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in great variation among the states in statewide student assessment practices. This variation creates a challenge in understanding the achievement levels of students across the United States. Since 2003, NCES has supported research that compares the proficiency standards of NAEP with those of individual states. State assessments are placed onto a common scale defined by NAEP scores, which allows states' proficiency standards to be compared not only to NAEP, but also to each other. NCES has released the
Mapping State Proficiency Standards report using state data for mathematics and reading in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, and most recently 2013.
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releases a number of reports and data summaries that highlight achievement gap. – Some examples include the School
Composition and the Black-White Achievement Gap and the Hispanic-White and the Black-White Achievement Gap Performance. These publications use NAEP scores in mathematics and/or reading for these groups to either provide data summaries or illuminate patterns and changes in these gaps over time. Research reports, like the School Composition and Black-White Achievement Gap, also include caveats and cautions to interpreting the data.
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on the test and are at twelfth grade level. The fact that few eighth graders are proficient by this standard and achieve at twelfth grade level has been misinterpreted to allege that few eighth graders achieve even at eighth grade level. NAEP says, "Students who may be proficient in a subject, given the common usage of the term, might not satisfy the requirements for performance at the NAEP achievement level" James Harvey, principal author of
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157:. The first national administration of NAEP occurred in 1969. The National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) is an independent, bipartisan board that sets policy for NAEP and is responsible for developing the framework and test specifications.The National Assessment Governing Board, whose members are appointed by the
832:) is a project developed to determine the feasibility of using NAEP to report on the performance of public school students at the district level. As authorized by congress, NAEP has administered the mathematics, reading, science, and writing assessments to samples of students in selected urban districts.
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Under the 2001 reauthorization of the
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, states develop their own assessments and set their own proficiency standards to measure student achievement. Each state controls its own assessment programs, including developing its own standards, resulting
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is an international assessment by the
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) that measures student learning in mathematics and science. NCES initiated the NAEP-TIMSS linking study so that states and selected districts can compare their own students' performance
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Main NAEP assessments are typically administered over approximately six weeks between the end of
January and the beginning of March of every year. Long-term trend assessments are typically administered every four years by age group between October and May. All of the assessments are administered by
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The assessments given in the states are exactly the same as those given nationally. Traditionally, state NAEP was assessed only at grades 4 and 8. However, a 2009 pilot program allowed 11 states (Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, South
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NAEP results are designed to provide group-level data on student achievement in various subjects, and are released as The Nation's Report Card. There are no results for individual students, classrooms, or schools. NAEP reports results for different demographic groups, including gender, socioeconomic
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Interpretation of NAEP results has been difficult: NAEP's category of "proficient" on a reading test given to fourth graders reflects students who do well on the test and are at seventh grade level. NAEP's category of "proficient" on a math test given to eighth graders reflects students who do well
2015:
has drawn some criticism related to interpretation of results. For example, the Nation's Report Card reported "Males
Outperform Females at all Three Grades in 2005" as a result of science test scores of 100,000 students in each grade. Hyde and Linn criticized this claim, because the mean difference
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educate about 10 percent of the nation's students. In the first report, assessment results for all private schools and for the largest private school categories—Catholic, Lutheran, and
Conservative Christian—were compared with those for public schools (when applicable). The second report examined
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In 2011, NAEP transitioned its writing assessment (at grades 8 and 12) from paper and pencil to a computer-based administration in order to measure students' ability to write using a computer. The assessment takes advantage of many features of current digital technology and the tasks are delivered
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Although NAEP has been administered since the 1970's, in 2021 US DOE officials have decided to postpone the assessment in math and reading due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The reasons for postponing include the possibility of skewed student samples as well as results due to differing distance learning
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In 2009, ICTs were administered as part of the paper-and-pencil science assessment. The computer delivery affords measurement of science knowledge, processes, and skills not able to be assessed in other modes. Tasks included performance of investigations that include observations of phenomena that
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While most NAEP assessments are administered in a paper-and-pencil based format, NAEP is evolving to address the changing educational landscape through its transition to digitally-based assessments. NAEP is using the latest technology available to deliver assessments to students, and as technology
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explores the relationship between grade 12 NAEP achievement and high school academic careers by surveying the curricula being followed in our nation's high schools and the course-taking patterns of high school students through a collection of transcripts. Recent studies have placed an emphasis on
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State NAEP results are available in some subjects for grades 4 and 8. This allows participating states to monitor their own progress over time in mathematics, reading, science, and writing. They can then compare the knowledge and skills of their students with students in other states and with the
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Although long-term trend and main NAEP both assess mathematics and reading, there are several differences between them. In particular, the assessments differ in the content assessed, how often the assessment is administered, and how the results are reported. These and other differences mean that
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Through 1988, NAEP reported only on the academic achievement of the nation as a whole and for demographic groups within the population. Congress passed legislation in 1988 authorizing a voluntary Trial State
Assessment. Separate representative samples of students were selected from each state or
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Main NAEP assessments are conducted in a range of subjects with fourth-, eighth- and twelfth-graders across the country. Assessments are given most frequently in mathematics, reading, science, and writing. Other subjects such as the arts, civics, economics, geography, technology and engineering
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to set up the
Exploratory Committee for the Assessment of Progress in Education (ESCAPE). The first national assessments were held in 1969. Voluntary assessments for the states began in 1990 on a trial basis and in 1996 were made a permanent feature of NAEP to be administered every two years. In
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is a two-part study designed to describe the condition of education for American Indian/Alaska Native students in the United States. The first part of the study consists of assessment results in mathematics and reading at grades 4 and 8. The second part presents the results of a survey given to
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occur when one group of students outperforms another group and the difference in average scores for the two groups is statistically significant (that is, larger than the margin of error). In initial report releases NAEP highlights achievement gaps across student groups. However, NAEP has also
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This special study in multi-stage testing, implemented in 2011, investigated the use of adaptive testing principles in the NAEP context. A sample of students were given an online mathematics assessment which adapts to their ability level. All of the items in the study are existing NAEP items.
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National NAEP reports statistical information about student performance and factors related to educational performance for the nation and for specific demographic groups in the population (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender). It includes students from both public and nonpublic (private) schools and
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ruling, and explicitly referred to the 1954 decision which identified the problem, not the 1955 decision which ordered desegregation. NAEP asked students to "describe the conditions that this 1954 decision was designed to correct." They marked students wrong who mentioned segregation without
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procedure that allows the assessment to be representative of the geographical, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity of the schools and students in the United States. Data is also provided on students with disabilities and English language learners. NAEP assessments are administered to
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In addition to assessing student achievement in various subjects, NAEP also surveys students, teachers, and school administrators to help provide contextual information. Questions asking about participants' race or ethnicity, school attendance, and academic expectations help policy makers,
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legislation. This legislation requires that states which receive Title I funding must participate in state NAEP assessments in mathematics and reading at grades 4 and 8 every two years. State participation in other subjects assessed by state NAEP (science and writing) remains voluntary.
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The TEL assessment framework describes technology and engineering literacy as the capacity to use, understand, and evaluate technology as well as to understand technological principles and strategies needed to develop solutions and achieve goals. The three areas of the assessment are:
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Long-term trend NAEP is administered to 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds periodically at the national level. Long-term trend assessments measure student performance in mathematics and reading and allow the performance of today's students to be compared with students since the early 1970s.
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was undertaken to discover how well the nation's fourth-graders can read aloud a typical grade 4 story. The assessment provided information about students' fluency in reading aloud and examined the relationship between oral reading, accuracy, rate, fluency, and reading
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Teachers, principals, parents, policymakers, and researchers all use NAEP results to assess student progress across the country and develop ways to improve education in the United States. NAEP has been providing data on student performance since 1969.
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These assessments follow subject-area frameworks that are developed by the NAGB and use the latest advances in assessment methodology. Under main NAEP, results are reported at the national level, and in some cases, the state and district levels.
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NAEP scores each test by a statistical method, sets cutoffs for "basic" and "proficient" standards, and gives examples of what students at each level accomplished on the test. The process to design the tests and standards has been criticized by
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NAEP is conducted in partnership with states. The NAEP program provides funding for a full-time NSC in each state. He or she serves as the liaison between NAEP, the state's education agency, and the schools selected to participate.
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jurisdiction that agreed to participate in state NAEP. Trial state assessments were conducted in 1990, 1992, and 1994. Beginning with the 1996 assessment, the authorizing statute no longer considered the state component a "trial.”
1806:– includes computers and software learning tools; networking systems and protocols; hand-held digital devices; and other technologies for accessing, creating, and communicating information and for facilitating creative expression.
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participating students using the same test booklets and procedures, except accommodations for students with disabilities, so NAEP results are used for comparison of states and urban districts that participate in the assessment.
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against international benchmarks. The linking study was conducted in 2011 at grade 8 in mathematics and science. NCES will "project", state and district-level scores on TIMSS in both subjects using data from NAEP.
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In addition to the assessments, NAEP coordinates a number of related special studies that often involve special data collection processes, secondary analyses of NAEP results, and evaluations of technical procedures.
1800:– covers the nature of technology; the engineering design process by which technologies are developed; and basic principles of dealing with everyday technologies, including maintenance and troubleshooting.
161:, includes governors, state legislators, local and state school officials, educators, business representatives, and members of the general public. Congress created the 26-member Governing Board in 1988.
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evolves, so will the nature of delivery of the DBAs. The goal is for all NAEP assessments to be paperless by the end of the decade. The 2011 writing assessment was the first to be fully computer-based.
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in multimedia formats, such as short videos and audio. Additionally, in an effort to include as many students as possible, the writing computer-based assessment system has embedded within it several
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mentioning desegregation. In fact the question asked only about existing conditions, not remedies, and in any case the 1954 decision did not order desegregation. The country waited until the 1955
145:) is the largest continuing and nationally representative assessment of what U.S. students know and can do in various subjects. NAEP is a congressionally mandated project administered by the
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and heavily overlapped distributions. They argue that "small differences in performance in the NAEP and other studies receive extensive publicity, reinforcing subtle, persistent, biases."
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NAEP's choice of which answers to mark right or wrong has also been criticized, a problem which happens in other countries too. For example, a history question asked about the 1954
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differences between public and private schools in 2003 NAEP mean mathematics and reading scores when selected characteristics of students and/or schools were taken into account.
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decision to hear about "all deliberate speed." Another history question marked students wrong who knew the US fought Russians as well as Chinese and North Koreans in the
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American Indian/Alaska Native students, their teachers and their school administrators. The surveys focus on the students' cultural experiences in and out of school.
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NAEP's claim to measure critical thinking has also been criticized. UCLA researchers found that students could choose the correct answers without critical thinking.
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Over the years, NCES has conducted a number of other studies related to different aspects of the NAEP program. A few studies from the recent past are listed below:
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The development of a successful NAEP program has involved many, including researchers, state education officials, contractors, policymakers, students, and teachers.
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features such as text-to-speech, adjustable font size, and electronic spell check. In 2012, NAEP piloted the computer-based assessment for students at grade 4.
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are similar to other public schools in many respects, they differ in several important ways, including the makeup of the student population and their location.
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was designed to explore the use of technology, especially the use of the computer as a tool to enhance the quality and efficiency of educational assessments.
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would otherwise take a long time, modeling of phenomena on a very large scale or invisible to the naked eye, and research of extensive resource documents.
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2002, selected urban districts participated in the state-level assessments on a trial basis and continue as the Trial Urban District Assessment (TUDA).
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1794:– deals with the effects that technology has on society and on the natural world and with the sorts of ethical questions that arise from those effects.
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2373:"Commissioner's Remarks-Due to COVID Pandemic, NCES to delay National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) assessment-November 25, 2020"
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Eighth-grade students throughout the nation took the assessment in winter of 2014. Results from this assessment were released in May 2016.
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As educational priorities change, develop new assessment instruments that reflect current educational content and assessment methodology.
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228:. The first site details the NAEP program holistically, while the second focuses primarily on the individual releases of data.
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2040:. Other released questions on math and writing have had similar criticism. Math answers have penalized students who understand
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was a pilot study conducted as a part of the 2003 NAEP assessments in mathematics and reading at the fourth-grade level. While
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2424:"Male and Female Students Make Gains Since 2000 at Grade 4; Males Outperform Females at all Three Grades in 2005"
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Like all NAEP assessments, state NAEP does not provide individual scores for the students or schools assessed.
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began with six urban districts in 2002, and has since expanded to 27 districts for the 2017 assessment cycle.
2649:"The 'nation's report card' says it assesses critical thinking in history — but NAEP gets an F on that score"
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Grading the Nation's Report Card: Evaluating NAEP and Transforming the Assessment of Educational Progress
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2505:"An urgent overhaul of VCE exams is needed after multiple errors, experts say. But how did this happen?"
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education and how it correlates to student achievement on the NAEP mathematics and science assessments.
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2193:"A history of the National Assessment of Educational Progress and some questions about its future"
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White Paper on 50 Years of NAEP Use: Where NAEP Has Been and Where It Should Go Next
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A significant change to state NAEP occurred in 2001 with the reauthorization of the
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NSCs provide many important services for the NAEP program and are responsible for:
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2246:"Revised, November 2018 G ALLOWABLE ACCOMMODATIONS FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES"
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2331:"Results for public school students in 11 states available for the first time"
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researchers, and the general public better understand the assessment results.
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2352:"What are the main differences between Long-Term Trend NAEP and Main NAEP?"
2268:"NAEP and Testing Students with Disabilities and English Language Learners"
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2806:"Why a social media fight between Campbell Brown and her critics matters"
2017:
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Dakota, and West Virginia) to receive scores at the twelfth-grade level.
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NAGB sets the calendar for NAEP assessments. Please refer to the entire
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results from long-term trend and main NAEP cannot be compared directly.
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White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans
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White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
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White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education
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status, and race/ethnicity. Assessments are given most frequently in
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for all NAEP assessments since 1968 and those planned through 2017.
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James W. Pellegrino; Lee R. Jones; Karen J. Mitchell, eds. (1999),
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2128:"History and Innovation - What is the Nation's Report Card | NAEP"
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options and because of safety concerns for proctors and students.
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depending on the subject reports results for grades 4, 8, and 12.
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3118:
White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
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White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics
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Winebeurg, Sam, Mark Smith and Joel Breakstone (2017-09-19).
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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
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literacy (TEL), and U.S. history are assessed periodically.
754:. This separation makes it possible to meet two objectives:
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assisting with the analysis and reporting of NAEP data, and
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2566:"Testing students' knowledge of the civil rights movement"
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
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promoting public understanding of NAEP and its resources
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Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
2699:"NAEP: A flawed benchmark producing the same old story"
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Hyde, Janet Shibley; Marcia C. Linn (27 October 2006).
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The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
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Technology and Engineering Literacy (TEL) Assessment
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History News Network - George Washington University
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3170:Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance
2912:Clearinghouse on Tests Measurement and Evaluation.
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2591:"Wrong "Correct" Answers: The Scourge of the NAEP"
2538:"Language Log » A reading comprehension test"
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1744:coordinating the NAEP administration in the state,
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3100:Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education
2451:"Gender similarities in mathematics and science"
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1728:NAEP-contracted field staff across the country.
197:, technology and engineering literacy (TEL) and
2016:was only 4 out of 300 points, implying a small
147:National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
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58:"National Assessment of Educational Progress"
3067:Office of Elementary and Secondary Education
2679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3155:National Assessment of Educational Progress
2616:"U.S. STUDENTS THE MYTH OF MASSIVE FAILURE"
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1886:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1307:Fort Worth (TX) Independent School District
139:National Assessment of Educational Progress
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2354:. National Center for Education Statistics
2333:. National Center for Education Statistics
2312:. National Center for Education Statistics
2291:. National Center for Education Statistics
2172:(Report). American Institutes for Research
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730:NAEP began in 1964, with a grant from the
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1906:Learn how and when to remove this message
746:There are two types of NAEP assessments,
285:History of education in the United States
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3013:National Center for Education Statistics
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2411:National Center for Education Statistics
2398:NAEP (homesite), retrieved 13 April 2013
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2289:"Measuring Student Progress Since 1964"
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3062:Office of English Language Acquisition
3051:Rehabilitation Services Administration
2910:Education Resources Information Center
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1944:National Indian Education Study (NIES)
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1128:Cleveland Metropolitan School District
806:Elementary and Secondary Education Act
45:Please improve this article by adding
3203:United States Department of Education
3182:National Board for Education Sciences
2952:United States Department of Education
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1755:New digitally-based assessments (DBA)
1575:New York City Department of Education
310:History of education in New York City
300:History of education in Massachusetts
155:United States Department of Education
151:Institute of Education Sciences (IES)
3056:Office of Special Education Programs
3041:Office of Innovation and Improvement
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2916:National Assessment Governing Board
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2408:Mapping State Proficiency Standards
2044:, interest on loans, and errors in
2000:Technology-Based Assessment project
1957:Mapping State Proficiency Standards
1848:High School Transcript Study (HSTS)
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1482:Los Angeles Unified School District
1418:Houston Independent School District
1246:District of Columbia Public Schools
761:Measure student progress over time.
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3104:Office of Postsecondary Education
2896:NAEP assessment reports since 2005
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940:Austin Independent School District
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1814:Writing Computer-Based Assessment
1764:Interactive Computer Tasks (ICTs)
1639:San Diego Unified School District
1102:Clark County (NV) School District
220:There are two NAEP websites: the
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2723:"NAEP Levels Found To Be Flawed"
2073:American Institutes for Research
2065:Government Accountability Office
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1773:Mathematics Computer-Based Study
1516:Miami-Dade County Public Schools
1280:Duval County (FL) Public Schools
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305:History of education in Missouri
295:History of education in Kentucky
226:The Nation's Report Card website
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3173:National Institute for Literacy
3009:Institute of Education Sciences
2967:(Education Department Building)
2804:Strauss, Valerie (2016-05-23).
2759:"The Problem with "Proficient""
2757:Harvey, James (February 2018).
2503:Cassidy, Caitlin (2023-11-18).
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2310:"Frameworks and Specifications"
2266:Freedman, Miriam (2009-03-04).
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826:Trial Urban District Assessment
820:Trial Urban District Assessment
290:History of education in Chicago
2430:. U.S. Department of Education
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3033:Deputy Secretary of Education
2986:Deputy Secretary of Education
2536:Liberman, Mark (2011-06-22).
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2061:National Academy of Education
1732:NAEP State Coordinators (NSC)
1035:Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools
972:Baltimore City Public Schools
133:The Nation's Report Card Logo
47:secondary or tertiary sources
3087:Under Secretary of Education
2779:Loveless, Tom (2016-06-13).
2697:Harvey, James (2011-11-04).
2069:National Academy of Sciences
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1227:
1209:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
899:
896:
893:
890:
7:
3076:Office of Migrant Education
2901:Massachusetts NAEP Web page
2781:"The NAEP proficiency myth"
2102:
2057:Western Michigan University
2026:Brown v. Board of Education
778:
603:For-profit higher education
201:are assessed periodically.
159:U.S. Secretary of Education
10:
3224:
2614:Burke, Paul (1990-08-28).
2165:Mullis, Ina V. S. (2019).
2109:NAEP - Reading achievement
1672:Shelby County (TN) Schools
877:Albuquerque Public Schools
556:School corporal punishment
231:
3164:Independent organizations
3163:
3137:
3085:
3031:
3020:
2994:
2958:
2413:, retrieved 13 April 2013
2210:10.3102/0013189X025007015
2048:a graph beyond the data.
1983:America's Charter Schools
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
591:School-to-work transition
181:. Other subjects such as
2428:The Nation's Report Card
2085:Buros Center for Testing
1931:NAEP-TIMSS Linking Study
1546:Milwaukee Public Schools
787:
694:United States portal
240:This article is part of
3004:Office for Civil Rights
2467:10.1126/science.1132154
2190:Jones, Lyle V. (1996).
1827:Studies using NAEP data
765:
412:Education policy issues
381:Environmental education
2996:Secretary of Education
2977:Secretary of Education
2964:400 Maryland Avenue SW
2763:Educational Leadership
2198:Educational Researcher
2152:"Nation's report card"
1792:Technology and society
1216:Detroit Public Schools
1068:Chicago Public Schools
906:Atlanta Public Schools
810:"No Child Left Behind"
808:, also referred to as
549:Standards-based reform
524:Gender achievement gap
514:Racial achievement gap
447:Educational attainment
134:
126:
34:relies excessively on
2083:(2007 and 2016), the
2081:Brookings Institution
2042:negative square roots
1190:Denver Public Schools
1002:Boston Public Schools
615:Research universities
482:Student financial aid
477:Graduate unemployment
452:Post-secondary issues
428:Primary and secondary
391:Mathematics education
132:
124:
2011:NAEP's heavy use of
1880:improve this section
752:long-term trend NAEP
732:Carnegie Corporation
683:Education portal
519:Desegregation busing
472:Elite overproduction
401:Vocational education
3095:Federal Student Aid
2891:NAEP Questions Tool
1722:assessment schedule
1716:Assessment schedule
636:Levels of education
608:For-profit colleges
576:Foreign involvement
2886:NAEP Data Explorer
2234:– via JSTOR.
1976:Oral Reading Study
1798:Design and systems
598:Community colleges
544:School segregation
462:Cost and financing
386:Language education
135:
127:
3190:
3189:
2863:978-0-309-06285-5
2570:Los Angeles Times
2542:U of Pennsylvania
2461:(5799): 599–600.
2077:RTI International
1916:
1915:
1908:
1696:
1695:
728:
727:
581:Special education
571:Sexual harassment
364:Medical education
318:Curriculum topics
254:
222:NCES NAEP website
119:
118:
111:
93:
3215:
3026:
3025:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2882:
2881:
2879:Official website
2866:
2847:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2727:www.fairtest.org
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2399:
2396:Achievement Gaps
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2124:
2097:A Nation at Risk
2087:(2009), and the
1911:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1860:
1852:
1841:Achievement gaps
1836:Achievement gaps
1821:universal design
841:
720:
713:
706:
692:
691:
690:
681:
680:
620:Community school
539:Racial diversity
509:Achievement gaps
413:
275:in insular areas
257:
253:Education in the
252:
236:
235:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3159:
3133:
3081:
3027:
3023:
3018:
2990:
2966:
2954:
2949:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2864:
2836:
2834:Further reading
2831:
2822:
2820:
2810:Washington Post
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2770:
2755:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2703:Washington Post
2695:
2688:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2653:Washington Post
2645:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2620:Washington Post
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2009:
1993:Private Schools
1987:charter schools
1968:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1877:
1861:
1850:
1838:
1829:
1816:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1734:
1718:
1701:
1699:Long-term trend
822:
790:
781:
768:
744:
724:
688:
686:
685:
675:
649:Early childhood
631:
566:School violence
499:Charter schools
411:
405:
374:Nursing degrees
352:Legal education
347:Music education
342:Civic education
280:By subject area
255:
251:
234:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2973:Miguel Cardona
2969:
2968:
2962:Headquarters:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2872:
2871:External links
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2796:
2768:
2738:
2714:
2686:
2639:
2606:
2581:
2564:(2011-10-24).
2553:
2528:
2495:
2441:
2415:
2400:
2388:
2364:
2343:
2322:
2301:
2280:
2258:
2237:
2182:
2157:
2143:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1980:
1979:comprehension.
1967:
1964:
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1945:
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1157:
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1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
944:
942:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
821:
818:
789:
786:
780:
777:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
743:
740:
726:
725:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
697:
696:
672:
671:
670:
669:
664:
661:Post-secondary
638:
637:
633:
632:
630:
629:
628:
627:
617:
612:
611:
610:
600:
595:
594:
593:
586:Apprenticeship
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
491:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
449:
444:
437:
436:
435:
433:Post-secondary
430:
419:
416:
415:
407:
406:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
377:
376:
371:
369:Medical school
361:
360:
359:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:Normal schools
329:
323:
320:
319:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
265:
264:
260:
259:
247:
246:
233:
230:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:10.17226/6296
2851:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2592:
2589:Burke, Paul.
2585:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:Wineburg, Sam
2557:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:. 2018-11-05.
2254:
2247:
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2223:
2219:
2215:
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2203:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:extrapolating
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1896:February 2024
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1865:This section
1863:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
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