365:. Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies (the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except where contacted by the dies. The operator therefore needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the desired shape. The dies are usually flat in shape, but some have a specially shaped surface for specialized operations. For example, a die may have a round, concave, or convex surface or be a tool to form holes or be a cut-off tool. Open-die forgings can be worked into shapes which include discs, hubs, blocks, shafts (including step shafts or with flanges), sleeves, cylinders, flats, hexes, rounds, plate, and some custom shapes. Open-die forging lends itself to short runs and is appropriate for art smithing and custom work. In some cases, open-die forging may be employed to rough-shape
710:. The machines are usually set up to work in the horizontal plane, to facilitate the quick exchange of workpieces from one station to the next, but upsetting can also be done in a vertical crank press or a hydraulic press. The initial workpiece is usually wire or rod, but some machines can accept bars up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter and a capacity of over 1000 tons. The standard upsetting machine employs split dies that contain multiple cavities. The dies open enough to allow the workpiece to move from one cavity to the next; the dies then close and the heading tool, or ram, then moves longitudinally against the bar, upsetting it into the cavity. If all of the cavities are utilized on every cycle, then a finished part will be produced with every cycle, which makes this process advantageous for mass production.
1056:, often just called a press, is used for press forging. There are two main types: mechanical and hydraulic presses. Mechanical presses function by using cams, cranks and/or toggles to produce a preset (a predetermined force at a certain location in the stroke) and reproducible stroke. Due to the nature of this type of system, different forces are available at different stroke positions. Mechanical presses are faster than their hydraulic counterparts (up to 50 strokes per minute). Their capacities range from 3 to 160 MN (300 to 18,000 short tons-force). Hydraulic presses, such as the
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229:
175:
789:. It was developed to minimize cost and waste associated with post-forging operations. Therefore, the final product from a precision forging needs little or no final machining. Cost savings are gained from the use of less material, and thus less scrap, the overall decrease in energy used, and the reduction or elimination of machining. Precision forging also requires less of a draft, 1° to 0°. The downside of this process is its cost, therefore it is only implemented if significant cost reduction can be achieved.
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aircraft brackets. This forging method has shown to improve tensile properties but lacks uniform grain size. Even though the application of magnesium alloys increases by 15–20% each year in the aerospace and automotive industry, forging magnesium alloys with specialized dies is expensive and an unfeasible method to produce parts for a mass market. Instead, most magnesium alloy parts for industry are produced by casting methods.
475:"true closed-die forging". In this type of forging, the die cavities are completely closed, which keeps the workpiece from forming flash. The major advantage to this process is that less metal is lost to flash. Flash can account for 20 to 45% of the starting material. The disadvantages of this process include additional cost due to a more complex die design and the need for better lubrication and workpiece placement.
61:
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workpiece; the dies facilitate drastically more heat transfer than the surrounding atmosphere. As the workpiece cools it becomes stronger and less ductile, which may induce cracking if deformation continues. Therefore, heated dies are usually used to reduce heat loss, promote surface flow, and enable the production of finer details and closer tolerances. The workpiece may also need to be reheated.
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rotate and the bar is progressively shaped as it is rolled through the machine. The piece is then transferred to the next set of grooves or turned around and reinserted into the same grooves. This continues until the desired shape and size is achieved. The advantage of this process is there is no flash and it imparts a favorable grain structure into the workpiece.
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that the operation can be used to create any size part because there is no limit to the size of the press forging machine. New press forging techniques have been able to create a higher degree of mechanical and orientation integrity. By the constraint of oxidation to the outer layers of the part, reduced levels of microcracking occur in the finished part.
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and larger can be made at a rate of 90 ppm. The parts can be solid or hollow, round or symmetrical, up to 6 kg (13 lb), and up to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter. The main advantages to this process are its high output rate and ability to accept low-cost materials. Little labor is required to operate the machinery.
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There are other variations of part formation that integrate impression-die forging. One method incorporates casting a forging preform from liquid metal. The casting is removed after it has solidified, but while still hot. It is then finished in a single cavity die. The flash is trimmed, then the part
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equipment. The principle behind the machine is simple: raise the hammer and drop it or propel it into the workpiece, which rests on the anvil. The main variations between drop-hammers are in the way the hammer is powered; the most common being air and steam hammers. Drop-hammers usually operate in a
1002:
Magnesium alloys are more difficult to forge due to their low plasticity, low sensitivity to strain rates and narrow forming temperature. Using semi-open die hot forging with a three-slide forging press (TSFP) has become a newly developed forging method for Mg-Al alloy AZ31, commonly used in forming
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Due to the narrow temperature range and high thermal conductivity, aluminium forging can only be realized in a particular process window. To provide good forming conditions a homogeneous temperature distribution in the entire workpiece is necessary. Therefore, the control of the tool temperature has
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meaning "equal"). Adiabatic heating is used to assist in the deformation of the material, meaning the strain rates are highly controlled. This technique is commonly used for forging aluminium, which has a lower forging temperature than steels. Forging temperatures for aluminum are around 430 °C
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The automatic hot forging process involves feeding mill-length steel bars (typically 7 m (23 ft) long) into one end of the machine at room temperature and hot forged products emerge from the other end. This all occurs rapidly; small parts can be made at a rate of 180 parts per minute (ppm)
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Upset forging increases the diameter of the workpiece by compressing its length. Based on number of pieces produced, this is the most widely used forging process. A few examples of common parts produced using the upset forging process are engine valves, couplings, bolts, screws, and other fasteners.
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When done in high productivity, press forging is more economical than hammer forging. The operation also creates closer tolerances. In hammer forging a lot of the work is absorbed by the machinery; when in press forging, the greater percentage of work is used in the work piece. Another advantage is
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The dimensional tolerances of a steel part produced using the impression-die forging method are outlined in the table below. The dimensions across the parting plane are affected by the closure of the dies, and are therefore dependent on die wear and the thickness of the final flash. Dimensions that
820:
Multidirectional forging is forming of a work piece in a single step in several directions. The multidirectional forming takes place through constructive measures of the tool. The vertical movement of the press ram is redirected using wedges which distributes and redirects the force of the forging
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Closed-die forging has a high initial cost due to the creation of dies and required design work to make working die cavities. However, it has low recurring costs for each part, thus forgings become more economical with greater production volume. This is one of the major reasons closed-die forgings
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Roll forging is a process where round or flat bar stock is reduced in thickness and increased in length. Roll forging is performed using two cylindrical or semi-cylindrical rolls, each containing one or more shaped grooves. A heated bar is inserted into the rolls and when it hits a spot the rolls
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Examples of parts made by this process are: wheel hub unit bearings, transmission gears, tapered roller bearing races, stainless steel coupling flanges, and neck rings for liquid propane (LP) gas cylinders. Manual transmission gears are an example of automatic hot forging used in conjunction with
746:
The process starts by heating the bar to 1,200 to 1,300 °C (2,190 to 2,370 °F) in less than 60 seconds using high-power induction coils. It is then descaled with rollers, sheared into blanks, and transferred through several successive forming stages, during which it is upset, preformed,
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Press forging can be used to perform all types of forging, including open-die and impression-die forging. Impression-die press forging usually requires less draft than drop forging and has better dimensional accuracy. Also, press forgings can often be done in one closing of the dies, allowing for
474:
Impression-die forging has been improved in recent years through increased automation which includes induction heating, mechanical feeding, positioning and manipulation, and the direct heat treatment of parts after forging. One variation of impression-die forging is called "flashless forging", or
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Drop forging is a forging process where a hammer is raised and then "dropped" into the workpiece to deform it according to the shape of the die. There are two types of drop forging: open-die drop forging and impression-die (or closed-die) drop forging. As the names imply, the difference is in the
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is used. In a counterblow machine both the hammer and anvil move and the workpiece is held between them. Here excess energy becomes recoil. This allows the machine to work horizontally and have a smaller base. Other advantages include less noise, heat and vibration. It also produces a distinctly
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High-strength aluminium alloys have the tensile strength of medium strong steel alloys while providing significant weight advantages. Therefore, aluminium forged parts are mainly used in aerospace, automotive industry and many other fields of engineering especially in those fields, where highest
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final forged, and pierced (if necessary). This process can also be coupled with high-speed cold-forming operations. Generally, the cold forming operation will do the finishing stage so that the advantages of cold-working can be obtained, while maintaining the high speed of automatic hot forging.
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There are a few disadvantages to this process, most stemming from the workpiece being in contact with the dies for such an extended period of time. The operation is a time-consuming process due to the amount and length of steps. The workpiece will cool faster because the dies are in contact with
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Impression-die forging is also called "closed-die forging". In impression-die forging, the metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to an anvil. Usually, the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow and fill the die
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Press forging works by slowly applying a continuous pressure or force, which differs from the near-instantaneous impact of drop-hammer forging. The amount of time the dies are in contact with the workpiece is measured in seconds (as compared to the milliseconds of drop-hammer forges). The press
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In commercial impression-die forging, the workpiece is usually moved through a series of cavities in a die to get from an ingot to the final form. The first impression is used to distribute the metal into the rough shape in accordance to the needs of later cavities; this impression is called an
742:
required after forging). Tolerances are usually ±0.3 mm (0.012 in), surfaces are clean, and draft angles are 0.5 to 1°. Tool life is nearly double that of conventional forging because contact times are on the order of 0.06-second. The downside is that this process is only feasible on
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The main advantage of press forging, as compared to drop-hammer forging, is its ability to deform the complete workpiece. Drop-hammer forging usually only deforms the surfaces of the work piece in contact with the hammer and anvil; the interior of the workpiece will stay relatively undeformed.
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All of the following forging processes can be performed at various temperatures; however, they are generally classified by whether the metal temperature is above or below the recrystallization temperature. If the temperature is above the material's recrystallization temperature it is deemed
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cavities. The hammer is generally in contact with the workpiece on the scale of milliseconds. Depending on the size and complexity of the part, the hammer may be dropped multiple times in quick succession. Excess metal is squeezed out of the die cavities, forming what is referred to as "
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In an upset requiring stock length greater than three times the diameter of the stock, and where the diameter of the cavity is not more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock, the length of unsupported metal beyond the face of the die must not exceed the diameter of the
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Near net shape forging is most common when parts are forged without heating the slug, bar or billet. Aluminum is a common material that can be cold forged depending on final shape. Lubrication of the parts being formed is critical to increase the life of the mating dies.
467:"edging", "fullering", or "bending" impression. The following cavities are called "blocking" cavities, in which the piece is working into a shape that more closely resembles the final product. These stages usually impart the workpiece with generous bends and large
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There is no flash produced so material savings are between 20 and 30% over conventional forging. The final product is a consistent 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) so air cooling will result in a part that is still easily machinable (the advantage being the lack of
317:
463:". The flash cools more rapidly than the rest of the material; this cool metal is stronger than the metal in the die, so it helps prevent more flash from forming. This also forces the metal to completely fill the die cavity. After forging, the flash is removed.
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are often used in the automotive and tool industries. Another reason forgings are common in these industrial sectors is that forgings generally have about a 20 percent higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to cast or machined parts of the same material.
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vertical position. The main reason for this is excess energy (energy that is not used to deform the workpiece) that is not released as heat or sound needs to be transmitted to the foundation. Moreover, a large machine base is needed to absorb the impacts.
412:" is the successive deformation of a bar along its length using an open-die drop forge. It is commonly used to work a piece of raw material to the proper thickness. Once the proper thickness is achieved the proper width is achieved via "edging". "
503:. Dies must be impact- and wear-resistant, maintain strength at high temperatures, and have the ability to withstand cycles of rapid heating and cooling. In order to produce a better, more economical die the following standards are maintained:
220:, 500 lb (230 kg) or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses are common in art smithies as well. Some steam hammers remain in use, but they became obsolete with the availability of the other, more convenient, power sources.
471:. The final shape is forged in a "final" or "finisher" impression cavity. If there is only a short run of parts to be done, then it may be more economical for the die to lack a final impression cavity and instead machine the final features.
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Forging temperatures above 550 °C are too close to the solidus temperature of the alloys and lead in conjunction with varying effective strains to unfavorable workpiece surfaces and potentially to a partial melting as well as fold
1060:, use fluid pressure and a piston to generate force. The advantages of a hydraulic press over a mechanical press are its flexibility and greater capacity. The disadvantages include a slower, larger, and costlier machine to operate.
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For industrial processes steel alloys are primarily forged in hot condition. Brass, bronze, copper, precious metals and their alloys are manufactured by cold forging processes; each metal requires a different forging temperature.
320:
177:
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Dziubinska, A., Gontarz, A., & ZagĂłrski, I. (2018). Qualitative research on AZ31 magnesium alloy aircraft brackets with a triangular rib produced by a new forging method. Aircraft
Engineering and Aerospace Technology.
2052:
Dziubińska, A., Gontarz, A., Horzelska, K., & Pieśko, P. (2015). The
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Aircraft Brackets Produced by a New Forging Technology. Procedia Manufacturing.
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safety standards against failure by abuse, by shock or vibratory stresses are needed. Such parts are for example pistons, chassis parts, steering components and brake parts. Commonly used alloys are AlSi1MgMn (
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a major influence to the process. For example, by optimizing the preform geometries the local effective strains can be influenced to reduce local overheating for a more homogeneous temperature distribution.
2014:
Dziubińska, A., Gontarz, A., Dziubiński, M., & Barszcz, M. (2016). THE FORMING OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY FORGINGS FOR AIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS. Advances in
Science and Technology Research Journal.
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is quench hardened. Another variation follows the same process as outlined above, except the preform is produced by the spraying deposition of metal droplets into shaped collectors (similar to the
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Another advantage to the process includes the knowledge of the new part's strain rate. By controlling the compression rate of the press forging operation, the internal strain can be controlled.
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Forging temperatures below 350 °C reduce formability by increasing the yield stress, which can lead to unfilled dies, cracking at the workpiece surface and increased die forces
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Lengths of stock greater than three times the diameter may be upset successfully, provided that the diameter of the upset is not more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock.
209:
has evolved over centuries to become a facility with engineered processes, production equipment, tooling, raw materials and products to meet the demands of modern industry.
418:" is the process of concentrating material using a concave shaped open-die. The process is called "edging" because it is usually carried out on the ends of the workpiece. "
812:
Unlike the above processes, induction forging is based on the type of heating style used. Many of the above processes can be used in conjunction with this heating method.
295:; if the temperature is below the material's recrystallization temperature but above 30% of the recrystallization temperature (on an absolute scale) it is deemed
2027:
Dziubinska, A., & Gontarz, A. (2015). A new method for producing magnesium alloy twin-rib aircraft brackets. Aircraft
Engineering and Aerospace Technology.
1525:
424:" is a similar process that thins out sections of the forging using a convex shaped die. These processes prepare the workpieces for further forging processes.
1980:(in German), In: Behrens, B.-A.; Nyhuis, P.; Overmeyer, L. (ed.): Berichte aus dem IPH, Volume 01/2011, PZH Produktionstechnisches Zentrum GmbH, Garbsen 2011.
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or with hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These hammers may have reciprocating weights in the thousands of pounds. Smaller
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to restrict heat transfer from the workpiece to the die. Finally, the lubricant acts as a parting compound to prevent the part from sticking in the dies.
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The length of unsupported metal that can be upset in one blow without injurious buckling should be limited to three times the diameter of the bar.
989:). About 80% of all aluminium forged parts are made of AlSi1MgMn. The high-strength alloy AlZnMgCu1,5 is mainly used for aerospace applications.
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sooner than if there were no friction present, creating a much greater increase in the pressure required for the punch to finish the forging.
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smaller symmetric parts and cost; the initial investment can be over $ 10 million, so large quantities are required to justify this process.
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2005:
Papenberg, Nikolaus P et al. “Mg-Alloys for
Forging Applications-A Review.” Materials vol. 13,4 985. 22 Feb. 2020, doi:10.3390/ma13040985
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to prepare them for subsequent operations. Open-die forging may also orient the grain to increase strength in the required direction.
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266:, open-die forging, impression-die forging (closed die forging), press forging, cold forging, automatic hot forging and upsetting.
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The most common type of forging equipment is the hammer and anvil. Principles behind the hammer and anvil are still used today in
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are completely contained within a single die segment or half can be maintained at a significantly greater level of accuracy.
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Solid forged billets of steel (glowing incandescently) being loaded in a large industrial chamber furnace, for re-heating
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The dies part along a single, flat plane whenever possible. If not, the parting plane follows the contour of the part.
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effects are negated by the recrystallization process. Cold forging typically results in work hardening of the piece.
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There are many different kinds of forging processes available; however, they can be grouped into three main classes:
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303:. The main advantage of hot forging is that it can be done more quickly and precisely, and as the metal is deformed
201:, though introducing water power to the production and working of iron in the 12th century allowed the use of large
2133:
111:. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by
2111:
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95:. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of
2191:
Feasibility of Using a Large Press (80,000 – 200,000 Ton) for
Manufacturing Future Components on Army Systems
2075:
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or power hammers that increased the amount and size of iron that could be produced and forged. The smithy or
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FORGING AND STAMPING NONFERROUS METALS. HANDBOOK (10 May, 1984, By N. I. Korneyev, V. M. Arzhakov, et al）
1023:(a) Material flow of a conventionally forged disc; (b) Material flow of a counterblow (impactor) forged disc
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A large 80 ton cylinder of hot steel in an open-die forging press, ready for the upsetting phase of forging
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Isothermal forging is a process by which the materials and the die are heated to the same temperature (
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The parting surface is a plane through the center of the forging and not near an upper or lower edge.
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836:(806 °F), while steels and super alloys can be 930 to 1,260 °C (1,710 to 2,300 °F).
361:. In open-die forging, a hammer strikes and deforms the workpiece, which is placed on a stationary
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Forging temperatures at room conditions, self-heating up to 150 °C due to the forming energy
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The roll forging, upsetting, and automatic hot forging processes all use specialized machinery.
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different flow pattern. Both of these machines can be used for open-die or closed-die forging.
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shape of the die, with the former not fully enclosing the workpiece, while the latter does.
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1993:(in German), In Aluminium Praxis, Giesel Verlag GmbH, Volume 20 (2015), Issue 6/15, p. 20.
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Near net shapes which lead to lower machining requirements and therefore lower scrap rates
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This article is about the metalworking process. For the hearth used in that process, see
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Open-die drop forging (with two dies) of an ingot to be further processed into a wheel
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Forging temperatures above the recrystallization temperature between 950–1250 °C
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A lubricant is used when forging to reduce friction and wear. It is also used as a
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Flash reduced forging of complicated high duty parts using preforming operations
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Aluminium forging is performed at a temperature range between 350–550 °C
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Protective atmospheres or vacuum to reduce oxidation of the dies and material
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Greater reliability of mechanical properties, ductility and impact resistance
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28:
24:
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The various sections are balanced to avoid extreme difference in metal flow.
166:) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry.
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Due to the lower heat loss smaller machines can be used to make the forging
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Magnesium forging occurs at a temperature range between 290–450 °C
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Depending on the forming temperature steel forging can be divided into:
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Increase of strength and decrease of ductility due to strain hardening
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These rules must be followed when designing parts to be upset forged:
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is provided; usually at least 3° for aluminium and 5° to 7° for steel.
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548:, the work piece bulges at its centre in such a way as to resemble a
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Upset forging is usually done in special high-speed machines called
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Squeezed in closed compression dies: produces multidirectional flow
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Limited formability and higher forming forces than for hot forging
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2303:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1983. Archived from
2269:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1981. Archived from
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1550:. All Metals & Forge Group. 22 January 2013. Archived from
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1652:. All Metals & Forge Group. 4 January 2013. Archived from
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Higher die material costs to handle temperatures and pressures
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Mehrdirektionales
Schmieden von flachen Aluminiumlangteilen
1965:
1952:
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Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J. T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2011).
1996:
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Forging a nail. ValašskĂ© muzeum v pĹ™ĂrodÄ›, Czech Republic
2324:"Revolutionary Metal Press Cuts Cost of Planes and Guns"
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Examples of products produced using this method include
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In modern times, industrial forging is done either with
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To overcome some shortcomings of the drop-hammer, the
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Low formability and high forming forces are necessary
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Dimensional tolerances are not closer than necessary.
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processes. Traditionally, forging was performed by a
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Drawn out: length increases, cross-section decreases
564:Dimensional tolerances for impression-die forgings
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2362:
918:Narrower tolerances achievable than in hot forging
671:forging operation can be done either cold or hot.
2451:(in German), 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2014,
2437:(in German), 2nd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2010,
2134:"World's Largest 15000MN hydraulic forging press"
2076:New nuclear build – sufficient supply capability?
372:
251:Upset: length decreases, cross-section increases
19:"Forged" redirects here. For counterfeiting, see
3407:
2383:
2157:
2155:
695:"Upsetting" redirects here. For other uses, see
258:Common forging processes include: roll forging,
1537:, September 2010. Retrieved: 25 September 2010.
2211:"Weber Metals' New 60,000-Ton Hydraulic Press"
2208:
1594:https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA141689.pdf
2780:
2515:
2477:
2152:
1991:Qualitätsverbesserung beim Aluminiumschmieden
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1067:List of large forging presses, by ingot size
870:
491:Design of impression-die forgings and tooling
115:for millennia; the traditional products were
2104:"China Building World's Largest Press Forge"
2088:, 3 March 2009. Retrieved: 25 September 2010
2055:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.059
1939:Institut fĂĽr Integrierte Produktion Hannover
1635:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
912:Forging temperatures between 750–950 °C
529:Full advantage is taken of fiber flow lines.
162:usually require further processing (such as
915:Less or no scaling at the workpiece surface
904:Constant tensile strength of the workpieces
815:
99:), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of
23:. For the book about Bible authorship, see
2787:
2773:
2522:
2508:
2484:
2470:
2312:History of the Loewy Press at Wyman-Gordon
2098:
2096:
2094:
1828:
1814:
1800:
1778:
1518:
1516:
2297:The Wyman-Gordon 50,000 Ton Forging Press
2234:
2181:
2042:https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-09-2016-0160
2029:https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-10-2013-0184
1628:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1497:
924:Lower forming forces than in cold forming
453:
2417:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
2068:
1954:(in German), Springer Verlag, 2010, p. 7
1758:
1193:List of large forging presses, by force
1018:
1010:
874:
728:
348:
340:
336:
314:
227:
173:
83:forces. The blows are delivered with a
59:
47:
2091:
2017:https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/64003
1513:
992:
954:
3408:
2794:
2768:
2503:
2465:
2321:
2187:
1906:. Samtech. Retrieved 22 November 2007
1887:. Samtech. Retrieved 22 November 2007
976:Application of aluminium forged parts
824:
64:A billet in an open-die forging press
860:Uniform heating systems are required
801:
775:Net-shape and near-net-shape forging
520:Generous fillets and radii are used.
396:Better response to thermal treatment
103:). For the latter two, the metal is
2285:History of the Mesta Press at Alcoa
2263:50,000 Ton Closed Die Forging Press
2209:Dean M. Peters (10 December 2018).
1523:Heavy Manufacturing of Power Plants
883:
189:Forging is one of the oldest known
154:wherever a component requires high
13:
2235:Heffernan, Tim (8 February 2012).
1967:, Springer Verlag, 2010, pp. 671f.
1164:China First Heavy Industries Group
1047:
357:Open-die forging is also known as
146:, forged parts are widely used in
14:
3427:
2110:. 27 October 2011. Archived from
2086:Nuclear Engineering International
495:Forging dies are usually made of
2491:
1933:Behrens, Stonis, RĂĽther, Blohm:
821:press in horizontal directions.
690:
665:
441:
429:
56:being loaded into a hammer forge
2449:Anwendungstechnologie Aluminium
2408:
2315:
2288:
2254:
2228:
2202:
2126:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2021:
2008:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1752:
1725:
1690:
1668:
1642:
938:No scaling at workpiece surface
935:Narrowest tolerances achievable
792:
754:
540:between the work piece and the
536:Barrelling occurs when, due to
399:Improvement of internal quality
310:
2322:Edson, Peter (18 April 1952).
1676:"Forged Crankshaft Advantages"
1584:
1574:"Things To Know About Forging"
1566:
1540:
1342:Alcoa 50,000 ton forging press
785:This process is also known as
373:Advantages of open-die forging
269:
1:
1765:, PHI Learning, p. 469,
1490:
2194:. p. 12. Archived from
1129:China National Erzhong Group
1006:
263:
232:A cross-section of a forged
223:
7:
2433:Doege, E.; Behrens, B.-A.:
1963:Doege, E.; Behrens, B.-A.:
1950:Doege, E., Behrens, B.-A.:
1897:Precision Composite Forging
1453:
846:Reproducibility of the part
10:
3432:
3132:Magnetic switchable device
1548:"Forging: The Early Years"
871:Materials and applications
805:
778:
694:
279:
273:
169:
40:
33:
18:
3350:
3293:
3155:
3082:
2984:
2933:
2845:
2802:
2764:
2707:
2671:
2570:
2544:
2499:
2349:"Wyman Gordon Livingston"
1989:Richter, J.; Stonis, M.:
1534:World Nuclear Association
381:Better fatigue resistance
75:involving the shaping of
27:. For the 2010 film, see
2593:Electrohydraulic forming
2419:(11th ed.). Wiley.
1759:Kaushish, J. P. (2008),
816:Multidirectional forging
324:Boat nail production in
41:Not to be confused with
3190:Engineer's spirit level
2598:Electromagnetic forming
1762:Manufacturing Processes
1698:"Advantages of Forging"
1110:Shanghai Electric Group
384:Improved microstructure
378:Reduced chance of voids
2905:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
2583:Casting (metalworking)
2188:Altan, Taylan (1983).
2081:June 13, 2011, at the
1941:gGmbH, Hannover, 2014.
1024:
1016:
929:Cold forging of steel
909:Warm forging of steel
880:
697:upset (disambiguation)
523:Ribs are low and wide.
454:Impression-die forging
354:
346:
329:
241:
240:to show the grain flow
186:
65:
57:
3390:Tools and terminology
3157:Measuring instruments
1878:Precision Hot Forging
1022:
1015:Hydraulic drop-hammer
1014:
892:Hot forging of steel
878:
767:, tapered levers and
729:Automatic hot forging
387:Continuous grain flow
352:
344:
337:Open-die drop forging
323:
231:
184:
144:Industrial Revolution
73:manufacturing process
63:
51:
2633:Progressive stamping
2065:Degarmo, pp. 392–393
1915:Degarmo, pp. 397–398
1859:Degarmo, pp. 396–397
1850:Degarmo, pp. 395–396
993:Forging of magnesium
955:Forging of aluminium
866:Low production rates
16:Metalworking process
2709:Finishing processes
2169:on 10 December 2010
1741:on 18 February 2009
1734:Cast steel: Forging
1678:. Great Lakes Forge
1485:Forging temperature
1194:
1068:
1037:counterblow machine
985:) and AlZnMgCu1,5 (
565:
276:Forging temperature
3280:Thread pitch gauge
3245:Optical comparator
2999:Combination square
2796:Metalworking tools
2391:"Howmet Aerospace"
1902:2008-04-17 at the
1883:2008-10-20 at the
1528:2010-11-08 at the
1417:Weber Metals, Inc.
1370:Aubert & Duval
1318:Weber Metals, Inc.
1295:Aubert & Duval
1192:
1066:
1025:
1017:
901:Low forming forces
881:
825:Isothermal forging
563:
355:
347:
330:
242:
187:
66:
58:
3403:
3402:
3346:
3345:
2760:
2759:
2672:Joining processes
2603:Explosive forming
2571:Forming processes
2457:978-3-662-43806-0
2443:978-3-642-04248-5
2426:978-0-470-92467-9
2198:on April 8, 2013.
2140:. 3 November 2011
2138:China Tech Gadget
2108:China Tech Gadget
1772:978-81-203-3352-9
1554:on 3 January 2018
1451:
1450:
1190:
1189:
1148:Japan Steel Works
808:Induction forging
802:Induction forging
787:precision forging
687:easy automation.
656:
655:
572:Minus tolerance
321:
197:using hammer and
182:
3423:
3220:Machinist square
3029:Needlegun scaler
3024:Machinist square
2837:Water jet cutter
2804:Cutting machines
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2539:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2430:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2328:Sarasota Journal
2319:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2165:. Archived from
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2100:
2089:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1776:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1737:, archived from
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1707:. Archived from
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1650:"Forging Shapes"
1646:
1640:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:sites.google.com
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1447:, United States
1440:Howmet Aerospace
1424:, United States
1325:, United States
1195:
1191:
1069:
1065:
898:Good formability
884:Forging of steel
575:Plus tolerance
566:
562:
445:
433:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
410:
393:Greater strength
390:Finer grain size
322:
183:
79:using localized
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3342:
3289:
3185:Engineer's blue
3151:
3084:Machine tooling
3078:
2980:
2956:Hydraulic press
2929:
2841:
2798:
2793:
2756:
2703:
2667:
2628:Press hardening
2566:
2540:
2538:, and finishing
2530:
2528:
2495:
2490:
2447:Ostermann, F.:
2427:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2203:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2163:"Eramet alloys"
2161:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2114:on 22 July 2012
2102:
2101:
2092:
2083:Wayback Machine
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1924:Degarmo, p. 398
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1904:Wayback Machine
1895:
1891:
1885:Wayback Machine
1876:
1872:
1868:Degarmo, p. 396
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:Degarmo, p. 395
1840:
1829:
1825:Degarmo, p. 393
1824:
1815:
1811:Degarmo, p. 392
1810:
1801:
1797:Degarmo, p. 394
1796:
1779:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1639:Degarmo, p. 390
1638:
1629:
1625:Degarmo, p. 391
1624:
1617:
1613:Degarmo, p. 375
1612:
1608:
1604:Degarmo, p. 373
1603:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1530:Wayback Machine
1521:
1514:
1510:Degarmo, p. 389
1509:
1498:
1493:
1456:
1344:
1224:
1212:
1201:
1087:
1075:
1058:four-die device
1050:
1048:Forging presses
1009:
995:
978:
957:
886:
873:
853:Disadvantages:
827:
818:
810:
804:
795:
783:
777:
757:
731:
700:
693:
668:
660:thermal barrier
493:
456:
449:
446:
437:
434:
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
407:
375:
339:
315:
313:
288:
278:
272:
226:
174:
172:
107:, usually in a
46:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3295:Smithing tools
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Go/no go gauge
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3180:Dial indicator
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2976:Stamping press
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Milling cutter
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Mass finishing
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2431:
2425:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2382:
2370:"Weber Metals"
2361:
2340:
2314:
2310:on 2015-02-01.
2287:
2253:
2227:
2215:Forge Magazine
2201:
2180:
2151:
2125:
2090:
2067:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2020:
2007:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1889:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1777:
1771:
1751:
1724:
1689:
1667:
1656:on 1 July 2018
1641:
1627:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1583:
1565:
1539:
1512:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
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1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
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1260:
1254:
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1233:
1230:
1218:
1207:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1049:
1046:
1008:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
977:
974:
969:
968:
965:
961:
956:
953:
948:
947:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
927:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
907:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
885:
882:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
851:
850:
847:
844:
826:
823:
817:
814:
806:Main article:
803:
800:
794:
791:
781:Near-net-shape
776:
773:
756:
753:
751:cold working.
730:
727:
726:
725:
721:
718:
692:
689:
667:
664:
654:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
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588:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
511:
508:
492:
489:
481:Osprey process
455:
452:
451:
450:
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428:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
374:
371:
338:
335:
312:
309:
305:work hardening
274:Main article:
271:
268:
256:
255:
252:
249:
236:that has been
234:connecting rod
225:
222:
171:
168:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3428:
3417:
3416:Metal forming
3414:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
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3331:
3329:
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3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3285:Vernier scale
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Surface plate
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Marking gauge
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
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3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Machine taper
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Indexing head
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
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3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Machine press
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:English wheel
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:Forming tools
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
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2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:Cutting tools
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
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2801:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
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2771:
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2767:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Heat treating
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
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2677:
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2569:
2563:
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2533:
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2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
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2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
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2468:
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2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2392:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2276:on 2012-02-27
2272:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:Kidd, Steve.
2071:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
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1936:
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1714:on 2021-04-17
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1503:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Smithing gods
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
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1278:
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1273:
1271:
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1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:China Erzhong
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
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1197:
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1185:
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1127:
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1120:
1116:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:forging press
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1004:
997:
996:
990:
988:
984:
973:
966:
962:
959:
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943:
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928:
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903:
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897:
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890:
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865:
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848:
845:
842:
841:
840:
837:
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822:
813:
809:
799:
790:
788:
782:
772:
770:
766:
761:
752:
748:
744:
741:
735:
722:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
709:
708:crank presses
704:
698:
691:Upset forging
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
666:Press forging
663:
661:
652:2.21 (0.087)
651:
649:0.74 (0.029)
648:
645:
644:
641:1.45 (0.057)
640:
638:0.48 (0.019)
637:
634:
633:
630:0.99 (0.039)
629:
627:0.33 (0.013)
626:
623:
622:
619:0.84 (0.033)
618:
616:0.28 (0.011)
615:
612:
611:
608:0.76 (0.030)
607:
605:0.25 (0.010)
604:
601:
600:
597:0.61 (0.024)
596:
594:0.20 (0.008)
593:
590:
589:
586:0.46 (0.018)
585:
583:0.15 (0.006)
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
509:
506:
505:
504:
502:
498:
488:
484:
482:
476:
472:
470:
464:
462:
444:
439:
432:
427:
426:
425:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:smith forging
351:
343:
334:
327:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
287:
283:
277:
267:
265:
261:
253:
250:
247:
246:
245:
239:
235:
230:
221:
219:
218:power hammers
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:edged weapons
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
55:
50:
44:
37:
30:
29:Forged (film)
26:
25:Forged (book)
22:
3328:Steam hammer
3275:Tape measure
3265:Straightedge
3250:Radius gauge
3225:Marking blue
3215:Height gauge
3195:Feeler gauge
3175:Center gauge
3142:Rotary table
3122:Lathe center
3034:Piercing saw
3019:Hand scraper
2890:Hand scraper
2663:Tube bending
2618:Hydroforming
2612:
2493:Metalworking
2448:
2434:
2416:
2409:Bibliography
2394:. Retrieved
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:
2317:
2305:the original
2296:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2262:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2241:The Atlantic
2240:
2237:"Iron Giant"
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2204:
2196:the original
2190:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2142:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2107:
2085:
2070:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2023:
2010:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1976:Stonis, M.:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1761:
1754:
1743:, retrieved
1739:the original
1733:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1709:the original
1704:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1644:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1542:
1532:
1480:Thixoforming
1432:
1409:
1394:Wyman Gordon
1385:
1362:
1350:Wyman Gordon
1330:
1310:
1287:
1275:VSMPO-AVISMA
1267:
1243:
1186:South Korea
1169:Heilongjiang
1062:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1001:
979:
970:
949:
887:
852:
838:
830:
828:
819:
811:
796:
793:Cold forging
786:
784:
769:leaf springs
762:
758:
755:Roll forging
749:
745:
736:
732:
712:
707:
705:
701:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
657:
646:45.36 (100)
558:
535:
494:
485:
477:
473:
465:
457:
405:
358:
356:
331:
311:Drop forging
301:cold forging
300:
297:warm forging
296:
292:
289:
286:Cold working
257:
243:
211:
203:trip hammers
191:metalworking
188:
159:
141:
97:cold working
89:power hammer
68:
67:
3360:Fabrication
3338:Trip hammer
3333:Swage block
3318:Hardy tools
3235:Marking out
3205:Gauge block
3092:Angle plate
3054:Tap and die
2971:Screw press
2966:Punch press
2920:Tipped tool
2875:Countersink
2870:Counterbore
2722:Galvanizing
2562:Sheet metal
2552:Fabrication
2536:fabrication
2333:12 February
2246:12 February
2118:12 February
1682:28 February
1470:Hammerscale
1465:Cold sizing
1401:, Scotland
1029:drop-hammer
635:22.68 (50)
293:hot forging
282:Hot working
270:Temperature
117:kitchenware
101:hot working
81:compressive
3380:Metallurgy
3240:Micrometer
3165:Bore gauge
2986:Hand tools
2737:Patination
2557:Piece work
2280:2012-05-15
1718:2020-08-31
1491:References
1422:California
1399:Livingston
1323:California
987:EN AW-7075
983:EN AW-6082
964:formation.
839:Benefits:
779:See also:
624:9.07 (20)
613:4.54 (10)
501:tool steel
497:high-alloy
280:See also:
148:mechanisms
142:Since the
125:hand tools
52:Hot metal
3375:Machining
3370:Jewellery
3069:Workbench
3004:Drift pin
2827:Miter saw
2752:Polishing
2717:Anodizing
2694:Soldering
2608:Extrusion
1660:1 October
1558:1 October
1377:, France
1302:, France
1235:Location
1098:Location
1007:Equipment
740:annealing
602:2.27 (5)
591:0.91 (2)
580:0.45 (1)
513:Adequate
448:Fullering
421:Fullering
224:Processes
164:machining
137:jewellery
87:(often a
3410:Category
3385:Smithing
3323:Pritchel
3260:Sine bar
2925:Tool bit
2880:End mill
2817:Cold saw
2689:Riveting
2684:Crimping
2653:Spinning
2638:Punching
2623:Stamping
2220:25 April
2079:Archived
1937:, IPH –
1900:Archived
1881:Archived
1526:Archived
1454:See also
1433:(33,070)
1410:(33,070)
1386:(33,080)
1363:(44,100)
1331:(45,350)
1311:(60,000)
1288:(71,660)
1268:(82,690)
1259:, China
1248:>150
1244:(88,200)
1232:Company
1171:, China
1136:, China
1117:, China
1115:Shanghai
1095:Company
1041:impactor
538:friction
160:forgings
156:strength
152:machines
121:hardware
43:Foraging
3395:Welding
3365:Forming
3355:Casting
3170:Caliper
3147:Wiggler
3137:Mandrel
3107:Fixture
3049:Scriber
3009:Hacksaw
2900:Nibbler
2812:Bandsaw
2747:Plating
2742:Peening
2699:Welding
2679:Brazing
2658:Swaging
2648:Sinking
2643:Rolling
2613:Forging
2588:Drawing
2578:Coining
2545:General
2532:Forming
2375:18 July
1745:3 March
1460:Casting
1445:Georgia
1429:30,000
1406:30,000
1382:30,000
1375:Pamiers
1359:40,000
1335:50,000
1307:53,500
1300:Issoire
1284:65,000
1279:Russia
1264:75,000
1240:80,000
1176:13,000
1157:15,000
1141:14,000
1122:16,000
1103:16,500
469:fillets
409:Cogging
328:, China
264:cogging
260:swaging
214:presses
170:History
158:; such
133:cymbals
91:) or a
69:Forging
21:forgery
3313:Fuller
3102:Collet
3074:Wrench
3039:Pliers
3014:Hammer
2915:Shears
2910:Reamer
2865:Chisel
2855:Broach
2832:Plasma
2455:
2441:
2423:
2396:18 May
2354:18 May
2173:18 May
2144:15 May
1769:
1257:Deyang
1227:tonnes
1204:tonnes
1182:Doosan
1152:Japan
1134:Deyang
1090:tonnes
1078:tonnes
569:Mass
550:barrel
436:Edging
415:Edging
367:ingots
326:Hainan
238:etched
135:, and
113:smiths
105:heated
85:hammer
3308:Forge
3303:Anvil
3255:Ruler
3200:Gauge
3097:Chuck
3059:Tongs
3044:Punch
2994:Clamp
2941:Brake
2822:Laser
2308:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2274:(PDF)
2267:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1705:Frisa
1701:(PDF)
1346:Alcoa
1221:Ingot
1210:Force
1199:Force
1084:Ingot
1073:Force
765:axles
546:punch
515:draft
461:flash
363:anvil
207:forge
199:anvil
195:smith
109:forge
77:metal
71:is a
54:ingot
36:forge
3064:Vise
2885:File
2860:Burr
2453:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2398:2012
2377:2013
2356:2012
2335:2012
2248:2012
2222:2020
2175:2012
2146:2012
2120:2012
1767:ISBN
1747:2010
1684:2014
1662:2013
1560:2013
1354:USA
1223:size
1215:tons
1160:580
1144:600
1125:600
1106:600
1086:size
832:iso-
724:bar.
284:and
150:and
3117:Jig
2946:Die
1338:20
1039:or
554:die
544:or
542:die
499:or
483:).
93:die
3412::
2534:,
2326:.
2239:.
2213:.
2154:^
2136:.
2106:.
2093:^
1998:^
1830:^
1816:^
1802:^
1780:^
1703:.
1630:^
1618:^
1576:.
1515:^
1499:^
1390:8
1348:,
1229:)
1217:)
1206:)
1092:)
1080:)
1052:A
771:.
262:,
139:.
131:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
2788:e
2781:t
2774:v
2523:e
2516:t
2509:v
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
2429:.
2400:.
2379:.
2358:.
2337:.
2283:.
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