Flynn effect - Knowledge

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conscripts gained 21 points during only 30 years, or 7 points per decade, between 1952 and 1982. This rise in IQ test scores is not wholly explained by an increase in general intelligence. Studies have shown that while test scores have improved over time, the improvement is not fully correlated with latent factors related to intelligence. Other researchers argue that the IQ gains described by the Flynn effect are due in part to increasing intelligence, and in part to increases in test-specific skills. One study suggested that the IQ gains reflected changes in modes of thinking that better reflected cognitive skills assessed by IQ tests rather than raw intelligence itself.

22: 471:, further expanded on this theory. Environmental changes resulting from modernization—such as more intellectually demanding work, greater use of technology, and smaller families—have meant that a much larger proportion of people are more accustomed to manipulating abstract concepts such as hypotheses and categories than a century ago. Substantial portions of IQ tests deal with these abilities. Flynn gives, as an example, the question 'What do a dog and a rabbit have in common?' A modern respondent might say they are both mammals (an abstract, or 517:

explanation for the link between national malaria burden and economic development. A literature review of 44 papers states that cognitive abilities and school performance were shown to be impaired in sub-groups of patients (with either cerebral malaria or uncomplicated malaria) when compared with healthy controls. Studies comparing cognitive functions before and after treatment for acute malarial illness continued to show significantly impaired school performance and cognitive abilities even after recovery. Malaria

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may cause permanent effects). The Flynn effect can be explained by a generally more stimulating environment for all people. The authors suggest that any program designed to increase IQ may produce long-term IQ gains if that program teaches children how to replicate the types of cognitively demanding experiences that produce IQ gains outside the program. To maximize lifetime IQ, the programs should also motivate them to continue searching for cognitively demanding experiences after they have left the program.

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increase in very high scores. In another study, two large samples of Spanish children were assessed with a 30-year gap. Comparison of the IQ distributions indicated that the mean IQ scores on the test had increased by 9.7 points (the Flynn effect), the gains were concentrated in the lower half of the distribution and negligible in the top half, and the gains gradually decreased as the IQ of the individuals increased. Some studies have found a reverse Flynn effect with declining scores for those with high IQ.

627: 577: 118: 434:. From pictures on the wall to movies to television to video games to computers, each successive generation has been exposed to richer optical displays than the one before and may have become more adept at visual analysis. This would explain why visual tests like the Raven's have shown the greatest increases. An increase only of particular forms of intelligence would explain why the Flynn effect has not caused a "cultural renaissance too great to be overlooked." 6179: 109: 6205: 6192: 1873:

newer standardization sample, for comparative purposes. Data from revisions of various intelligence tests in the United States as well as in other countries—extensively analyzed by J.R. Flynn (1984, 1987)—show a pronounced, long-term upward trend in the level of performance required to obtain any given IQ score. The Flynn effect presumably reflects population gains over time in the kinds of cognitive performance that intelligence tests sample.

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children, but that it was remaining constant among adults. Similarly, a 2006 study by Dickens and Flynn estimated that the difference between mean scores of black people and white people closed by about 5 or 6 IQ points between 1972 and 2002, a reduction of about one-third. In the same period, the educational achievement disparity also diminished. Reviews by Flynn and Dickens,

599:"a contributing factor in this recent fall could be a simultaneous decline in proportions of students entering 3-year advanced-level school programs for 16–18-year-olds." The same authors in a more comprehensive 2008 study, again on Danish male conscripts, found that there was a 1.5-point increase between 1988 and 1998, but a 1.5-point decrease between 1998 and 2003/2004. 180:

every age range, at every ability level, and in every modern industrialized country, although not necessarily at the same rate as in the United States. The increase was continuous and roughly linear from the earliest days of testing to the mid-1990s. Though the effect is most associated with IQ increases, a similar effect has been found with increases in attention and of

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participants, that the Flynn effect had decreased in recent decades. They also reported that the magnitude of the effect was different for different types of intelligence ("0.41, 0.30, 0.28, and 0.21 IQ points annually for fluid, spatial, full-scale, and crystallized IQ test performance, respectively"), and that the effect was stronger for adults than for children.

374:—when German troops monopolized food and 18,000 people died of starvation. Yet, concludes Flynn, "they do not show up even as a blip in the pattern of Dutch IQ gains. It is as if the famine had never occurred." It appears that the effects of diet are gradual, taking effect over decades (affecting mother as well as the child) rather than a few months. 350:

decade. Available data suggest that these gains have been accompanied by analogous increases in head size, and by an increase in the average size of the brain. This argument had been thought to suffer the difficulty that groups who tend to be of smaller overall body size (e.g. women, or people of Asian ancestry) do not have lower average IQs.

83:(i.e., a decline in IQ scores) in Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and German-speaking countries. This is said to have started in the 1990s and to be occurring despite the average performance of 15-year-olds in those same countries ranking above the international average on the 609:

In the United Kingdom, a study by Flynn (2009) himself found that tests carried out in 1980 and again in 2008 show that the IQ score of an average 14-year-old dropped by more than two points over the period. For the upper half of the results, the performance was even worse. Average IQ scores declined

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male conscripts. Between 1959 and 1979 the gains were 3 points per decade. Between 1979 and 1989 the increase approached 2 IQ points. Between 1989 and 1998 the gain was about 1.3 points. Between 1998 and 2004 IQ declined by about the same amount as it gained between 1989 and 1998. They speculate that

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The duration of average schooling has increased steadily. However, a criticism of this explanation is that if (in the United States) older and younger subjects, with similar educational levels, are compared together, then the IQ gains appear almost undiminished in each group compared to when they are

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countries in Europe, report raw scores, and those also confirm a trend of rising scores over time. The average rate of increase seems to be about three IQ points per decade in the United States, as scaled by the Wechsler tests. The increasing test performance over time appears on every major test, in

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It appears therefore that the nature of the Flynn effect is qualitatively different from the nature of B–W differences in the United States. Each comparison of groups should be investigated separately. IQ gaps between cohorts do not teach us anything about IQ gaps between contemporary groups, except

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Indeed, this effect, now called the 'Flynn effect', is well established. Nations, almost without exception, have shown gains of about 20 IQ points per generation (30 years). These gains are highest for IQ tests that are most related to reasoning and the capacity to figure out novel problems (this is

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size and shape during the last 150 years. A Norwegian study found that height gains were strongly correlated with intelligence gains until the cessation of height gains in military conscript cohorts towards the end of the 1980s. Both height and skull size increases probably result from a combination

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Another explanation is an increased familiarity of the general population with tests and testing. For example, children who take the very same IQ test a second time usually gain five or six points. However, this seems to set an upper limit on the effects of test sophistication. One problem with this

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In the United States, the IQ gap between black and white people was gradually closing over the last decades of the 20th century, as black test-takers increased their average scores relative to white test-takers. For instance, Vincent reported in 1991 that the black–white IQ gap was decreasing among

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can create large differences in IQ. In their model, an environmental stimulus can have a very great effect on IQ, even for adults, but this effect also decays over time unless the stimulus continues (the model could be adapted to include possible factors, like nutrition during early childhood, that

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or general information. Just the opposite is the case: abilities such as these have experienced relatively small gains and even occasional decreases over the years. Meta-analytic findings indicate that Flynn effects occur for tests assessing both fluid and crystallized abilities. For example, Dutch

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based on the performance of test-takers in standardization samples. A standard score of IQ 100 is defined as the mean performance of the standardization sample. Thus one way to see changes in norms over time is to conduct a study in which the same test-takers take both an old and new version of the

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in reading, mathematics, and science in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018. In certain cases, this apparent reversal may be due to cultural changes which render parts of intelligence tests obsolete. Meta-analyses indicate that, overall, the Flynn effect continues, either at the same rate,

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The overall conclusion of the present paper is that factorial invariance with respect to cohorts is not tenable . . . . The fact that the gains cannot be explained solely by increases at the level of the latent variables (common factors), which IQ tests purport to measure, should not sit well with

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A puzzling longitudinal trend in the opposite direction, known as the 'Flynn effect', has been well documented in successive revisions of major intelligence tests (like the S-B and the Wechsler scales) that invariably involve the administration of both the old and new versions to a segment of the

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deficiencies may have limited body and organ functionality, including skull volume. The first two years of life are a critical time for nutrition. The consequences of malnutrition can be irreversible and may include poor cognitive development, educability, and future economic productivity. On the

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Improved nutrition is another possible explanation. Today's average adult from an industrialized nation is taller than a comparable adult of a century ago. That increase of stature, likely the result of general improvements in nutrition and health, has been at a rate of more than a centimeter per

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Ulric Neisser; James R. Flynn; Carmi Schooler; Patricia M. Greenfield; Wendy M. Williams; Marian Sigman; Shannon E. Whaley; Reynaldo Martorell; Richard Lynn; Robert M. Hauser; David W. Grissmer; Stephanie Williamson; Sheila Nataraj Kirby; Mark Berends; Stephen J. Ceci; Tina B. Rosenblum; Matthew

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Bratsberg & Rogeberg (2018) present evidence that the Flynn effect in Norway has reversed between the years 1962-1991, and that both the original rise in mean IQ scores and their subsequent decline within this period can be observed within families consisting of native-born parents and their

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Scientists James Feyrer, Dimitra Politi, and David N. Weil have found in the U.S. that the proliferation of iodized salt increased IQ by 15 points in some areas. Journalist Max Nisen has stated that with this type of salt becoming popular, that "the aggregate effect has been extremely positive."

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There is debate about whether the rise in IQ scores also corresponds to a rise in general intelligence, or only a rise in special skills related to taking IQ tests. Because children attend school longer now and have become much more familiar with the testing of school-related material, one might

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Some studies have found the gains of the Flynn effect to be particularly concentrated at the lower end of the distribution. Teasdale and Owen (1989), for example, found the effect primarily reduced the number of low-end scores, resulting in an increased number of moderately high scores, with no

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Trahan et al. (2014) found that the effect was about 2.93 points per decade, based on both Stanford–Binet and Wechsler tests; they also found no evidence the effect was diminishing. In contrast, Pietschnig and Voracek (2015) reported, in their meta-analysis of studies involving nearly 4 million

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In 1987, Flynn took the position that the very large increase indicates that IQ tests do not measure intelligence but only a minor sort of "abstract problem-solving ability" with little practical significance. He argued that if IQ gains did reflect intelligence increases, there would have been

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standardization sample, was 80. Neisser states that "Hardly any of them would have scored 'very superior', but nearly one-quarter would have appeared to be 'deficient.'" He also wrote that "Test scores are certainly going up all over the world, but whether intelligence itself has risen remains

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s or more below the normative mean, but factors such as test score statistical error (standard error of measurement), test fairness, normative expectations for the population of interest, the Flynn effect, and practice effects from previous testing need to be considered before arriving at any

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is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first; the average result is set to 100. When the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are

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on IQ in a sample of Mexicans. Malaria eradication during the birth year was associated with increases in IQ. It also increased the probability of employment in a skilled occupation. The author suggests that this may be one explanation for the Flynn effect and that this may be an important

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Raven (2000) found that, as Flynn suggested, data interpreted as showing a decrease in many abilities with increasing age must be re-interpreted as showing that there has been a dramatic increase of these abilities with the date of birth. On many tests this occurs at all levels of ability.

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42: 128-133. "No within-family data exist that document an increase in intelligence over birth order, suggesting that its source derives from outside the family and will only manifest in data and analyses that account for between-family variance (such as cross-sectional data)." (p.

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Flynn has commented that he never claimed that the Flynn effect has the same causes as observed differences in average IQ test performance between blacks and whites, but that it shows that environmental factors can create IQ differences of a magnitude similar to that gap. Wicherts

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children, indicating that environmental factors were the likely cause for these changes. Because IQ data was only available for male Norwegians, who were subject to military conscription, years of schooling were used as an approximation for female IQ to support this conclusion.

546:, has been proposed by Michael Mingroni as an alternative explanation of the Flynn effect. However, James Flynn has pointed out that even if everyone mated with a sibling in 1900, subsequent increases in heterosis would not be a sufficient explanation of the observed IQ gains. 1558:

The 'Flynn effect' is the name that has become attached to an exciting development, namely, that the twentieth century saw massive IQ gains from one generation to another. To forestall a diagnosis of megalomania, the label was coined by Herrnstein and Murray, the authors of

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Also, if the Flynn effect has ended for the majority in developed nations, it may still continue for minorities, especially for groups like immigrants where many may have received poor nutrition during early childhood or have had other disadvantages. A study in the

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by six points. However, children aged between five and 10 saw their IQs increase by up to half a point a year over the three decades. Flynn argues that the abnormal drop in British teenage IQ could be due to youth culture having "stagnated" or even dumbed down.

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Earlier investigators had discovered rises in raw IQ test scores in some study populations, but had not published general investigations of that issue in particular. Historian Daniel C. Calhoun cited earlier psychology literature on IQ score trends in his book

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often called 'fluid intelligence', see Chapter 5); and least related to knowledge, which arises from better educational opportunity, a history of persistence and good motivation for learning (this is often called 'crystallized intelligence', see Chapter 5).

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consequent changes of our society that have not been observed (a presumed non-occurrence of a "cultural renaissance"). By 2012 Flynn no longer endorsed this view of intelligence, having elaborated and refined his view of what rising IQ scores meant.

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Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; Hessen, David J.; Oosterveld, Paul; van Baal, G. Caroline M.; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Span, Mark M. (2004). "Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect".

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A 2005 study presented data supporting the nutrition hypothesis, which predicts that gains will occur predominantly at the low end of the IQ distribution, where nutritional deprivation is probably most severe. An alternative interpretation of

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One possible explanation of a worldwide decline in intelligence is an increase in air pollution; coal burning emits mercury, and intelligence has continued to climb in areas, like the southern United States, where coal burning has declined.

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Still, another theory is that the general environment today is much more complex and stimulating. One of the most striking 20th-century changes in the human intellectual environment has come from the increase of exposure to many types of

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In support of the nutritional hypothesis, it is known that, in the United States, the average height before 1900 was about 10 cm (~4 inches) shorter than it is today. Possibly related to the Flynn effect is a similar change of

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test rose by 14 IQ points from 1942 to 2008. Similar gains have been observed in many other countries in which IQ testing has long been widely used, including other Western European countries, as well as Japan and South Korea.

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Baker, David P.; Eslinger, Paul J.; Benavides, Martin; Peters, Ellen; Dieckmann, Nathan F.; Leon, Juan (March 2015). "The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ".

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Cotton, S.M.; Kiely, P.M.; Crewther, D.P.; Thomson, B.; Laycock, R.; Crewther, S.G. (2005). "A normative and reliability study for the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices for primary school aged children in Australia".

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Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For example, a study published in the year 2009 found that British children's average scores on the

151:. Flynn stated that, if asked, he would have named the effect after Read D. Tuddenham who "was the first to present convincing evidence of massive gains on mental tests using a nationwide sample" in a 1948 article. 327:

to children from infancy onward, showed IQ gains that did not diminish over time. The IQ gains in the experimental group compared to the control group was 4.4 points. These gains persisted until at least age 21.

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There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, such as the rise in efficiency of education, along with skepticism concerning its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for

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type) IQ tests between 1952, 1962, 1972, and 1982. In 1962 he observed that Dutch 18-year-olds had a major nutritional handicap. They were either in the womb or were recently born, during the great

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Pietschnig, Jakob; Gittler, Georg (2015). "A reversal of the Flynn effect for spatial perception in German-speaking countries: Evidence from a cross-temporal IRT-based meta-analysis (1977–2014)".

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Sundet, J.; Barlaug, D.; Torjussen, T. (2004). "The end of the Flynn effect?: A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century".

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Rönnlund M, Nilsson LG (September 2009). "Flynn effects on sub-factors of episodic and semantic memory: parallel gains over time and the same set of determining factors".

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A strange new phenomenon has been growing since about 1950, called the 'Flynn Effect' after Professor James Flynn of the University of Otago, New Zealand. In his book

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between the 1950s and 2002. They found that the increase of scores of general intelligence stopped after the mid-1990s and declined in numerical reasoning sub-tests.

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Many studies find that children who do not attend school score drastically lower on the tests than their regularly attending peers. During the 1960s, when some

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rise in IQ scores", many textbooks on psychology and IQ testing have now followed the lead of Herrnstein and Murray in calling the phenomenon the Flynn effect.

2228:"The generational intelligence gains are caused by decreasing variance in the lower half of the distribution: Supporting evidence for the nutrition hypothesis" 4376: 4332: 1634: 453:, thereby affecting IQ. That is, those with a greater IQ tend to seek stimulating environments that further increase IQ. These reciprocal effects result in 1988: 4546: 1511:; Morris, Robin G. (March 2015). "A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Raven's Progressive Matrices: Age groups and developing versus developed countries". 5050: 4907: 664:, educational achievements, and work proficiency compared to their parents, although there were still remaining differences compared to ethnic Dutch. 4875: 3059:

Qian M; Wang D; Watkins WE; et al. (2005). "The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China".

3644:"Rising–falling mercury pollution causing the rising–falling IQ of the Lynn–Flynn effect, as predicted by the antiinnatia theory of autism and IQ" 1877:

Wasserman, John D. (2012). "Chapter 18: Assessment of Intellectual Functioning". In Weiner, Irving B.; Graham, John R.; Naglieri, Jack A. (eds.).

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Teasdale, Thomas W.; Owen, David R. (2005). "A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse".

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Neisser, Ulric (Ed). 1998. The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association

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Teasdale, Thomas W; Owen, David R (2005). "A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse".

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Jakob Pietschnig; Martin Voracek (May 1, 2015). "One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)".

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Pietschnig, Jakob; Voracek, Martin (May 2015). "One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)".

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Both definitions also specify that the intellectual functioning criterion for a diagnosis of intellectual disability is approximately 2

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Intelligence Are birth order effects on intelligence really Flynn Effects? Reinterpreting Belmont and Marolla 40 years later]" (PDF).

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One study found the drop in blood lead levels in the United States from the 1970s to 2007 correlated with a 4-5 point increase in IQ.

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Daley, TC; Whaley, SE; Sigman, MD; Espinosa, MP; Neumann, C (May 2003). "IQ on the rise: the Flynn effect in rural Kenyan children".

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Venkataramani A (September 18, 2010). "Early Life Exposure to Malaria and Cognition and Skills in Adulthood: Evidence from Mexico".

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Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill (2011) conducted a study looking at different US states found that states with a higher prevalence of

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explanation and others related to schooling is that in the US, the groups with greater test familiarity show smaller IQ increases.

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Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012a).

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Eppig C, Fincher CL, Thornhill R (2011). "Parasite prevalence and the distribution of intelligence among the states of the USA".

1832: 680:. had previously suggested a similar interpretation in a 2004 paper. Flynn also argued that his findings undermine the so-called 4349: 2507: 1681: 1205: 320: 195: 5611: 5531: 5506: 5385: 5265: 4868: 4273: 4232: 3894: 2327: 1916: 1886: 1865: 1814: 1784: 1704: 1551: 3453:

Kaufman, Alan S.; Zhou, Xiaobin; Reynolds, Matthew R.; Kaufman, Nadeen L.; Green, Garo P.; Weisse, Lawrence G. (July 2014).

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Gains in IQ that different world regions have made since the first year for which data is available for a particular region.

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and James Flynn presented a model for resolving several contradictory findings regarding IQ. They argue that the measure "

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Colom R, Garcia-Lopez O (2003). "Secular Gains in Fluid Intelligence: Evidence from the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test".

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Teasdale, T. (1989). "Continuing secular increases in intelligence and a stable prevalence of high intelligence levels".

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If the Flynn effect has ended in developed nations but continues in less developed ones, this would tend to diminish

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Wicherts, J.M.; Dolan, C.V.; Hessen, D.J.; Oosterveld, P.; Baal, G.C.M. van; Boomsma, D.I. & Span, M.M. (2004).

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Flynn, James R. (March 2009). "Requiem for nutrition as the cause of IQ gains: Raven's gains in Britain 1938–2008".

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was shown to improve cognitive function and school performance in clinical trials when compared to placebo groups.

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Mean standing height and mean GA (both in z scores units+5) by year of testing, from Sundet et al. 2004 (figure 3)

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had lower average IQ. The effect remained after controlling for the effects of wealth and educational variation.

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same test. Doing so confirms IQ gains over time. Some IQ tests, for example, tests used for military draftees in

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estimated that using the IQ values of 1997, the average IQ of the United States in 1932, according to the first

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Kumpf; Min-Hsiung Huang; Irwin D. Waldman; Samuel H. Preston; John C. Loehlin (1998). Neisser, Ulric (ed.).

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Flynn, J.R. (2009). "Requiem for nutrition as the cause of IQ gains: Raven's gains in Britain 1938–2008".

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test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher

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Although the general term for the phenomenon—referring to no researcher in particular—continues to be "

3643: 2508:"Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect" 1607: 6091: 6062: 5949: 5863: 5771: 5746: 5571: 5536: 5312: 563: 483:), whereas someone a century ago might have said that humans catch rabbits with dogs (a concrete, or 450: 3836: 3176: 2824: 2529: 684:, which hypothesized that differences in g factor are the major driver of the blacks-whites IQ gap. 395:

has been very limited, suggesting that increased skeletal size resulting from changes in population

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The finding by sociologist James Flynn that there are generational increases in IQ across nations.

6148: 5989: 5855: 5681: 5661: 5651: 5466: 5446: 5317: 5305: 5295: 5152: 4884: 4796: 4587: 4582: 4572: 4327: 3683:"Differences in cognitive ability assessment results between Millennial and Generation Z cohorts" 3087: 2734:"IQ Variations across Time, Race, and Nationality: An Artifact of Differences in Literacy Skills" 2005: 1904: 4126: 4054: 3865: 2127: 137:, who did much to document it and promote awareness of its implications. The term was coined by 6106: 6101: 6076: 6024: 6019: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5837: 5806: 5698: 5484: 5421: 5174: 5093: 4804: 4577: 4410: 4318: 4258: 4179: 4171: 4134: 4117:(1998). "A critique of the Flynn Effect: Massive IQ gains, methodological artifacts, or both?" 3950: 3831: 3253: 3248: 3171: 2680: 2524: 2515: 2464: 1825:, Flynn describes a year-on-year rise in measured intelligence, about three IQ points a decade. 467: 134: 38: 3338: 2456: 672:, and Nisbett et al. all concluded that the gradual closing of the gap was a real phenomenon. 6133: 6096: 5994: 5903: 5898: 5873: 5601: 5581: 5431: 5351: 5324: 5255: 5023: 4816: 4666: 4504: 4041:

that each IQ gap should not be confused with real (i.e., latent) differences in intelligence.

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deficiencies change the development of intelligence. For instance, one study has found that

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Vincent, Ken R. (March 1991). "Black/white IQ differences: Does age make the difference?".

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Al-Shahomee; et al. (2018). "An increase of intelligence in Libya from 2008 to 2017".

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IQ gains could be that improved education has been particularly important for this group.

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The 19th International Conference on Informatics and Information Technologies – CIIT 2022

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programs have shown mixed results. Some preschool (ages 3–4) intervention programs like "

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Jon Martin Sundet and colleagues (2004) examined scores on intelligence tests given to

316: 312: 302: 200: 138: 54: 4394: 2477: 1194: 319:" do not produce lasting changes of IQ, although they may confer other benefits. The " 53:

of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their

6204: 6197: 6191: 5974: 5969: 5883: 5685: 5426: 5393: 5260: 5121: 5069: 5028: 5006: 4974: 4633: 4495: 4479: 4444: 4359: 4300: 4269: 4262: 4228: 4104: 3942: 3934: 3890: 3849: 3845: 3776: 3741: 3723: 3663: 3624: 3482: 3385: 3334: 3258: 3189: 3129: 3068: 3041: 3005: 2934: 2798: 2753: 2644: 2542: 2429: 2383: 2363: 2323: 2284: 2209: 2150: 2100: 2092: 2054: 1912: 1882: 1861: 1810: 1780: 1755: 1747: 1700: 1662: 1654: 1613: 1547: 1481: 1446: 1401: 1064: 1046: 944: 897: 859: 851: 816: 777: 759: 407: 392: 4415:"Heritability Estimates Versus Large Environmental Effects: The IQ Paradox Resolved" 3455:"The possible societal impact of the decrease in U.S. blood lead levels on adult IQ" 3157:"Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved" 3141: 3017: 2810: 2656: 2162: 2112: 1493: 909: 5403: 5344: 5133: 5076: 4466: 4428: 4390: 4292: 4188: 4143: 4069: 4031: 4003: 3926: 3861: 3841: 3768: 3731: 3713: 3655: 3616: 3589: 3546: 3509: 3474: 3404:

Resolving the IQ paradox: Heterosis as a cause of the Flynn effect and other trends

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Flynn J.R. (1987). "Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure".

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Flynn, J.R. (2010). "The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate".

3817:"Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples" 3550: 3478: 3319: 2968: 2761: 2693: 2538: 2246: 1774: 1696: 1650: 1524: 1415:

Trahan, Lisa H.; Stuebing, Karla K.; Fletcher, Jack M.; Hiscock, Merrill (2014).

1392: 1375: 998: 812: 738:

Trahan, Lisa H.; Stuebing, Karla K.; Fletcher, Jack M.; Hiscock, Merrill (2014).

438: 391:

over this period. With only five or six human generations in 150 years, time for

185: 181: 76: 72: 4432: 4268:. APA Science Volume Series. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. 4192: 4107:, & van der Flier, H. (2013). "Is the Flynn effect on g?: A meta-analysis." 3227: 3185: 2876: 2551:

explanations that appeal solely to changes at the level of the latent variables.

626: 5636: 5616: 5526: 5219: 5111: 4986: 3659: 3593: 3513: 2905:"Group Height, body size, and longevity: is smaller better for the human body?" 971: 936: 701: 559: 555: 147: 4147: 3620: 2749: 2640: 2568:"Are cognitive differences between immigrant and majority groups diminishing?" 2457:"The secular rise in IQs: In Estonia, the Flynn effect is not a Jensen effect" 2359: 2128:"The Raven's Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time" 847: 121: 6226: 6138: 6081: 6071: 5631: 5451: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5241: 5210: 5199: 5189: 5116: 5018: 4912: 4783: 4716: 4711: 4638: 4483: 4475: 4448: 4440: 4073: 3938: 3727: 3667: 2757: 2714: 2433: 2367: 2288: 2096: 2088: 1751: 1658: 1477: 1050: 855: 820: 763: 417:

Daley et al. (2003) found a significant Flynn effect among children in rural

403: 379: 362: 191: 4524: 3773:

10.1002/1097-4679(199103)47:2<266::aid-jclp2270470213>3.0.co;2-s

3718: 3370: 3125: 3001:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200005/06)12:3<327::AID-AJHB3>3.0.CO;2-1

2794:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200005/06)12:3<327::AID-AJHB3>3.0.CO;2-1

1727: 1041: 5928: 5206: 4304: 3946: 3853: 3745: 3628: 3532:"Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect" 3486: 3389: 3193: 3133: 3072: 3045: 3009: 2938: 2920: 2802: 2648: 2401: 2397: 2154: 2146: 2104: 2058: 1881:. Vol. 10: Assessment Psychology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 486. 1759: 1666: 1508: 1485: 1450: 1068: 901: 863: 781: 442: 431: 265:

expect the greatest gains to occur on such school content-related tests as

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Tuddenham, Read D. (1948), "Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II",

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PISA 2018 Results: Combined Executive Summaries, Volumes I, II, & III

1230: 1083:

Literacy Skills for the World of Tomorrow: Further Results from PISA 2000

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has argued that the Flynn effect is caused by changes in literacy rates.

331:

Citing a high correlation between rising literacy rates and gains in IQ,

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Gonthier, Corentin; Grégoire, Jacques; Besançon, Maud (January 2021).

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PISA 2006: Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World Executive Summary

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answer, which depended on what happened to be the case at that time).

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Trahan, LH; Stuebing, KK; Fletcher, JM; Hiscock, M (September 2014).

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found that children of non-Western immigrants had improvements for

594:

Teasdale and Owen (2005) examined the results of IQ tests given to

458: 449:

on IQ and also indirect effects such that the genotype changes the

446: 366:

other hand, Flynn has pointed to 20-point gains on Dutch military (

298: 155: 2950: 2948: 1159:

PISA 2003: A Profile of Student Performance in Reading and Science

246:

recorded an increase in average IQ among the population of Japan.

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The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life

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Jantz RL (July 2001). "Cranial change in Americans: 1850–1975".

122:

James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents'

4691: 4681: 3702:"Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused" 3681:

Pesovski, Ivica; Kulakov, Andrea; Trajkovikj, Vladimir (2022).

2945: 1093: 1017:"Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused" 585: 355: 203:

argues that the effect occurs outside of families in any case.

4172:"Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure" 2851:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

2074: 2006:

http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/rodgers2014.pdf

457:. The direct effect could initially have been very small, but 4696: 4219:

Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-first century

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Te Nijenhuis J, De Jong MJ, Evers A, Van Der Flier H (2004).

2402:"IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity" 2022: 1414: 737: 418: 4264:

The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures

4055:"Searching for justice: the discovery of IQ gains over time" 3058: 797: 3909: 2226:

Colom, R.; Lluis-Font, J.M. & Andrés-Pueyo, A. (2005).

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PISA 2003: A Profile of Student Performance in Mathematics

3912:"Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments" 3680: 3111: 542:, associated with historical reductions of the levels of 424: 3787: 3351: 2825:"The Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition" 1373: 475:

answer, which depends only on the meanings of the words

2669: 1807:

Gifted Lives: What Happens when Gifted Children Grow Up

1506: 602:

In Australia, the IQ of 6–12-year-olds (as measured by

303:

closed their public schools to avoid racial integration

33:

is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both

4127:"The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978" 3421:

The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a second look

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Atheendar Venkataramani (2010) studied the effect of

410:

causes a fall, on average, of 12 IQ points in China.

323:", an all-day program that provided various forms of 222: 3889:(second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 691: 166:

IQ tests are updated periodically. For example, the

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Thorndike 145:in their 1994 book 6112:Social determinism 5995:Fisher's principle 5955:Great ape language 5945:Cultural evolution 5914:Philosophy of mind 5747:Division of labour 5709:Westermarck effect 5657:Mating preferences 5567:Distracted driving 5301:Literary criticism 5158:Domain specificity 5138:modularity of mind 4779:Heritability of IQ 4556:Human intelligence 4462:"Dome Improvement" 4355:Indiana University 4350:"The Flynn Effect" 3237:on March 19, 2007. 2002:Joseph Lee Rodgers 1963:American Scientist 1957:Neisser U (1997). 710:Academic inflation 632: 582: 313:Early intervention 201:Joseph Lee Rodgers 139:Richard Herrnstein 135:James Robert Flynn 55:standard deviation 41:(1934–2020). When 27: 6220: 6219: 6198:Psychology portal 6162: 6161: 6005:Hologenome theory 5975:Unit of selection 5970:Primate cognition 5884:Cognitive science 5815: 5814: 5686:Sexual attraction 5662:Mating strategies 5427:Cinderella effect 5357:Moral foundations 5261:Visual perception 5153:Domain generality 5122:Facial expression 5070:Sexual dimorphism 5029:Natural selection 4975:Hamiltonian spite 4851: 4850: 4767:Areas of research 4717:Visual processing 4634:Cognitive liberty 4275:978-1-55798-503-3 4234:978-1-107-60917-4 4105:te Nijenhuis, Jan 3896:978-0-19-958559-5 3883:Mackintosh, N. J. 3712:(26): 6674–6678. 3038:10.1520/JFS15047J 2672:Te Nijenhuis, Jan 2548:on May 29, 2005. 2412:(5863): 222–223. 2329:978-0-691-04619-8 1918:978-1-4051-9927-8 1888:978-0-470-89127-8 1867:978-0-471-41978-5 1816:978-0-415-47009-4 1786:978-1-136-82321-3 1706:978-0-511-97724-4 1553:978-0-521-74147-7 408:iodine deficiency 393:natural selection 131: 130: 6245: 6207: 6194: 6181: 6180: 5824: 5823: 5820:Related subjects 5607:Adult attachment 5134:Cognitive module 5090: 5089: 5077:Social selection 5051:Costly signaling 5046:Sexual selection 4933:Modern synthesis 4878: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4837: 4836: 4758:Triarchic theory 4549: 4542: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4491: 4456: 4402: 4397:. Archived from 4377:"Flynn's Effect" 4371: 4369: 4367: 4358:. Archived from 4344: 4342: 4340: 4307: 4297:10.1037/h0054962 4279: 4267: 4255: 4238: 4222: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4156: 4131: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3949:. Archived from 3931:10.1037/a0026699 3916: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3864:. Archived from 3839: 3821: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3739: 3721: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3450: 3444: 3437:Mackintosh, N.J. 3434: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3373: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3230:. Archived from 3213: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3179: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3092:Business Insider 3083: 3077: 3076: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3021: 3003: 2988:Am. J. Hum. Biol 2979: 2973: 2972: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2900: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2796: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2541:. Archived from 2532: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2486: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2426:10.1038/297222a0 2394: 2388: 2387: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2321: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2193: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2132: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2052: 2041:10.1037/a0037173 2020: 2014: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1978: 1954: 1931: 1928: 1900: 1875: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1827: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1744:10.1037/h0054962 1723: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1686: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1587:on July 19, 2012 1572: 1566: 1565: 1546:. pp. 1–2. 1535: 1529: 1528: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1433:10.1037/a0037173 1427:(5): 1332–1360. 1412: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1343: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1318: 1307: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1271: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1235: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1199: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1163: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1138: 1127: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1087: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1044: 1012: 1003: 1002: 982: 976: 975: 955: 949: 948: 920: 914: 913: 882:Neuropsychologia 877: 868: 867: 831: 825: 824: 795: 786: 785: 775: 756:10.1037/a0037173 750:(5): 1332–1360. 735: 704: 699: 698: 120: 119: 111: 99: 98: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6158: 6144:Neoevolutionism 6051: 6035:Species complex 6000:Group selection 5938:Research topics 5933: 5909:Neuropsychology 5811: 5797:Substance abuse 5719:Sex differences 5713: 5627:Coolidge effect 5588: 5500:Neuroergonomics 5465: 5456: 5380: 5282: 5216:Folk psychology 5097: 5081: 4951: 4944: 4887: 4882: 4852: 4847: 4825: 4762: 4721: 4687:Problem solving 4621: 4612: 4561: 4553: 4515: 4513: 4365: 4363: 4338: 4336: 4314: 4276: 4235: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4174: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4129: 4101: 4099:Further reading 4096: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4019: 4015: 3992: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3837:10.1.1.186.2540 3819: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3757: 3753: 3698: 3694: 3679: 3675: 3640: 3636: 3605: 3601: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3498: 3494: 3451: 3447: 3435: 3431: 3418: 3414: 3401: 3397: 3350: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3314:(2–3): 155–60. 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3251:(August 2012). 3249:Flynn, James R. 3246: 3242: 3234: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3177:10.1.1.139.2436 3159: 3153: 3149: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3084: 3080: 3057: 3053: 3026:J. Forensic Sci 3022: 2980: 2976: 2953: 2946: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2884: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2773: 2769: 2762:Sage Publishing 2730: 2726: 2721:(4th ed.). 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2668: 2664: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2589:10.1002/per.511 2570: 2564: 2557: 2545: 2530:10.1.1.207.4350 2510: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2395: 2391: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2194: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2073: 2066: 2021: 2017: 2000: 1996: 1980: 1979: 1955: 1934: 1919: 1889: 1868: 1846: 1844: 1817: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1771: 1767: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1573: 1569: 1554: 1536: 1532: 1505: 1501: 1462: 1458: 1413: 1409: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1027:(26): 6674–78. 1013: 1006: 983: 979: 956: 952: 921: 917: 888:(11): 2174–80. 878: 871: 832: 828: 796: 789: 736: 732: 728: 700: 693: 690: 646: 624: 574: 566: 552: 533: 527: 503: 493: 439:William Dickens 427: 361:A century ago, 347: 341: 291: 286: 280: 262: 252: 225: 186:episodic memory 164: 117: 102:External videos 97: 77:episodic memory 17: 12: 11: 5: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6201: 6188: 6175: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5849: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5688: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5527:Mind-blindness 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5471: 5469: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5220:theory of mind 5213: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5103: 5101: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987:Baldwin effect 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4622:and constructs 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4492: 4457: 4427:(2): 346–369. 4403: 4372: 4345: 4313: 4312:External links 4310: 4309: 4308: 4280: 4274: 4256: 4239: 4233: 4212: 4167: 4122: 4112: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4045: 4030:(5): 509–537. 4013: 3986: 3967: 3925:(2): 130–159. 3902: 3895: 3874: 3830:(10): 913–20. 3807: 3798: 3786: 3767:(2): 266–270. 3751: 3692: 3673: 3634: 3599: 3571: 3519: 3492: 3445: 3429: 3412: 3395: 3344: 3325: 3298: 3286:The New Yorker 3270: 3263: 3240: 3199: 3170:(2): 346–369. 3147: 3104: 3078: 3051: 2974: 2944: 2895: 2882: 2855: 2842: 2816: 2767: 2744:(3): 643–664. 2724: 2706: 2662: 2617: 2555: 2498: 2447: 2389: 2335: 2328: 2306: 2267: 2215: 2183: 2118: 2083:(3): 282–306. 2064: 2035:(5): 1332–60. 2015: 1994: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1917: 1901: 1887: 1866: 1853: 1828: 1815: 1785: 1765: 1718: 1705: 1672: 1645:(2): 135–153. 1625: 1618: 1598: 1567: 1561:The Bell Curve 1552: 1530: 1499: 1472:(3): 282–306. 1456: 1407: 1366: 1330: 1294: 1258: 1222: 1186: 1150: 1114: 1074: 1004: 977: 950: 915: 869: 826: 787: 729: 727: 724: 723: 722: 717: 712: 706: 705: 702:Biology portal 689: 686: 623: 620: 573: 570: 560:Lead poisoning 556:Lead abatement 551: 548: 526: 523: 492: 489: 426: 423: 340: 337: 290: 287: 279: 276: 251: 248: 224: 221: 163: 160: 148:The Bell Curve 143:Charles Murray 129: 128: 113: 112: 104: 103: 96: 95:Origin of term 93: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6250: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:Neo-Darwinism 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:Functionalism 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6082:Connectionism 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6072:indeterminism 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:Schizophrenia 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Mental health 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5652:Mate guarding 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Age disparity 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Schizophrenia 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5467:Mental health 5463: 5462:Human factors 5459: 5453: 5452:Socialization 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:paternal bond 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5276:Naïve physics 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242:Motor control 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200:Ophidiophobia 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190:Arachnophobia 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Display rules 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Kin selection 5017: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Adaptationism 4911: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:Psychometrics 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Understanding 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639:Communication 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4223:. Cambridge: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187:(2): 171–91. 4186: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4168: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4005: 4002:(4): 363–66. 4001: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3588:(3): 647–60. 3587: 3583: 3575: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545:(2): 121–26. 3544: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3508:(4): 837–43. 3507: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3416: 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2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583:(5): 405–34. 2582: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2523:(5): 509537. 2522: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2491:September 13, 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472:(5): 461–71. 2471: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398:Lynn, Richard 2393: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2310: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2207: 2204:(3): 255–62. 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1969:(5): 440–47. 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1621: 1619:0-02-914673-9 1615: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Kumari, Veena 1503: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1262: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1190: 1171: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1118: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 981: 973: 969: 966:(4): 837–43. 965: 961: 954: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 919: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 876: 874: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 830: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 794: 792: 783: 779: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 734: 730: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 703: 697: 692: 685: 683: 679: 673: 671: 665: 663: 659: 653: 651: 645: 641: 637: 628: 619: 615: 611: 607: 605: 600: 597: 592: 590: 587: 578: 569: 565: 561: 557: 547: 545: 541: 537: 532: 522: 520: 515: 510: 508: 502: 498: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469: 463: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 422: 420: 415: 411: 409: 405: 404:micronutrient 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 375: 373: 369: 364: 359: 357: 351: 346: 336: 334: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 304: 300: 295: 285: 275: 272: 268: 261: 257: 247: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 202: 197: 193: 192:Ulric Neisser 189: 187: 183: 178: 173: 169: 159: 157: 152: 150: 149: 144: 140: 136: 127: 123: 114: 110: 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Retrieved 1837:The Guardian 1836: 1822: 1820: 1806: 1797: 1790:. Retrieved 1775: 1768: 1738:(2): 54–56. 1735: 1731: 1721: 1710:, retrieved 1688: 1675: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1608: 1601: 1589:. Retrieved 1585:the original 1580: 1570: 1560: 1557: 1539: 1533: 1516: 1513:Intelligence 1512: 1502: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1383: 1380:Intelligence 1379: 1369: 1359:November 24, 1357:. Retrieved 1333: 1323:November 24, 1321:. Retrieved 1297: 1287:November 24, 1285:. Retrieved 1261: 1251:November 24, 1249:. Retrieved 1225: 1215:November 24, 1213:. Retrieved 1189: 1179:November 24, 1177:. Retrieved 1153: 1143:November 24, 1141:. Retrieved 1117: 1107:November 24, 1105:. Retrieved 1077: 1024: 1020: 990: 987:Intelligence 986: 980: 963: 959: 953: 928: 924: 918: 885: 881: 842:(1): 18–27. 839: 835: 829: 804: 801:Intelligence 800: 747: 743: 733: 677: 674: 666: 654: 647: 616: 612: 608: 601: 593: 583: 567: 540:hybrid vigor 539: 534: 511: 504: 485:a posteriori 484: 480: 476: 472: 466: 464: 443:heritability 436: 432:visual media 428: 416: 412: 401: 387:and genetic 376: 360: 352: 348: 330: 311: 307: 296: 292: 263: 250:Intelligence 244:Richard Lynn 237: 229: 226: 217: 213: 209: 205: 190: 172:standardized 165: 153: 146: 132: 80: 69: 60: 47:standardized 31:Flynn effect 30: 28: 18: 6068:Determinism 5980:Coevolution 5924:Primatology 5762:Gender role 5667:Orientation 5547:Screen time 5404:Affectional 5386:Development 5065:Mate choice 4992:By-products 4960:Adaptations 4923:Cognitivism 4813:personality 4748:PASS theory 4706:abstraction 4087:October 26, 3465:: 413–420. 3097:January 23, 2299:January 21, 2141:(1): 1–48. 931:: 147–149. 658:Netherlands 519:prophylaxis 451:environment 363:nutritional 333:David Marks 124:, (18:41), 39:James Flynn 6227:Categories 6015:Population 6010:Lamarckism 5856:behavioral 5834:Behavioral 5782:Narcissism 5727:Aggression 5517:Hypophobia 5507:Depression 5394:Attachment 5376:Universals 5340:Psychology 5318:Biological 5306:Musicology 5296:Aesthetics 5195:Basophobia 5002:Exaptation 4980:Reciprocal 4644:Creativity 4588:Linguistic 4573:Collective 3364:(1): 366. 2909:West J Med 2354:(5): 3–7. 2260:October 4, 1898:diagnosis. 1792:August 31, 1591:August 13, 1386:: 101512. 1344:(Report). 1308:(Report). 1272:(Report). 1236:(Report). 1200:(Report). 1164:(Report). 1128:(Report). 1088:(Report). 993:: 145–53. 807:: 144–58. 726:References 634:See also: 589:conscripts 554:See also: 544:inbreeding 495:See also: 397:phenotypes 343:See also: 317:Head Start 282:See also: 271:arithmetic 267:vocabulary 254:See also: 162:Rise in IQ 5860:cognitive 5852:Affective 5737:Cognition 5691:Sexuality 5677:Pair bond 5437:Education 5094:Cognition 5012:Inclusive 4952:processes 4940:Criticism 4805:longevity 4793:fertility 4692:Reasoning 4672:Knowledge 4662:Intellect 4629:Cognition 4620:, traits, 4618:Abilities 4578:Emotional 4484:1059-1028 4476:1078-3148 4449:0033-295X 4441:1939-1471 4389:: 37–38. 4142:: 29–51. 3939:0003-066X 3832:CiteSeerX 3728:0027-8424 3668:0191-8869 3654:: 46–51. 3564:April 18, 3423:" (PDF). 3406:" (PDF). 3172:CiteSeerX 2758:0033-2941 2715:Plomin R. 2525:CiteSeerX 2434:1476-4687 2384:145355731 2368:0013-189X 2289:0261-3077 2097:1745-6916 2004:(2014). 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