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conceptual error". However, Goldstein cautioned that PISA has been "used inappropriately", contending that some of the blame for this "lies with PISA itself. I think it tends to say too much for what it can do and it tends not to publicise the negative or the weaker aspects." Professors
Morrison and Goldstein expressed dismay at the OECD's response to criticism. Morrison said that when he first published his criticisms of PISA in 2004 and also personally queried several of the OECD's "senior people" about them, his points were met with "absolute silence" and have yet to be addressed. "I was amazed at how unforthcoming they were," he told TES. "That makes me suspicious." "Pisa steadfastly ignored many of these issues," he says. "I am still concerned."
17502:, led a fact-finding visit to schools and teacher-training centres in Shanghai. Britain increased exchanges with Chinese teachers and schools to find out how to improve quality. In 2014, 60 teachers from Shanghai were invited to the UK to help share their teaching methods, support pupils who are struggling, and help to train other teachers. In 2016, Britain invited 120 Chinese teachers, planning to adopt Chinese styles of teaching in 8,000 aided schools. By 2019, approximately 5,000 of Britain's 16,000 primary schools had adopted the Shanghai's teaching methods. The performance of British schools in PISA improved after adopting China's teaching styles.
291:
themselves); they also fed the government's discourse about the issue of pupils repeating a year, (which, according to research, fails to improve student results). In
Finland, the country's PISA results (that are in other countries deemed to be excellent) were used by Ministers to promote new policies for 'gifted' students. Such uses and interpretations often assume causal relationships that cannot legitimately be based upon PISA data which would normally require fuller investigation through qualitative in-depth studies and longitudinal surveys based on mixed quantitative and qualitative methods, which politicians are often reluctant to fund.
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unprecedented scale* on themes ranging from the conditions for learning mathematics and reading, to institutional autonomy and admissions policies. They allow typologies to be developed that can be used for comparative statistical analyses of education performance indicators, thereby identifying the consequences of different policy choices. They have generated new knowledge about education: PISA findings have challenged deeply embedded educational practices, such as the early tracking of students into vocational or academic pathways.
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degree of 'policy transfer' from the international to the national level; PISA in particular is having "an influential normative effect on the direction of national education policies". Thus, it is argued that the use of international standardised assessments has led to a shift towards international, external accountability for national system performance; Rey contends that PISA surveys, portrayed as objective, third-party diagnoses of education systems, actually serve to promote specific orientations on educational issues.
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of the major policy decisions that are being based upon them, for, according to
Breakspear, PISA data have "come to increasingly shape, define and evaluate the key goals of the national / federal education system". This implies that those who set the PISA tests – e.g. in choosing the content to be assessed and not assessed – are in a position of considerable power to set the terms of the education debate, and to orient educational reform in many countries around the globe.
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as in the French
Community of Belgium". In such instances, PISA assessment data are used selectively: in public discourse governments often only use superficial features of PISA surveys such as country rankings and not the more detailed analyses. Rey (2010:145, citing Greger, 2008) notes that often the real results of PISA assessments are ignored as policymakers selectively refer to data in order to legitimise policies introduced for other reasons.
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education) has concluded that there was a socio-cultural disconnect between the questions and Indian students. The ministry will write to the OECD and drive home the need to factor in India's "socio-cultural milieu". India's participation in the next PISA cycle will hinge on this". The Indian
Express also noted that "Considering that over 70 nations participate in PISA, it is uncertain whether an exception would be made for India".
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201:(OECD) in member and non-member nations intended to evaluate educational systems by measuring 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance on mathematics, science, and reading. It was first performed in 2000 and then repeated every three years. Its aim is to provide comparable data with a view to enabling countries to improve their education policies and outcomes. It measures problem solving and cognition.
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hour answering a questionnaire on their background including learning habits, motivation, and family. School directors fill in a questionnaire describing school demographics, funding, etc. In 2012 the participants were, for the first time in the history of large-scale testing and assessments, offered a new type of problem, i.e. interactive (complex) problems requiring exploration of a novel virtual device.
380:
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instruments are being used as best-practice models for improving national assessments; many countries have explicitly incorporated and emphasise PISA-like competencies in revised national standards and curricula; others use PISA data to complement national data and validate national results against an international benchmark.
17511:
by four other
European countries. The drop in mathematics was 25 points since 2003, the last time mathematics was the focus of the tests. For the first time Finnish girls outperformed boys in mathematics narrowly. It was also the first time pupils in Finnish-speaking schools did not perform better than pupils in
17633:
expressed disappointment in the results, said that there were no "quick fixes", but hoped that several educational reforms that have been implemented in the last few years would give better results in the next round of tests. The United
Kingdom had a greater gap between high- and low-scoring students
17510:
Finland, which received several top positions in the first tests, fell in all three subjects in 2012, but remained the best performing country overall in Europe, achieving their best result in science with 545 points (5th) and worst in mathematics with 519 (12th) in which the country was outperformed
17442:
as separate entities. In 2012, Shanghai participated for the second time, again topping the rankings in all three subjects, as well as improving scores in the subjects compared to the 2009 tests. Shanghai's score of 613 in mathematics was 113 points above the average score, putting the performance of
452:
PISA never combines mathematics, science and reading domain scores into an overall score. However, commentators have sometimes combined test results from all three domains into an overall country ranking. Such meta-analysis is not endorsed by the OECD, although official summaries sometimes use scores
406:
Germany does this in a very extensive way: On the day following the international test, students take a national test called PISA-E (E=Ergänzung=complement). Test items of PISA-E are closer to TIMSS than to PISA. While only about 5,000 German students participate in the international and the national
329:
The PISA mathematics literacy test asks students to apply their mathematical knowledge to solve problems set in real-world contexts. To solve the problems students must activate a number of mathematical competencies as well as a broad range of mathematical content knowledge. TIMSS, on the other hand,
294:
Recent decades have witnessed an expansion in the uses of PISA and similar assessments, from assessing students' learning, to connecting "the educational realm (their traditional remit) with the political realm". This raises the question of whether PISA data are sufficiently robust to bear the weight
286:
National policy actors refer to high-performing PISA countries to "help legitimise and justify their intended reform agenda within contested national policy debates". PISA data can be "used to fuel long-standing debates around pre-existing conflicts or rivalries between different policy options, such
279:
led ultimately to an agreement by all Länder to introduce common national standards and even an institutionalised structure to ensure that they were observed. In
Hungary, by comparison, which shared similar conditions to Germany, PISA results have not led to significant changes in educational policy.
18877:
Although PISA and TIMSS officials and researchers themselves generally refrain from hypothesizing about the large and stable differences in student achievement between countries, since 2000, literature on the differences in PISA and TIMSS results and their possible causes has emerged. Data from PISA
17675:
was quoted as saying that when the OECD tries to rule out questions suspected of bias, it can have the effect of "smoothing out" key differences between countries. "That is leaving out many of the important things," he warned. "They simply don't get commented on. What you are looking at is something
359:
The students tested by PISA are aged between 15 years and 3 months and 16 years and 2 months at the beginning of the assessment period. The school year pupils are in is not taken into consideration. Only students at school are tested, not home-schoolers. In PISA 2006, however, several countries also
261:
Emerging research suggests that international standardised assessments are having an impact on national assessment policy and practice. PISA is being integrated into national policies and practices on assessment, evaluation, curriculum standards and performance targets; its assessment frameworks and
252:
Barroso and de
Carvalho find that PISA provides a common reference connecting academic research in education and the political realm of public policy, operating as a mediator between different strands of knowledge from the realm of education and public policy. However, although the key findings from
17553:
decided to end the boycott and participate in PISA from 2020. To address the socio-cultural disconnect between the test questions and students, it was reported that the OECD will update some questions. For example, the word avocado in a question may be replaced with a more popular Indian fruit such
435:
distribution of student competencies allows estimation of the proficiency distributions of groups of participating students. The scaling and conditioning procedures are described in nearly identical terms in the
Technical Reports of PISA 2000, 2003, 2006. NAEP and TIMSS use similar scaling methods.
387:
Each student takes a two-hour computer based test. Part of the test is multiple-choice and part involves fuller answers. There are six and a half hours of assessment material, but each student is not tested on all the parts. Following the cognitive test, participating students spend nearly one more
243:
Data from international standardised assessments can be useful in research on causal factors within or across education systems. Mons notes that the databases generated by large-scale international assessments have made it possible to carry out inventories and comparisons of education systems on an
17490:
shows a steep drop off in the number of 15-year-olds residing there. According to Schleicher, 27% of Shanghai's 15-year-olds are excluded from its school system (and hence from testing). As a result, the percentage of Shanghai's 15-year-olds tested by PISA was 73%, lower than the 89% tested in the
444:
All PISA results are tabulated by country; recent PISA cycles have separate provincial or regional results for some countries. Most public attention concentrates on just one outcome: the mean scores of countries and their rankings of countries against one another. In the official reports, however,
333:
In the reading test, "OECD/PISA does not measure the extent to which 15-year-old students are fluent readers or how competent they are at word recognition tasks or spelling." Instead, they should be able to "construct, extend and reflect on the meaning of what they have read across a wide range of
278:
Against this, impact on national education systems varies markedly. For example, in Germany, the results of the first PISA assessment caused the so-called 'PISA shock': a questioning of previously accepted educational policies; in a state marked by jealously guarded regional policy differences, it
274:
Policy-makers in most participating countries see PISA as an important indicator of system performance; PISA reports can define policy problems and set the agenda for national policy debate; policymakers seem to accept PISA as a valid and reliable instrument for internationally benchmarking system
17581:
Sweden's result dropped in all three subjects in the 2012 test, which was a continuation of a trend from 2006 and 2009. It saw the sharpest fall in mathematics performance with a drop in score from 509 in 2003 to 478 in 2012. The score in reading showed a drop from 516 in 2000 to 483 in 2012. The
17527:
India participated in the 2009 round of testing but pulled out of the 2012 PISA testing, with the Indian government attributing its action to the unfairness of PISA testing to Indian students. India had ranked 72nd out of 73 countries tested in 2009. The Indian Express reported, "The ministry (of
290:
In addition, PISA's international comparisons can be used to justify reforms with which the data themselves have no connection; in Portugal, for example, PISA data were used to justify new arrangements for teacher assessment (based on inferences that were not justified by the assessments and data
19877:
PISA 2006 reading literacy results are not reported for the United States because of an error in printing the test booklets. Furthermore, as a result of the printing error, the mean performance in mathematics and science may be misestimated by approximately 1 score point. The impact is below one
17682:
mathematician Dr. Hugh Morrison stated that he found the statistical model underlying PISA to contain a fundamental, insoluble mathematical error that renders Pisa rankings "valueless". Goldstein remarked that Dr. Morrison's objection highlights "an important technical issue" if not a "profound
282:
Because many countries have set national performance targets based on their relative rank or absolute PISA score, PISA assessments have increased the influence of their (non-elected) commissioning body, the OECD, as an international education monitor and policy actor, which implies an important
415:
From the beginning, PISA has been designed with one particular method of data analysis in mind. Since students work on different test booklets, raw scores must be 'scaled' to allow meaningful comparisons. Scores are thus scaled so that the OECD average in each domain (mathematics, reading and
215:
PISA was conceived to set in a wider context the information provided by national monitoring of education system performance through regular assessments within a common, internationally agreed framework; by investigating relationships between student learning and other factors they can "offer
270:
PISA may influence national education policy choices in a variety of ways. Participation in international assessments like PISA has been linked to significant education policy changes and outcomes, such as higher student enrollments and education reforms. However, critics have argued that
407:
test, another 45,000 take the national test only. This large sample is needed to allow an analysis by federal states. Following a clash about the interpretation of 2006 results, the OECD warned Germany that it might withdraw the right to use the "PISA" label for national tests.
19471:"Greger, D. (2008). 'Lorsque PISA importe peu. Le cas de la République Tchèque et de l'Allemagne', Revue française de pédagogie, 164, 91–98. cited in Rey O, 'The use of external assessments and the impact on education systems' in CIDREE Yearbook 2010, accessed January 2017"
219:
Until the 1990s, few European countries used national tests. In the 1990s, ten countries / regions introduced standardised assessment, and since the early 2000s, ten more followed suit. By 2009, only five European education systems had no national student assessments.
330:
measures more traditional classroom content such as an understanding of fractions and decimals and the relationship between them (curriculum attainment). PISA claims to measure education's application to real-life problems and lifelong learning (workforce knowledge).
19710:
Analytics in International Large-Scale Assessments: Item Response Theory and Population Models, chapter 7 in Rutkowski, L. von Davier, M. & Rutkowski, D. (eds.) Handbook of International Large-Scale Assessment: Background, Technical Issues, and Methods of Data
431:(IRT), also known as conditioning model or population model. The proficiency estimates are provided in the form of so-called plausible values, which allow unbiased estimates of differences between groups. The latent regression, together with the use of a Gaussian
17690:, agreed: "One of the problems that everybody has with PISA is that they don't want to discuss things with people criticising or asking questions concerning the results. They didn't want to talk to me at all. I am sure it is because they can't defend themselves.
337:
PISA also assesses students in innovative domains. In 2012 and 2015 in addition to reading, mathematics and science, they were tested in collaborative problem solving. In 2018 the additional innovative domain was global competence.
19694:
Linking Scales in International Large-Scale Assessments, chapter 10 in Rutkowski, L. von Davier, M. & Rutkowski, D. (eds.) Handbook of International Large-Scale Assessment: Background, Technical Issues, and Methods of Data
20612:
19652:. // Translated from Russian. Reference to the original Russian text: Poddiakov, A. (2012.) Reshenie kompleksnykh problem v PISA-2012 i PISA-2015: vzaimodeistvie so slozhnoi real'nost'yu. Obrazovatel'naya Politika, 6, 34–53.
17676:
that happens to be common. But (is it) worth looking at? PISA results are taken at face value as providing some sort of common standard across countries. But as soon as you begin to unpick it, I think that all falls apart."
17479:
Critics of PISA counter that in Shanghai and other Chinese cities, most children of migrant workers can only attend city schools up to the ninth grade, and must return to their parents' hometowns for high school due to
21889:
17698:
Since 2012 a few states have participated in the PISA tests as separate entities. Only the 2012 and 2015 results are available on a state basis. Puerto Rico participated in 2015 as a separate US entity as well.
253:
comparative assessments are widely shared in the research community the knowledge they create does not necessarily fit with government reform agendas; this leads to some inappropriate uses of assessment data.
17604:
a large number of foreign-born students had not been tested. According to an article of Sveriges Radio, poor immigrant children's scores are a significant cause of the recent decrease in Swedish Pisa scores.
21774:
21619:
17664:(TES) published an article, "Is PISA Fundamentally Flawed?" by William Stewart, detailing serious critiques of PISA's conceptual foundations and methods advanced by statisticians at major universities.
18954:, Brazil shows a great disparity when classifying the results between public and private schools, where public schools would rank worse than Peru, while private schools would rank better than Finland.
21732:
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20659:
304:
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PISA, and similar international standardised assessments of educational attainment are increasingly used in the process of education policymaking at both national and international levels.
21882:
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275:
performance and changes over time; most countries—irrespective of whether they performed above, at, or below the average PISA score—have begun policy reforms in response to PISA reports.
271:
participation could lead to undesirable outcomes, such as higher repetition rates and narrowing of curricula. The impact of PISA may also vary according to the specific country context.
20396:
420:
is 100. This is true only for the initial PISA cycle when the scale was first introduced, though, subsequent cycles are linked to the previous cycles through IRT scale linking methods.
21184:
18890:, and health; as well as the roles of such single educational factors as high-stakes exams, the presence or absence of private schools and the effects and timing of ability tracking.
19567:
Egelund, N. (2008). 'The value of international comparative studies of achievement – a Danish perspective', Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 15, 3, 245–251
17651:
warned against putting too much emphasis on the UK's international ranking, arguing that an overfocus on scholarly performances in East Asia might have contributed to the area's low
21410:
20743:
19498:"The influence of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) on policy decision in Portugal: the education policies of the 17th Portuguese Constitutional Government"
21927:
21769:
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371:, where there are fewer than 5,000 students per year, an entire age cohort is tested. Some countries used much larger samples than required to allow comparisons between regions.
21875:
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21806:
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449:(unlikely to be due to random fluctuations in student sampling or in item functioning). In favorable cases, a difference of 9 points is sufficient to be considered significant.
20120:
17420:
17279:
17629:
also participated as separated entities, showing the worst result for Wales which in mathematics was 43rd of the 65 countries and economies. Minister of Education in Wales
21113:
17476:, Beijing, and Shanghai. The 2015 Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong cohort scored a median 518 in science in 2015, while the 2012 Shanghai cohort scored a median 580.
21604:
445:
country-by-country rankings are given not as simple league tables but as cross tables indicating for each pair of countries whether or not mean score differences are
21256:
21055:
19120:
McGaw, B (2008) 'The role of the OECD in international comparative studies of achievement' Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 15:3, 223–243
17447:, pointing out that Shanghai has greater wealth and better-paid teachers than the rest of China. Hong Kong placed second in reading and science and third in maths.
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restrictions, thus skewing the composition of the city's high school students in favor of wealthier local families. A population chart of Shanghai reproduced in
21022:
17443:
Shanghai pupils about 3 school years ahead of pupils in average countries. Educational experts debated to what degree this result reflected the quality of the
198:
17638:
background of students. The gender difference in favour of girls was less than in most other countries, as was the difference between natives and immigrants.
461:
The results of PISA 2022 were presented on 5 December 2023, which included data for around 700,000 participating students in 81 countries and economies, with
21703:
20301:
18981:
308:
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18886:, Heiner Rindermann, and Stephen J. Ceci, with material for books and articles about the relationship between student achievement and economic development,
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19254:
Mons N, (2008) 'Évaluation des politiques éducatives et comparaisons internationales', Revue française de pédagogie, 164, juillet-août-septembre 2008 5–13
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were participants in these edition, but their results were not published as they were not able to fully collect data because of COVID restrictions.
21984:
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19578:"Behrens, 2006 cited in Rey O, 'The use of external assessments and the impact on education systems in CIDREE Yearbook 2010, accessed January 2017"
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The impact of these international standardised assessments in the field of educational policy has been significant, in terms of the creation of
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Ertl, H. (2006). "Educational standards and the changing discourse on education: the reception and consequences of the PISA study in Germany".
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19307:
Barroso, J. and de Carvalho, L.M. (2008) 'Pisa: Un instrument de régulation pour relier des mondes', Revue française de pédagogie, 164, 77–80
20267:
21948:
21764:
21438:
21816:
21811:
21375:
19919:
17613:
In the 2012 test, as in 2009, the result was slightly above average for the United Kingdom, with the science ranking being highest (20).
312:
20365:
22014:
22009:
21974:
21497:
21443:
21385:
18975:
18905:
rank in the 65 countries is said to be between 23 and 31. It's unwise for countries to base education policy on their Pisa results, as
17491:
US. Following the 2015 testing, OECD published in depth studies on the education systems of a selected few countries including China.
21547:
21473:
21146:
21006:
20775:
Rindermann, Heiner; Ceci, Stephen J (2009), "Educational policy and country outcomes in international cognitive competence studies",
20128:
19390:
21754:
21468:
21415:
21359:
21331:
21189:
21153:
21136:
19865:
19858:
Highlights From PISA 2006: Performance of U.S. 15-Year-Old Students in Science and Mathematics Literacy in an International Context
21826:
21542:
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21306:
21301:
21296:
21291:
21286:
21281:
21276:
21271:
21230:
21121:
20932:
20628:
19064:
20378:
19497:
21836:
21831:
21714:
19405:"The Policy Impact of PISA: An Exploration of the Normative Effects of International Benchmarking in School System Performance"
19277:"The Policy Impact of PISA: An Exploration of the Normative Effects of International Benchmarking in School System Performance"
18963:
17546:
17512:
20104:
19818:"PISA 2018 in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales: Is the data really representative of all four corners of the UK?"
495:, only 18 of 27 Ukrainian regions had their data collected, thus the results are not representative of the following regions:
22004:
21566:
21507:
21395:
21390:
21380:
21131:
19800:
19096:"Rey O, 'The use of external assessments and the impact on education systems' in CIDREE Yearbook 2010, accessed January 2017"
19040:
20986:
17519:
expressed concern for the overall drop, as well as the fact that the number of low-performers had increased from 7% to 12%.
21796:
21749:
21644:
21433:
21266:
21179:
20728:
Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Woessmann. 2011. "The economics of international differences in educational achievement." In
20571:
17569:
In 2015, the results from Malaysia were found by the OECD to have not met the maximum response rate. Opposition politician
20906:
21405:
19319:"When Do Numbers Count? The Differential Impact of the PISA Rating and Ranking on Education Policy in Germany and the US"
20215:
19923:
19581:
19474:
19099:
18947:, director of PISA, various academics and educators argued that "OECD and Pisa tests are damaging education worldwide".
21681:
21522:
21502:
20553:
17600:
revealed that Sweden had inflated their score in PISA 2018 by not conforming to OECD standards. According to professor
19951:
21801:
21629:
21614:
21005:
OECD (2014): PISA 2012 results: Creative problem solving: Students' skills in tackling real-life problems (Volume V)
21000:
20660:"A fundamental conundrum in psychology's standard model of measurement and its consequences for PISA global rankings"
19533:
Rautalin, M.; Alasuutari (2009). "The uses of the national PISA results by Finnish officials in central government".
19438:"The status of PISA in the relationship between civil society and the educational sector in French-speaking Belgium"
20848:"Does educational tracking affect performance and inequality? Differences-in-differences evidence across countries"
20440:
19437:
18940:
select PISA samples from only the best-educated areas or from their top-performing students, slanting the results.
20052:
19604:
19391:
Bajomi, I., Berényi, E., Neumann, E. and Vida, J. (2009). 'The Reception of PISA in Hungary' accessed January 2017
363:
To fulfill OECD requirements, each country must draw a sample of at least 5,000 students. In small countries like
21989:
21556:
21537:
21400:
19782:
17583:
21867:
20325:
19855:
Baldi, Stéphane; Jin, Ying; Skemer, Melanie; Green, Patricia J; Herget, Deborah; Xie, Holly (10 December 2007),
17655:, which he argued could harm the economic performance in the future more than a good PISA score would outweigh.
21850:
21676:
21561:
20494:
21979:
21552:
21199:
20732:, Vol. 3, edited by Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessmann. Amsterdam: North Holland: 89–200.
17679:
524:
21917:
21791:
21786:
20328:
17660:
17535:
20508:
21994:
19677:
Stanat, P; Artelt, C; Baumert, J; Klieme, E; Neubrand, M; Prenzel, M; Schiefele, U; Schneider, W (2002),
17322:
The Netherlands disqualified from data analysis. 11 additional non-OECD countries took the test in 2002.
492:
360:
used a grade-based sample of students. This made it possible to study how age and school year interact.
21969:
21661:
21532:
21261:
21126:
20025:
20712:
19975:
19817:
21103:
20817:
Bishop, John H (1997). "The effect of national standards and curriculum-based exams on achievement".
392:
20959:"Escolas privadas de elite do Brasil superam Finlândia no Pisa, rede pública vai pior do que o Peru"
20847:
17634:
than the average. There was little difference between public and private schools when adjusted for
20819:
17687:
17499:
446:
346:
PISA is sponsored, governed, and coordinated by the OECD, but paid for by participating countries.
303:
PISA stands in a tradition of international school studies, undertaken since the late 1950s by the
20532:
20121:"William Stewart, "More than a quarter of Shanghai pupils missed by international Pisa rankings",
19318:
18951:
17589:, described the situation as a national crisis. Along with the party's spokesperson on education,
326:
the competence of students in three fields: reading, mathematics, science on an indefinite scale.
21759:
21671:
21571:
19756:
18901:
of Cambridge wrote: "Pisa does present the uncertainty in the scores and ranks - for example the
17648:
17539:
21225:
21075:
21040:
21023:
Gunda Tire: "Estonians believe in education, and this belief has been essential for centuries"
20149:
17582:
country performed below the OECD average in all three subjects. The leader of the opposition,
21724:
20105:"Are the Chinese Cheating in PISA Or Are We Cheating Ourselves?" on the OECD's website blog,
19634:
17672:
6040:
4136:
2163:
496:
20:
423:
This generation of proficiency estimates is done using a latent regression extension of the
19646:
19218:"Globalization and the Growth of International Educational Testing and National Assessment"
16982:
13060:
9924:
5419:
3492:
1542:
428:
17573:
said the education ministry tried to oversample high-performing students in rich schools.
8:
21781:
18898:
18883:
18872:
17643:
16823:
15021:
12937:
11543:
9765:
7963:
4349:
2675:
794:
512:
17342:
UK disqualified from data analysis, due to its low response rate. Also included test in
21512:
21341:
20828:
20800:
20347:
19618:
19550:
19373:
19217:
19178:
18944:
17486:
17450:
17444:
17366:
Reading scores for US disqualified from analysis due to misprint in testing materials.
14385:
11051:
7327:
6017:
4205:
2370:
417:
163:
20636:
17545:
recommended that India should participate in PISA. Accordingly, in February 2017, the
20996:
20866:
20792:
20788:
20275:
19890:
19837:
19796:
19554:
19508:
19445:
19377:
19338:
19237:
19198:
19156:
19056:
19036:
17558:
17550:
14650:
11256:
7592:
5833:
3952:
1933:
432:
19650:
Complex Problem Solving at PISA 2012 and PISA 2015: Interaction with Complex Reality
19179:"International Tests, National Assessments, and Educational Development (1970–2012)"
21855:
21083:
20862:
20804:
20784:
20758:
19829:
19788:
19542:
19416:
19365:
19330:
19288:
19229:
19190:
19146:
17668:
17626:
17601:
179:
171:
20990:
17586:
17538:(KVS) committee as well as a group of secretaries on education constituted by the
216:
insights into sources of variation in performances within and between countries".
21897:
21666:
21425:
20615:
20057:
20030:
20008:
19334:
18887:
17343:
14597:
11215:
7539:
5971:
4021:
1956:
520:
383:
PISA test documents on a school table (Neues Gymnasium, Oldenburg, Germany, 2006)
20268:"Britain jumps up international maths rankings following Chinese-style teaching"
20162:
453:
from a testing cycle's principal domain as a proxy for overall student ability.
71:
21035:
20596:
20536:
19731:
19151:
19134:
18902:
18177:
18096:
18015:
17635:
17590:
17035:
14279:
13101:
10969:
9977:
7221:
4694:
4602:
4418:
2836:
2767:
2514:
955:
863:
610:
516:
508:
504:
500:
20190:
20079:
19546:
19369:
21999:
21963:
20880:
20495:"Malaysian PISA results under scrutiny for lack of evidence – School Advisor"
20279:
19841:
19512:
19449:
19342:
19241:
19202:
19160:
18879:
18190:
18157:
18109:
18076:
18028:
17995:
17927:
17894:
17846:
17813:
17765:
17732:
17570:
17542:
17088:
13142:
10030:
4510:
2790:
1335:
20302:"UK Boost International Maths Ranking After Adopting Chinese-Style Teaching"
19507:(10). Educational Sciences R&D Unit of the University of Lisbon: 53–64.
19444:(10). Educational Sciences R&D Unit of the University of Lisbon: 15–26.
19421:
19404:
19293:
19276:
20796:
20576:
20097:
Helen Gao, "Shanghai Test Scores and the Mystery of the Missing Children",
19784:
PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education
18228:
17516:
17481:
5741:
3906:
1979:
20480:
19856:
21240:
20762:
20397:"India chickens out of international students assessment programme again"
18212:
18131:
18050:
17914:
17833:
17752:
16717:
16028:
15975:
15339:
12855:
12322:
12281:
11789:
9659:
8970:
8917:
8281:
6063:
5925:
5120:
4740:
4533:
4395:
4251:
4090:
2997:
2721:
2698:
2537:
2347:
2301:
1070:
771:
725:
679:
424:
403:
Countries are allowed to combine PISA with complementary national tests.
21913:
Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
19792:
311:(TIMSS, started in 1995), which in turn was much influenced by the U.S.
204:
The results of the 2022 data collection were released in December 2023.
21484:
20832:
15922:
15604:
15286:
14120:
12240:
11994:
11748:
10846:
8864:
8546:
8228:
7062:
6155:
5902:
5718:
5603:
5442:
4274:
3998:
3883:
3722:
3561:
2209:
2002:
1841:
1818:
1611:
528:
368:
305:
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
20992:
Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills: A New Framework for Assessment
19833:
19006:
18873:
Research on possible causes of PISA disparities in different countries
265:
20512:
20415:"PISA Tests: India to take part in global teen learning test in 2021"
20242:"Scores bolster case for Shanghai math in British schools | The Star"
18937:
18929:
17652:
17630:
17597:
17495:
17473:
17435:
16452:
15551:
14968:
14809:
13854:
13535:
13482:
12650:
11953:
11502:
11379:
10640:
10393:
10352:
9394:
8493:
7910:
7751:
6796:
6477:
6424:
5948:
5856:
5649:
5051:
4579:
4556:
4326:
4113:
3975:
3814:
3101:
2652:
2583:
2445:
2324:
2140:
2071:
1116:
909:
633:
564:
462:
21912:
20103:
For Schleicher's initial response to these criticisms see his post,
19649:
248:
79 countries and economies participated in the 2018 data collection.
21235:
20167:
19233:
19194:
17622:
17469:
17461:
17431:
17252:
Shanghai (2009, 2012); Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong (2015)
16770:
16558:
16505:
16240:
15710:
14067:
13801:
12896:
12732:
12691:
12486:
12076:
10805:
10599:
9712:
9500:
9447:
9182:
8652:
7009:
6743:
6178:
5879:
5810:
5787:
5695:
5626:
5557:
5189:
5074:
4878:
4297:
4159:
3768:
3699:
3653:
3630:
3584:
3308:
3124:
2744:
2416:
2393:
2025:
1887:
1795:
1680:
1634:
1358:
1208:
978:
485:
477:
323:
20933:"OECD and Pisa tests are damaging education worldwide – academics"
17531:
India did not participate in the 2012, 2015 and 2018 PISA rounds.
21036:
QEdu – PISA scores and percentage of adequate learning by country
19787:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
18914:
18906:
17949:
17868:
17787:
17614:
17465:
17457:
17194:
17141:
16876:
16346:
15869:
15498:
14915:
14862:
14703:
14491:
14438:
14332:
14173:
13695:
13588:
13429:
13376:
13224:
13183:
12978:
12568:
12199:
11912:
11461:
11420:
11297:
11133:
11092:
11010:
10887:
10517:
10434:
10311:
10270:
10136:
10083:
9818:
9288:
8811:
8440:
7857:
7804:
7645:
7433:
7380:
7274:
7115:
6637:
6530:
6371:
6318:
6132:
5994:
5534:
5488:
5373:
5350:
5304:
5281:
5097:
5028:
4914:
4832:
4809:
4786:
4648:
4625:
4441:
4182:
4044:
3860:
3607:
3538:
3469:
3354:
3331:
3239:
3147:
3043:
2974:
2951:
2928:
2859:
2629:
2560:
2186:
2117:
2094:
1772:
1703:
1588:
1496:
1404:
1381:
1266:
1185:
1093:
1001:
932:
840:
817:
702:
481:
473:
469:
364:
21928:
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
21687:
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
17593:, he pointed to the downward trend in reading as most severe.
21581:
21070:
19619:"Chapter 2 of the publication 'PISA 2003 Assessment Framework'"
18921:
18910:
17557:
India did not participate in the 2022 PIS rounds citing due to
16929:
16664:
16399:
16187:
16081:
15816:
15445:
15392:
15233:
15074:
14756:
14544:
14226:
14014:
13908:
13748:
13019:
12814:
12609:
12445:
12363:
12158:
11871:
11830:
11707:
11584:
11338:
11174:
10928:
10764:
10682:
10558:
9871:
9606:
9341:
9129:
9023:
8758:
8387:
8334:
8175:
8016:
7698:
7486:
7168:
6956:
6850:
6690:
6109:
6086:
5764:
5672:
5511:
5465:
5327:
5258:
5235:
5143:
5005:
4982:
4937:
4855:
4717:
4671:
4487:
4228:
4067:
3929:
3837:
3745:
3676:
3446:
3400:
3377:
3285:
3216:
3170:
3020:
2905:
2882:
2813:
2606:
2278:
2255:
2232:
2048:
1864:
1657:
1565:
1519:
1473:
1450:
1427:
1289:
1139:
1047:
1024:
886:
748:
315:(NAEP). The reading component of PISA is inspired by the IEA's
20216:"Britain invites 120 Chinese Maths teachers for aided schools"
21899:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
20981:
20572:"UK students stuck in educational doldrums, OECD study finds"
19177:
Ramirez, Francisco O.; Schofer, Evan; Meyer, John W. (2018).
18933:
18925:
17618:
17439:
17421:
Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)
17280:
Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)
16611:
16293:
15763:
15657:
15180:
15127:
13961:
13641:
12773:
12527:
12117:
12035:
11666:
11625:
10723:
10475:
9553:
9235:
8705:
8599:
8122:
8069:
6903:
6583:
5396:
5212:
5166:
4960:
4763:
4464:
4372:
3515:
3423:
3262:
3193:
3066:
2491:
2468:
1749:
1726:
1312:
1243:
1162:
656:
587:
307:(IEA). Much of PISA's methodology follows the example of the
146:
20467:"Ong: Did ministry try to rig results for Pisa 2015 report?"
17498:, the British Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the
21898:
21026:
20343:"India backs out of global education test for 15-year-olds"
20150:
http://www.oecd.org/china/Education-in-China-a-snapshot.pdf
19984:
19947:
19899:
19679:
PISA 2000: Overview of the study—Design, method and results
19496:
Afonso, Natércio; Costa, Estela (September–December 2009).
17964:
17701:
16134:
12404:
9076:
5580:
3791:
1910:
533:
379:
20006:
OECD education report: Shanghai's formula is world-beating
19436:
Mangez, Eric; Cattonar, Branka (September–December 2009).
20599:
20481:"Who's telling the truth about M'sia's Pisa 2015 scores?"
20366:
PISA (Program for International Student Assessment): OECD
19915:
ACER releases results of PISA 2009+ participant economies
19676:
391:
In selected countries, PISA started experimentation with
18229:
PISA results for the United States by race and ethnicity
17386:
10 additional non-OECD countries took the test in 2010.
256:
6031:
4127:
2154:
21017:
20744:"The role of cognitive skills in economic development"
20722:
20379:"Poor PISA score: Govt blames 'disconnect' with India"
17430:
China's participation in the 2012 test was limited to
16973:
13051:
9915:
5410:
3483:
1533:
199:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
21704:
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
21013:
OECD's Education GPS: Interactive data from PISA 2015
20441:"India opts out of PISA 2022: Prudence or Cowardice?"
18982:
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
17472:. In 2015, the participating provinces were Jiangsu,
17456:
In 2018 the Chinese provinces that participated were
16814:
12928:
9756:
309:
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
20163:"Shanghai visit for minister to learn maths lessons"
19681:, Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development
14376:
11042:
7318:
6008:
4196:
2361:
20340:
19854:
19176:
266:
External influence over national educational policy
233:
external influence over national educational policy
51:
Comparison of education attainment across the world
21625:Health expenditure by country by type of financing
20629:"William Stewart, "Is Pisa fundamentally flawed?"
19707:
19701:
19532:
19133:Kijima, Rie; Lipscy, Phillip Y. (1 January 2024).
17515:schools. Former minister of Education and Science
465:emerging as the top performer in all categories.
20845:
20741:
20713:"Highlights of U.S. PISA 2018 Results Web Report"
20554:"Sveriges PISA-framgång bygger på falska siffror"
20326:PISA 2012: Proficiency of Finnish youth declining
5962:
4012:
1947:
21961:
21698:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
20080:"Pisa tests to include many more Chinese pupils"
19691:
18970:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
18168:
18087:
18006:
17026:
14270:
13092:
10960:
9968:
7212:
6194:
4685:
4593:
4409:
2827:
2758:
2505:
946:
854:
601:
317:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
113:Head of the Early Childhood and Schools Division
20689:
20687:
20597:Pisa ranks Wales' education the worst in the UK
19708:von Davier, Matthias; Sinharay, Sandip (2013),
18148:
18067:
17986:
17885:
17804:
17723:
17079:
13133:
10021:
4501:
2781:
1326:
21923:Programme for International Student Assessment
21692:Programme for International Student Assessment
20930:
20774:
19685:
19670:
19435:
19316:
5732:
3897:
1970:
191:Programme for International Student Assessment
127:PISA Governing Body (Chair – Michele Bruniges)
27:Programme for International Student Assessment
21883:
21056:
20602:. 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
19216:Kamens, David H.; McNeely, Connie L. (2010).
19215:
18203:
18122:
18041:
17905:
17824:
17743:
16708:
16019:
15966:
15330:
12846:
12313:
12272:
11780:
9650:
8961:
8908:
8272:
6054:
5916:
5111:
4731:
4524:
4386:
4242:
4081:
2988:
2712:
2689:
2528:
2338:
2292:
1061:
762:
716:
670:
21595:Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
20684:
20026:"Shanghai tops global state school rankings"
19906:
19132:
18878:have furnished several researchers, notably
15913:
15595:
15277:
14111:
12231:
11985:
11739:
10837:
8855:
8537:
8219:
7053:
6146:
5893:
5709:
5594:
5433:
4265:
3989:
3874:
3713:
3552:
2200:
1993:
1832:
1809:
1602:
472:and the Chinese provinces/municipalities of
456:
238:
19692:Mazzeo, John; von Davier, Matthias (2013),
19605:"Asian nations dominate international test"
19495:
16443:
15542:
14959:
14800:
14588:
13845:
13526:
13473:
12641:
11944:
11493:
11370:
11206:
10631:
10384:
10343:
9385:
8484:
7901:
7742:
7530:
6787:
6468:
6415:
5939:
5847:
5640:
5042:
4570:
4547:
4317:
4104:
3966:
3805:
3092:
2643:
2574:
2436:
2315:
2131:
2062:
1107:
900:
624:
555:
313:National Assessment of Educational Progress
19:"PISA" redirects here. For other uses, see
21890:
21876:
21640:Total healthcare spending as % of GDP
21620:Percentage suffering from undernourishment
21063:
21049:
20846:Hanushek, Eric; Woessmann, Ludger (2006),
20742:Hanushek, Eric; Woessmann, Ludger (2008),
20611:Ambrose Evans-Pritchard (3 December 2013)
19663:Pisa hat einen kleinen, fröhlichen Bruder.
19402:
19317:Martens, Kerstin; Niemann, Dennis (2013).
19274:
18976:Teaching And Learning International Survey
16761:
16549:
16496:
16231:
15701:
14058:
13792:
12887:
12723:
12682:
12477:
12067:
10796:
10590:
9703:
9491:
9438:
9173:
8643:
7000:
6734:
6169:
5870:
5801:
5778:
5686:
5617:
5548:
5180:
5065:
4869:
4288:
4150:
3759:
3690:
3644:
3621:
3575:
3299:
3115:
2735:
2407:
2384:
2016:
1878:
1786:
1671:
1625:
1349:
1199:
969:
20878:
20693:Stewart, "Is PISA fundamentally flawed?"
19420:
19292:
19270:
19268:
19266:
19264:
19262:
19260:
19150:
19139:The Review of International Organizations
17940:
17859:
17778:
17185:
17132:
16867:
16337:
15860:
15489:
15012:
14906:
14853:
14694:
14641:
14482:
14429:
14323:
14164:
13686:
13579:
13420:
13367:
13215:
13174:
12969:
12559:
12190:
11903:
11534:
11452:
11411:
11288:
11247:
11124:
11083:
11001:
10878:
10508:
10425:
10302:
10261:
10127:
10074:
9809:
9279:
8802:
8431:
7954:
7848:
7795:
7636:
7583:
7424:
7371:
7265:
7106:
6628:
6521:
6362:
6309:
6123:
5985:
5824:
5525:
5479:
5364:
5341:
5295:
5272:
5088:
5019:
4905:
4823:
4800:
4777:
4639:
4616:
4432:
4340:
4173:
4035:
3943:
3851:
3598:
3529:
3460:
3345:
3322:
3230:
3138:
3034:
2965:
2942:
2919:
2850:
2666:
2620:
2551:
2177:
2108:
2085:
1924:
1763:
1694:
1579:
1487:
1395:
1372:
1257:
1176:
1084:
992:
923:
831:
808:
785:
693:
21743:Official Development Assistance received
20907:"Are The PISA Education Results Rigged?"
20657:
20565:
20563:
20188:
20077:
19968:
19883:
18924:opinion article, some countries such as
16920:
16655:
16390:
16178:
16072:
15807:
15436:
15383:
15224:
15065:
14747:
14535:
14217:
14005:
13899:
13739:
13010:
12805:
12600:
12436:
12354:
12149:
11862:
11821:
11698:
11575:
11329:
11165:
10919:
10755:
10673:
10549:
9862:
9597:
9332:
9120:
9014:
8749:
8378:
8325:
8166:
8007:
7689:
7477:
7159:
6947:
6841:
6681:
6100:
6077:
5755:
5663:
5502:
5456:
5318:
5249:
5226:
5134:
4996:
4973:
4928:
4846:
4708:
4662:
4478:
4219:
4058:
3920:
3828:
3736:
3667:
3437:
3391:
3368:
3276:
3207:
3161:
3011:
2896:
2873:
2804:
2597:
2269:
2246:
2223:
2039:
1855:
1648:
1556:
1510:
1464:
1441:
1418:
1280:
1130:
1038:
1015:
877:
739:
378:
178:
170:
162:
16:Scholastic performance study by the OECD
21985:International educational organizations
20956:
20299:
20019:
20017:
19301:
19135:"The politics of international testing"
18893:
17262:
17260:
17258:
17248:
17246:
17244:
16602:
16284:
15754:
15648:
15171:
15118:
13952:
13632:
12764:
12518:
12108:
12026:
11657:
11616:
10714:
10466:
9544:
9226:
8696:
8590:
8113:
8060:
6894:
6574:
5387:
5203:
5157:
4951:
4754:
4455:
4363:
3506:
3414:
3253:
3184:
3057:
2482:
2459:
1740:
1717:
1303:
1234:
1153:
647:
578:
207:
21962:
21715:World Intellectual Property Indicators
20816:
20730:Handbook of the Economics of Education
20509:Svenska skolan rasar i stor jämförelse
20265:
20191:"Shanghai teachers flown in for maths"
19936:
19815:
19489:
19463:
19384:
19257:
19030:
18964:Gender gaps in mathematics and reading
17547:Ministry of Human Resource Development
16125:
12395:
9067:
5571:
3782:
1901:
493:Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine
334:continuous and non-continuous texts."
167:PISA average Mathematics scores (2018)
21871:
21605:Infant and under-five mortality rates
21044:
20777:Perspectives on Psychological Science
20707:
20705:
20703:
20569:
20560:
20527:
20525:
20341:Hemali Chhapia, TNN (3 August 2012).
20160:
20053:"Why are Chinese schoolkids so good?"
20050:
19726:
19724:
19722:
19720:
19395:
19090:
19088:
19086:
19084:
19082:
18683:
18680:
18677:
18674:
18671:
18668:
18485:
18482:
18479:
18476:
18278:
18275:
18272:
18269:
18266:
13317:
13311:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13287:
10223:
10217:
10211:
10205:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
257:Changes in national assessment policy
20879:Alexander, Ruth (10 December 2013).
20359:
20023:
20014:
19892:PISA 2009 Results: Executive Summary
19780:
19570:
19561:
19526:
19505:Sísifo: Educational Sciences Journal
19442:Sísifo: Educational Sciences Journal
19429:
19355:
19349:
19172:
19170:
19128:
19126:
19114:
19067:from the original on 5 December 2023
18988:
17255:
17241:
349:
21817:Number of billionaires (US dollars)
21812:Number of millionaires (US dollars)
21635:Total health expenditure per capita
21518:Ethnic and cultural diversity level
20957:Cafardo, Rafael (4 December 2019).
20300:Starkey, Hannah (5 December 2019).
20266:Turner, Camilla (3 December 2019).
20161:Howse, Patrick (18 February 2014).
19602:
19248:
17445:general educational system in China
398:
97:79 government education departments
13:
21355:Past and future population density
20700:
20570:Adams, Richard (3 December 2013),
20522:
19922:, 16 December 2011, archived from
19717:
19635:Keeley B. PISA, we have a problem…
19079:
439:
183:PISA average Reading scores (2018)
175:PISA average Science scores (2018)
14:
22026:
22015:Statistical service organizations
22010:Organizations established in 1997
21975:Student assessment and evaluation
20975:
20904:
20078:Coughlan, Sean (26 August 2014).
19713:, New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
19697:, New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
19411:. OECD Education Working Papers.
19283:. OECD Education Working Papers.
19167:
19123:
19031:Berger, Kathleen (3 March 2014).
17608:
17273:
341:
21775:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
20946:– via www.theguardian.com.
20881:"How accurate is the Pisa test?"
20867:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01076.x
20789:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x
20189:Coughlan, Sean (12 March 2014).
20051:Mance, Henry (7 December 2010),
19401:Steiner-Khamsi (2003), cited by
18917:did after doing badly in 2001."
18205:
18189:
18170:
18150:
18124:
18108:
18089:
18069:
18043:
18027:
18008:
17988:
17942:
17926:
17907:
17887:
17861:
17845:
17826:
17806:
17780:
17764:
17745:
17725:
17693:
17686:Professor Svend Kreiner, of the
17187:
17134:
17081:
17028:
16975:
16922:
16869:
16816:
16763:
16710:
16657:
16604:
16551:
16498:
16445:
16392:
16339:
16286:
16233:
16180:
16127:
16074:
16021:
15968:
15915:
15862:
15809:
15756:
15703:
15650:
15597:
15544:
15491:
15438:
15385:
15332:
15279:
15226:
15173:
15120:
15067:
15014:
14961:
14908:
14855:
14802:
14749:
14696:
14643:
14590:
14537:
14484:
14431:
14378:
14325:
14272:
14219:
14166:
14113:
14060:
14007:
13954:
13901:
13847:
13794:
13741:
13688:
13634:
13581:
13528:
13475:
13422:
13369:
13217:
13176:
13135:
13094:
13053:
13012:
12971:
12930:
12889:
12848:
12807:
12766:
12725:
12684:
12643:
12602:
12561:
12520:
12479:
12438:
12397:
12356:
12315:
12274:
12233:
12192:
12151:
12110:
12069:
12028:
11987:
11946:
11905:
11864:
11823:
11782:
11741:
11700:
11659:
11618:
11577:
11536:
11495:
11454:
11413:
11372:
11331:
11290:
11249:
11208:
11167:
11126:
11085:
11044:
11003:
10962:
10921:
10880:
10839:
10798:
10757:
10716:
10675:
10633:
10592:
10551:
10510:
10468:
10427:
10386:
10345:
10304:
10263:
10129:
10076:
10023:
9970:
9917:
9864:
9811:
9758:
9705:
9652:
9599:
9546:
9493:
9440:
9387:
9334:
9281:
9228:
9175:
9122:
9069:
9016:
8963:
8910:
8857:
8804:
8751:
8698:
8645:
8592:
8539:
8486:
8433:
8380:
8327:
8274:
8221:
8168:
8115:
8062:
8009:
7956:
7903:
7850:
7797:
7744:
7691:
7638:
7585:
7532:
7479:
7426:
7373:
7320:
7267:
7214:
7161:
7108:
7055:
7002:
6949:
6896:
6843:
6789:
6736:
6683:
6630:
6576:
6523:
6470:
6417:
6364:
6311:
6171:
6148:
6125:
6102:
6079:
6056:
6033:
6010:
5987:
5964:
5941:
5918:
5895:
5872:
5849:
5826:
5803:
5780:
5757:
5734:
5711:
5688:
5665:
5642:
5619:
5596:
5573:
5550:
5527:
5504:
5481:
5458:
5435:
5412:
5389:
5366:
5343:
5320:
5297:
5274:
5251:
5228:
5205:
5182:
5159:
5136:
5113:
5090:
5067:
5044:
5021:
4998:
4975:
4953:
4930:
4907:
4871:
4848:
4825:
4802:
4779:
4756:
4733:
4710:
4687:
4664:
4641:
4618:
4595:
4572:
4549:
4526:
4503:
4480:
4457:
4434:
4411:
4388:
4365:
4342:
4319:
4290:
4267:
4244:
4221:
4198:
4175:
4152:
4129:
4106:
4083:
4060:
4037:
4014:
3991:
3968:
3945:
3922:
3899:
3876:
3853:
3830:
3807:
3784:
3761:
3738:
3715:
3692:
3669:
3646:
3623:
3600:
3577:
3554:
3531:
3508:
3485:
3462:
3439:
3416:
3393:
3370:
3347:
3324:
3301:
3278:
3255:
3232:
3209:
3186:
3163:
3140:
3117:
3094:
3059:
3036:
3013:
2990:
2967:
2944:
2921:
2898:
2875:
2852:
2829:
2806:
2783:
2760:
2737:
2714:
2691:
2668:
2645:
2622:
2599:
2576:
2553:
2530:
2507:
2484:
2461:
2438:
2409:
2386:
2363:
2340:
2317:
2294:
2271:
2248:
2225:
2202:
2179:
2156:
2133:
2110:
2087:
2064:
2041:
2018:
1995:
1972:
1949:
1926:
1903:
1880:
1857:
1834:
1811:
1788:
1765:
1742:
1719:
1696:
1673:
1650:
1627:
1604:
1581:
1558:
1535:
1512:
1489:
1466:
1443:
1420:
1397:
1374:
1351:
1328:
1305:
1282:
1259:
1236:
1201:
1178:
1155:
1132:
1109:
1086:
1063:
1040:
1017:
994:
971:
948:
925:
902:
879:
856:
833:
810:
787:
764:
741:
718:
695:
672:
649:
626:
603:
580:
557:
21025:—Interview of Gunda Tire, OECD
20968:– via www.estadao.com.br.
20950:
20924:
20898:
20872:
20839:
20810:
20768:
20735:
20651:
20621:
20605:
20590:
20546:
20531:Jens Kärrman (3 December 2013)
20507:Lars Näslund (3 December 2013)
20501:
20487:
20473:
20459:
20433:
20407:
20389:
20371:
20334:
20319:
20293:
20259:
20234:
20208:
20182:
20154:
20143:
20113:
20090:
20071:
20044:
20024:Cook, Chris (7 December 2010),
20004:Tom Phillips (3 December 2013)
19998:
19930:
19848:
19809:
19774:
19749:
19655:
19640:
19628:
19611:
19596:
19310:
18943:According to an open letter to
17266:Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
410:
21851:List of international rankings
21677:International Innovation Index
21600:HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
21029:National Project Manager, for
20751:Journal of Economic Literature
20533:Löfven om Pisa: Nationell kris
19209:
19049:
19024:
18999:
197:) is a worldwide study by the
1:
21710:Tertiary education attainment
20931:Guardian Staff (6 May 2014).
19732:"Learning Data | QEdu Países"
18993:
13326:International Average (OECD)
10232:International Average (OECD)
6268:International Average (OECD)
6195:Rankings comparison 2000–2015
525:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
22005:Organizations based in Paris
21918:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
21822:Percentage living in poverty
21733:Access to financial services
20631:Times Educational Supplement
20618:. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
20540:. Retrieved 8 December 2013
20516:. Retrieved 4 December 2013
20123:Times Educational Supplement
19409:OECD Education Working Paper
19335:10.1080/09644008.2013.794455
19281:OECD Education Working Paper
19222:Comparative Education Review
19183:Comparative Education Review
18144:
18063:
17982:
17881:
17800:
17719:
17661:Times Educational Supplement
17536:Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
17414:
4893:International Average (OECD)
4310:
3081:International Average (OECD)
2429:
1222:International Average (OECD)
548:
298:
7:
21360:Person-to-arable land ratio
20331:. Retrieved 9 December 2013
20306:True Education Partnerships
20011:. Retrieved 8 December 2013
19535:Journal of Education Policy
19033:Invitation to The Life Span
18957:
17596:In 2020, Swedish newspaper
17564:
354:
10:
22031:
21662:Bloomberg Innovation Index
21590:Antidepressant consumption
21262:World population estimates
21257:Past and future population
20823:. Papers and Proceedings.
19977:PISA 2012 Results in Focus
19637:OECD Insights, April 2014.
19358:Oxford Review of Education
19152:10.1007/s11558-023-09494-4
19035:(second ed.). worth.
17680:Queen's University Belfast
17667:In the article, Professor
17505:
17418:
17277:
13259:
6201:
18:
21944:Multinational Enterprises
21936:
21905:
21845:
21807:Share of income of top 1%
21723:
21654:
21580:
21482:
21424:
21368:
21340:
21249:
21218:
21167:
21112:
21104:Demographics of the world
21082:
19547:10.1080/02680930903131267
19370:10.1080/03054980600976320
18639:
18634:
18453:
18448:
18240:
18235:
17576:
13282:
13279:
13276:
13273:
13270:
13267:
13264:
10200:
10197:
10194:
10191:
10188:
10183:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
457:PISA 2022 ranking summary
447:statistically significant
393:computer adaptive testing
239:Creation of new knowledge
141:
131:
121:
111:
101:
91:
81:
63:
55:
47:
39:
31:
21655:Education and innovation
20820:American Economic Review
19937:Walker, Maurice (2011),
19757:"PISA 2022 Participants"
17688:University of Copenhagen
17522:
17500:Department for Education
17425:
416:science) is 500 and the
21760:Human Development Index
21672:Global Innovation Index
21610:Maternal mortality rate
21185:Commonwealth of Nations
20658:Morrison, Hugh (2013).
20613:Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
20368:, Drishti, 1 Sept 2021.
20329:University of Jyväskylä
19422:10.1787/5k9fdfqffr28-en
19403:Breakspear, S. (2012).
19294:10.1787/5k9fdfqffr28-en
19275:Breakspear, S. (2012).
17649:Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
17540:Prime Minister of India
17299:Participating students
374:
21990:International rankings
21738:Development aid donors
21376:Population growth rate
19940:PISA 2009 Plus Results
17966:2015 US State results
17703:2012 US State results
384:
184:
176:
168:
74:, 75775 Paris Cedex 16
21498:Age at first marriage
21386:Net reproduction rate
21332:Population milestones
21114:Continents/subregions
21076:population statistics
19816:Jerrim, John (2021).
18952:O Estado de São Paulo
17673:University of Bristol
17419:Further information:
6041:Palestinian Authority
4137:Palestinian Authority
2164:Palestinian Authority
497:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
382:
182:
174:
166:
21:Pisa (disambiguation)
21980:Educational research
21949:Testing of Chemicals
21548:Number of households
21533:Linguistic diversity
21528:Immigrant population
21474:past life expectancy
20763:10.1257/jel.46.3.607
19647:Poddiakov, Alexander
18894:Comments on accuracy
16983:United Arab Emirates
13061:United Arab Emirates
9925:United Arab Emirates
5420:United Arab Emirates
3493:United Arab Emirates
1543:United Arab Emirates
429:item response theory
208:Influence and impact
21782:Human Poverty Index
21770:inequality-adjusted
21755:Irrigated land area
21493:Age at childbearing
21416:Past fertility rate
20385:. 3 September 2012.
20109:, 10 December 2013.
19957:on 22 December 2011
19926:on 14 December 2013
19822:Review of Education
19793:10.1787/53f23881-en
19603:Hefling, Kimberly.
19057:"PISA 2022 Results"
18899:David Spiegelhalter
18767:More than one race
18551:More than one race
18353:More than one race
17967:
17704:
16824:Trinidad and Tobago
12938:Trinidad and Tobago
9766:Trinidad and Tobago
513:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
133:Parent organization
28:
21995:Lists of countries
21543:Net migration rate
21523:Ethnic composition
21342:Population density
21219:Cities/urban areas
21092:Current population
21072:Lists of countries
21018:PISA Data Explorer
20497:. 8 December 2016.
20483:. 9 December 2016.
20469:. 8 December 2016.
20421:. 22 February 2017
20419:The Indian Express
20401:The Times of India
20383:The Indian Express
20348:The Times of India
20246:www.thestar.com.my
20101:, 23 January 2014.
19736:paises.qedu.org.br
19584:on 3 February 2017
19477:on 3 February 2017
19102:on 3 February 2017
18945:Andreas Schleicher
17965:
17702:
17487:The New York Times
17451:Andreas Schleicher
17296:Partner countries
14386:Dominican Republic
11052:Dominican Republic
7328:Dominican Republic
6018:Dominican Republic
4206:Dominican Republic
2371:Dominican Republic
418:standard deviation
385:
322:PISA aims to test
185:
177:
169:
107:English and French
103:Official language
26:
21970:2012 in education
21957:
21956:
21865:
21864:
21837:Wealth inequality
21832:Unemployment rate
21369:Growth indicators
21231:National capitals
21031:Caucasian Journal
20982:OECD/PISA website
20639:on 23 August 2013
20447:. 10 January 2024
20355:on 29 April 2013.
19987:, 3 December 2013
19902:, 7 December 2010
19834:10.1002/rev3.3270
19802:978-92-64-99796-7
19063:. December 2023.
19042:978-1-4641-7205-2
18989:Explanatory notes
18870:
18869:
18630:
18629:
18444:
18443:
18226:
18225:
18222:
18221:
18141:
18140:
18060:
18059:
17963:
17962:
17959:
17958:
17878:
17877:
17797:
17796:
17559:COVID-19 pandemic
17551:Prakash Javadekar
17409:
17408:
17237:
17236:
13255:
13254:
10179:
10178:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
4307:
4306:
2426:
2425:
433:prior probability
350:Method of testing
229:assessment policy
161:
160:
59:OECD Headquarters
22022:
21892:
21885:
21878:
21869:
21868:
21856:Lists by country
21567:Urban population
21508:Dependency ratio
21396:Number of deaths
21391:Number of births
21381:Natural increase
21168:Intercontinental
21065:
21058:
21051:
21042:
21041:
20970:
20969:
20967:
20965:
20954:
20948:
20947:
20945:
20943:
20928:
20922:
20921:
20919:
20917:
20905:Flows, Capital.
20902:
20896:
20895:
20893:
20891:
20876:
20870:
20869:
20861:(510): C63–C76,
20855:Economic Journal
20852:
20843:
20837:
20836:
20814:
20808:
20807:
20772:
20766:
20765:
20748:
20739:
20733:
20726:
20720:
20719:
20717:
20709:
20698:
20691:
20682:
20681:
20679:
20677:
20671:
20665:. Archived from
20664:
20655:
20649:
20648:
20646:
20644:
20635:. Archived from
20633:, July 26, 2013"
20625:
20619:
20609:
20603:
20594:
20588:
20587:
20586:
20584:
20567:
20558:
20557:
20550:
20544:
20543:
20529:
20520:
20519:
20505:
20499:
20498:
20491:
20485:
20484:
20477:
20471:
20470:
20463:
20457:
20456:
20454:
20452:
20437:
20431:
20430:
20428:
20426:
20411:
20405:
20404:
20393:
20387:
20386:
20375:
20369:
20363:
20357:
20356:
20351:. Archived from
20338:
20332:
20323:
20317:
20316:
20314:
20312:
20297:
20291:
20290:
20288:
20286:
20263:
20257:
20256:
20254:
20252:
20238:
20232:
20231:
20229:
20227:
20212:
20206:
20205:
20203:
20201:
20186:
20180:
20179:
20177:
20175:
20158:
20152:
20147:
20141:
20140:
20138:
20136:
20131:on 15 March 2014
20127:. Archived from
20125:, March 6, 2014"
20117:
20111:
20094:
20088:
20087:
20075:
20069:
20068:
20067:
20065:
20048:
20042:
20041:
20040:
20038:
20021:
20012:
20002:
19996:
19995:
19994:
19992:
19982:
19972:
19966:
19965:
19964:
19962:
19956:
19950:, archived from
19945:
19934:
19928:
19927:
19910:
19904:
19903:
19897:
19887:
19881:
19880:
19874:
19872:
19863:
19852:
19846:
19845:
19813:
19807:
19806:
19778:
19772:
19771:
19769:
19767:
19753:
19747:
19746:
19744:
19742:
19728:
19715:
19714:
19705:
19699:
19698:
19689:
19683:
19682:
19674:
19668:
19659:
19653:
19644:
19638:
19632:
19626:
19625:
19624:. Pisa.oecd.org.
19623:
19615:
19609:
19608:
19600:
19594:
19593:
19591:
19589:
19580:. Archived from
19574:
19568:
19565:
19559:
19558:
19530:
19524:
19523:
19521:
19519:
19502:
19493:
19487:
19486:
19484:
19482:
19473:. Archived from
19467:
19461:
19460:
19458:
19456:
19433:
19427:
19426:
19424:
19399:
19393:
19388:
19382:
19381:
19353:
19347:
19346:
19314:
19308:
19305:
19299:
19298:
19296:
19272:
19255:
19252:
19246:
19245:
19213:
19207:
19206:
19174:
19165:
19164:
19154:
19130:
19121:
19118:
19112:
19111:
19109:
19107:
19098:. Archived from
19092:
19077:
19076:
19074:
19072:
19053:
19047:
19046:
19028:
19022:
19021:
19019:
19017:
19003:
18632:
18631:
18446:
18445:
18233:
18232:
18215:
18211:
18209:
18208:
18194:
18193:
18180:
18176:
18174:
18173:
18160:
18156:
18154:
18153:
18145:
18134:
18130:
18128:
18127:
18113:
18112:
18099:
18095:
18093:
18092:
18079:
18075:
18073:
18072:
18064:
18053:
18049:
18047:
18046:
18032:
18031:
18018:
18014:
18012:
18011:
17998:
17994:
17992:
17991:
17983:
17968:
17952:
17948:
17946:
17945:
17931:
17930:
17917:
17913:
17911:
17910:
17897:
17893:
17891:
17890:
17882:
17871:
17867:
17865:
17864:
17850:
17849:
17836:
17832:
17830:
17829:
17816:
17812:
17810:
17809:
17801:
17790:
17786:
17784:
17783:
17769:
17768:
17755:
17751:
17749:
17748:
17735:
17731:
17729:
17728:
17720:
17705:
17669:Harvey Goldstein
17627:Northern Ireland
17602:Magnus Henrekson
17513:Swedish-speaking
17284:
17283:
17267:
17264:
17253:
17250:
17197:
17193:
17191:
17190:
17144:
17140:
17138:
17137:
17091:
17087:
17085:
17084:
17038:
17034:
17032:
17031:
16985:
16981:
16979:
16978:
16932:
16928:
16926:
16925:
16879:
16875:
16873:
16872:
16826:
16822:
16820:
16819:
16773:
16769:
16767:
16766:
16720:
16716:
16714:
16713:
16667:
16663:
16661:
16660:
16614:
16610:
16608:
16607:
16561:
16557:
16555:
16554:
16508:
16504:
16502:
16501:
16455:
16451:
16449:
16448:
16402:
16398:
16396:
16395:
16349:
16345:
16343:
16342:
16296:
16292:
16290:
16289:
16243:
16239:
16237:
16236:
16190:
16186:
16184:
16183:
16137:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16084:
16080:
16078:
16077:
16031:
16027:
16025:
16024:
15978:
15974:
15972:
15971:
15925:
15921:
15919:
15918:
15872:
15868:
15866:
15865:
15819:
15815:
15813:
15812:
15766:
15762:
15760:
15759:
15713:
15709:
15707:
15706:
15660:
15656:
15654:
15653:
15607:
15603:
15601:
15600:
15554:
15550:
15548:
15547:
15501:
15497:
15495:
15494:
15448:
15444:
15442:
15441:
15395:
15391:
15389:
15388:
15342:
15338:
15336:
15335:
15289:
15285:
15283:
15282:
15236:
15232:
15230:
15229:
15183:
15179:
15177:
15176:
15130:
15126:
15124:
15123:
15077:
15073:
15071:
15070:
15024:
15020:
15018:
15017:
14971:
14967:
14965:
14964:
14918:
14914:
14912:
14911:
14865:
14861:
14859:
14858:
14812:
14808:
14806:
14805:
14759:
14755:
14753:
14752:
14706:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14653:
14649:
14647:
14646:
14600:
14596:
14594:
14593:
14547:
14543:
14541:
14540:
14494:
14490:
14488:
14487:
14441:
14437:
14435:
14434:
14388:
14384:
14382:
14381:
14335:
14331:
14329:
14328:
14282:
14278:
14276:
14275:
14229:
14225:
14223:
14222:
14176:
14172:
14170:
14169:
14123:
14119:
14117:
14116:
14070:
14066:
14064:
14063:
14017:
14013:
14011:
14010:
13964:
13960:
13958:
13957:
13911:
13907:
13905:
13904:
13857:
13853:
13851:
13850:
13804:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13751:
13747:
13745:
13744:
13698:
13694:
13692:
13691:
13644:
13640:
13638:
13637:
13591:
13587:
13585:
13584:
13538:
13534:
13532:
13531:
13485:
13481:
13479:
13478:
13432:
13428:
13426:
13425:
13379:
13375:
13373:
13372:
13257:
13256:
13227:
13223:
13221:
13220:
13186:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13145:
13141:
13139:
13138:
13104:
13100:
13098:
13097:
13063:
13059:
13057:
13056:
13022:
13018:
13016:
13015:
12981:
12977:
12975:
12974:
12940:
12936:
12934:
12933:
12899:
12895:
12893:
12892:
12858:
12854:
12852:
12851:
12817:
12813:
12811:
12810:
12776:
12772:
12770:
12769:
12735:
12731:
12729:
12728:
12694:
12690:
12688:
12687:
12653:
12649:
12647:
12646:
12612:
12608:
12606:
12605:
12571:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12530:
12526:
12524:
12523:
12489:
12485:
12483:
12482:
12448:
12444:
12442:
12441:
12407:
12403:
12401:
12400:
12366:
12362:
12360:
12359:
12325:
12321:
12319:
12318:
12284:
12280:
12278:
12277:
12243:
12239:
12237:
12236:
12202:
12198:
12196:
12195:
12161:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12120:
12116:
12114:
12113:
12079:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12038:
12034:
12032:
12031:
11997:
11993:
11991:
11990:
11956:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11915:
11911:
11909:
11908:
11874:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11833:
11829:
11827:
11826:
11792:
11788:
11786:
11785:
11751:
11747:
11745:
11744:
11710:
11706:
11704:
11703:
11669:
11665:
11663:
11662:
11628:
11624:
11622:
11621:
11587:
11583:
11581:
11580:
11546:
11542:
11540:
11539:
11505:
11501:
11499:
11498:
11464:
11460:
11458:
11457:
11423:
11419:
11417:
11416:
11382:
11378:
11376:
11375:
11341:
11337:
11335:
11334:
11300:
11296:
11294:
11293:
11259:
11255:
11253:
11252:
11218:
11214:
11212:
11211:
11177:
11173:
11171:
11170:
11136:
11132:
11130:
11129:
11095:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11054:
11050:
11048:
11047:
11013:
11009:
11007:
11006:
10972:
10968:
10966:
10965:
10931:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10890:
10886:
10884:
10883:
10849:
10845:
10843:
10842:
10808:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10767:
10763:
10761:
10760:
10726:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10685:
10681:
10679:
10678:
10643:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10602:
10598:
10596:
10595:
10561:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10520:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10478:
10474:
10472:
10471:
10437:
10433:
10431:
10430:
10396:
10392:
10390:
10389:
10355:
10351:
10349:
10348:
10314:
10310:
10308:
10307:
10273:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10181:
10180:
10139:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10086:
10082:
10080:
10079:
10033:
10029:
10027:
10026:
9980:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9927:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9874:
9870:
9868:
9867:
9821:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9768:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9715:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9662:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9609:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9556:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9503:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9450:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9397:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9344:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9291:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9238:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9185:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9132:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9079:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9026:
9022:
9020:
9019:
8973:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8920:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8867:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8814:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8761:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8708:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8655:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8602:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8549:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8496:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8443:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8390:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8337:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8284:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8231:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8178:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8125:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8072:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8019:
8015:
8013:
8012:
7966:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7913:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7807:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7754:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7701:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7648:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7595:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7383:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7277:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7171:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7118:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7065:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7005:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6746:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6640:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6199:
6198:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6135:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6020:
6016:
6014:
6013:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5882:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4311:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
981:
977:
975:
974:
958:
954:
952:
951:
935:
931:
929:
928:
912:
908:
906:
905:
889:
885:
883:
882:
866:
862:
860:
859:
843:
839:
837:
836:
820:
816:
814:
813:
797:
793:
791:
790:
774:
770:
768:
767:
751:
747:
745:
744:
728:
724:
722:
721:
705:
701:
699:
698:
682:
678:
676:
675:
659:
655:
653:
652:
636:
632:
630:
629:
613:
609:
607:
606:
590:
586:
584:
583:
567:
563:
561:
560:
549:
534:
527:and the city of
399:National add-ons
157:
154:
152:
150:
148:
29:
25:
22030:
22029:
22025:
22024:
22023:
22021:
22020:
22019:
21960:
21959:
21958:
21953:
21932:
21901:
21896:
21866:
21861:
21860:
21841:
21797:Income equality
21750:Employment rate
21719:
21667:Education Index
21650:
21645:Body mass index
21576:
21478:
21426:Life expectancy
21420:
21364:
21350:Current density
21336:
21250:Past and future
21245:
21214:
21163:
21108:
21078:
21069:
20995:. Paris: OECD,
20978:
20973:
20963:
20961:
20955:
20951:
20941:
20939:
20929:
20925:
20915:
20913:
20903:
20899:
20889:
20887:
20877:
20873:
20850:
20844:
20840:
20815:
20811:
20773:
20769:
20746:
20740:
20736:
20727:
20723:
20715:
20711:
20710:
20701:
20692:
20685:
20675:
20673:
20669:
20662:
20656:
20652:
20642:
20640:
20627:
20626:
20622:
20616:Telegraph.co.uk
20610:
20606:
20595:
20591:
20582:
20580:
20568:
20561:
20552:
20551:
20547:
20541:
20530:
20523:
20517:
20506:
20502:
20493:
20492:
20488:
20479:
20478:
20474:
20465:
20464:
20460:
20450:
20448:
20439:
20438:
20434:
20424:
20422:
20413:
20412:
20408:
20395:
20394:
20390:
20377:
20376:
20372:
20364:
20360:
20339:
20335:
20324:
20320:
20310:
20308:
20298:
20294:
20284:
20282:
20264:
20260:
20250:
20248:
20240:
20239:
20235:
20225:
20223:
20214:
20213:
20209:
20199:
20197:
20187:
20183:
20173:
20171:
20159:
20155:
20148:
20144:
20134:
20132:
20119:
20118:
20114:
20107:Education Today
20095:
20091:
20076:
20072:
20063:
20061:
20058:Financial Times
20049:
20045:
20036:
20034:
20031:Financial Times
20022:
20015:
20003:
19999:
19990:
19988:
19980:
19974:
19973:
19969:
19960:
19958:
19954:
19943:
19935:
19931:
19912:
19911:
19907:
19895:
19889:
19888:
19884:
19878:standard error.
19870:
19868:
19861:
19853:
19849:
19814:
19810:
19803:
19779:
19775:
19765:
19763:
19755:
19754:
19750:
19740:
19738:
19730:
19729:
19718:
19706:
19702:
19690:
19686:
19675:
19671:
19665:taz, 5.12.2007
19660:
19656:
19645:
19641:
19633:
19629:
19621:
19617:
19616:
19612:
19601:
19597:
19587:
19585:
19576:
19575:
19571:
19566:
19562:
19531:
19527:
19517:
19515:
19500:
19494:
19490:
19480:
19478:
19469:
19468:
19464:
19454:
19452:
19434:
19430:
19400:
19396:
19389:
19385:
19354:
19350:
19323:German Politics
19315:
19311:
19306:
19302:
19273:
19258:
19253:
19249:
19214:
19210:
19175:
19168:
19131:
19124:
19119:
19115:
19105:
19103:
19094:
19093:
19080:
19070:
19068:
19055:
19054:
19050:
19043:
19029:
19025:
19015:
19013:
19005:
19004:
19000:
18996:
18991:
18960:
18920:According to a
18896:
18888:democratization
18875:
18231:
18206:
18204:
18188:
18171:
18169:
18151:
18149:
18125:
18123:
18107:
18090:
18088:
18070:
18068:
18044:
18042:
18026:
18009:
18007:
17989:
17987:
17943:
17941:
17925:
17908:
17906:
17888:
17886:
17862:
17860:
17844:
17827:
17825:
17807:
17805:
17781:
17779:
17763:
17746:
17744:
17726:
17724:
17696:
17644:Daily Telegraph
17641:Writing in the
17611:
17584:Social Democrat
17579:
17567:
17525:
17508:
17428:
17423:
17417:
17411:
17344:problem solving
17293:OECD countries
17282:
17276:
17271:
17270:
17265:
17256:
17251:
17242:
17188:
17186:
17135:
17133:
17082:
17080:
17029:
17027:
16976:
16974:
16923:
16921:
16870:
16868:
16817:
16815:
16764:
16762:
16711:
16709:
16658:
16656:
16605:
16603:
16552:
16550:
16499:
16497:
16446:
16444:
16393:
16391:
16340:
16338:
16287:
16285:
16234:
16232:
16181:
16179:
16128:
16126:
16075:
16073:
16022:
16020:
15969:
15967:
15916:
15914:
15863:
15861:
15810:
15808:
15757:
15755:
15704:
15702:
15651:
15649:
15598:
15596:
15545:
15543:
15492:
15490:
15439:
15437:
15386:
15384:
15333:
15331:
15280:
15278:
15227:
15225:
15174:
15172:
15121:
15119:
15068:
15066:
15015:
15013:
14962:
14960:
14909:
14907:
14856:
14854:
14803:
14801:
14750:
14748:
14697:
14695:
14644:
14642:
14591:
14589:
14538:
14536:
14485:
14483:
14432:
14430:
14379:
14377:
14326:
14324:
14273:
14271:
14220:
14218:
14167:
14165:
14114:
14112:
14061:
14059:
14008:
14006:
13955:
13953:
13902:
13900:
13848:
13846:
13795:
13793:
13742:
13740:
13689:
13687:
13635:
13633:
13582:
13580:
13529:
13527:
13476:
13474:
13423:
13421:
13370:
13368:
13218:
13216:
13177:
13175:
13136:
13134:
13095:
13093:
13054:
13052:
13013:
13011:
12972:
12970:
12931:
12929:
12890:
12888:
12849:
12847:
12808:
12806:
12767:
12765:
12726:
12724:
12685:
12683:
12644:
12642:
12603:
12601:
12562:
12560:
12521:
12519:
12480:
12478:
12439:
12437:
12398:
12396:
12357:
12355:
12316:
12314:
12275:
12273:
12234:
12232:
12193:
12191:
12152:
12150:
12111:
12109:
12070:
12068:
12029:
12027:
11988:
11986:
11947:
11945:
11906:
11904:
11865:
11863:
11824:
11822:
11783:
11781:
11742:
11740:
11701:
11699:
11660:
11658:
11619:
11617:
11578:
11576:
11537:
11535:
11496:
11494:
11455:
11453:
11414:
11412:
11373:
11371:
11332:
11330:
11291:
11289:
11250:
11248:
11209:
11207:
11168:
11166:
11127:
11125:
11086:
11084:
11045:
11043:
11004:
11002:
10963:
10961:
10922:
10920:
10881:
10879:
10840:
10838:
10799:
10797:
10758:
10756:
10717:
10715:
10676:
10674:
10634:
10632:
10593:
10591:
10552:
10550:
10511:
10509:
10469:
10467:
10428:
10426:
10387:
10385:
10346:
10344:
10305:
10303:
10264:
10262:
10130:
10128:
10077:
10075:
10024:
10022:
9971:
9969:
9918:
9916:
9865:
9863:
9812:
9810:
9759:
9757:
9706:
9704:
9653:
9651:
9600:
9598:
9547:
9545:
9494:
9492:
9441:
9439:
9388:
9386:
9335:
9333:
9282:
9280:
9229:
9227:
9176:
9174:
9123:
9121:
9070:
9068:
9017:
9015:
8964:
8962:
8911:
8909:
8858:
8856:
8805:
8803:
8752:
8750:
8699:
8697:
8646:
8644:
8593:
8591:
8540:
8538:
8487:
8485:
8434:
8432:
8381:
8379:
8328:
8326:
8275:
8273:
8222:
8220:
8169:
8167:
8116:
8114:
8063:
8061:
8010:
8008:
7957:
7955:
7904:
7902:
7851:
7849:
7798:
7796:
7745:
7743:
7692:
7690:
7639:
7637:
7586:
7584:
7533:
7531:
7480:
7478:
7427:
7425:
7374:
7372:
7321:
7319:
7268:
7266:
7215:
7213:
7162:
7160:
7109:
7107:
7056:
7054:
7003:
7001:
6950:
6948:
6897:
6895:
6844:
6842:
6790:
6788:
6737:
6735:
6684:
6682:
6631:
6629:
6577:
6575:
6524:
6522:
6471:
6469:
6418:
6416:
6365:
6363:
6312:
6310:
6197:
6172:
6170:
6149:
6147:
6126:
6124:
6103:
6101:
6080:
6078:
6057:
6055:
6034:
6032:
6011:
6009:
5988:
5986:
5972:North Macedonia
5965:
5963:
5942:
5940:
5919:
5917:
5896:
5894:
5873:
5871:
5850:
5848:
5827:
5825:
5804:
5802:
5781:
5779:
5758:
5756:
5735:
5733:
5712:
5710:
5689:
5687:
5666:
5664:
5643:
5641:
5620:
5618:
5597:
5595:
5574:
5572:
5551:
5549:
5528:
5526:
5505:
5503:
5482:
5480:
5459:
5457:
5436:
5434:
5413:
5411:
5390:
5388:
5367:
5365:
5344:
5342:
5321:
5319:
5298:
5296:
5275:
5273:
5252:
5250:
5229:
5227:
5206:
5204:
5183:
5181:
5160:
5158:
5137:
5135:
5114:
5112:
5091:
5089:
5068:
5066:
5045:
5043:
5022:
5020:
4999:
4997:
4976:
4974:
4954:
4952:
4931:
4929:
4908:
4906:
4872:
4870:
4849:
4847:
4826:
4824:
4803:
4801:
4780:
4778:
4757:
4755:
4734:
4732:
4711:
4709:
4688:
4686:
4665:
4663:
4642:
4640:
4619:
4617:
4596:
4594:
4573:
4571:
4550:
4548:
4527:
4525:
4504:
4502:
4481:
4479:
4458:
4456:
4435:
4433:
4412:
4410:
4389:
4387:
4366:
4364:
4343:
4341:
4320:
4318:
4291:
4289:
4268:
4266:
4245:
4243:
4222:
4220:
4199:
4197:
4176:
4174:
4153:
4151:
4130:
4128:
4107:
4105:
4084:
4082:
4061:
4059:
4038:
4036:
4022:North Macedonia
4015:
4013:
3992:
3990:
3969:
3967:
3946:
3944:
3923:
3921:
3900:
3898:
3877:
3875:
3854:
3852:
3831:
3829:
3808:
3806:
3785:
3783:
3762:
3760:
3739:
3737:
3716:
3714:
3693:
3691:
3670:
3668:
3647:
3645:
3624:
3622:
3601:
3599:
3578:
3576:
3555:
3553:
3532:
3530:
3509:
3507:
3486:
3484:
3463:
3461:
3440:
3438:
3417:
3415:
3394:
3392:
3371:
3369:
3348:
3346:
3325:
3323:
3302:
3300:
3279:
3277:
3256:
3254:
3233:
3231:
3210:
3208:
3187:
3185:
3164:
3162:
3141:
3139:
3118:
3116:
3095:
3093:
3060:
3058:
3037:
3035:
3014:
3012:
2991:
2989:
2968:
2966:
2945:
2943:
2922:
2920:
2899:
2897:
2876:
2874:
2853:
2851:
2830:
2828:
2807:
2805:
2784:
2782:
2761:
2759:
2738:
2736:
2715:
2713:
2692:
2690:
2669:
2667:
2646:
2644:
2623:
2621:
2600:
2598:
2577:
2575:
2554:
2552:
2531:
2529:
2508:
2506:
2485:
2483:
2462:
2460:
2439:
2437:
2410:
2408:
2387:
2385:
2364:
2362:
2341:
2339:
2318:
2316:
2295:
2293:
2272:
2270:
2249:
2247:
2226:
2224:
2203:
2201:
2180:
2178:
2157:
2155:
2134:
2132:
2111:
2109:
2088:
2086:
2065:
2063:
2042:
2040:
2019:
2017:
1996:
1994:
1973:
1971:
1957:North Macedonia
1950:
1948:
1927:
1925:
1904:
1902:
1881:
1879:
1858:
1856:
1835:
1833:
1812:
1810:
1789:
1787:
1766:
1764:
1743:
1741:
1720:
1718:
1697:
1695:
1674:
1672:
1651:
1649:
1628:
1626:
1605:
1603:
1582:
1580:
1559:
1557:
1536:
1534:
1513:
1511:
1490:
1488:
1467:
1465:
1444:
1442:
1421:
1419:
1398:
1396:
1375:
1373:
1352:
1350:
1329:
1327:
1306:
1304:
1283:
1281:
1260:
1258:
1237:
1235:
1202:
1200:
1179:
1177:
1156:
1154:
1133:
1131:
1110:
1108:
1087:
1085:
1064:
1062:
1041:
1039:
1018:
1016:
995:
993:
972:
970:
949:
947:
926:
924:
903:
901:
880:
878:
857:
855:
834:
832:
811:
809:
788:
786:
765:
763:
742:
740:
719:
717:
696:
694:
673:
671:
650:
648:
627:
625:
604:
602:
581:
579:
558:
556:
521:Mykolaiv Oblast
491:Because of the
459:
442:
440:Ranking results
413:
401:
377:
357:
352:
344:
301:
268:
259:
241:
210:
145:
134:
124:
114:
104:
94:
84:
77:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
22028:
22018:
22017:
22012:
22007:
22002:
21997:
21992:
21987:
21982:
21977:
21972:
21955:
21954:
21952:
21951:
21946:
21940:
21938:
21934:
21933:
21931:
21930:
21925:
21920:
21915:
21909:
21907:
21903:
21902:
21895:
21894:
21887:
21880:
21872:
21863:
21862:
21859:
21858:
21853:
21847:
21846:
21843:
21842:
21840:
21839:
21834:
21829:
21824:
21819:
21814:
21809:
21804:
21799:
21794:
21789:
21784:
21779:
21778:
21777:
21772:
21767:
21757:
21752:
21747:
21746:
21745:
21735:
21729:
21727:
21721:
21720:
21718:
21717:
21712:
21707:
21701:
21695:
21689:
21684:
21679:
21674:
21669:
21664:
21658:
21656:
21652:
21651:
21649:
21648:
21642:
21637:
21632:
21627:
21622:
21617:
21612:
21607:
21602:
21597:
21592:
21586:
21584:
21578:
21577:
21575:
21574:
21569:
21564:
21559:
21550:
21545:
21540:
21535:
21530:
21525:
21520:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21489:
21487:
21480:
21479:
21477:
21476:
21471:
21466:
21461:
21456:
21451:
21446:
21441:
21436:
21430:
21428:
21422:
21421:
21419:
21418:
21413:
21411:Fertility rate
21408:
21406:Mortality rate
21403:
21398:
21393:
21388:
21383:
21378:
21372:
21370:
21366:
21365:
21363:
21362:
21357:
21352:
21346:
21344:
21338:
21337:
21335:
21334:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21299:
21294:
21289:
21284:
21279:
21274:
21269:
21264:
21259:
21253:
21251:
21247:
21246:
21244:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21222:
21220:
21216:
21215:
21213:
21212:
21207:
21202:
21197:
21195:European Union
21192:
21187:
21182:
21177:
21171:
21169:
21165:
21164:
21162:
21161:
21156:
21151:
21150:
21149:
21139:
21134:
21129:
21124:
21118:
21116:
21110:
21109:
21107:
21106:
21101:
21100:
21099:
21097:United Nations
21088:
21086:
21080:
21079:
21068:
21067:
21060:
21053:
21045:
21039:
21038:
21033:
21020:
21015:
21010:
21009:
21008:
21003:
20977:
20976:External links
20974:
20972:
20971:
20949:
20923:
20897:
20871:
20838:
20827:(2): 260–264.
20809:
20783:(6): 551–577,
20767:
20757:(3): 607–668,
20734:
20721:
20699:
20683:
20672:on 5 June 2013
20650:
20620:
20604:
20589:
20559:
20556:. 2 June 2020.
20545:
20537:Dagens Nyheter
20521:
20500:
20486:
20472:
20458:
20445:EducationWorld
20432:
20406:
20403:. 1 June 2013.
20388:
20370:
20358:
20333:
20318:
20292:
20258:
20233:
20222:. 20 July 2016
20207:
20181:
20153:
20142:
20112:
20099:New York Times
20089:
20070:
20043:
20013:
19997:
19967:
19929:
19905:
19882:
19847:
19808:
19801:
19773:
19748:
19716:
19700:
19684:
19669:
19654:
19639:
19627:
19610:
19595:
19569:
19560:
19541:(5): 539–556.
19525:
19488:
19462:
19428:
19394:
19383:
19364:(5): 619–634.
19348:
19329:(3): 314–332.
19309:
19300:
19256:
19247:
19234:10.1086/648471
19208:
19195:10.1086/698326
19189:(3): 344–364.
19166:
19122:
19113:
19078:
19048:
19041:
19023:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18986:
18985:
18979:
18973:
18967:
18959:
18956:
18903:United Kingdom
18895:
18892:
18884:Ludger Wößmann
18874:
18871:
18868:
18867:
18864:
18861:
18858:
18855:
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18380:
18377:
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18340:
18337:
18334:
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18327:
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18317:
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18311:
18308:
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18219:
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18200:
18199:
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18185:
18184:
18181:
18178:North Carolina
18165:
18164:
18161:
18142:
18139:
18138:
18135:
18119:
18118:
18115:
18104:
18103:
18100:
18097:North Carolina
18084:
18083:
18080:
18061:
18058:
18057:
18054:
18038:
18037:
18034:
18023:
18022:
18019:
18016:North Carolina
18003:
18002:
17999:
17979:
17978:
17975:
17972:
17961:
17960:
17957:
17956:
17953:
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17798:
17795:
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17791:
17775:
17774:
17771:
17760:
17759:
17756:
17740:
17739:
17736:
17716:
17715:
17712:
17709:
17695:
17692:
17636:socio-economic
17610:
17609:United Kingdom
17607:
17591:Ibrahim Baylan
17578:
17575:
17566:
17563:
17524:
17521:
17507:
17504:
17427:
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17416:
17413:
17407:
17406:
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17398:
17395:
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17388:
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17311:
17308:
17304:
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17297:
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17278:Main article:
17275:
17274:Previous years
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17036:United Kingdom
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14307:
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14301:
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14280:Czech Republic
14267:
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14260:
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14242:
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14236:
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13989:
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13111:
13108:
13105:
13102:United Kingdom
13089:
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13079:
13076:
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13070:
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13047:
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11998:
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11468:
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11439:
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11424:
11408:
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11401:
11398:
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11389:
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11367:
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11360:
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11307:
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11199:
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11099:
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11055:
11039:
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11029:
11026:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11014:
10998:
10997:
10994:
10991:
10988:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10976:
10973:
10970:Czech Republic
10957:
10956:
10953:
10950:
10947:
10944:
10941:
10938:
10935:
10932:
10916:
10915:
10912:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10891:
10875:
10874:
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10868:
10865:
10862:
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10850:
10834:
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10827:
10824:
10821:
10818:
10815:
10812:
10809:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10786:
10783:
10780:
10777:
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10768:
10752:
10751:
10748:
10745:
10742:
10739:
10736:
10733:
10730:
10727:
10711:
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10707:
10704:
10701:
10698:
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10692:
10689:
10686:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10663:
10660:
10657:
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10628:
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10612:
10609:
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10603:
10587:
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10568:
10565:
10562:
10546:
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10527:
10524:
10521:
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10480:
10463:
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10450:
10447:
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10438:
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10409:
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10397:
10381:
10380:
10377:
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10356:
10340:
10339:
10336:
10333:
10330:
10327:
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10321:
10318:
10315:
10299:
10298:
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10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10258:
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10014:
10011:
10008:
10005:
10002:
9999:
9996:
9993:
9990:
9987:
9984:
9981:
9978:United Kingdom
9965:
9964:
9961:
9958:
9955:
9952:
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9946:
9943:
9940:
9937:
9934:
9931:
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9908:
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9899:
9896:
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9875:
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9849:
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9840:
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9825:
9822:
9806:
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9799:
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9790:
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9781:
9778:
9775:
9772:
9769:
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9737:
9734:
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9722:
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9700:
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9678:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9647:
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9643:
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8110:
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8000:
7997:
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7988:
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7917:
7914:
7898:
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7873:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
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7826:
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7811:
7808:
7792:
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7608:
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7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
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7490:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
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7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7421:
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7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:Czech Republic
7209:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5009:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4695:Czech Republic
4683:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:United Kingdom
4591:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:Chinese Taipei
4407:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:Czech Republic
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:United Kingdom
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:Chinese Taipei
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
990:
986:
985:
982:
967:
963:
962:
959:
956:Czech Republic
944:
940:
939:
936:
921:
917:
916:
913:
898:
894:
893:
890:
875:
871:
870:
867:
864:United Kingdom
852:
848:
847:
844:
829:
825:
824:
821:
806:
802:
801:
798:
783:
779:
778:
775:
760:
756:
755:
752:
737:
733:
732:
729:
714:
710:
709:
706:
691:
687:
686:
683:
668:
664:
663:
660:
645:
641:
640:
637:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:Chinese Taipei
599:
595:
594:
591:
576:
572:
571:
568:
553:
545:
544:
541:
538:
517:Kherson Oblast
509:Luhansk Oblast
505:Kharkiv Oblast
501:Donetsk Oblast
458:
455:
441:
438:
412:
409:
400:
397:
376:
373:
356:
353:
351:
348:
343:
342:Implementation
340:
300:
297:
267:
264:
258:
255:
250:
249:
240:
237:
235:more broadly.
209:
206:
159:
158:
143:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
83:Region served
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22027:
22016:
22013:
22011:
22008:
22006:
22003:
22001:
21998:
21996:
21993:
21991:
21988:
21986:
21983:
21981:
21978:
21976:
21973:
21971:
21968:
21967:
21965:
21950:
21947:
21945:
21942:
21941:
21939:
21935:
21929:
21926:
21924:
21921:
21919:
21916:
21914:
21911:
21910:
21908:
21904:
21900:
21893:
21888:
21886:
21881:
21879:
21874:
21873:
21870:
21857:
21854:
21852:
21849:
21848:
21844:
21838:
21835:
21833:
21830:
21828:
21827:Public sector
21825:
21823:
21820:
21818:
21815:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21788:
21785:
21783:
21780:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21763:
21762:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21751:
21748:
21744:
21741:
21740:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21730:
21728:
21726:
21722:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21705:
21702:
21699:
21696:
21693:
21690:
21688:
21685:
21683:
21682:Literacy rate
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21665:
21663:
21660:
21659:
21657:
21653:
21646:
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21628:
21626:
21623:
21621:
21618:
21616:
21613:
21611:
21608:
21606:
21603:
21601:
21598:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21587:
21585:
21583:
21579:
21573:
21570:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21558:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21503:Age structure
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21490:
21488:
21486:
21481:
21475:
21472:
21470:
21469:world regions
21467:
21465:
21464:South America
21462:
21460:
21457:
21455:
21454:North America
21452:
21450:
21447:
21445:
21442:
21440:
21437:
21435:
21432:
21431:
21429:
21427:
21423:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21397:
21394:
21392:
21389:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21374:
21373:
21371:
21367:
21361:
21358:
21356:
21353:
21351:
21348:
21347:
21345:
21343:
21339:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21283:
21280:
21278:
21275:
21273:
21270:
21268:
21265:
21263:
21260:
21258:
21255:
21254:
21252:
21248:
21242:
21241:Megalopolises
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21223:
21221:
21217:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21205:Latin America
21203:
21201:
21198:
21196:
21193:
21191:
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21176:
21173:
21172:
21170:
21166:
21160:
21159:South America
21157:
21155:
21152:
21148:
21145:
21144:
21143:
21142:North America
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21119:
21117:
21115:
21111:
21105:
21102:
21098:
21095:
21094:
21093:
21090:
21089:
21087:
21085:
21081:
21077:
21073:
21066:
21061:
21059:
21054:
21052:
21047:
21046:
21043:
21037:
21034:
21032:
21028:
21024:
21021:
21019:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21007:
21004:
21002:
21001:92-64-17053-7
20998:
20994:
20993:
20988:
20985:
20984:
20983:
20980:
20979:
20960:
20953:
20938:
20934:
20927:
20912:
20908:
20901:
20886:
20882:
20875:
20868:
20864:
20860:
20856:
20849:
20842:
20834:
20830:
20826:
20822:
20821:
20813:
20806:
20802:
20798:
20794:
20790:
20786:
20782:
20778:
20771:
20764:
20760:
20756:
20752:
20745:
20738:
20731:
20725:
20714:
20708:
20706:
20704:
20696:
20690:
20688:
20668:
20661:
20654:
20638:
20634:
20632:
20624:
20617:
20614:
20608:
20601:
20598:
20593:
20579:
20578:
20573:
20566:
20564:
20555:
20549:
20539:
20538:
20534:
20528:
20526:
20515:
20514:
20510:
20504:
20496:
20490:
20482:
20476:
20468:
20462:
20446:
20442:
20436:
20420:
20416:
20410:
20402:
20398:
20392:
20384:
20380:
20374:
20367:
20362:
20354:
20350:
20349:
20344:
20337:
20330:
20327:
20322:
20307:
20303:
20296:
20281:
20277:
20273:
20272:The Telegraph
20269:
20262:
20247:
20243:
20237:
20221:
20217:
20211:
20196:
20192:
20185:
20170:
20169:
20164:
20157:
20151:
20146:
20130:
20126:
20124:
20116:
20110:
20108:
20102:
20100:
20093:
20085:
20081:
20074:
20060:
20059:
20054:
20047:
20033:
20032:
20027:
20020:
20018:
20010:
20009:The Telegraph
20007:
20001:
19986:
19979:
19978:
19971:
19953:
19949:
19942:
19941:
19933:
19925:
19921:
19917:
19916:
19909:
19901:
19894:
19893:
19886:
19879:
19867:
19860:
19859:
19851:
19843:
19839:
19835:
19831:
19827:
19823:
19819:
19812:
19804:
19798:
19794:
19790:
19786:
19785:
19781:OECD (2023).
19777:
19762:
19758:
19752:
19737:
19733:
19727:
19725:
19723:
19721:
19712:
19704:
19696:
19688:
19680:
19673:
19667:
19664:
19658:
19651:
19648:
19643:
19636:
19631:
19620:
19614:
19606:
19599:
19583:
19579:
19573:
19564:
19556:
19552:
19548:
19544:
19540:
19536:
19529:
19514:
19510:
19506:
19499:
19492:
19476:
19472:
19466:
19451:
19447:
19443:
19439:
19432:
19423:
19418:
19414:
19410:
19406:
19398:
19392:
19387:
19379:
19375:
19371:
19367:
19363:
19359:
19352:
19344:
19340:
19336:
19332:
19328:
19324:
19320:
19313:
19304:
19295:
19290:
19286:
19282:
19278:
19271:
19269:
19267:
19265:
19263:
19261:
19251:
19243:
19239:
19235:
19231:
19227:
19223:
19219:
19212:
19204:
19200:
19196:
19192:
19188:
19184:
19180:
19173:
19171:
19162:
19158:
19153:
19148:
19144:
19140:
19136:
19129:
19127:
19117:
19101:
19097:
19091:
19089:
19087:
19085:
19083:
19066:
19062:
19058:
19052:
19044:
19038:
19034:
19027:
19012:
19008:
19002:
18998:
18983:
18980:
18977:
18974:
18971:
18968:
18965:
18962:
18961:
18955:
18953:
18950:According to
18948:
18946:
18941:
18939:
18935:
18931:
18927:
18923:
18918:
18916:
18912:
18908:
18904:
18900:
18891:
18889:
18885:
18881:
18880:Eric Hanushek
18865:
18862:
18859:
18856:
18853:
18850:
18847:
18844:
18843:
18839:
18836:
18833:
18830:
18827:
18824:
18821:
18818:
18817:
18813:
18810:
18807:
18804:
18801:
18798:
18795:
18792:
18791:
18787:
18784:
18781:
18778:
18775:
18772:
18769:
18766:
18765:
18761:
18758:
18755:
18752:
18749:
18746:
18743:
18740:
18739:
18735:
18732:
18729:
18726:
18723:
18720:
18717:
18714:
18713:
18709:
18706:
18703:
18700:
18697:
18694:
18691:
18688:
18687:
18665:
18664:
18660:
18657:
18654:
18651:
18648:
18645:
18642:
18638:
18633:
18625:
18622:
18619:
18616:
18613:
18610:
18609:
18605:
18602:
18599:
18596:
18593:
18590:
18589:
18585:
18582:
18579:
18576:
18573:
18570:
18569:
18565:
18562:
18559:
18556:
18553:
18550:
18549:
18545:
18542:
18539:
18536:
18533:
18530:
18529:
18525:
18522:
18519:
18516:
18513:
18510:
18509:
18505:
18502:
18499:
18496:
18493:
18490:
18489:
18473:
18472:
18468:
18465:
18462:
18459:
18456:
18452:
18447:
18439:
18436:
18433:
18430:
18427:
18424:
18421:
18420:
18416:
18413:
18410:
18407:
18404:
18401:
18398:
18397:
18393:
18390:
18387:
18384:
18381:
18378:
18375:
18374:
18370:
18367:
18364:
18361:
18358:
18355:
18352:
18351:
18347:
18344:
18341:
18338:
18335:
18332:
18329:
18328:
18324:
18321:
18318:
18315:
18312:
18309:
18306:
18305:
18301:
18298:
18295:
18292:
18289:
18286:
18283:
18282:
18263:
18262:
18258:
18255:
18252:
18249:
18246:
18243:
18239:
18234:
18217:
18214:
18202:
18201:
18197:
18192:
18187:
18186:
18182:
18179:
18167:
18166:
18162:
18159:
18158:Massachusetts
18147:
18146:
18143:
18136:
18133:
18121:
18120:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18105:
18101:
18098:
18086:
18085:
18081:
18078:
18077:Massachusetts
18066:
18065:
18062:
18055:
18052:
18040:
18039:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18024:
18020:
18017:
18005:
18004:
18000:
17997:
17996:Massachusetts
17985:
17984:
17981:
17980:
17976:
17973:
17970:
17969:
17954:
17951:
17939:
17938:
17934:
17929:
17924:
17923:
17919:
17916:
17904:
17903:
17899:
17896:
17895:Massachusetts
17884:
17883:
17880:
17873:
17870:
17858:
17857:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17842:
17838:
17835:
17823:
17822:
17818:
17815:
17814:Massachusetts
17803:
17802:
17799:
17792:
17789:
17777:
17776:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17761:
17757:
17754:
17742:
17741:
17737:
17734:
17733:Massachusetts
17722:
17721:
17718:
17717:
17713:
17710:
17707:
17706:
17700:
17694:United States
17691:
17689:
17684:
17681:
17677:
17674:
17670:
17665:
17663:
17662:
17658:In 2013, the
17656:
17654:
17650:
17646:
17645:
17639:
17637:
17632:
17628:
17624:
17620:
17616:
17606:
17603:
17599:
17594:
17592:
17588:
17587:Stefan Löfven
17585:
17574:
17572:
17571:Ong Kian Ming
17562:
17560:
17555:
17552:
17548:
17544:
17543:Narendra Modi
17541:
17537:
17532:
17529:
17520:
17518:
17514:
17503:
17501:
17497:
17492:
17489:
17488:
17483:
17477:
17475:
17471:
17467:
17463:
17459:
17454:
17452:
17448:
17446:
17441:
17437:
17433:
17422:
17412:
17405:
17402:
17399:
17396:
17393:
17390:
17389:
17385:
17382:
17379:
17376:
17373:
17370:
17369:
17365:
17362:
17359:
17356:
17353:
17350:
17349:
17345:
17341:
17338:
17335:
17332:
17329:
17326:
17325:
17321:
17318:
17315:
17312:
17309:
17306:
17305:
17301:
17298:
17295:
17292:
17289:
17286:
17285:
17281:
17263:
17261:
17259:
17249:
17247:
17245:
17240:
17232:
17229:
17226:
17223:
17220:
17217:
17214:
17211:
17208:
17205:
17202:
17199:
17196:
17184:
17183:
17179:
17176:
17173:
17170:
17167:
17164:
17161:
17158:
17155:
17152:
17149:
17146:
17143:
17131:
17130:
17126:
17123:
17120:
17117:
17114:
17111:
17108:
17105:
17102:
17099:
17096:
17093:
17090:
17089:United States
17078:
17077:
17073:
17070:
17067:
17064:
17061:
17058:
17055:
17052:
17049:
17046:
17043:
17040:
17037:
17025:
17024:
17020:
17017:
17014:
17011:
17008:
17005:
17002:
16999:
16996:
16993:
16990:
16987:
16984:
16972:
16971:
16967:
16964:
16961:
16958:
16955:
16952:
16949:
16946:
16943:
16940:
16937:
16934:
16931:
16919:
16918:
16914:
16911:
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2791:United States
2780:
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2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1943:
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1938:
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1923:
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1336:United States
1325:
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454:
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448:
437:
434:
430:
427:, a model of
426:
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408:
404:
396:
394:
389:
381:
372:
370:
366:
361:
347:
339:
335:
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314:
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306:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
263:
254:
247:
246:
245:
236:
234:
230:
227:, changes in
226:
225:new knowledge
221:
217:
213:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
181:
173:
165:
156:
144:
140:
136:
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106:
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80:
73:
69:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
22:
21922:
21802:Labour force
21691:
21630:Suicide rate
21615:Obesity rate
21572:Urbanization
21513:Divorce rate
21485:demographics
21226:World cities
21030:
20991:
20962:. Retrieved
20952:
20940:. Retrieved
20937:The Guardian
20936:
20926:
20914:. Retrieved
20910:
20900:
20888:. Retrieved
20884:
20874:
20858:
20854:
20841:
20824:
20818:
20812:
20780:
20776:
20770:
20754:
20750:
20737:
20729:
20724:
20694:
20674:. Retrieved
20667:the original
20653:
20641:. Retrieved
20637:the original
20630:
20623:
20607:
20592:
20581:, retrieved
20577:The Guardian
20575:
20548:
20542:(in Swedish)
20535:
20518:(in Swedish)
20511:
20503:
20489:
20475:
20461:
20449:. Retrieved
20444:
20435:
20423:. Retrieved
20418:
20409:
20400:
20391:
20382:
20373:
20361:
20353:the original
20346:
20336:
20321:
20309:. Retrieved
20305:
20295:
20283:. Retrieved
20271:
20261:
20249:. Retrieved
20245:
20236:
20224:. Retrieved
20219:
20210:
20198:. Retrieved
20194:
20184:
20172:. Retrieved
20166:
20156:
20145:
20133:. Retrieved
20129:the original
20122:
20115:
20106:
20098:
20092:
20083:
20073:
20062:, retrieved
20056:
20046:
20035:, retrieved
20029:
20000:
19989:, retrieved
19976:
19970:
19959:, retrieved
19952:the original
19939:
19932:
19924:the original
19914:
19908:
19891:
19885:
19876:
19869:, retrieved
19857:
19850:
19825:
19821:
19811:
19783:
19776:
19764:. Retrieved
19760:
19751:
19739:. Retrieved
19735:
19709:
19703:
19693:
19687:
19678:
19672:
19662:
19657:
19642:
19630:
19613:
19598:
19586:. Retrieved
19582:the original
19572:
19563:
19538:
19534:
19528:
19516:. Retrieved
19504:
19491:
19479:. Retrieved
19475:the original
19465:
19453:. Retrieved
19441:
19431:
19412:
19408:
19397:
19386:
19361:
19357:
19351:
19326:
19322:
19312:
19303:
19284:
19280:
19250:
19225:
19221:
19211:
19186:
19182:
19142:
19138:
19116:
19104:. Retrieved
19100:the original
19069:. Retrieved
19060:
19051:
19032:
19026:
19014:. Retrieved
19010:
19007:"About PISA"
19001:
18966:in PISA 2009
18949:
18942:
18919:
18897:
18876:
18236:Mathematics
17971:Mathematics
17708:Mathematics
17697:
17685:
17678:
17666:
17659:
17657:
17642:
17640:
17612:
17595:
17580:
17568:
17561:disruption.
17556:
17533:
17530:
17526:
17517:Krista Kiuru
17509:
17493:
17485:
17478:
17455:
17449:
17429:
17410:
17394:Mathematics
17330:Mathematics
16715:
12853:
9657:
6202:Mathematics
5742:Saudi Arabia
4892:
4738:
3907:Saudi Arabia
3080:
2719:
1980:Saudi Arabia
1221:
723:
537:Mathematics
490:
467:
460:
451:
443:
422:
414:
411:Data scaling
405:
402:
390:
386:
362:
358:
345:
336:
332:
328:
321:
302:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
251:
242:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
211:
203:
194:
190:
188:
186:
117:Yuri Belfali
93:Membership
72:André Pascal
56:Headquarters
32:Abbreviation
21210:Middle East
20987:OECD (1999)
20942:22 November
20916:22 November
20890:22 November
20220:India Today
19871:14 December
19761:OECD – PISA
19661:C. Füller:
19588:22 November
19518:26 December
19481:22 November
19455:26 December
19228:(1): 5–25.
19145:(1): 1–31.
19106:22 November
19071:15 December
18741:US Average
18531:US Average
18330:US Average
18213:Puerto Rico
18195:US Average
18132:Puerto Rico
18114:US Average
18051:Puerto Rico
18033:US Average
17932:US Average
17915:Connecticut
17851:US Average
17834:Connecticut
17770:US Average
17753:Connecticut
16718:Switzerland
16029:New Zealand
15976:Netherlands
15340:South Korea
12856:Switzerland
12323:New Zealand
12282:Netherlands
11790:South Korea
9660:Switzerland
8971:New Zealand
8918:Netherlands
8282:South Korea
6064:Philippines
5926:El Salvador
5121:Netherlands
4741:Switzerland
4534:New Zealand
4396:South Korea
4252:Philippines
4091:El Salvador
2998:Netherlands
2722:Switzerland
2699:New Zealand
2538:South Korea
2348:El Salvador
2302:Philippines
1071:New Zealand
772:Netherlands
726:Switzerland
680:South Korea
425:Rasch model
21964:Categories
21937:Guidelines
21765:by country
21557:Irreligion
21538:Median age
21401:Birth rate
21236:Megacities
21180:Arab world
21127:Antarctica
20964:4 December
20583:4 December
19991:4 December
19016:8 February
18994:References
17554:as mango.
15923:Montenegro
15605:Luxembourg
15287:Kazakhstan
14121:Costa Rica
12241:Montenegro
11995:Luxembourg
11749:Kazakhstan
10847:Costa Rica
8865:Montenegro
8547:Luxembourg
8229:Kazakhstan
7063:Costa Rica
6156:Uzbekistan
5903:Azerbaijan
5719:Kazakhstan
5604:Montenegro
5443:Costa Rica
4275:Uzbekistan
3999:Azerbaijan
3884:Montenegro
3723:Costa Rica
3562:Kazakhstan
2210:Uzbekistan
2003:Costa Rica
1842:Azerbaijan
1819:Montenegro
1612:Kazakhstan
529:Sevastopol
369:Luxembourg
123:Main organ
21562:Sex ratio
21147:Caribbean
20513:Expressen
20311:11 August
20285:11 August
20280:0307-1235
20251:11 August
20226:12 August
20200:11 August
19842:2049-6613
19711:Analysis.
19695:Analysis.
19607:. Yahoo!.
19555:154584726
19513:1646-6500
19450:1646-6500
19378:144656964
19343:0964-4008
19242:0010-4086
19203:0010-4086
19161:1559-744X
19011:OECD PISA
18938:Argentina
18930:Hong Kong
18793:Hispanic
18571:Hispanic
18376:Hispanic
17653:birthrate
17631:Huw Lewis
17598:Expressen
17496:Liz Truss
17494:In 2014,
17474:Guangdong
17436:Hong Kong
17415:Reception
16453:Singapore
15552:Lithuania
14969:Indonesia
14810:Hong Kong
14598:Macedonia
13855:Argentina
13536:Australia
13483:Argentina
12651:Singapore
11954:Lithuania
11503:Indonesia
11380:Hong Kong
11216:Macedonia
10641:Argentina
10394:Australia
10353:Argentina
9395:Singapore
8494:Lithuania
7911:Indonesia
7752:Hong Kong
7540:Macedonia
6797:Argentina
6478:Australia
6425:Argentina
5949:Indonesia
5857:Guatemala
5650:Argentina
5052:Lithuania
4580:Australia
4557:Hong Kong
4327:Singapore
4114:Guatemala
3976:Indonesia
3815:Argentina
3102:Lithuania
2653:Australia
2584:Hong Kong
2446:Singapore
2325:Guatemala
2141:Indonesia
2072:Argentina
1117:Lithuania
910:Australia
634:Hong Kong
565:Singapore
463:Singapore
319:(PIRLS).
299:Framework
40:Formation
21725:Economic
21553:Religion
21175:Americas
20885:BBC News
20797:26161733
20195:BBC News
20168:BBC News
20084:BBC News
19065:Archived
18958:See also
18635:Reading
18449:Science
17977:Reading
17974:Science
17714:Reading
17711:Science
17623:Scotland
17565:Malaysia
17470:Zhejiang
17462:Shanghai
17432:Shanghai
17403:510,000
17383:470,000
17380:41 + 10
17374:Reading
17363:400,000
17354:Science
17339:275,000
17319:265,000
17310:Reading
16771:Thailand
16559:Slovenia
16506:Slovakia
16241:Portugal
15711:Malaysia
14068:Colombia
13802:Bulgaria
13645:B-S-J-G
13265:Country
13260:Reading
12897:Thailand
12733:Slovenia
12692:Slovakia
12487:Portugal
12077:Malaysia
10806:Colombia
10600:Bulgaria
10479:B-S-J-G
10189:Country
10184:Science
9713:Thailand
9501:Slovenia
9448:Slovakia
9183:Portugal
8653:Malaysia
7010:Colombia
6744:Bulgaria
6587:B-S-J-G
6207:Country
6179:Cambodia
5880:Paraguay
5811:Mongolia
5788:Thailand
5696:Malaysia
5627:Bulgaria
5558:Colombia
5190:Slovakia
5075:Slovenia
4879:Portugal
4298:Cambodia
4160:Paraguay
3769:Thailand
3700:Colombia
3654:Mongolia
3631:Malaysia
3585:Bulgaria
3309:Slovakia
3125:Portugal
2745:Slovenia
2417:Cambodia
2394:Paraguay
2026:Colombia
1888:Thailand
1796:Malaysia
1681:Bulgaria
1635:Mongolia
1359:Slovakia
1209:Portugal
979:Slovenia
543:Reading
540:Science
486:Zhejiang
478:Shanghai
355:Sampling
324:literacy
64:Location
21906:History
21792:Exports
21787:Imports
21706:(TIMSS)
21700:(PIRLS)
21459:Oceania
21200:Islands
21190:Eurasia
21154:Oceania
20833:2950928
20805:9251473
20697:(2013).
20676:13 July
20643:26 July
20451:27 July
20174:19 July
20135:7 March
20064:28 June
20037:28 June
19961:28 June
18984:(TIMSS)
18978:(TALIS)
18972:(PIRLS)
18915:Denmark
18907:Germany
17950:Florida
17869:Florida
17788:Florida
17671:of the
17615:England
17506:Finland
17466:Jiangsu
17458:Beijing
17316:4 + 11
17287:Period
17195:Vietnam
17142:Uruguay
16877:Tunisia
16347:Romania
15870:Moldova
15499:Lebanon
15022:Ireland
14916:Iceland
14863:Hungary
14704:Germany
14651:Georgia
14492:Finland
14439:Estonia
14333:Denmark
14174:Croatia
13696:Belgium
13589:Austria
13430:Algeria
13377:Albania
13225:Vietnam
13184:Uruguay
12979:Tunisia
12569:Romania
12200:Moldova
11913:Lebanon
11544:Ireland
11462:Iceland
11421:Hungary
11298:Germany
11257:Georgia
11134:Finland
11093:Estonia
11011:Denmark
10888:Croatia
10518:Belgium
10435:Austria
10312:Algeria
10271:Albania
10137:Vietnam
10084:Uruguay
9819:Tunisia
9289:Romania
8812:Moldova
8441:Lebanon
7964:Ireland
7858:Iceland
7805:Hungary
7646:Germany
7593:Georgia
7434:Finland
7381:Estonia
7275:Denmark
7116:Croatia
6638:Belgium
6531:Austria
6372:Algeria
6319:Albania
6133:Morocco
5995:Albania
5834:Georgia
5535:Jamaica
5489:Moldova
5374:Ukraine
5351:Romania
5305:Uruguay
5282:Iceland
5098:Vietnam
5029:Hungary
4915:Croatia
4833:Belgium
4810:Austria
4787:Germany
4649:Denmark
4626:Finland
4442:Estonia
4350:Ireland
4183:Morocco
4045:Albania
3953:Georgia
3861:Jamaica
3608:Moldova
3539:Romania
3470:Uruguay
3355:Iceland
3332:Ukraine
3240:Vietnam
3148:Croatia
3044:Hungary
2975:Belgium
2952:Austria
2929:Germany
2860:Denmark
2676:Ireland
2630:Finland
2561:Estonia
2187:Morocco
2118:Albania
2095:Jamaica
1934:Georgia
1773:Uruguay
1704:Moldova
1589:Romania
1497:Ukraine
1405:Iceland
1382:Croatia
1267:Vietnam
1186:Hungary
1094:Germany
1002:Finland
933:Austria
841:Denmark
818:Belgium
795:Ireland
703:Estonia
482:Jiangsu
474:Beijing
470:Lebanon
365:Iceland
142:Website
48:Purpose
21694:(PISA)
21582:Health
21483:Other
21449:Europe
21439:Africa
21137:Europe
21122:Africa
21084:Global
20999:
20911:Forbes
20831:
20803:
20795:
20425:19 May
20278:
19840:
19799:
19766:21 May
19741:21 May
19553:
19511:
19448:
19376:
19341:
19240:
19201:
19159:
19039:
18936:, and
18922:Forbes
18911:Norway
18845:Other
18819:Black
18715:White
18689:Asian
18684:Score
18681:Score
18678:Score
18675:Score
18672:Score
18669:Score
18666:Score
18611:Black
18591:Other
18511:White
18491:Asian
18486:Score
18483:Score
18480:Score
18477:Score
18474:Score
18422:Black
18399:Other
18307:White
18284:Asian
18279:Score
18276:Score
18273:Score
18270:Score
18267:Score
18264:Score
18210:
18175:
18155:
18129:
18094:
18074:
18048:
18013:
17993:
17947:
17912:
17892:
17866:
17831:
17811:
17785:
17750:
17730:
17577:Sweden
17549:under
17438:, and
17302:Notes
17290:Focus
17192:
17139:
17086:
17033:
16980:
16930:Turkey
16927:
16874:
16821:
16768:
16665:Sweden
16662:
16609:
16556:
16503:
16450:
16400:Russia
16397:
16344:
16291:
16238:
16188:Poland
16185:
16132:
16082:Norway
16079:
16026:
15973:
15920:
15867:
15817:Mexico
15814:
15761:
15708:
15655:
15602:
15549:
15496:
15446:Latvia
15443:
15393:Kosovo
15390:
15337:
15284:
15234:Jordan
15231:
15178:
15125:
15075:Israel
15072:
15019:
14966:
14913:
14860:
14807:
14757:Greece
14754:
14701:
14648:
14595:
14545:France
14542:
14489:
14436:
14383:
14330:
14277:
14227:Cyprus
14224:
14171:
14118:
14065:
14015:Taiwan
14012:
13959:
13909:Canada
13906:
13852:
13799:
13749:Brazil
13746:
13693:
13639:
13586:
13533:
13480:
13427:
13374:
13318:Score
13312:Score
13306:Score
13300:Score
13294:Score
13288:Score
13222:
13181:
13140:
13099:
13058:
13020:Turkey
13017:
12976:
12935:
12894:
12815:Sweden
12812:
12771:
12730:
12689:
12648:
12610:Russia
12607:
12566:
12525:
12484:
12446:Poland
12443:
12402:
12364:Norway
12361:
12320:
12279:
12238:
12197:
12159:Mexico
12156:
12115:
12074:
12033:
11992:
11951:
11910:
11872:Latvia
11869:
11831:Kosovo
11828:
11787:
11746:
11708:Jordan
11705:
11664:
11623:
11585:Israel
11582:
11541:
11500:
11459:
11418:
11377:
11339:Greece
11336:
11295:
11254:
11213:
11175:France
11172:
11131:
11090:
11049:
11008:
10967:
10929:Cyprus
10926:
10885:
10844:
10803:
10765:Taiwan
10762:
10721:
10683:Canada
10680:
10638:
10597:
10559:Brazil
10556:
10515:
10473:
10432:
10391:
10350:
10309:
10268:
10224:Score
10218:Score
10212:Score
10206:Score
10134:
10081:
10028:
9975:
9922:
9872:Turkey
9869:
9816:
9763:
9710:
9607:Sweden
9604:
9551:
9498:
9445:
9392:
9342:Russia
9339:
9286:
9233:
9180:
9130:Poland
9127:
9074:
9024:Norway
9021:
8968:
8915:
8862:
8809:
8759:Mexico
8756:
8703:
8650:
8597:
8544:
8491:
8438:
8388:Latvia
8385:
8335:Kosovo
8332:
8279:
8226:
8176:Jordan
8173:
8120:
8067:
8017:Israel
8014:
7961:
7908:
7855:
7802:
7749:
7699:Greece
7696:
7643:
7590:
7537:
7487:France
7484:
7431:
7378:
7325:
7272:
7219:
7169:Cyprus
7166:
7113:
7060:
7007:
6957:Taiwan
6954:
6901:
6851:Canada
6848:
6794:
6741:
6691:Brazil
6688:
6635:
6581:
6528:
6475:
6422:
6369:
6316:
6260:Score
6254:Score
6248:Score
6242:Score
6236:Score
6230:Score
6176:
6153:
6130:
6110:Kosovo
6107:
6087:Jordan
6084:
6061:
6038:
6015:
5992:
5969:
5946:
5923:
5900:
5877:
5854:
5831:
5808:
5785:
5765:Cyprus
5762:
5739:
5716:
5693:
5673:Panama
5670:
5647:
5624:
5601:
5578:
5555:
5532:
5512:Brazil
5509:
5486:
5466:Mexico
5463:
5440:
5417:
5394:
5371:
5348:
5328:Brunei
5325:
5302:
5279:
5259:Greece
5256:
5236:Serbia
5233:
5210:
5187:
5164:
5144:Turkey
5141:
5118:
5095:
5072:
5049:
5026:
5006:Israel
5003:
4983:France
4980:
4958:
4938:Latvia
4935:
4912:
4876:
4856:Norway
4853:
4830:
4807:
4784:
4761:
4718:Sweden
4715:
4692:
4672:Poland
4669:
4646:
4623:
4600:
4577:
4554:
4531:
4508:
4488:Canada
4485:
4462:
4439:
4416:
4393:
4370:
4347:
4324:
4295:
4272:
4249:
4229:Kosovo
4226:
4203:
4180:
4157:
4134:
4111:
4088:
4068:Jordan
4065:
4042:
4019:
3996:
3973:
3950:
3930:Panama
3927:
3904:
3881:
3858:
3838:Brazil
3835:
3812:
3789:
3766:
3746:Mexico
3743:
3720:
3697:
3677:Cyprus
3674:
3651:
3628:
3605:
3582:
3559:
3536:
3513:
3490:
3467:
3447:Greece
3444:
3421:
3401:Brunei
3398:
3378:Serbia
3375:
3352:
3329:
3306:
3286:Israel
3283:
3260:
3237:
3217:Turkey
3214:
3191:
3171:Norway
3168:
3145:
3122:
3099:
3064:
3041:
3021:France
3018:
2995:
2972:
2949:
2926:
2906:Sweden
2903:
2883:Latvia
2880:
2857:
2834:
2814:Poland
2811:
2788:
2765:
2742:
2696:
2673:
2650:
2627:
2607:Canada
2604:
2581:
2558:
2535:
2512:
2489:
2466:
2443:
2414:
2391:
2368:
2345:
2322:
2299:
2279:Kosovo
2276:
2256:Panama
2253:
2233:Jordan
2230:
2207:
2184:
2161:
2138:
2115:
2092:
2069:
2049:Brazil
2046:
2023:
2000:
1977:
1954:
1931:
1908:
1885:
1865:Mexico
1862:
1839:
1816:
1793:
1770:
1747:
1724:
1701:
1678:
1658:Cyprus
1655:
1632:
1609:
1586:
1566:Greece
1563:
1540:
1520:Serbia
1517:
1494:
1474:Brunei
1471:
1451:Turkey
1448:
1428:Israel
1425:
1402:
1379:
1356:
1333:
1310:
1290:Norway
1287:
1264:
1241:
1206:
1183:
1160:
1140:France
1137:
1114:
1091:
1068:
1048:Sweden
1045:
1025:Latvia
1022:
999:
976:
953:
930:
907:
887:Poland
884:
861:
838:
815:
792:
769:
749:Canada
746:
700:
677:
654:
631:
608:
585:
562:
523:, the
231:, and
70:2 rue
21647:(BMI)
21434:World
20851:(PDF)
20829:JSTOR
20801:S2CID
20747:(PDF)
20716:(PDF)
20670:(PDF)
20663:(PDF)
19981:(PDF)
19955:(PDF)
19944:(PDF)
19896:(PDF)
19862:(PDF)
19828:(3).
19622:(PDF)
19551:S2CID
19501:(PDF)
19374:S2CID
18934:Macau
18926:China
18661:2000
18658:2003
18655:2006
18652:2009
18649:2012
18646:2015
18643:2018
18640:Race
18469:2006
18466:2009
18463:2012
18460:2015
18457:2018
18454:Race
18259:2003
18256:2006
18253:2009
18250:2012
18247:2015
18244:2018
18241:Race
17619:Wales
17523:India
17482:hukou
17440:Macau
17426:China
17391:2012
17371:2009
17351:2006
17327:2003
17307:2000
16612:Spain
16294:Qatar
15764:Malta
15658:Macau
15181:Japan
15128:Italy
13962:Chile
13858:CABA
13642:China
13321:Rank
13315:Rank
13309:Rank
13303:Rank
13297:Rank
13291:Rank
13283:2000
13280:2003
13277:2006
13274:2009
13271:2012
13268:2015
12774:Spain
12528:Qatar
12118:Malta
12036:Macau
11667:Japan
11626:Italy
10724:Chile
10644:CABA
10476:China
10227:Rank
10221:Rank
10215:Rank
10209:Rank
10201:2006
10198:2009
10195:2012
10192:2015
9554:Spain
9236:Qatar
8706:Malta
8600:Macau
8123:Japan
8070:Italy
6904:Chile
6800:CABA
6584:China
6263:Rank
6257:Rank
6251:Rank
6245:Rank
6239:Rank
6233:Rank
6225:2000
6222:2003
6219:2006
6216:2009
6213:2012
6210:2015
5397:Qatar
5213:Malta
5167:Chile
4961:Spain
4764:Italy
4465:Macau
4373:Japan
3516:Qatar
3424:Chile
3263:Malta
3194:Italy
3067:Spain
2492:Macau
2469:Japan
1750:Chile
1727:Qatar
1313:Malta
1244:Italy
1163:Spain
657:Japan
588:Macau
468:Both
153:/pisa
149:.oecd
87:World
22000:OECD
21444:Asia
21327:2015
21322:2010
21317:2005
21312:2000
21307:1989
21302:1939
21297:1900
21292:1800
21287:1700
21282:1600
21277:1500
21272:1000
21132:Asia
21027:PISA
20997:ISBN
20966:2019
20944:2019
20918:2019
20892:2019
20793:PMID
20678:2017
20645:2013
20585:2013
20453:2024
20427:2018
20313:2020
20287:2020
20276:ISSN
20253:2020
20228:2020
20202:2020
20176:2014
20137:2014
20066:2012
20039:2012
19993:2013
19985:OECD
19963:2012
19948:OECD
19920:ACER
19900:OECD
19873:2013
19866:NCES
19838:ISSN
19797:ISBN
19768:2024
19743:2024
19590:2019
19520:2017
19509:ISSN
19483:2019
19457:2017
19446:ISSN
19339:ISSN
19238:ISSN
19199:ISSN
19157:ISSN
19108:2019
19073:2023
19061:OECD
19037:ISBN
19018:2018
18913:and
18866:455
18863:456
18857:462
18854:438
18851:440
18840:445
18837:430
18831:441
18828:443
18825:443
18822:448
18814:449
18811:453
18805:466
18802:478
18799:478
18796:481
18785:515
18779:502
18776:517
18773:498
18770:501
18762:504
18759:495
18753:500
18750:498
18747:497
18744:505
18736:538
18733:525
18727:525
18724:519
18721:526
18718:531
18710:546
18707:513
18701:541
18698:550
18695:527
18692:556
18626:409
18623:435
18620:439
18617:433
18614:440
18606:453
18603:465
18600:439
18597:462
18586:439
18583:464
18580:462
18577:470
18574:478
18566:501
18563:503
18560:511
18557:503
18554:502
18546:489
18543:502
18540:497
18537:496
18534:502
18526:523
18523:532
18520:528
18517:531
18514:529
18506:499
18503:536
18500:546
18497:525
18494:551
18440:417
18437:404
18434:423
18431:421
18428:419
18425:419
18417:446
18414:446
18411:460
18408:436
18405:423
18394:443
18391:436
18388:453
18385:455
18382:446
18379:452
18371:502
18368:482
18365:487
18362:492
18359:475
18356:474
18348:483
18345:474
18342:487
18339:481
18336:470
18333:478
18325:512
18322:502
18319:515
18316:506
18313:499
18310:503
18302:506
18299:494
18296:524
18293:549
18290:498
18287:539
18218:410
18198:497
18183:500
18163:527
18137:403
18117:496
18102:502
18082:529
18056:378
18036:470
18021:471
18001:500
17955:492
17935:498
17920:521
17900:527
17874:485
17854:497
17839:521
17819:527
17793:467
17773:481
17758:506
17738:514
17625:and
17468:and
17206:508
17200:487
17171:434
17165:413
17159:426
17153:411
17147:437
17124:504
17118:495
17106:500
17100:498
17094:497
17071:523
17065:507
17059:495
17053:494
17047:499
17041:498
16994:442
16988:434
16959:441
16953:447
16947:464
16941:475
16935:428
16906:375
16900:380
16894:404
16888:404
16882:361
16841:416
16829:427
16806:431
16800:420
16794:417
16788:421
16782:441
16776:409
16753:494
16747:499
16741:499
16735:501
16729:509
16723:492
16700:516
16694:514
16688:507
16682:497
16676:483
16670:500
16647:493
16641:481
16635:461
16629:481
16623:488
16617:496
16582:494
16576:483
16570:481
16564:505
16535:469
16529:466
16523:477
16517:463
16511:453
16470:526
16464:542
16458:535
16435:462
16429:442
16423:440
16417:459
16411:475
16405:495
16382:428
16370:396
16364:424
16358:438
16352:434
16317:312
16311:372
16305:388
16299:402
16276:470
16270:478
16264:472
16258:489
16252:488
16246:498
16223:479
16217:497
16211:508
16205:500
16199:518
16193:506
16170:327
16152:370
16146:384
16140:398
16135:Peru
16117:505
16111:500
16105:484
16099:503
16093:504
16087:513
16064:529
16058:522
16052:521
16046:521
16040:512
16034:509
16005:513
15999:507
15993:508
15987:511
15981:503
15946:392
15940:408
15934:422
15928:427
15875:416
15852:422
15846:400
15840:410
15834:425
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