
2738:
The first major battle which truly showed the effectiveness of
2685:
2398:
2327:
2294:
2228:
2224:
1564:
965:
782:
518:
109:
27:
Early modern fortification style built to withstand cannon fire
2868:, being short of provisions and having lost the key island of
2680:
5333:
5277:
5021:
4546:
4377:
4217:
3538:
2829:
2766:
2656:
2481:
2351:
2290:
2232:
1040:
576:
571:
75:
3000:
Star forts reappeared during the early twenty-first-century
2941:
open-pitch battles became "irrelevant" in regions where the
2266:
4315:
4157:
4124:
4099:
3891:
3881:
3850:
3829:
3432:
Fire & Stone, The
Science of Fortress Warfare 1660–1860
2869:
2743:
2672:
2354:, as brick does not shatter on impact from a cannonball as
2286:
336:
331:
2389:. The design spread out of Italy in the 1530s and 1540s.
209:
2588:, forts became both lower and larger in area, providing
2326:
The outer side of the ditch was usually provided with a
3251:
3332:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 20–21.
3092:"The city of Bergamo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
2231:. It was first seen in the mid-fifteenth century in
2365:. The French army was equipped with new cannon and
3143:
2246:The design of the fort is normally a polygon with
3270:
2949:in a given area, shaped military strategy in the
157:contains too many pictures for its overall length
5404:
2895:military architecture that survives to this day.
2840:. Fort Saint Elmo played a critical role in the
2448:changed the nature of defensive fortifications.
3744:
2421:and crownworks and hornworks and curvettes and
89:fortification, restored to its 1742 condition,
4306:
4252:
4070:
3916:
3327:
2876:Theories about role in the Military Revolution
4961:
4691:
4520:
4496:
4113:
4104:
4061:
3785:
3581:
3572:
3488:
3245:
2182:
5080:
5061:
5052:
5043:
4632:
4607:
4583:
4544:
4535:
4487:
4473:
4444:
4415:
4406:
4382:
4343:
4148:
4129:
4047:
3996:
3987:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3862:
3848:
3839:
3722:
3699:
2235:. Some types, especially when combined with
3731:
3713:
3659:
3645:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3418:Sveaborg – The island fortress off Helsinki
3357:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 262.
3352:
3321:
3277:David Nicolle; Christopher Rothero (1989).
3495:
3481:
3346:
3121:Types of Castle and The History of Castles
2934:The Military Revolution 1560–1660: A Myth?
2901:Military Revolution § Trace Italienne
2381:, and refined in the sixteenth century by
2239:and other outworks, resembled the related
2189:
2175:
48:in 1593. The town is encircled by massive
3256:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 73–74.
3141:
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
3386:
3380:
2968:
2879:
2803:
2691:
2679:
2671:
2628:
2598:
2537:
2363:French invasion of the Italian peninsula
2265:
1153:List of military strategies and concepts
161:Relevant discussion may be found on the
130:
118:
99:
81:
59:
39:
31:
3232:
2953:. This is a profound alteration of the
14:
5405:
3330:Coins and medals of the Ionian Islands
2633:Table of Fortification, from the 1728
3476:
3355:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E
3235:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774
3177:and redoubts, bonnettes and lunettes.
3142:Townshend, Charles (1 January 2000).
3083:
2985:, was used for the foundation of the
2577:to intercept and disrupt attempts to
171:indiscriminate collections of images
141:
4887:Weapons Storage and Security System
3387:Mizokami, Kyle (31 December 2022).
3301:
3150:. Oxford University Press. p.
3123:. Castle and Manor Houses Resources
2864:, when the garrison led by general
2647:Bastion forts were very expensive.
2215:in a style that evolved during the
24:
5418:Warfare of the early modern period
3502:
3089:
3028:List of established military terms
2773:, trusted with the defence of the
2476:. Where conditions allowed, as in
2308:fortifications of the Medieval era
25:
5434:
3445:
3281:. Osprey Publishing. p. 40.
2824:Two star forts were built by the
5386:
5385:
3304:"In search of Fort St Elmo 1565"
3252:John Francis Guilmartin (2003).
3146:The Oxford History of Modern War
3006:17th Parachute Engineer Regiment
2891:(1597) are a typical example of
2733:
2542:Ideal fortified city: a plan of
2533:
2493:previously been round or square
227:
179:Manual of Style on use of images
146:
3371:
3295:
3090:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
2964:
2769:in 1509. A monk engineer named
2651:'s 22 bastions cost 11 million
2642:
2377:in the defensive earthworks of
3226:
3198:
3182:
3171:– via Internet Archive.
3135:
3109:
3069:
3048:SĂ©bastien Le Prestre de Vauban
2973:The structure of Fort Wood on
2909:thesis originally proposed by
2373:. Star forts were employed by
2285:, were usually placed on high
78:, an example of a bastion fort
13:
1:
4782:British "hedgehog" road block
3410:
3279:The Venetian Empire 1200–1670
3004:where they were built by the
2860:retook Corfu in 1799 after a
2765:The second siege was that of
2700:
2551:
173:or adjusting images that are
3193:Space, Time and Architecture
3038:Mathematics and architecture
2718:The first key instance of a
2487:
2417:, tenailles and tenaillons,
7:
5192:Cities with defensive walls
4777:Defensive fighting position
4692:
4497:
4307:
4253:
4114:
4105:
4071:
4062:
3917:
3011:
3002:French intervention in Mali
2746:in 1500 against a combined
2514:
1646:Military–industrial complex
1125:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
5439:
3468:Star castle in Netherlands
3416:af Hällström, Olof (2004)
3239:Osmanlı Orduları 1300-1768
3223:), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50–78
2913:in 1955, as he focused on
2898:
2866:Louis François Jean Chabot
2261:
54:UNESCO World Heritage Site
50:Venetian Defensive Systems
5376:
5306:
5230:
5174:
5108:
4994:
4899:
4822:Hardened aircraft shelter
4797:Entry control point (ECP)
4709:
4620:
4336:
4329:
3761:
3510:
2885:Venetian walls of Nicosia
2459:
2276:Maurice, Prince of Orange
1710:Loss-of-strength gradient
567:Combat information center
136:Fortress of St. Elizabeth
36:Features of bastion forts
5319:Continuity of government
3063:
2936:, the appearance of the
2856:and with troops sent by
2676:Plan of bastion fortress
2028:Military science fiction
1513:Technology and equipment
934:List of military tactics
5141:Motte-and-bailey castle
4847:Missile launch facility
4842:Main line of resistance
3537:
3328:Paulos Lampros (1968).
3233:Nicolle, David (2014).
2596:generate to dissipate.
2586:medieval fortifications
2550:, built in 1663, drawn
2096:Wartime sexual violence
1852:Full-spectrum dominance
1663:Supply-chain management
177:in accordance with the
5217:Military installations
5081:
5062:
5053:
5044:
4962:
4633:
4608:
4584:
4574:Scarp and Counterscarp
4545:
4536:
4521:
4488:
4474:
4445:
4416:
4407:
4383:
4344:
4149:
4130:
4048:
3997:
3988:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3863:
3849:
3840:
3786:
3745:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3700:
3660:
3646:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3528:
2990:
2896:
2821:
2819:Matteo Perez d'Aleccio
2715:
2706:) bastion fortress in
2689:
2677:
2639:
2607:
2557:
2278:
2270:Fortification plan of
2008:Awards and decorations
1981:Peace through strength
1956:Low-intensity conflict
1590:Conscientious objector
1463:Area of responsibility
139:
128:
116:
97:
79:
57:
37:
4986:Floating water castle
4717:Admiralty scaffolding
4010:Fortified buildings (
3452:Cataneo, Hieronymus,
3308:Military Architecture
3033:List of bastion forts
2972:
2899:Further information:
2883:
2842:Ottoman siege of 1565
2807:
2695:
2683:
2675:
2632:
2602:
2541:
2300:Passive ring-shaped (
2269:
2227:came to dominate the
600:Torpedo data computer
590:Ship gun fire-control
134:
123:Model of the city of
122:
103:
85:
63:
43:
35:
5329:Subterranean warfare
4282:Viking ring fortress
3353:Tony Jaques (2007).
3302:Spiteri, Stephen C.
3221:Fortress Study Group
2530:in northwest Italy.
2281:Their predecessors,
2126:Military occupations
1961:Military engineering
1863:Unrestricted Warfare
1720:Force multiplication
618:Military manoeuvrers
167:improve this article
5146:Quadrangular castle
4882:Weapon storage area
4238:Quadrangular castle
2955:Military Revolution
2951:early modern period
2907:Military Revolution
2893:Italian Renaissance
2826:Order of Saint John
2742:was the defence of
2311:the development of
2283:medieval fortresses
2217:early modern period
1812:Penal military unit
1797:Rules of engagement
1473:Command and control
1098:Operations research
562:Director (military)
552:Fire-control system
322:Command and control
203:Part of a series on
5423:Italian inventions
4877:Underground hangar
4662:Fire control tower
4459:Gunpowder magazine
3887:Butter-churn tower
3211:2011-07-26 at the
3043:Menno van Coehoorn
2991:
2915:Sweden (1560–1660)
2897:
2838:Fort Saint Michael
2822:
2810:The Siege of Malta
2716:
2690:
2678:
2640:
2608:
2569:vulnerable walls.
2558:
2466:military engineers
2395:Menno van Coehoorn
2383:Baldassare Peruzzi
2279:
1921:Counter-insurgency
1842:Command of the sea
1787:Jewish laws on war
1762:Geneva Conventions
1298:Divide and conquer
1093:Military operation
1058:Tactical objective
557:Fire-control radar
534:Electronic-warfare
140:
129:
117:
98:
80:
58:
38:
5400:
5399:
5324:Military urbanism
5258:Fortified gateway
5131:Concentric castle
4895:
4894:
4812:Fire support base
4652:Coastal artillery
4527:(Spanish America)
4121:
3963:Concentric castle
3440:978-0-7858-2109-0
3430:Duffy, C. (1975)
3426:978-952-91-7378-5
3393:Popular Mechanics
3364:978-0-313-33537-2
3339:978-90-6032-311-3
3288:978-0-85045-899-2
3195:(1941) 1962 p 43.
3189:Siegfried Giedion
3161:978-0-19-285373-8
2987:Statue of Liberty
2828:on the island of
2791:conquered in 1522
2387:Vincenzo Scamozzi
2243:of the same era.
2199:
2198:
2091:Horses in warfare
2038:Anti-war movement
1941:Gunboat diplomacy
1931:Disaster response
1879:Philosophy of war
1874:Principles of war
1847:Deterrence theory
1792:Right of conquest
1715:Lanchester's laws
1483:Principles of war
1173:Counter-offensive
1158:Military campaign
1063:Target saturation
986:Counterinsurgency
595:Gun data computer
529:Close air support
491:Aircraft carriers
198:
197:
190:
16:(Redirected from
5430:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5273:National redoubt
5202:Fortified estate
5126:Circular rampart
5086:
5067:
5058:
5049:
4967:
4727:Anti-tank trench
4722:Air raid shelter
4697:
4657:Disappearing gun
4638:
4613:
4589:
4550:
4541:
4526:
4502:
4493:
4479:
4450:
4421:
4412:
4388:
4349:
4334:
4333:
4312:
4292:Bailey (or ward)
4258:
4163:Motte-and-bailey
4154:
4135:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4076:
4067:
4053:
4002:
3993:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3868:
3854:
3845:
3791:
3748:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3705:
3665:
3651:
3591:Circular rampart
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3149:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3073:
2932:in his article,
2862:four-month siege
2720:trace Italianate
2705:
2702:
2616:explosive shells
2590:defence in depth
2581:the fort walls.
2556:
2553:
2429:and cordons and
2413:, bonnettes and
2191:
2184:
2177:
1946:Humanitarian aid
1884:Security dilemma
1705:Power projection
1488:Economy of force
1468:Chain of command
1183:Defence in depth
1168:Commerce raiding
991:Defeat in detail
327:Defense ministry
231:
222:
221:
212:
200:
199:
193:
186:
182:
175:sandwiching text
150:
149:
142:
73:
21:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5380:
5372:
5302:
5226:
5170:
5104:
5039:Imperial castle
5012:Coercion castle
5007:Coastal defence
4990:
4952:Promontory fort
4922:Hillside castle
4891:
4807:Fallout shelter
4772:Concertina wire
4752:Border security
4705:
4616:
4325:
3958:Coercion castle
3946:Cheval de frise
3928:Chemin de ronde
3776:Albarrana tower
3757:
3702:Schwedenschanze
3679:Promontory fort
3506:
3501:
3448:
3413:
3408:
3397:
3395:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3250:
3246:
3231:
3227:
3213:Wayback Machine
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3014:
2995:polygonal forts
2967:
2947:trace Italienne
2943:trace Italienne
2938:trace Italienne
2930:Geoffrey Parker
2923:standing armies
2911:Michael Roberts
2903:
2878:
2854:Admiral Ushakov
2834:Fort Saint Elmo
2814:Fort Saint Elmo
2801:) also failed.
2740:trace Italienne
2736:
2703:
2645:
2624:high explosives
2554:
2546:(Neuhäusel) in
2536:
2517:
2490:
2462:
2446:explosive shell
2397:and especially
2264:
2208:trace italienne
2195:
2166:
2165:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1966:Multilateralism
1951:Law enforcement
1911:
1901:
1900:
1869:Just war theory
1827:
1817:
1816:
1767:Geneva Protocol
1737:
1727:
1726:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1333:Network-centric
1253:
1243:
1242:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1026:Rapid dominance
931:
921:
920:
876:Electromagnetic
785:
775:
774:
761:
714:
662:
638:
628:
627:
623:Combat training
604:
581:
547:Combat systems:
543:
505:
501:Auxiliary ships
467:
427:
423:Military police
389:
312:
302:
301:
241:
215:
214:
213:
208:
194:
183:
160:
151:
147:
67:
65:Citadel of Jaca
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5356:Trench warfare
5353:
5351:Tunnel warfare
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5207:Fortifications
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5017:Counter-castle
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Border barrier
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4937:Lowland castle
4934:
4929:
4927:Hilltop castle
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4802:Electric fence
4799:
4794:
4792:Dragon's teeth
4789:
4787:Czech hedgehog
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4701:Wire obstacles
4698:
4689:
4687:Polygonal fort
4684:
4679:
4677:Martello tower
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Border outpost
4639:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4516:Polygonal fort
4513:
4508:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4480:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4127:
4122:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4054:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4008:
4006:Flanking tower
4003:
3994:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Counter-castle
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3763:Post-classical
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3753:Vitrified fort
3750:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3706:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Defensive wall
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3504:Fortifications
3500:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3464:at World Atlas
3459:
3447:
3446:External links
3444:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3379:
3370:
3363:
3345:
3338:
3320:
3294:
3287:
3269:
3262:
3244:
3225:
3197:
3181:
3160:
3134:
3108:
3096:whc.unesco.org
3082:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3010:
2975:Liberty Island
2966:
2963:
2877:
2874:
2735:
2732:
2712:Czech Republic
2644:
2641:
2562:fields of fire
2535:
2532:
2516:
2513:
2507:, or similar "
2489:
2486:
2461:
2458:
2289:. From there,
2263:
2260:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Military terms
2128:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:Tripwire force
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:Administrative
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1338:New generation
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Fleet in being
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1251:Grand strategy
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:Scorched earth
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Deep operation
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
941:
932:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:Unconventional
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
864:
862:Disinformation
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
833:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
767:
760:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
661:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
613:Basic training
610:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
542:
541:
539:Reconnaissance
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
466:
465:
460:
458:Special forces
455:
450:
449:
448:
438:
433:
426:
425:
420:
415:
413:Reconnaissance
410:
405:
400:
395:
388:
387:
378:
373:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
282:
281:
280:
275:
265:
264:
263:
256:Post-classical
253:
248:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
224:
223:
205:
204:
196:
195:
154:
152:
145:
108:from 1861, in
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5435:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5393:
5392:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5361:Urban warfare
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Civil defense
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:Bastion forts
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5166:Z-plan castle
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:L-plan castle
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Bridge castle
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Refuge castle
5088:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Military base
5069:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Hunting lodge
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Moated castle
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Island castle
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:By topography
4898:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Submarine pen
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Hesco bastion
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:Blast shelter
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Place-of-arms
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4144:Machicolation
4142:
4140:
4139:L-plan castle
4137:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Bridge castle
3870:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3835:Bent entrance
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Battery tower
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Advanced work
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3695:Refuge castle
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3263:0-85177-951-4
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Erik Dahlberg
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2983:United States
2980:
2979:New York City
2976:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:According to
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:– Capture of
2811:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:Corfu in 1537
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:Effectiveness
2731:
2729:
2728:Civitavecchia
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:counter mines
2570:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2534:Other changes
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:plunging fire
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2435:counterscarps
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:counterguards
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:machicolation
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:fortification
2210:
2209:
2204:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Warrior caste
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1988:Show of force
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Peacebuilding
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Air supremacy
1830:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Islamic rules
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Court-martial
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Arms industry
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
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127:, Netherlands
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19:
5384:
5339:Siege engine
5307:Other topics
5231:Related word
5197:Defense line
5161:Tower castle
5116:Bastion fort
5115:
5100:Urban castle
5028:Ganerbenburg
5026:
4981:Water castle
4957:Ridge castle
4942:Marsh castle
4757:Bomb shelter
4737:Belgian gate
4710:20th century
4621:19th century
4559:Retrenchment
4531:Punji sticks
4440:Entrenchment
4435:Device Forts
4402:Counterguard
4337:Early modern
4267:Tower castle
4203:Powder tower
4178:Outer bailey
4090:Inner bailey
4064:Gulyay-gorod
4032:Ganerbenburg
4030:
4026:Fujian tulou
3968:Corner tower
3907:Chamber gate
3877:Bridge tower
3725:Trou de loup
3462:Bastion fort
3453:
3431:
3417:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:
3382:
3373:
3354:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3307:
3297:
3278:
3272:
3253:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3216:
3204:Harris, J.,
3200:
3192:
3184:
3172:
3165:. Retrieved
3145:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3120:
3117:"Star Forts"
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:
3085:
3076:
3071:
2999:
2992:
2965:Obsolescence
2959:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
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2904:
2850:
2823:
2808:
2784:
2771:Fra Giocondo
2764:
2739:
2737:
2719:
2717:
2665:
2662:
2646:
2643:Construction
2634:
2609:
2594:
2584:Compared to
2583:
2571:
2559:
2521:
2518:
2498:
2491:
2463:
2439:
2423:faussebrayes
2391:
2375:Michelangelo
2360:
2325:
2301:
2299:
2280:
2252:curtain wall
2245:
2240:
2207:
2206:
2203:bastion fort
2202:
2200:
2101:Fifth column
2081:War resister
2076:Women in war
1971:Peacekeeping
1916:Arms control
1861:
1550:Mobilization
1545:Conscription
1503:Intelligence
1456:Organization
1102:
1031:Encirclement
911:Radiological
847:Conventional
701:Subterranean
608:Development:
607:
584:
546:
508:
471:Naval units:
470:
463:Signal corps
430:
408:Intelligence
393:Specialties:
392:
317:Organization
268:Early modern
184:
169:by removing
156:
29:
5238:Castle town
5095:Toll castle
5064:Lustschloss
5046:Kaiserpfalz
4976:Spur castle
4971:Rock castle
4912:Hill castle
4907:Cave castle
4867:Spider hole
4767:Bremer wall
4732:Barbed tape
4628:Barbed wire
4302:Witch tower
4272:Tower house
4262:Toll castle
4248:Shield wall
4168:Murder hole
4057:Guard tower
3674:Pincer gate
3621:Faussebraye
3078:Cyclopaedia
3053:Suomenlinna
2722:was at the
2704: 1757
2636:Cyclopaedia
2555: 1680
2478:Fort Manoel
2470:direct fire
2371:Middle Ages
2229:battlefield
2086:War studies
1909:Non-warfare
1837:Appeasement
1802:Martial law
1641:War economy
1580:Transgender
1533:Recruitment
1293:Containment
1178:Culminating
1086:Operational
1006:Envelopment
949:Air assault
830:Air cavalry
790:Air defence
770:Information
671:Cold-region
636:Battlespace
585:Historical:
431:Land units:
357:Space force
352:Coast guard
285:Late modern
246:Prehistoric
95:Netherlands
68: [
52:that are a
5413:Star forts
5407:Categories
5263:Gatekeeper
5083:Ordensburg
5055:Landesburg
4862:Sentry gun
4817:Flak tower
4747:Blast wall
4667:Gun turret
4564:Sally port
4469:Kotta mara
4409:Couvreface
4373:Breastwork
4368:Blockhouse
4346:Abwurfdach
4297:Watchtower
4287:Wall tower
4243:Shell keep
4193:Portcullis
4188:Peel tower
4173:Neck ditch
4132:Landesburg
4080:Half tower
4038:Gate tower
3983:Drawbridge
3825:Battlement
3741:Wagon fort
3584:Chengqiang
3411:References
3101:2 November
3018:Battlement
2748:Florentine
2612:solid shot
2564:. Forward
2544:Nové Zámky
2442:ideal city
2431:banquettes
2344:crownworks
2146:War crimes
2136:Operations
2043:Foot drill
2013:Battle cry
1926:deterrence
1585:Harassment
1560:Specialism
1383:Technology
1378:Succession
1323:Liberation
1258:Asymmetric
1193:Empty fort
1104:Blitzkrieg
1073:Withdrawal
1036:Investment
815:Camouflage
810:Biological
748:Underwater
723:Amphibious
642:Aerospace
509:Air units:
486:Submarines
295:fourth-gen
290:industrial
278:napoleonic
5366:Guerrilla
5109:By design
4857:Revetment
4672:Land mine
4603:Star fort
4430:Crownwork
4425:Covertway
4358:Barricade
3999:Embrasure
3912:Chartaque
3842:Bergfried
3800:Arrowslit
3626:Gatehouse
3596:City gate
3557:Castellum
3523:Acropolis
3455:eligendum
3313:9 October
3173:acquired
3167:4 January
3127:4 January
2858:Ali Pasha
2832:in 1552,
2710:(today's
2649:Amsterdam
2566:batteries
2509:kill zone
2488:Dead zone
2403:Louis XIV
2348:artillery
2340:hornworks
2336:tenailles
2272:Coevorden
2256:cavaliers
2241:star fort
2223:when the
2221:gunpowder
2033:War novel
1936:Grey-zone
1896:War games
1857:Overmatch
1807:War crime
1757:Desertion
1747:Ceasefire
1742:Armistice
1629:Logistics
1607:Mercenary
1595:Volunteer
1526:Personnel
1498:Engineers
1443:Sociology
1398:World war
1393:Total war
1373:Strategic
1363:Religious
1348:Political
1343:Perpetual
1318:Irregular
1233:Offensive
1208:Defensive
1203:Deception
1163:Attrition
1016:Guerrilla
1011:Formation
954:Airbridge
886:Loitering
800:Artillery
453:Artillery
403:Engineers
371:Irregular
342:Air force
165:. Please
163:talk page
138:, Ukraine
91:Groningen
87:Bourtange
46:Palmanova
18:Star fort
5391:Category
5381:See also
5268:Loophole
5156:Ringwork
5151:Ringfort
5076:Obstacle
4917:Hillfort
4837:Loophole
4635:Barbette
4610:Tenaille
4593:Sea fort
4523:Presidio
4483:Magazine
4464:Hornwork
4397:Cavalier
4392:Casemate
4385:Caponier
4228:Ringwork
4116:Detinets
4085:Hoarding
3990:Enceinte
3865:Bretèche
3810:Bartizan
3805:Barbican
3781:Alcazaba
3709:Stockade
3689:Ringfort
3669:Palisade
3641:Landwehr
3636:Hillfort
3457:, (1600)
3398:4 August
3209:Archived
3175:ravelins
3012:See also
2957:thesis.
2919:firearms
2775:Venetian
2760:escalade
2726:port of
2684:Plan of
2604:Yedikule
2548:Slovakia
2523:enfilade
2515:Enfilade
2454:Portugal
2415:lunettes
2411:redoubts
2407:ravelins
2379:Florence
2367:bombards
2332:ravelins
2321:infantry
2317:bastions
2303:Enceinte
2248:bastions
2237:ravelins
2048:War song
2023:War film
1656:Materiel
1575:Children
1555:Training
1493:Medicine
1478:Doctrine
1433:Training
1368:Resource
1353:Princely
1303:Economic
1288:Conquest
1283:Colonial
1278:Cold war
1263:Blockade
1148:Strategy
1120:Maneuver
881:Infantry
837:Chemical
691:Mountain
651:Airborne
514:Fighters
481:Warships
436:Infantry
362:Reserves
310:Military
104:Plan of
5298:Vedette
5288:Schloss
5253:Festung
5248:Dungeon
5243:Château
5187:Castles
4995:By role
4852:Pillbox
4682:Outpost
4598:Station
4586:Schanze
4569:Sandbag
4554:Redoubt
4538:Ravelin
4506:Palanka
4490:Orillon
4476:Lunette
4418:Coupure
4363:Bastion
4353:Arsenal
4321:Zwinger
4233:Roundel
4223:Ricetto
4198:Postern
4183:Outwork
4107:Kremlin
3978:Curtain
3953:Citadel
3937:Chemise
3897:Caltrop
3815:Bastion
3788:Alcázar
3684:Rampart
3662:Oppidum
3655:Nuraghe
3601:Crannog
3575:Castros
3511:Ancient
2799:in 1716
2756:rampart
2708:Moravia
2697:Olomouc
2653:florins
2620:mortars
2528:Sarzana
2500:zwinger
2495:turrets
2295:ladders
2262:Origins
2161:Writers
2156:Weapons
2121:Battles
2070:Related
2058:Wargame
2053:Uniform
2001:Culture
1782:Perfidy
1777:Justice
1698:Science
1683:Outpost
1636:History
1616:Warrior
1612:Soldier
1600:foreign
1538:counter
1438:Service
1388:Theater
1328:Limited
1308:Endemic
1223:Nuclear
996:Foxhole
971:Cavalry
959:Airdrop
944:Airlift
929:Tactics
901:Nuclear
891:Missile
820:Cavalry
805:Barrage
783:Weapons
743:Surface
524:Command
519:Bombers
476:Frogman
446:Cavalry
418:Medical
385:Militia
367:Regular
347:Marines
261:castles
251:Ancient
239:History
218:outline
125:Naarden
114:Croatia
44:Map of
5293:Trench
5283:Picket
4694:Sangar
4647:Bunker
4579:Sconce
4499:Ostrog
4447:Flèche
4330:Modern
4309:Yagura
4277:Turret
4213:Reduit
4151:Merlon
4095:Kasbah
4073:Gusuku
4050:Glacis
4043:Gabion
4012:church
3919:Chashi
3902:Castle
3746:Laager
3734:Vallum
3691:(Rath)
3566:Castra
3548:Burgus
3518:Abatis
3438:
3424:
3404:
3361:
3336:
3285:
3260:
3158:
2889:Cyprus
2846:Sicily
2787:Rhodes
2752:French
2686:Geneva
2666:glacis
2655:, and
2505:bailey
2460:Slopes
2427:scarps
2399:Vauban
2358:does.
2328:glacis
2291:arrows
2225:cannon
2141:Sieges
1825:Theory
1565:Morale
1423:Policy
1418:Branch
1198:Mosaic
1188:Fabian
1135:Covert
1068:Trench
1053:Screen
976:Charge
966:Battle
939:Aerial
857:Denial
825:Horses
753:Seabed
706:Tunnel
686:Jungle
676:Desert
646:Aerial
110:Osijek
5334:Siege
5278:Palas
5222:Walls
5212:Forts
5175:Lists
5022:Fence
4964:Rocca
4832:Kabal
4547:Redan
4454:Gorge
4378:Canal
4255:Shiro
4218:Ribat
4208:Qalat
4020:Dzong
4016:house
3716:Sudis
3648:Limes
3606:Ditch
3539:Broch
3530:Agger
3237:[
3075:From
3064:Notes
2830:Malta
2779:ditch
2767:Padua
2724:Papal
2657:Siena
2482:Malta
2452:, in
2450:Elvas
2437:..."
2356:stone
2352:brick
2287:hills
2233:Italy
2114:Lists
1570:Women
1508:Ranks
1428:Staff
1358:Proxy
1273:Class
1228:Naval
1213:Depth
1048:Swarm
1041:Siege
1021:Naval
1001:Drone
896:Music
871:Robot
867:Drone
852:Cyber
795:Armor
765:Cyber
738:Green
733:Brown
696:Urban
656:Space
577:Radar
572:Sonar
441:Armor
398:Staff
376:Ranks
106:Tvrđa
76:Spain
72:]
5344:list
4762:Buoy
4316:Yett
4158:Moat
4125:Ksar
4100:Keep
3892:Caer
3882:Burh
3858:Boom
3851:Berm
3830:Bawn
3795:Amba
3631:Gord
3436:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3400:2022
3359:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3315:2014
3283:ISBN
3258:ISBN
3217:Fort
3169:2017
3156:ISBN
3129:2017
3103:2017
2905:The
2870:Vido
2836:and
2750:and
2744:Pisa
2579:mine
2433:and
2425:and
2409:and
2385:and
2151:Wars
1668:Base
1218:Goal
1130:Raid
728:Blue
666:Land
337:Navy
332:Army
3616:Dun
3152:112
2977:in
2925:).
2817:by
2480:in
2342:or
2219:of
2205:or
1735:Law
1678:FOB
1673:MOB
718:Sea
210:War
5409::
5383::
4018:,
4014:,
3434:,
3420:,
3391:.
3306:.
3215:,
3191:,
3154:.
3119:.
3094:.
3008:.
2981:,
2887:,
2701:c.
2622:,
2552:c.
2503:,
2401:,
2338:,
2334:,
2306:)
2201:A
1614:/
869:/
383:/
369:/
112:,
93:,
74:,
70:es
4120:)
4112:(
4022:)
3749:)
3743:(
3496:e
3489:t
3482:v
3402:.
3367:.
3342:.
3317:.
3291:.
3266:.
3219:(
3131:.
3105:.
2989:.
2714:)
2699:(
2190:e
2183:t
2176:v
220:)
216:(
191:)
185:(
181:.
159:.
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
