294:
310:
179:
2458:
126:
29:
92:. They may be constructed of earth as a temporary structure or of stone in more permanent structure. More generally, a glacis is any slope, natural or artificial, which fulfils the above requirements. The etymology of this French word suggests a slope made dangerous with ice, hence the relationship with
200:
Towards the end of the medieval period some castles were modified to make them defensible against cannons. Glacis consisting of earthen slopes faced with stones were placed in front of the curtain walls and bastions (towers) to absorb the impact of cannon shots or to deflect them. Towers were lowered
227:
to be swept more efficiently by minimizing changes to the angle of their guns while firing. Furthermore, the glacis prevents attacking cannon from having a clear shot at the walls of a fortress, as usually these cannot be seen until the glacis is crossed and the ditch, bounded on either side by the
215:
Early modern
European fortresses were so constructed as to keep any potential assailant under the fire of the defenders until the last possible moment. On natural, level ground, troops attacking any high work have a degree of shelter from its fire when close up to it; the glacis consists of a slope
267:
has two advantages: many projectiles will deflect rather than penetrate; those that attempt to will have to travel on a longer diagonal route through any given thickness of armor than if it were perpendicular to their trajectory.
432:
260:
or other armored fighting vehicle, often composed of upper and lower halves. In a head-on-head armored engagement, the glacis plate is the largest and most obvious target available to an enemy gunner.
216:
with a low grade inclined towards the top of the wall. This gave defenders a direct line of sight into the assaulting force, allowing them to efficiently sweep the field with fire from the
1852:
278:
are also designed to detonate directly underneath the glacis plate. As a result, it is generally the thickest, most robust armored section of a tank, followed by the turret face and
241:
2483:
466:
293:
565:
525:. Greenwood guides to historic events of the medieval world (illustrated, annotated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
309:
436:
1668:
2262:
1957:
2077:
1862:
534:
511:
488:
220:. Additionally, but secondarily, the bank of earth would shield the walls from being hit directly by cannon fire.
2287:
456:
410:
1510:
1048:
558:
1847:
928:
193:, were incorporated into medieval fortifications to strengthen the walls against undermining, to hamper
1443:
197:
and so that missiles dropped from the battlements would ricochet off the glacis into attacking forces.
1892:
114:
1517:
2389:
1467:
320:
224:
2488:
2436:
2211:
1917:
1912:
1832:
1629:
1576:
1546:
1303:
1233:
1177:
754:
551:
20:
2461:
2277:
1867:
1764:
1649:
833:
185:, a medieval Crusader castle in Syria. The south face of the inner ward with its steep glacis.
2414:
2252:
2034:
1787:
1524:
1347:
676:
526:
503:
480:
300:
190:
167:
2399:
1927:
1553:
1352:
1318:
718:
600:
163:
85:
8:
2216:
1952:
1308:
686:
502:. Shire Series. Vol. 16 (illustrated, revised ed.). Osprey Publishing. p.
223:
Though defenders on high ground already have a direct line of sight, a glacis allows the
182:
2338:
1947:
1922:
1907:
1902:
1752:
1732:
1529:
1090:
957:
701:
2394:
2353:
2328:
2201:
1882:
1722:
1569:
1155:
1033:
711:
654:
530:
507:
484:
2368:
2343:
2272:
2196:
1797:
1792:
1727:
1278:
1082:
661:
455:
43:
2257:
2109:
2082:
2022:
1992:
1877:
1842:
1822:
1807:
1362:
1357:
1325:
1086:
1028:
1016:
998:
865:
846:
772:
749:
80:
2426:
2421:
2087:
2072:
2007:
1997:
1872:
1857:
1757:
1747:
1712:
1586:
1379:
1076:
1043:
1007:
823:
681:
645:
271:
157:
2477:
2431:
2384:
2292:
2282:
2236:
2206:
2191:
2160:
2141:
2002:
1942:
1897:
1812:
1771:
1581:
1214:
1209:
942:
905:
890:
841:
786:
765:
574:
470:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 679–725.
461:
334:
275:
264:
145:
141:
106:
2409:
2267:
2231:
2186:
2170:
2098:
2051:
2027:
2017:
2012:
1827:
1644:
1505:
1472:
1337:
1273:
1248:
1160:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1038:
977:
947:
795:
229:
210:
153:
89:
201:
to the same height as the curtain walls and converted into gun platforms.
2308:
2165:
2134:
2116:
2104:
2046:
2041:
1982:
1977:
1937:
1837:
1802:
1698:
1601:
1372:
1342:
1332:
1238:
1127:
744:
691:
279:
178:
130:
935:
2333:
2153:
2125:
2056:
1932:
1887:
1817:
1737:
1634:
1539:
1479:
1438:
1416:
1367:
1313:
1263:
1258:
1243:
1202:
1150:
1108:
1053:
895:
811:
316:
2313:
858:
140:
A glacis could also appear in ancient fortresses, such as the one the
1742:
1673:
1500:
1495:
1428:
1069:
982:
912:
870:
696:
666:
627:
593:
2226:
2221:
2146:
1987:
1705:
1680:
1663:
1593:
1534:
1462:
1455:
1298:
1186:
1060:
880:
875:
851:
779:
759:
739:
706:
194:
2358:
2323:
2318:
1656:
1639:
1624:
1608:
1560:
1488:
1433:
1423:
1391:
1293:
1268:
1253:
1023:
967:
885:
732:
725:
671:
543:
240:
217:
94:
2363:
1717:
1283:
1221:
1165:
1143:
1113:
989:
972:
804:
636:
618:
588:
134:
125:
435:. Encarta Online Dictionary. December 14, 2008. Archived from
2404:
2348:
2092:
1617:
1448:
1288:
609:
339:
149:
1386:
1228:
1195:
1170:
962:
952:
921:
900:
257:
245:
110:
55:
364:
88:
is an artificial slope as part of a medieval castle or in
256:
describes the sloped front-most section of the hull of a
64:
49:
28:
248:'s armor is the sloped part at the front, marked in red.
479:(illustrated ed.). Publications du Crahm. p.
204:
166:
started to incorporate glacis around 350 BC. Those at
393:
391:
376:
67:
61:
52:
46:
388:
352:
2475:
815:
1377:
1323:
1141:
987:
475:Decaëns, Joseph; Dubois, Adrien, eds. (2010).
2032:
1762:
1591:
1567:
1184:
1175:
1132:
856:
652:
643:
559:
474:
370:
2151:
2132:
2123:
2114:
1703:
1678:
1654:
1615:
1606:
1558:
1544:
1515:
1486:
1477:
1453:
1414:
1219:
1200:
1118:
1067:
1058:
1014:
1005:
996:
933:
919:
910:
793:
770:
152:. Here it was used by them to prevent enemy
802:
784:
730:
716:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
170:, Dorset were 25 metres (82 ft) high.
58:
16:Protective slope built into a fortification
566:
552:
173:
477:Caen Castle: A Ten Centuries Old Fortress
120:
520:
382:
239:
177:
124:
27:
453:
397:
2484:Fortification (architectural elements)
2476:
411:"The Terminology of a Fortress:Glacis"
547:
79:
497:
457:"Fortification and Siegecraft"
358:
205:Early modern European fortifications
109:front-most section of the hull of a
32:Diagram showing upward sloped glacis
1958:Weapons Storage and Security System
235:
13:
573:
14:
2500:
299:Iron Age ramparts and ditches in
2457:
2456:
308:
292:
42:
447:
500:Hillforts of England and Wales
425:
403:
1:
1853:British "hedgehog" road block
345:
129:Middle Bronze Age glacis in
7:
2263:Cities with defensive walls
1848:Defensive fighting position
1763:
1568:
1378:
1324:
1185:
1176:
1142:
1133:
988:
328:
10:
2505:
521:Stokstad, Marilyn (2005).
285:
228:smooth, masoned scarp and
208:
18:
2447:
2377:
2301:
2245:
2179:
2065:
1970:
1893:Hardened aircraft shelter
1868:Entry control point (ECP)
1780:
1691:
1407:
1400:
832:
581:
371:Decaëns & Dubois 2010
115:armoured fighting vehicle
2390:Continuity of government
2212:Motte-and-bailey castle
1918:Missile launch facility
1913:Main line of resistance
608:
467:Encyclopædia Britannica
454:Jackson, Louis (1911).
174:Medieval fortifications
90:early modern fortresses
21:Glacis (disambiguation)
2288:Military installations
2152:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2033:
1704:
1679:
1655:
1645:Scarp and Counterscarp
1616:
1607:
1592:
1559:
1545:
1516:
1487:
1478:
1454:
1415:
1220:
1201:
1119:
1068:
1059:
1015:
1006:
997:
934:
920:
911:
857:
816:
803:
794:
785:
771:
731:
717:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
599:
249:
186:
137:
121:Ancient fortifications
33:
2057:Floating water castle
1788:Admiralty scaffolding
1081:Fortified buildings (
243:
181:
128:
31:
2400:Subterranean warfare
1353:Viking ring fortress
498:Dyer, James (1992).
189:Glacis, also called
164:Hillforts in Britain
86:military engineering
19:For other uses, see
2217:Quadrangular castle
1953:Weapon storage area
1309:Quadrangular castle
413:. www.fortadams.org
321:Pyrénées-Orientales
183:Krak des Chevaliers
1948:Underground hangar
1733:Fire control tower
1530:Gunpowder magazine
958:Butter-churn tower
250:
187:
138:
34:
2471:
2470:
2395:Military urbanism
2329:Fortified gateway
2202:Concentric castle
1966:
1965:
1883:Fire support base
1723:Coastal artillery
1598:(Spanish America)
1192:
1034:Concentric castle
142:ancient Egyptians
2496:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2344:National redoubt
2273:Fortified estate
2197:Circular rampart
2157:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2038:
1798:Anti-tank trench
1793:Air raid shelter
1768:
1728:Disappearing gun
1709:
1684:
1660:
1621:
1612:
1597:
1573:
1564:
1550:
1521:
1492:
1483:
1459:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1383:
1363:Bailey (or ward)
1329:
1234:Motte-and-bailey
1225:
1206:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1147:
1138:
1124:
1073:
1064:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
939:
925:
916:
862:
819:
808:
799:
790:
776:
736:
722:
662:Circular rampart
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
568:
561:
554:
545:
544:
540:
523:Medieval Castles
517:
494:
471:
459:
441:
440:
439:on May 24, 2024.
429:
423:
422:
420:
418:
407:
401:
395:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
312:
296:
244:The glacis of a
236:Armored vehicles
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2451:
2443:
2373:
2297:
2241:
2175:
2110:Imperial castle
2083:Coercion castle
2078:Coastal defence
2061:
2023:Promontory fort
1993:Hillside castle
1962:
1878:Fallout shelter
1843:Concertina wire
1823:Border security
1776:
1687:
1396:
1029:Coercion castle
1017:Cheval de frise
999:Chemin de ronde
847:Albarrana tower
828:
773:Schwedenschanze
750:Promontory fort
577:
572:
537:
514:
491:
450:
445:
444:
431:
430:
426:
416:
414:
409:
408:
404:
396:
389:
381:
377:
369:
365:
357:
353:
348:
331:
324:
313:
304:
297:
288:
272:Anti-tank mines
238:
213:
207:
176:
158:defensive walls
156:from weakening
123:
81:[ɡlasi]
76:
45:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2489:Vehicle armour
2486:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2427:Trench warfare
2424:
2422:Tunnel warfare
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Fortifications
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2088:Counter-castle
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Border barrier
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Lowland castle
2005:
2000:
1998:Hilltop castle
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Electric fence
1870:
1865:
1863:Dragon's teeth
1860:
1858:Czech hedgehog
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1772:Wire obstacles
1769:
1760:
1758:Polygonal fort
1755:
1750:
1748:Martello tower
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Border outpost
1710:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1587:Polygonal fort
1584:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1079:
1077:Flanking tower
1074:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Counter-castle
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
931:
926:
917:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
854:
849:
844:
838:
836:
834:Post-classical
830:
829:
827:
826:
824:Vitrified fort
821:
809:
800:
791:
782:
777:
768:
763:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
728:
723:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
682:Defensive wall
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
591:
585:
583:
579:
578:
575:Fortifications
571:
570:
563:
556:
548:
542:
541:
535:
518:
512:
495:
489:
472:
462:Chisholm, Hugh
449:
446:
443:
442:
433:"Glacis plate"
424:
402:
387:
375:
363:
350:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
337:
330:
327:
326:
325:
314:
307:
305:
298:
291:
287:
284:
274:that employ a
237:
234:
232:, is reached.
209:Main article:
206:
203:
175:
172:
122:
119:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:Urban warfare
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Civil defense
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Bastion forts
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2237:Z-plan castle
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:L-plan castle
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Bridge castle
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Refuge castle
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Military base
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Hunting lodge
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
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2019:
2018:Moated castle
2016:
2014:
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2003:Island castle
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1971:By topography
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1959:
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1943:Submarine pen
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1898:Hesco bastion
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1582:Place-of-arms
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1215:Machicolation
1213:
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1210:L-plan castle
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943:Bridge castle
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891:Battery tower
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842:Advanced work
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766:Refuge castle
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536:9780313325250
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513:9780747801801
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490:9782902685752
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428:
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406:
399:
394:
392:
385:, p. 84.
384:
383:Stokstad 2005
379:
373:, p. 17.
372:
367:
361:, p. 19.
360:
355:
351:
341:
338:
336:
335:Fortification
333:
332:
322:
318:
311:
306:
302:
301:Maiden Castle
295:
290:
289:
283:
281:
277:
276:tilt-rod fuze
273:
269:
266:
265:Sloped armour
262:
259:
255:
247:
242:
233:
231:
226:
225:field of fire
221:
219:
212:
202:
198:
196:
192:
184:
180:
171:
169:
168:Maiden Castle
165:
161:
159:
155:
154:siege engines
151:
147:
143:
136:
132:
127:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
96:
91:
87:
82:
72:
39:
30:
26:
22:
2455:
2410:Siege engine
2378:Other topics
2302:Related word
2268:Defense line
2232:Tower castle
2187:Bastion fort
2171:Urban castle
2099:Ganerbenburg
2097:
2052:Water castle
2028:Ridge castle
2013:Marsh castle
1828:Bomb shelter
1808:Belgian gate
1781:20th century
1692:19th century
1630:Retrenchment
1602:Punji sticks
1511:Entrenchment
1506:Device Forts
1473:Counterguard
1408:Early modern
1338:Tower castle
1274:Powder tower
1249:Outer bailey
1161:Inner bailey
1135:Gulyay-gorod
1120:
1103:Ganerbenburg
1101:
1097:Fujian tulou
1039:Corner tower
978:Chamber gate
948:Bridge tower
796:Trou de loup
522:
499:
476:
465:
448:Bibliography
437:the original
427:
415:. Retrieved
405:
398:Jackson 1911
378:
366:
354:
270:
263:
254:glacis plate
253:
251:
230:counterscarp
222:
214:
211:Bastion fort
199:
188:
162:
139:
103:glacis plate
102:
100:
93:
37:
35:
25:
2309:Castle town
2166:Toll castle
2135:Lustschloss
2117:Kaiserpfalz
2047:Spur castle
2042:Rock castle
1983:Hill castle
1978:Cave castle
1938:Spider hole
1838:Bremer wall
1803:Barbed tape
1699:Barbed wire
1373:Witch tower
1343:Tower house
1333:Toll castle
1319:Shield wall
1239:Murder hole
1128:Guard tower
745:Pincer gate
692:Faussebraye
280:gun mantlet
2478:Categories
2334:Gatekeeper
2154:Ordensburg
2126:Landesburg
1933:Sentry gun
1888:Flak tower
1818:Blast wall
1738:Gun turret
1635:Sally port
1540:Kotta mara
1480:Couvreface
1444:Breastwork
1439:Blockhouse
1417:Abwurfdach
1368:Watchtower
1358:Wall tower
1314:Shell keep
1264:Portcullis
1259:Peel tower
1244:Neck ditch
1203:Landesburg
1151:Half tower
1109:Gate tower
1054:Drawbridge
896:Battlement
812:Wagon fort
655:Chengqiang
346:References
319:Fortress,
317:Mont-Louis
2437:Guerrilla
2180:By design
1928:Revetment
1743:Land mine
1674:Star fort
1501:Crownwork
1496:Covertway
1429:Barricade
1070:Embrasure
983:Chartaque
913:Bergfried
871:Arrowslit
697:Gatehouse
667:City gate
628:Castellum
594:Acropolis
359:Dyer 1992
252:The term
195:escalades
144:built at
113:or other
2462:Category
2452:See also
2339:Loophole
2227:Ringwork
2222:Ringfort
2147:Obstacle
1988:Hillfort
1908:Loophole
1706:Barbette
1681:Tenaille
1664:Sea fort
1594:Presidio
1554:Magazine
1535:Hornwork
1468:Cavalier
1463:Casemate
1456:Caponier
1299:Ringwork
1187:Detinets
1156:Hoarding
1061:Enceinte
936:Bretèche
881:Bartizan
876:Barbican
852:Alcazaba
780:Stockade
760:Ringfort
740:Palisade
712:Landwehr
707:Hillfort
417:June 14,
329:See also
323:, France
315:Glacis,
131:'En Esur
2369:Vedette
2359:Schloss
2324:Festung
2319:Dungeon
2314:Château
2258:Castles
2066:By role
1923:Pillbox
1753:Outpost
1669:Station
1657:Schanze
1640:Sandbag
1625:Redoubt
1609:Ravelin
1577:Palanka
1561:Orillon
1547:Lunette
1489:Coupure
1434:Bastion
1424:Arsenal
1392:Zwinger
1304:Roundel
1294:Ricetto
1269:Postern
1254:Outwork
1178:Kremlin
1049:Curtain
1024:Citadel
1008:Chemise
968:Caltrop
886:Bastion
859:Alcázar
755:Rampart
733:Oppidum
726:Nuraghe
672:Crannog
646:Castros
582:Ancient
464:(ed.).
286:Gallery
218:parapet
105:is the
95:glacier
77:French:
2364:Trench
2354:Picket
1765:Sangar
1718:Bunker
1650:Sconce
1570:Ostrog
1518:Flèche
1401:Modern
1380:Yagura
1348:Turret
1284:Reduit
1222:Merlon
1166:Kasbah
1144:Gusuku
1121:Glacis
1114:Gabion
1083:church
990:Chashi
973:Castle
817:Laager
805:Vallum
762:(Rath)
637:Castra
619:Burgus
589:Abatis
533:
510:
487:
135:Israel
107:sloped
38:glacis
2405:Siege
2349:Palas
2293:Walls
2283:Forts
2246:Lists
2093:Fence
2035:Rocca
1903:Kabal
1618:Redan
1525:Gorge
1449:Canal
1326:Shiro
1289:Ribat
1279:Qalat
1091:Dzong
1087:house
787:Sudis
719:Limes
677:Ditch
610:Broch
601:Agger
460:. In
340:Siege
191:talus
150:Nubia
146:Semna
84:) in
2415:list
1833:Buoy
1387:Yett
1229:Moat
1196:Ksar
1171:Keep
963:Caer
953:Burh
929:Boom
922:Berm
901:Bawn
866:Amba
702:Gord
531:ISBN
508:ISBN
485:ISBN
419:2014
258:tank
246:tank
111:tank
687:Dun
148:in
2480::
2454::
1089:,
1085:,
529:.
527:84
506:.
504:19
483:.
481:17
390:^
282:.
160:.
133:,
117:.
101:A
98:.
75:,
56:eɪ
36:A
1191:)
1183:(
1093:)
820:)
814:(
567:e
560:t
553:v
539:.
516:.
493:.
421:.
400:.
303:.
71:/
68:s
65:ɪ
62:s
59:.
53:l
50:ɡ
47:ˈ
44:/
40:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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