176:
45:
263:. It clarified the scope of prohibited military activity (including making clear that the act only applied to "any foreign state at war with any foreign state at peace with Her Majesty" rather than all peacetime military service, to which the 1819 act extended); limited prison sentences for violations to two years; and made it a crime to prepare for or conduct military expeditions, and made it a crime to aid or abet any violators of the act, or to induce a person's enlistment by misrepresentations. The 1870 act thus applied to wars between states in which Britain was neutral; during the
383:; ultimately, the prosecution was dropped. Rankin denounced the Foreign Enlistment Act as a violation of the rights he and other "Canadian gentlemen not only willing but eager to" fight for the Union as part of their "perfect right to enrol themselves in the cause of freedom – that of the North against the South".
236:"An Act to Prevent the Enlisting or Engagement of His Majesty’s Subjects to Serve in Foreign Service, and the Fitting out or Equipping, in his Majesty's Dominions, Vessels for Warlike Purposes Without His Majesty's Licence") was passed by in 1819. The law was passed to uphold British neutrality in the
560:
in the
Spanish Civil War. The Act was passed in April 1937 and formally applied to circumstances in Spain by an order-in-council in July 1937. An investigation was conducted, prosecutors were hired, and warrants were issued for the arrest of participants in the recruiting network, but ultimately
540:
introduced an act to clarify the imperial act ("An Act to
Prevent Enlistment in the Services of Any Foreign State in Certain Cases not provided for by the Foreign Enlistment Act, 1870") as it applied in Canada. The bill went through a first and second reading but was dropped by Prime Minister
193:
An Act to
Prevent the Enlisting or Engagement of His Majesty’s Subjects to Serve in Foreign Service, and the Fitting out or Equipping, in his Majesty's Dominions, Vessels for Warlike Purposes Without His Majesty's
743:, "The Institutes of the Law of Nations: A Treatise of the Jural Relations of Separate Political Communities", c. XII. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1883, 1884; reprinted 2005 by the Lawbook Exchange
244:
proposed repeal, saying "There never was an Act of the
Legislature so little under the general opinions of the country." That repeal effort failed, but the law remained ineffective.
379:. Rankin was prosecuted in October 1861; the court rejected Rankin's arguments on jurisdiction, dropped the charge of "recruiting" and referred the charge of enlistment to the
536:
passed a clarifying statute in 1865, but it only applied to the
Foreign Enlistment Act 1819 and lacked any force after the 1870 statute was enacted. In 1875, MP
376:
240:
and made it a crime punishable by fines and imprisonment for
British subjects to serve in foreign militaries. The 1819 Act was rarely enforced. In 1833 MP
868:
62:
An Act to regulate the conduct of Her
Majesty's Subjects during the existence of hostilities between foreign states with which Her Majesty is at peace.
552:
enacted the
Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937 due to concerns that it would not allow for the Canadian government to successfully convict the
363:
challenges raised by the accused, concluding that the imperial act applied in
British North America. The highest-profile case was that of Colonel
1102:
1087:
368:
594:
1046:
344:
251:, Parliament repealed the 1819 Act and passed the 1870 Act, a redrafting of the prior legislation. The 1870 act, enacted during the
919:
490:
475:
460:
included "possible amendment of the
Foreign Enlistment Act", which the August 1976 "Diplock Report" described as "antiquated".
199:
67:
17:
474:
said she would "absolutely" support Britons volunteering to fight for Ukraine. This suggestion caused mixed reactions. Former
310:
237:
224:
prohibition on enlistment in foreign militaries, and mercenary services predated the development of professional armies. The
1107:
441:
433:
797:
380:
1097:
264:
826:
542:
464:
359:. There were only a handful of prosecutions. In the small number of prosecutions, the Canadian courts rejected all
180:
138:
49:
545:, who cited a lack of necessity for the law and expressed concerns that it might conflict with the imperial act.
297:(to which the act applied), except in rare situations in which the foreign military activity threatened British
818:
Report of the Committee of Privy Counsellors Appointed to Inquire into the Recruit- ment of Mercenaries, 1976,
445:
521:
356:
1112:
1092:
1056:
686:
417:
government there. Problems with evidence prevented the British government from convicting enlistees to the
293:
Authorities in Britain generally did not enforce the act, and it was often ignored, both in Britain and in
510:
565:
348:
765:
Mackenzie, S. P. (1 January 1999). "The Foreign Enlistment Act and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939".
497:, called the Foreign Enlistment Act an "antiquated piece of legislation" that should not be enforced.
112:
553:
1000:
827:"Leashing the Corporate Dogs of War: The Legal Implications of the Modern Private Military Company"
740:
494:
364:
282:
241:
728:
514:
482:
278:
268:
618:
588:
557:
437:
410:
134:
1018:
631:
537:
418:
398:
294:
188:
57:
792:
687:
Mercenaries and Adventurers: Canada and the Foreign Enlistment Act in the Nineteenth Century
485:, said that Britons who fought in Ukraine would be violating the 1870 Act. By contrast, Sir
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391:
8:
549:
453:
248:
896:
1071:
983:
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457:
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275:(1904–05), British officials blocked naval vessels from sailing to belligerents.
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116:
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veteran was prosecuted for violation of the Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937.
468:
426:
387:
318:
95:
967:
842:
774:
422:
256:
130:
72:
548:
Foreign enlistment was not a political issue again in Canada until the 1930s. The
731:, "A History of the Criminal Law of England", p262, 1883, republished 2014 by CUP
372:
288:
1067:
506:
478:
347:, yet more than 50,000 British North Americans (many Canadians) fought for the
252:
1081:
1070:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
979:
819:
334:
306:
298:
115:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
386:
Parliament formally suspended the law on one occasion – in 1835, during the
920:"Statute Law Revision Bill [no. 27 of 1981] [As initiated]"
850:
778:
402:
360:
338:
330:
314:
149:
85:
971:
846:
793:"Committee of Privy Counsellors on the Recruitment of Mercenaries: Report"
614:
573:
569:
406:
325:
were also not prosecuted. Nor was any action taken against the Irish and
869:"Liz Truss criticised for backing Britons who wish to fight in Ukraine"
390:, for two years, permitting British subjects to join the army of Queen
233:
221:
572:. Although Canada was officially neutral in the conflict, no Canadian
579:
The Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937 remains a valid statute.
486:
471:
397:
The last successful prosecution occurred in 1896 in the trial of Sir
229:
204:
142:
520:
In the Republic of Ireland it was repealed as "inoperative" by the
322:
1061:
1047:"The Foreign Enlistment Act and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939"
1057:
Record of parliamentary debates on Foreign Enlistment, 1819-2005
326:
289:
Prosecutions and non-prosecutions under the 1819 and 1870 acts
1019:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Foreign Enlistment Act"
371:
who in the summer of 1861 personally offered his services to
913:
Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 Rep. 11/1983, s.1, sch., pt. 4
717:
From Byron to Bin Laden: A History of Foreign War Volunteers
436:
advertised for recruits in the British press, prompting the
1001:
The Canadian Way: The Case of Canadian Vietnam War Veterans
956:"Canada's Foreign Enlistment Act and the Spanish Civil War"
414:
329:
Catholics (British subjects) who fought on behalf of the
706:(Cambridge University Press, 1936), 15th edition, p. 378
456:) to "Inquire into the Recruitment of Mercenaries". Its
301:
in armed conflicts. More than 5,000 Britons served with
285:
publishes the law of 1870 as it was originally enacted.
513:
it was gradually repealed or replaced by independent
505:
The Westminster Act initially applied throughout the
825:
1017:Branch, Legislative Services (31 December 2002).
1079:
421:or those thousands who joined the fight against
281:presents late 19th century establishment views.
556:'s ongoing effort to recruit Canadians for the
561:there were no prosecutions under the statute.
369:Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
595:British ambulances in the Franco-Prussian War
500:
375:, accepted a Union commission and raised the
345:Britain was neutral in the American Civil War
681:
679:
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255:era, implemented many recommendations of a
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313:. The 300 Britons who participated in the
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719:(Harvard University Press: 2018), p. 129.
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897:"British Public Statutes Affected: 1870"
337:) in the late 1860s, during the Italian
1068:Text of the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870
866:
857:
636:
566:Canadians enlisted in the U.S. military
113:Text of the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870
14:
1103:Military history of the United Kingdom
1088:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1870
1080:
1016:
476:Attorney General for England and Wales
413:(Transvaal) in rebellion against the
311:Spanish American wars of independence
247:On 9 August 1870, in response to the
238:Spanish American wars of independence
867:Sparrow, Andrew (27 February 2022).
835:Journal of Conflict and Security Law
401:, who was convicted for leading the
355:, and a much smaller number for the
954:Wentzell, Tyler (1 November 2017).
823:
434:National Liberation Front of Angola
24:
25:
1124:
1051:Twentieth Century British History
1040:
767:Twentieth Century British History
630:The Foreign Enlistment Act 1870,
613:The citation of this act by this
465:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
181:Parliament of the United Kingdom
174:
145:activities of British citizens.
139:Parliament of the United Kingdom
50:Parliament of the United Kingdom
43:
1010:
994:
947:
886:
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1007:, Vol. 15, No. 3, Summer 2015.
939:Foreign Enlistment Act. 1870.
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755:(1896) 65 LJMC 218; 60 JP 662.
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734:
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709:
696:
624:
607:
13:
1:
600:
522:Statute Law Revision Act 1983
481:, a former member of Truss's
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100:United Kingdom: 9 August 1870
929:. 26 August 1981. p. 23
7:
1108:United Kingdom military law
824:Liu, H. Y. (1 March 2010).
582:
511:Statute of Westminster 1931
367:, a militia officer of the
309:and other units during the
226:Foreign Enlistment Act 1819
164:Foreign Enlistment Act 1819
127:Foreign Enlistment Act 1870
106:Status: Current legislation
33:Foreign Enlistment Act 1870
10:
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501:Outside the United Kingdom
160:United Kingdom legislation
29:United Kingdom legislation
1005:Canadian Military Journal
691:Canadian Military History
554:Communist Party of Canada
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1098:1870 in military history
822:6569, para 92; cited in
704:Outlines of Criminal Law
495:Justice Select Committee
444:to appoint a committee (
1023:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
729:James Fitzjames Stephen
141:that seeks to regulate
693:vol. 23, no. 2 (2014).
589:Neutrality Act of 1794
558:International Brigades
463:Interviewed after the
411:South African Republic
381:Court of Queen's Bench
377:First Michigan Lancers
315:1832 military campaign
18:Foreign Enlistment Act
972:10.1353/llt.2017.0048
419:French Foreign Legion
399:Leander Starr Jameson
295:British North America
271:(1894–95), and
1053:, 1999, 10(1):52-66.
779:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.52
392:Isabella II of Spain
1113:Franco-Prussian War
1093:1870 in British law
960:Labour / Le Travail
847:10.1093/jcsl/krp025
550:Canadian Parliament
543:Alexander Mackenzie
538:TĂ©lesphore Fournier
489:, the chair of the
454:Geoffrey De Freitas
319:Dom Pedro of Brazil
259:convened after the
249:Franco-Prussian War
165:
34:
1072:legislation.gov.uk
903:. 16 February 2022
901:Irish Statute Book
534:Province of Canada
483:Conservative Party
458:terms of reference
450:Derek Walker-Smith
405:, a raid from the
273:Russo-Japanese War
261:American Civil War
163:
152:on 9 August 1870.
117:legislation.gov.uk
32:
798:National Archives
617:is authorised by
469:Foreign Secretary
427:Spanish Civil War
388:First Carlist War
269:Sino-Japanese War
267:(1877–78),
265:Russo-Turkish War
218:
217:
169:Act of Parliament
131:33 & 34 Vict.
123:
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73:33 & 34 Vict.
38:Act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
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423:Francisco Franco
257:royal commission
213:Status: Repealed
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1026:. Retrieved
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931:. Retrieved
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905:. Retrieved
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876:. Retrieved
873:The Guardian
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851:academia.edu
849:– via
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802:. Retrieved
796:
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773:(1): 52–66.
770:
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509:. After the
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446:Lord Diplock
432:In 1975 the
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361:jurisdiction
343:
339:Risorgimento
331:Papal States
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150:royal assent
148:It received
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96:Commencement
86:Royal assent
26:
966:: 213–246.
933:27 February
907:27 February
878:27 February
804:27 February
753:R v Jameson
615:short title
574:Vietnam War
570:Vietnam Era
568:during the
440:to get the
407:Cape Colony
357:Confederacy
351:during the
242:John Murray
1082:Categories
927:Oireachtas
702:Kenny, C.
601:References
299:neutrality
234:long title
232:. c. 69) (
222:common law
189:Long title
156:Background
58:Long title
988:149252443
980:1911-4842
632:section 3
619:section 1
517:members.
487:Bob Neill
472:Liz Truss
409:into the
230:59 Geo. 3
205:59 Geo. 3
143:mercenary
1028:21 April
583:See also
323:Portugal
321:against
200:Citation
194:Licence.
68:Citation
1062:Hansard
425:in the
335:Zouaves
305:in the
283:Lorimer
279:Stephen
207:. c. 69
137:of the
986:
978:
528:Canada
327:Quebec
984:S2CID
923:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
349:Union
80:Dates
75:c. 90
1030:2019
976:ISSN
935:2022
909:2022
880:2022
820:Cmnd
806:2022
591:(US)
532:The
452:and
415:Boer
333:(as
125:The
1059:in
968:doi
843:doi
775:doi
353:war
317:of
135:act
1084::
1049:,
1021:.
1003:,
982:.
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962:.
958:.
937:.
925:.
911:.
899:.
871:.
859:^
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837:.
833:.
795:.
771:10
769:.
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638:^
524:.
493:'
467:,
448:,
429:.
394:.
341:.
1074:.
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990:.
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882:.
853:.
845::
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781:.
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228:(
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