Floppy disk - Knowledge

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protects the delicate magnetic surface when the diskette is not in use and automatically opens when the diskette is inserted into the computer. The diskette has a square shape: there are apparently eight possible ways to insert it into the machine, only one of which is correct. What happens if I do it wrong? I try inserting the disk sideways. Ah, the designer thought of that. A little study shows that the case really isn't square: it's rectangular, so you can't insert a longer side. I try backward. The diskette goes in only part of the way. Small protrusions, indentations, and cutouts prevent the diskette from being inserted backward or upside down: of the eight ways one might try to insert the diskette, only one is correct, and only that one will fit. An excellent design.

2301: 3560: 2148:. In the 8-inch disk, the notch being covered or not present enables writing, while in the 5¼-inch disk, the notch being present and uncovered enables writing. Tape may be used over the notch to change the mode of the disk. Punch devices were sold to convert read-only 5¼" disks to writable ones, and also to enable writing on the unused side of single-sided disks for computers with single-sided drives. The latter worked because single- and double-sided disks typically contained essentially identical actual magnetic media, for manufacturing efficiency. Disks whose obverse and reverse sides were thus used separately in single-sided drives were known as 2309:

action originally accomplished by a disk-load solenoid. Later drives held the heads out of contact until a front-panel lever was rotated (5¼-inch) or disk insertion was complete (3½-inch). To write data, current is sent through a coil in the head as the media rotates. The head's magnetic field aligns the magnetization of the particles directly below the head on the media. When the current is reversed the magnetization aligns in the opposite direction, encoding one bit of data. To read data, the magnetization of the particles in the media induce a tiny voltage in the head coil as they pass under it. This small signal is amplified and sent to the

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per track, tracks per side and sides (which in hard disk drives with multiple platters can be greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB 3½-inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), consistent with neither a decimal

2235:. The dimensions of the disk shell are not quite square: its width is slightly less than its depth, so that it is impossible to insert the disk into a drive slot sideways (i.e. rotated 90 degrees from the correct shutter-first orientation). A diagonal notch at top right ensures that the disk is inserted into the drive in the correct orientation—not upside down or label-end first—and an arrow at top left indicates direction of insertion. The drive usually has a button that, when pressed, ejects the disk with varying degrees of force, the discrepancy due to the ejection force provided by the spring of the shutter. In 2117: 3514:

many environments had quick formatting which skipped the error checking process. When floppy disks were often used, disks pre-formatted for popular computers were sold. The unformatted capacity of a floppy disk does not include the sector and track headings of a formatted disk; the difference in storage between them depends on the drive's application. Floppy disk drive and media manufacturers specify the unformatted capacity (for example, 2 MB for a standard 3½-inch HD floppy). It is implied that this should not be exceeded, since doing so will most likely result in performance problems.

3503:. Apple implemented this in early Macintosh computers by spinning the disk more slowly when the head was at the edge, while maintaining the data rate, allowing 400 KB of storage per side and an extra 80 KB on a double-sided disk. This higher capacity came with a disadvantage: the format used a unique drive mechanism and control circuitry, meaning that Mac disks could not be read on other computers. Apple eventually reverted to constant angular velocity on HD floppy disks with their later machines, still unique to Apple as they supported the older variable-speed formats. 2191: 2559: 3467: 2276: 2517: 56: 1868: 1860: 2268: 2571: 2620: 2660: 6703: 1661: 48: 1938: 1790: 2293: 40: 3574: 2125: 2250:, it is vulnerable to magnetic fields. Blank disks have been distributed with an extensive set of warnings, cautioning the user not to expose it to dangerous conditions. Rough treatment or removing the disk from the drive while the magnetic media is still spinning is likely to cause damage to the disk, drive head, or stored data. On the other hand, the 3½‑inch floppy disk has been lauded for its mechanical usability by 3533:(MiB). Hence, these disks hold 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB. Usable data capacity is a function of the disk format used, which in turn is determined by the FDD controller and its settings. Differences between such formats can result in capacities ranging from approximately 1,300 to 1,760 KiB (1.80 MB) on a standard 3½-inch high-density floppy (and up to nearly 2 MB with utilities such as 1675: 2332:, enabling the controller to properly read and write data. The tracks are concentric rings around the center, with spaces between tracks where no data is written; gaps with padding bytes are provided between the sectors and at the end of the track to allow for slight speed variations in the disk drive, and to permit better interoperability with disk drives connected to other similar systems. 2239:, Commodores, Apple II/IIIs, and other non-Apple-Macintosh machines with standard floppy disk drives, a disk may be ejected manually at any time. The drive has a disk-change switch that detects when a disk is ejected or inserted. Failure of this mechanical switch is a common source of disk corruption if a disk is changed and the drive (and hence the operating system) fails to notice. 4737:-inch micro-floppy standard, along with Sony and 20 other company ... Its single-sided SA300 micro-floppy drive offers 500K of unformatted storage. Shugart's Kevin Burr said the obvious next step is to put another 500K of storage on the other side of the diskette and that the firm will come out with a double-sided 1-megabyte micro-floppy drive soon. 1769:'s 90 mm × 94 mm (3.54 in × 3.70 in) disk) offered by various companies. They all had several advantages over the old format, including a rigid case with a sliding metal (or later, sometimes plastic) shutter over the head slot, which helped protect the delicate magnetic medium from dust and damage, and a sliding 2603:. A blank 40‑track disk formatted and written on an 80‑track drive can be taken to its native drive without problems, and a disk formatted on a 40‑track drive can be used on an 80‑track drive. Disks written on a 40‑track drive and then updated on an 80 track drive become unreadable on any 40‑track drives due to track width incompatibility. 5506: 1917:, had the flexibility of floppy disks combined with greater capacity, but remained niche due to costs. High-capacity backward compatible floppy technologies became popular for a while and were sold as an option or even included in standard PCs, but in the long run, their use was limited to professionals and enthusiasts. 3548:/s, or approximately 83% that of single-speed CD‑ROM (71% of audio CD). This represents the speed of raw data bits moving under the read head; however, the effective speed is somewhat less due to space used for headers, gaps and other format fields and can be even further reduced by delays to seek between tracks. 2461:(CLV), which uses a variable speed drive motor that spins more slowly as the head moves away from the center of the disk, maintaining the same speed of the head(s) relative to the surface(s) of the disk. This allows more sectors to be written to the longer middle and outer tracks as the track length increases. 3498:

Because the sectors have constant angular size, the 512 bytes in each sector are compressed more near the disk's center. A more space-efficient technique would be to increase the number of sectors per track toward the outer edge of the disk, from 18 to 30 for instance, thereby keeping nearly constant

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Data is generally written to floppy disks in sectors (angular blocks) and tracks (concentric rings at a constant radius). For example, the HD format of 3½-inch floppy disks uses 512 bytes per sector, 18 sectors per track, 80 tracks per side and two sides, for a total of 1,474,560 bytes per disk. Some

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computers used single-sided 3½-inch floppy disks, but with 400 KB formatted capacity. These were followed in 1986 by double-sided 800 KB floppies. The higher capacity was achieved at the same recording density by varying the disk-rotation speed with head position so that the linear speed of

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design but improved to support both single-sided and double-sided media, with formatted capacities generally of 360 KB and 720 KB respectively. Single-sided drives of the consortium design first shipped in 1983, and double-sided in 1984. The double-sided, high-density 1.44 MB (actually

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Single-sided disks were coated on both sides, despite the availability of more expensive double sided disks. The reason usually given for the higher price was that double sided disks were certified error-free on both sides of the media. Double-sided disks could be used in some drives for single-sided

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The family of 8-inch disks and drives increased over time and later versions could store up to 1.2 MB; many microcomputer applications did not need that much capacity on one disk, so a smaller size disk with lower-cost media and drives was feasible. The 5¼-inch drive succeeded the 8-inch size in

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computers with built-in 3½-inch disk drives, the ejection button is replaced by software controlling an ejection motor which only does so when the operating system no longer needs to access the drive. The user could drag the image of the floppy drive to the trash can on the desktop to eject the disk.

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By the end of the 1980s, 5¼-inch disks had been superseded by 3½-inch disks. During this time, PCs frequently came equipped with drives of both sizes. By the mid-1990s, 5¼-inch drives had virtually disappeared, as the 3½-inch disk became the predominant floppy disk. The advantages of the 3½-inch disk

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A spindle motor in the drive rotates the magnetic medium at a certain speed, while a stepper motor-operated mechanism moves the magnetic read/write heads radially along the surface of the disk. Both read and write operations require the media to be rotating and the head to contact the disk media, an

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The 8-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disks contain a magnetically coated round plastic medium with a large circular hole in the center for a drive's spindle. The medium is contained in a square plastic cover that has a small oblong opening in both sides to allow the drive's heads to read and write data and

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tab, which was far more convenient than the adhesive tabs used with earlier disks. The large market share of the well-established 5¼-inch format made it difficult for these diverse mutually-incompatible new formats to gain significant market share. A variant on the Sony design, introduced in 1983 by

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The Apple II computer system is notable in that it did not have an index hole sensor and ignored the presence of hard or soft sectoring. Instead, it used special repeating data synchronization patterns written to the disk between each sector, to assist the computer in finding and synchronizing with

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Throughout the early 1980s, limits of the 5¼-inch format became clear. Originally designed to be more practical than the 8-inch format, it was becoming considered too large; as the quality of recording media grew, data could be stored in a smaller area. Several solutions were developed, with drives

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of decimal prefixes and binary sector sizes require care to properly calculate total capacity. Whereas semiconductor memory naturally favors powers of two (size doubles each time an address pin is added to the integrated circuit), the capacity of a disk drive is the product of sector size, sectors

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manufacturer; generally, it sets up a file storage directory system on the disk, and initializes its sectors and tracks. Areas of the disk unusable for storage due to flaws can be locked (marked as "bad sectors") so that the operating system does not attempt to use them. This was time-consuming so

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Different sizes of floppy disks are mechanically incompatible, and disks can fit only one size of drive. Drive assemblies with both 3½-inch and 5¼-inch slots were available during the transition period between the sizes, but they contained two separate drive mechanisms. In addition, there are many

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Some drive mechanisms such as the Apple II 5¼-inch drive without a track zero sensor, produce characteristic mechanical noises when trying to move the heads past the reference surface. This physical striking is responsible for the 5¼-inch drive clicking during the boot of an Apple II, and the loud

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In either case, the head is moved so that it is approaching track zero position of the disk. When a drive with the sensor has reached track zero, the head stops moving immediately and is correctly aligned. For a drive without the sensor, the mechanism attempts to move the head the maximum possible

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The core of the 3½-inch disk is the same as the other two disks, but the front has only a label and a small opening for reading and writing data, protected by the shutter—a spring-loaded metal or plastic cover, pushed to the side on entry into the drive. Rather than having a hole in the center, it

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once per rotation in the magnetic disk. Detection occurs whenever the drive's sensor, the holes in the correctly inserted floppy's plastic envelope and a single hole in the rotating floppy disk medium line up. This mechanism is used to detect the angular start of each track, and whether or not the

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Sony, who had been in the floppy disk business since 1983, ended domestic sales of all six 3½-inch floppy disk models as of March 2011. This has been viewed by some as the end of the floppy disk. While production of new floppy disk media has ceased, sales and uses of this media from inventories is

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and an emergency boot device, as well as for the general secure feeling of having the familiar device. By this time, the retail cost of a floppy drive had fallen to around $ 20 (equivalent to $ 34 in 2023), so there was little financial incentive to omit the device from a system. Subsequently,

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In IBM-compatible PCs, the three densities of 3½-inch floppy disks are backwards-compatible; higher-density drives can read, write and format lower-density media. It is also possible to format a disk at a lower density than that for which it was intended, but only if the disk is first thoroughly

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disks have only one index hole in the medium, and sector position is determined by the disk controller or low-level software from patterns marking the start of a sector. Generally, the same drives are used to read and write both types of disks, with only the disks and controllers differing. Some

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All 3½-inch disks have a rectangular hole in one corner which, if obstructed, write-enables the disk. A sliding detented piece can be moved to block or reveal the part of the rectangular hole that is sensed by the drive. The HD 1.44 MB disks have a second, unobstructed hole in the opposite

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and packet writing—a similar reusability as floppy disks. However, CD-R/RWs remained mostly an archival medium, not a medium for exchanging data or editing files on the medium itself, because there was no common standard for packet writing which allowed for small updates. Other formats, such as

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Information Systems – Unformatted Flexible Disk Cartridge for Information Interchange, 5.25 in (130 mm), 96 Tracks per inch (3.8 Tracks per Millimeter), General, Physical, and Magnetic Requirements (includes ANSI X3.162/TC-1-1995) Specifies the general, physical, and magnetic requirements for

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A simple example of a good design is the 3½-inch magnetic diskette for computers, a small circle of floppy magnetic material encased in hard plastic. Earlier types of floppy disks did not have this plastic case, which protects the magnetic material from abuse and damage. A sliding metal cover

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Inside the cover are two layers of fabric with the magnetic medium sandwiched in the middle. The fabric is designed to reduce friction between the medium and the outer cover, and catch particles of debris abraded off the disk to keep them from accumulating on the heads. The cover is usually a

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finally were a practical and popular replacement, that supported traditional file systems and all common usage scenarios of floppy disks. As opposed to other solutions, no new drive type or special software was required that impeded adoption, since all that was necessary was an already common

1890:. Adoption was limited by the competition between proprietary formats and the need to buy expensive drives for computers where the disks would be used. In some cases, failure in market penetration was exacerbated by the release of higher-capacity versions of the drive and media being not 2524:

Floppy disks of the first standard are 8 inches in diameter, protected by a flexible plastic jacket. It was a read-only device used by IBM as a way of loading microcode. Read/write floppy disks and their drives became available in 1972, but it was IBM's 1973 introduction of the

1726:(GCR). The 5¼-inch format displaced the 8-inch one for most uses, and the hard-sectored disk format disappeared. The most common capacity of the 5¼-inch format in DOS-based PCs was 360 KB (368,640 bytes) for the Double-Sided Double-Density (DSDD) format using MFM encoding. 115:

in 1971, had a disk diameter of 8 inches (203.2 mm). Subsequently, the 5¼-inch (133.35 mm) and then the 3½-inch (88.9 mm) became a ubiquitous form of data storage and transfer into the first years of the 21st century. 3½-inch floppy disks can still be used with an external

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For more than two decades, the floppy disk was the primary external writable storage device used. Most computing environments before the 1990s were non-networked, and floppy disks were the primary means to transfer data between computers, a method known informally as

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medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust particles from the spinning disk. The three most popular (and commercially available) floppy disks are the 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks. Floppy disks store

2599:) is smaller than that of a 40‑track double-density (360 KB if double-sided) drive but can also format, read and write 40‑track disks provided the controller supports double stepping or has a switch to do so. 5¼-inch 80-track drives were also called 1846:

briefly occurred between SuperDisk and other high-density floppy-disk products, although ultimately recordable CDs/DVDs, solid-state flash storage, and eventually cloud-based online storage would render all these removable disk formats obsolete. External

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The diskette is about 8" (20 cm) square and has a net capacity of 1898 128-character records – about one day's data entry activity. Each of the diskette's 73 magnetic recording tracks available for data entry can hold 26 sectors of up to 128 characters

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The first commercial floppy disks, developed in the late 1960s, were 8 inches (203.2 mm) in diameter; they became commercially available in 1971 as a component of IBM products and both drives and disks were then sold separately starting in 1972 by

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Before a disk can be accessed, the drive needs to synchronize its head position with the disk tracks. In some drives, this is accomplished with a Track Zero Sensor, while for others it involves the drive head striking an immobile reference surface.

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In some 5¼-inch drives, insertion of the disk compresses and locks an ejection spring which partially ejects the disk upon opening the catch or lever. This enables a smaller concave area for the thumb and fingers to grasp the disk during removal.

1985:. If BIOS updates fail or become corrupt, floppy drives can sometimes be used to perform a recovery. The music and theatre industries still use equipment requiring standard floppy disks (e.g. synthesizers, samplers, drum machines, sequencers, and 2355:

After a disk is inserted, a catch or lever at the front of the drive is manually lowered to prevent the disk from accidentally emerging, engage the spindle clamping hub, and in two-sided drives, engage the second read/write head with the media.

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may not have a USB interface; data and programs are then loaded from disks, damageable in industrial environments. This equipment may not be replaced due to cost or requirement for continuous availability; existing software emulation and

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For a soft-sectored disk, there is only a single hole, which is used to locate the first sector of each track. Clock timing is then used to find the other sectors behind it, which requires precise speed regulation of the drive motor.

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with the original drives, dividing the users between new and old adopters. Consumers were wary of making costly investments into unproven and rapidly changing technologies, so none of the technologies became the established standard.

1749:(PS/2) line in 1987. These disk drives could be added to older PC models. In 1988, Y-E Data introduced a drive for 2.88 MB Double-Sided Extended-Density (DSED) diskettes which was used by IBM in its top-of-the-line PS/2 and some 2708:

Writing at different densities than those at which disks were intended, sometimes by altering or drilling holes, was possible but not supported by manufacturers. A hole on one side of a 3½-inch disk can be altered as to make some

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could read, write and format IBM PC format 3½-inch disks, but few IBM-compatible computers had drives that did the reverse. 8-inch, 5¼-inch and 3½-inch drives were manufactured in a variety of sizes, most to fit standardized

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Marketed capacity is the capacity, typically unformatted, by the original media OEM vendor or in the case of IBM media, the first OEM thereafter. Other formats may get more or less capacity from the same drives and disks.

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and though the size is defined in metric. The ANSI specification of 3½-inch disks is entitled in part "90 mm (3.5-inch)" though 90 mm is closer to 3.54 inches. Formatted capacities are generally set in terms of

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and can be resolved by automatically re-trying the read operation; other errors are permanent and the disk controller will signal a failure to the operating system if multiple attempts to read the data still fail.

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A blank unformatted diskette has a coating of magnetic oxide with no magnetic order to the particles. During formatting, the magnetizations of the particles are aligned forming tracks, each broken up into

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enabled by the widespread support for USB flash drives and BIOS boot, manufacturers and retailers progressively reduced the availability of floppy disk drives as standard equipment. In February 2003,

2033:"the operational functions of the United States' nuclear forces". The government planned to update some of the technology by the end of the 2017 fiscal year. Use in Japan's government ended in 2024. 2152:. Disk notching 5¼" floppies for PCs was generally only required where users wanted to overwrite original 5¼" disks of store-bought software, which somewhat commonly shipped with no notch present. 127:

Floppy disks were so common in late 20th-century culture that many electronic and software programs continue to use save icons that look like floppy disks well into the 21st century, as a form of

5798: 2432:, and is the purpose of the small hole in the jacket, off to the side of the spindle hole. A light beam sensor detects when a punched hole in the disk is visible through the hole in the jacket. 4653: 2483:

subtle, usually software-driven incompatibilities between the two. 5¼-inch disks formatted for use with Apple II computers would be unreadable and treated as unformatted on a Commodore. As

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disk controllers can vary these parameters at the user's request, increasing storage on the disk, although they may not be able to be read on machines with other controllers. For example,

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the disk was closer to constant. Later Macs could also read and write 1.44 MB HD disks in PC format with fixed rotation speed. Higher capacities were similarly achieved by Acorn's

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problems of the floppy disk is its vulnerability; even inside a closed plastic housing, the disk medium is highly sensitive to dust, condensation and temperature extremes. As with all

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In the early 1980s, many manufacturers introduced smaller floppy drives and media in various formats. A consortium of 21 companies eventually settled on a 3½-inch design known as the

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disk is rotating at the correct speed. Early 8‑inch and 5¼‑inch disks also had holes for each sector in the enclosed magnetic medium, in addition to the index hole, with the same

2078:. Unlike hard disks, floppy disks were handled and seen; even a novice user could identify a floppy disk. Because of these factors, a picture of a 3½-inch floppy disk became an 2223:

Two holes at the bottom left and right indicate whether the disk is write-protected and whether it is high-density; these holes are spaced as far apart as the holes in punched

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no longer come with drivers for floppy disk drives (both internal and external). However, they will still support them with a separate device driver provided by Microsoft.

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in 1998 with a CD-ROM drive but no floppy drive; this made USB-connected floppy drives popular accessories, as the iMac came without any writable removable media device.

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ANSI X3.137, One- and Two-Sided, Unformatted, 90-mm (3.5-inch) 5,3-tpmm (135-tpi), Flexible Disk Cartridge for 7958 bpr Use. General, Physical and Magnetic Requirements.

4536: 5184: 4162: 4089: 3537:). The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives, something not always possible and unreliable. For example, the 2363:

Newer 5¼-inch drives and all 3½-inch drives automatically engage the spindle and heads when a disk is inserted, doing the opposite with the press of the eject button.

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is still used by software on user-interface elements related to saving files even though physical floppy disks are largely obsolete. Examples of such software include

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For a hard-sectored disk, there are many holes, one for each sector row, plus an additional hole in a half-sector position, that is used to indicate sector zero.

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While the original IBM 8-inch disk was actually so defined, the other sizes are defined in the metric system, their usual names being but rough approximations.

6648: 5820: 5501:, Kitagami, Osamu & Fujiwara, Hideo, "Production of perpendicular magnetic recording medium", published 1988-02-25, assigned to 5392: 4455:

Wozniak's technique would allow the drive to do self-synchronization ("soft sectoring"), not have to deal with that little timing hole, and save on hardware.

3495:(CAV) format, with the disk spinning at a constant speed and the sectors holding the same amount of information on each track regardless of radial location. 2396: 2182:, do not use the index hole, and the drives designed for such systems often lack the corresponding sensor; this was mainly a hardware cost-saving measure. 4963: 6084: 5790: 4252: 3518:

was introduced permitting 1.68 MB to fit onto an otherwise standard 3½-inch disk; utilities then appeared allowing disks to be formatted as such.

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many applications, and developed to about the same storage capacity as the original 8-inch size, using higher-density media and recording techniques.

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floppy disks are rare to non-existent. Some individuals and organizations continue to use older equipment to read or transfer data from floppy disks.

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The USB stick under the two boxes of about 80 floppy disks is capable of holding over 130 times as much data as the two boxes of disks put together.

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demagnetized with a bulk eraser, as the high-density format is magnetically stronger and will prevent the disk from working in lower-density modes.

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were its higher capacity, its smaller physical size, and its rigid case which provided better protection from dirt and other environmental risks.

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In 1976, Shugart Associates introduced the 5¼-inch FDD. By 1978, there were more than ten manufacturers producing such FDDs. There were competing

6971: 2611:); more expensive dual-head drives which could read both sides without turning over were later produced, and eventually became used universally. 2449:

Most 3½-inch drives used a constant speed drive motor and contain the same number of sectors across all tracks. This is sometimes referred to as

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released a report that covered the need to upgrade or replace legacy computer systems within federal agencies. According to this document, old

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Turns out the obsolete floppy is way more in demand than you'd think. ... I expect to be in this business for at least another four years.

3698:"Hyper drive" was an alternative name for 5¼-inch 80-track HD floppy drives with 1.2 MB capacity. The term was used, for example, by 2412:

number of positions needed to reach track zero, knowing that once this motion is complete, the head will be positioned over track zero.

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Front and rear of a retail 3½-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disk drive cleaning kit, as sold in Australia at retailer Big W, circa early 1990s

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the 1.2 MB (1,228,800 bytes) dual-sided 5¼-inch floppy disk, but it never became very popular. IBM started using the 720 KB

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treat the disk as one of higher or lower density, for bidirectional compatibility or economical reasons. Some computers, such as the

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drive supports a 32 MB capacity on standard 3½-inch HD disks, but this is a write-once technique, and requires its own drive.

753: 2339:(CRC) is written into the sector headers and at the end of the user data so that the disk controller can detect potential errors. 1908:

were touted as an alternative, because of the greater capacity, compatibility with existing CD-ROM drives, and—with the advent of

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Generally, the term floppy disk persisted, even though later style floppy disks have a rigid case around an internal floppy disk.

773: 6077: 5920: 5866:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, Abacus Software (translated from the original 1983 German edition, Düsseldorf, Data Becker GmbH). 4090:"What Has Your Floppy Drive Done for You Lately? PC makers are still standing by floppy drives despite vanishing consumer demand" 3866: 2313:, which converts the streams of pulses from the media into data, checks it for errors, and sends it to the host computer system. 5046: 4293: 2739:

Other smaller floppy sizes were proposed, especially for portable or pocket-sized devices that needed a smaller storage device.

4798: 4699: 3742: 1647: 5326: 4593: 4026: 1851:-based floppy disk drives are still available, and many modern systems provide firmware support for booting from such drives. 6981: 6634: 6044: 4154: 1188: 5901: 5177: 4099: 4062: 3447: 2909: 2684:

1440 KiB = 1.41 MiB or 1.47 MB) disk drive, which would become the most popular, first shipped in 1986. The first

6615: 5944: 5663: 3995:"The Microfloppy—One Key to Portability", Thomas R. Jarrett, Computer Technology Review, winter 1983 (Jan 1984), pp. 245–7 2446:

The later 3½-inch drives of the mid-1980s did not use sector index holes, but instead also used synchronization patterns.

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The cost of a hard disk with a controller in the mid 1980s was thousands of dollars, for capacity of 80 MB or less.

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used for engineering, business, or word processing often used one or more 8-inch disk drives for removable storage; the

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In the case of a power failure or drive malfunction, a loaded disk can be removed manually by inserting a straightened

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A schematic representation of one sector of data on the disk; the tracks and sectors are not visible on actual disks.

2533:, as an industry standard for information interchange. Formatted diskette for this system store 242,944 bytes. Early 1838:

in the late 1990s, using very narrow data tracks and a high precision head guidance mechanism with a capacity of 120

1136: 1079: 399: 3928: 1808:. Before hard disks became affordable to the general population, floppy disks were often used to store a computer's 6991: 5824: 2018: 1711: 247: 5377: 3559: 1719: 6976: 5937: 5844:: A detailed essay describing one of the first commercial floppy disk drives (from the Apple II History website). 3834: 1963: 1958:, one of the leading personal computer vendors, announced that floppy drives would no longer be pre-installed on 1462: 1122: 1066: 5305:

The original 48 tpi drives were joined by 96tpi drives from Tandon, Micro Peripherals and Micropolis in 1980 ...

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disks formatted with 21 sectors instead of 18; they could still be recognized by a standard controller. On the

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A small notch on the side of the disk identifies whether it is writable, as detected by a mechanical switch or

1699:. The term "floppy disk" appeared in print as early as 1970, and although IBM announced its first media as the 1148: 817: 629: 225: 2199:

has a metal hub which mates to the spindle of the drive. Typical 3½-inch disk magnetic coating materials are:

6854: 6605: 4498: 3613: 2584: 2454: 2007: 1942: 1715: 1497: 1962:

home computers, although they were still available as a selectable option and purchasable as an aftermarket

1949:

By 2002, most manufacturers still provided floppy disk drives as standard equipment to meet user demand for

1831:

required a dozen disks or more. In 1996, there were an estimated five billion standard floppy disks in use.

6966: 6692: 6473: 6444: 4631: 3665: 2757:

Three-inch disks similar in construction to 3½-inch were manufactured and used for a time, particularly by

1761:; however, this format had limited market success due to lack of standards and movement to 1.44 MB drives. 848: 743: 644: 17: 2607:

disks, as long as an index signal was not needed. This was done one side at a time, by turning them over (

6961: 6873: 6270: 6212: 3644: 3633: 2474: 2030: 805: 136: 5498: 6956: 6812: 6449: 5245: 4597: 3628: 1876: 1742: 1640: 1437: 1336: 1208: 838: 827: 168: 3980:

Porter, James (November 1992). 1992 Disk/Trend Report - Flexible Disk Drives (Report). p. DT14-3.

2416:

rattles of its DOS and ProDOS when disk errors occurred and track zero synchronization was attempted.

936: 6717: 6263: 4036: 3603: 3515: 3492: 3480: 2450: 2227:

paper, allowing write-protected high-density floppy disks to be clipped into international standard (

2137:

a large hole in the center to allow the magnetic medium to spin by rotating it from its middle hole.

699: 634: 529: 4294:"Boeing 747s still get critical updates via floppy disks: A rare look inside a 20-year-old airliner" 1966:

add-on. By January 2007, only 2% of computers sold in stores contained built-in floppy disk drives.

6996: 6899: 6580: 6493: 6466: 6437: 6200: 5391:, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104. 3020: 2458: 2280: 1986: 1730: 1509: 1492: 981: 267: 5273: 4820: 1886:

In the mid-1990s, mechanically incompatible higher-density floppy disks were introduced, like the

6523: 6518: 6406: 6379: 3794: 3544:

The raw maximum transfer rate of 3½-inch ED floppy drives (2.88 MB) is nominally 1,000

2336: 1504: 1321: 1044: 449: 284: 262: 242: 195: 31: 4850: 4567: 135:, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater data storage capacity and 6936: 5548: 5424: 4370: 3608: 2424:

All 8-inch and some 5¼-inch drives used a mechanical method to locate sectors, known as either

2310: 2116: 2011: 1891: 1774:

many manufacturers, was then rapidly adopted. By 1988, the 3½-inch was outselling the 5¼-inch.

1377: 594: 464: 404: 5744: 5709: 5635: 5615: 726: 6802: 6797: 6770: 6413: 5724: 5689: 5520: 5346: 4504: 3838: 3660: 1914: 1746: 1723: 1696: 1633: 880: 798: 584: 389: 369: 359: 215: 180: 5146: 4722: 4266: 2639:

A polyester sheet reducing friction against the disk media as it rotates within the housing.

2190: 6807: 6722: 6401: 6002: 5990: 5004: 3618: 3521: 3466: 2734: 2505: 2145: 1576: 1444: 1223: 1183: 1106: 719: 624: 514: 409: 272: 252: 235: 230: 121: 5891: 4004: 3024: 2275: 2053:

fleet, up to its retirement in 2020, used 3½-inch floppy disks to load avionics software.

8: 6732: 6727: 6275: 4420: 4158: 3871: 3204: 1482: 1173: 1111: 1096: 963: 915: 768: 579: 277: 5907: 5008: 2758: 2558: 128: 6863: 6658: 5210:"Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers − 1981–1983 Business Takes Over" 5028: 3579: 3500: 2596: 2496: 2484: 2470: 2304:

Visualization of magnetic information on floppy disk (image recorded with CMOS-MagView)

2079: 1738: 1707: 1692: 1582: 1547: 1193: 619: 604: 549: 544: 534: 509: 434: 5917: 4371:"'Last man standing in the floppy disk business' reckons his company has 4 years left" 2516: 6423: 6287: 6185: 6097: 5867: 5852: 5732: 5697: 5659: 5623: 5594: 5558: 5433: 5388: 5119: 5115:

Programming the PET/CBM: The Reference Encyclopedia For Commodore PET & CBM Users

5050: 5020: 4655:

IBM 3740 Data Entry System System Summary and Installation Manual – Physical Planning

4508: 4040: 3965: 3842: 3454:

For 5¼- and 3½-inch capacities quoted are from subsystem or system vendor statements.

2771:

An incompatible two-inch floppy produced by Fujifilm called the LT-1 was used in the

2747: 2236: 1969:

Floppy disks are used for emergency boots in aging systems lacking support for other

1824: 1801: 1259: 1254: 1178: 1143: 997: 975: 874: 833: 736: 574: 299: 5032: 4790: 4691: 3734: 2335:

Each sector of data has a header that identifies the sector location on the disk. A

2194:

Rear side of a 3½-inch floppy disk in a transparent case, showing its internal parts

2002:

do not solve this problem because a customized operating system is used that has no

6737: 6672: 6258: 6149: 6050: 6014: 5960: 5012: 4942: 4601: 4321: 4048: 3707: 3510: 3276:

1,440 KB (512 bytes sectors, 18 sectors/track, 160 tracks); 1,760 KB on Amiga

3244:

diskette with 62,464 bytes per side (512 byte sectors, 8 sectors/track, 16 tracks,

2772: 2722: 2714: 2649: 2247: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1867: 1859: 1817: 1809: 1770: 1594: 1588: 1514: 1477: 1467: 1432: 1244: 1198: 1166: 941: 924: 609: 569: 329: 314: 210: 200: 152: 88: 6626: 5912: 5877:

Hewlett Packard: 9121D/S Disc Memory Operator's Manual; printed 1 September 1982;

4909:

Disk/Trend Report-Flexible Disk Drives, Disk/Trend Inc., November 1991, pp. SUM-27

3953:

IBM's 370/145 Uncovered; Interesting Curves Revealed, Datamation, November 1, 1970

2267: 2155:

Another LED/photo-transistor pair located near the center of the disk detects the

55: 6687: 6418: 6396: 6359: 6307: 6127: 6122: 6114: 5996: 5924: 4472: 4066: 3699: 3623: 3506: 2570: 2322: 2091: 2047: 1921: 1880: 1828: 1687:

and others. These disks and associated drives were produced and improved upon by

1487: 1314: 1301: 992: 987: 843: 710: 689: 664: 524: 444: 374: 344: 319: 205: 176: 140: 5650: 1796:

USB floppy drive, model 01946: an external drive that accepts high-density disks

6904: 6483: 6384: 6154: 6137: 6026: 5972: 5878: 5554: 5502: 3587: 3565: 2743: 2685: 2619: 2453:(CAV). In order to fit more data onto a disk, some 3½-inch drives (notably the 2367: 2217: 2166: 2050: 1999: 1959: 1734: 1606: 1524: 1367: 1024: 886: 822: 694: 679: 659: 654: 599: 564: 519: 469: 459: 454: 439: 334: 324: 257: 5896: 5016: 4581:

interchangeability for the two-sided, 5.25 in (130 mm) flexible disk cartridge

3499:

the amount of physical disk space used for storing each sector; an example is

2164:

from the center, for alignment with the same envelope hole. These were termed

6950: 6878: 6585: 6575: 6555: 6371: 6297: 6250: 6195: 6190: 6142: 6038: 5978: 5024: 4494: 4044: 4031: 2988: 2970: 2659: 2534: 2387:

machines had soft-eject 3½-inch disk drives as well for which some issues of

2255: 2224: 2003: 1800:

Floppy disks became commonplace during the 1980s and 1990s in their use with

1612: 1239: 1234: 1203: 958: 868: 684: 674: 669: 649: 484: 474: 354: 339: 156: 132: 6062: 5758: 4121: 2128:

A disk notcher punch, which could make read-only 5¼" floppies writable, and

1703:

in 1973, the industry continued to use the terms "floppy disk" or "floppy".

6920: 6828: 6461: 6349: 6332: 6327: 6105: 4995:

Sollman, George (July 1978). "Evolution of the Minifloppy Product Family".

4184: 3703: 3451:. Spare, hidden and otherwise reserved sectors are included in this number. 2765: 2492: 2487:

began to form, attempts were made at interchangeability. For example, the "

2065: 2022: 1937: 1872: 1823:

By the early 1990s, the increasing software size meant large packages like

1789: 1660: 1559: 1553: 1519: 1387: 1342: 1326: 1218: 1014: 1009: 969: 931: 614: 589: 489: 424: 379: 364: 148: 93: 84: 47: 6702: 5849:

Inside Commodore DOS: The Complete Guide to the 1541 Disk Operating System

5209: 4442: 3764: 2375:

into a small hole at the drive's front panel, just as one would do with a

6560: 6528: 6431: 6391: 6354: 6164: 5984: 5929: 3932: 3652:

copy tool (retries on errors, over-formatted floppies), DOS, discontinued

3638: 3241: 2787:

Floppy disk size is often referred to in inches, even in countries using

2710: 2608: 2392: 2329: 2292: 2232: 2173: 2149: 2129: 2087: 1820:(ROM), with the option of loading a more advanced OS from a floppy disk. 1758: 1750: 1570: 1004: 539: 479: 384: 144: 131:. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with 4946: 4933:

Engh, James T. (September 1981). "The IBM Diskette and Diskette Drive".

4253:"Japan declares victory in effort to end government use of floppy disks" 2141:

one-part sheet, double-folded with flaps glued or spot-welded together.

6883: 6867: 6859: 6292: 6222: 6217: 6207: 3598: 3061:

1,196 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks)

2488: 2372: 2343: 2204: 2083: 2075: 2040: 2036: 1950: 1843: 1213: 1039: 793: 559: 554: 429: 294: 220: 2541:

operating system was developed for microcomputers with 8-inch drives.

39: 6844: 6570: 6565: 6549: 6478: 6317: 6169: 6132: 5525: 5351: 5331: 5083:. Vol. 2, no. 1. Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania. p. 2. 4880: 4727: 4298: 3670: 3593: 3476: 3442:

Formatted storage capacity is total size of all sectors on the disk:

3349: 3331: 3313: 3245: 3235:

2½-inch Sharp CE-1600F, CE-140F (chassis: FDU-250, medium: CE-1650F)

3047:

612 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks)

2501: 2243: 2179: 1970: 1945:, same size as a 3½-inch drive, provides a USB interface to the user. 1887: 1835: 1600: 1565: 1402: 1331: 1229: 1100: 1091: 788: 731: 499: 419: 5587:

Hardware-Praxis – PCs warten reparieren, aufrüsten und konfigurieren

4764: 4397:"We Spoke With the Last Person Standing in the Floppy Disk Business" 3134:

720 KB (800 KB on Macintosh and RISC OS, 880 KB on Amiga)

6764: 6508: 6159: 6094: 6020: 4126: 4094: 3711: 3649: 3573: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3491:

and most other microcomputer platforms, disks were written using a

2797: 2793: 2526: 2384: 2124: 1978: 1926: 1839: 1812:(OS). Most home computers from that time have an elementary OS and 1754: 1710:, with hard- and soft-sector versions and encoding schemes such as 1678:

3½-inch, high-density floppy diskettes with adhesive labels affixed

1529: 1472: 1407: 1362: 1347: 1117: 1086: 1059: 1034: 892: 778: 504: 414: 309: 304: 105: 5319: 2768:

was introduced by Sony for use with its Mavica still video camera.

6342: 6280: 6234: 4695: 3655: 3545: 2694: 2690: 2228: 2095: 1899: 1793: 1684: 1427: 1417: 1412: 1372: 1274: 1269: 1249: 1054: 1029: 1019: 810: 2633:

A shutter that protects the surface when removed from the drive.

2529:

that began the establishment of floppy disks, called by IBM the

6785: 6759: 6456: 6229: 5151: 4222:"US nuclear emergency messaging system still uses floppy disks" 3538: 3484: 2380: 2376: 2210: 2161: 1805: 1741:

laptop computer in 1986 and the 1.44 MB (1,474,560 bytes)

1422: 1382: 1264: 1153: 951: 494: 96:

which can be read and written when the disk is inserted into a

3509:

is usually done by a utility program supplied by the computer

2130:

convert certain single-sided 5¼-inch diskettes to double-sided

1674: 6780: 6775: 3641:– popular mainly for 8-inch drives, and partially for 5¼-inch 2751: 2583:

The head gap of an 80‑track high-density (1.2 MB in the

2120:

The inside of a destructively disassembled 8-inch floppy disk

1909: 1842:

and backward-compatibility with standard 3½-inch floppies; a

1813: 1357: 1294: 1289: 1284: 946: 903: 897: 783: 763: 748: 5851:. Datamost & Reston Publishing Company (Prentice-Hall). 4194:. United States Government Accountability Office. May 2016. 3479:

applications were often distributed on 3½-inch 1.68 MB

1871:

A collection of removable data storage media: Floppy disks,

6925: 6533: 6427: 3367: 3036:

Game publishers privately contracted 3rd party custom DOS.

2718: 2680: 2538: 1974: 1955: 1905: 1834:

An attempt to enhance the existing 3½-inch designs was the

1766: 1352: 639: 289: 2947:

113.75 KB (256 byte sectors, 13 sectors/track, 35 tracks)

6743: 6513: 6337: 4322:"Notice of Termination of Sales of 3.5-inch Floppy Disks" 3488: 2388: 1848: 1688: 1392: 1279: 1049: 117: 112: 5521:"Vendor Introduces Ultra High-Density Floppy Disk Media" 4471:[Floppy disk drives] (in German). Archived from 3033:

157.5 KB (768 byte sectors, 6 sectors/track, 35 tracks)

1989:). Industrial automation equipment such as programmable 5897:

Computer Hope: Information about computer floppy drives

5727:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books. 5618:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books. 5513: 5475:. No. 70. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. p. 18. 4733:

Shugart is one of the major subscribers to the 3⁄

4421:"Floppy Disk / Diskettes // Retrocmp / Retro computing" 4185:"Federal Agencies Need to Address Aging Legacy Systems" 3089:

127 KB (128 byte sectors, 26 sectors/track, 40 tracks)

3075:

280 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 70 tracks)

3011:

140 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 35 tracks)

2788: 2746:

otherwise similar to 5¼-inch floppies were proposed by

2701:

corner that identifies them as being of that capacity.

120:

floppy disk drive. USB drives for 5¼-inch, 8-inch, and

4395:

Hilkmann, Niek; Walskaar, Thomas (12 September 2022).

4015:

1991 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives, Figure 2

2961:

90 KB (128 byte sectors, 18 sectors/track, 40 tracks)

1854: 5550:

Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 15th Anniversary Edition

5462: 5460: 5458: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5347:"Viability of 2-Inch Media Standard for PCs in Doubt" 2807:

In quantities of bits (b) or bytes (B) the prefixes:

5913:

The Floppy User Guide -historical technical material

5904:(mention of ANSI X3.162 and X3.171 floppy standards) 5426:

Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive

5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 3555: 2383:

has soft-eject 5¼-inch drives. Some late-generation

6656: 5339: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4752:. Disk/Trend, Inc. November 1986. p. FSPEC-59. 2576:

Uncovered 5¼‑inch disk mechanism with disk inserted

5908:Floppy disk drives and media technical information 5642: 5455: 5363: 4065:. LinuxCommand.org. 4 January 2006. Archived from 3787: 2782: 2779:None of these sizes achieved much market success. 1804:to distribute software, transfer data, and create 5862:Englisch, Lothar; Szczepanowski, Norbert (1984). 5410: 4530:"Oral History Panel on 8 inch Floppy Disk Drives" 3899:"1971: Floppy disk loads mainframe computer data" 2069:Screenshot depicting a floppy disk as "save" icon 2014:to a USB port that can be used for flash drives. 51:8-inch, 5¼-inch (full height), and 3½-inch drives 6948: 5497: 4921: 4394: 4213: 2296:How the read-write head is applied on the floppy 5918:Summary of Floppy Disk Types and Specifications 3867:"PC World Announces the End of the Floppy Disk" 2693:(800 KB for DD, 1,600 KB for HD) and 5614:Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (14 October 1991). 4466: 3448:List of floppy disk formats#IBM 8-inch formats 2178:operating systems using soft sectors, such as 59:A 3½-inch floppy disk removed from its housing 6642: 6611:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 6092: 6078: 5945: 5301:1982 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives 4958: 4956: 4750:1986 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives 4692:"The IBM Diskette General Information Manual" 4345:"Sony Announces the Death of the Floppy Disk" 3692: 2919:962–1,184 KB depending upon sector size 2132:, by adding cutouts drives expected to sense. 2082:for saving data. As of 2022, the floppy disk 1641: 111:The first floppy disks, invented and made by 30:"Floppy" redirects here. For other uses, see 5847:Immers, Richard; Neufeld, Gerald G. (1984). 5723:Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (19 March 1990). 5692:. Ziff Davis, Inc. – via Google Books. 5316:1986 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives 4018: 3929:"Five decades of disk drive industry firsts" 2697:(880 KB for DD, 1,760 KB for HD). 1932: 3824: 3822: 3820: 2804:Historical sequence of floppy disk formats 2627:A hole that indicates a high-capacity disk. 2111: 1765:at 2-, 2½-, 3-, 3¼-, 3½- and 4-inches (and 6649: 6635: 6085: 6071: 5959: 5952: 5938: 5892:HowStuffWorks: How Floppy Disk Drives Work 5542: 5540: 5268: 5266: 5239:"Three-inch floppy disk product announced" 5202: 5107: 5105: 4953: 4821:"Formatting 720K Disks on a 1.44MB Floppy" 4390: 4388: 4152: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3860: 3858: 3055:5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (DSDD) 3041:5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (SSDD) 2630:The hub that engages with the drive motor. 2057:expected to continue until at least 2026. 1648: 1634: 87:composed of a thin and flexible disk of a 5823:. Mt. San Antonio College. Archived from 4027:"Iomega's Zip drives need a bit more zip" 4024: 3963:Watson (24 May 2010). "The Floppy Disk". 2623:Internal parts of a 3½-inch floppy disk. 2350: 43:8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks 5233: 5231: 5074:"New Commodore Products: A Quick Review" 4460: 4368: 4219: 3864: 3817: 3683: 3465: 3304:2,880 KB (3,200 KB on Sinclair QL) 2658: 2618: 2515: 2299: 2291: 2274: 2266: 2189: 2123: 2115: 2064: 1936: 1866: 1858: 1788: 1673: 1659: 54: 46: 38: 5584: 5546: 5537: 5466: 5263: 5178:"Victor 9000 Hardware Reference Manual" 5172: 5170: 5102: 4994: 4935:IBM Journal of Research and Development 4385: 4155:"Floppy disks ejected as demand slumps" 3984: 3969:. Vol. 83, no. 8. p. 17. 3855: 3735:"Floppy Disk: History & Definition" 3279:1.44 MB (2.0 MB unformatted) 2504:. Alongside the common disk sizes were 2455:Macintosh External 400K and 800K drives 14: 6972:Computer-related introductions in 1971 6949: 5652:Intel 82077SL for Super-Dense Floppies 5298: 4630:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4527: 4493: 4342: 4291: 4267:"How to use Floppy Disk on Windows 10" 4087: 3979: 3962: 3833:(1st ed.). Reston, Virginia, US: 2614: 2548: 151:, and storage available through local 6630: 6066: 5933: 5688:Inc, Ziff Davis (10 September 1991). 5662:, IMD Marketing. AP-358, 292093-002. 5228: 5071: 5049:. Swtpc. 25 June 2007. Archived from 4668:from the original on 15 February 2017 4273:from the original on 17 November 2018 4250: 4153:Derbyshire, David (30 January 2007). 4134:from the original on 16 February 2009 3865:Fletcher, Richard (30 January 2007). 2764:A two-inch nominal size known as the 2511: 2402: 2271:The spindle motor from a 3½‑inch unit 1691:and other companies such as Memorex, 1189:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus 6987:Rotating disc computer storage media 6616:List of pioneers in computer science 5801:from the original on 5 December 2013 5771:from the original on 27 January 2012 5648: 5327:"Revisiting the Famicom Disk System" 5216:from the original on 7 December 2008 5190:from the original on 29 January 2022 5167: 5111: 4932: 4861:from the original on 13 January 2018 4720: 4702:from the original on 28 October 2014 3909:from the original on 8 December 2015 3828: 2941:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (Pre-DOS 3.3) 1981:programs can still be executed from 1753:models and in the second-generation 133:legacy industrial computer equipment 5722: 5687: 5613: 5112:West, Raeto Collin (January 1982). 4891:from the original on 4 January 2018 4801:from the original on 1 October 2011 4723:"Shrinking drives increase storage" 4369:Robinson, Dan (20 September 2022). 4146: 3879:from the original on 2 January 2012 3831:The Designer's Guide to Disk Drives 3805:from the original on 3 January 2017 3765:"IBM History – Floppy disk storage" 1855:Gradual transition to other formats 24: 5864:The Anatomy of the 1541 Disk Drive 5834: 5443:from the original on 11 March 2017 5398:from the original on 23 March 2017 4851:"Sony / Canon 2 Inch Video Floppy" 4676:– via Stuttgart University. 4192:Report to Congressional Requesters 4177: 4025:Reinhardt, Andy (12 August 1996). 3120:360 KB (400 KB on Macintosh) 2893:5¼-inch (35 track) Shugart SA 400 2725:, ignored these holes altogether. 2419: 2379:drive in a similar situation. The 350:Data validation and reconciliation 25: 7008: 5885: 5669:from the original on 19 June 2017 5658:(Application Note) (2 ed.). 5591:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company 5090:from the original on 11 June 2016 4831:from the original on 23 July 2011 4441:. 2 December 2008. Archived from 4343:SORREL, CHARLIE (26 April 2010). 3775:from the original on 16 June 2024 3745:from the original on 16 June 2024 2642:The magnetic coated plastic disk. 1729:In 1984, IBM introduced with its 400:Distributed file system for cloud 6701: 5479:from the original on 1 July 2018 5274:"6. Using floppy and hard discs" 4964:"Memorex 650 Flexible Disc File" 4771:from the original on 24 May 2006 4232:from the original on 29 May 2016 4201:from the original on 2 June 2016 4165:from the original on 22 May 2011 3572: 3558: 3166: 3005:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (DOS 3.3) 2569: 2564:5¼-inch floppies, front and back 2557: 2019:Government Accountability Office 1737:3½-inch microfloppy disk on its 1712:differential Manchester encoding 248:Areal density (computer storage) 5821:"Properties of Storage Systems" 5813: 5783: 5759:"Chapter 8: Floppy Disk Drives" 5751: 5716: 5681: 5607: 5578: 5491: 5310: 5299:Porter, James (December 1982). 5292: 5139: 5118:. COMPUTE! Books. p. 167. 5065: 5039: 4988: 4912: 4903: 4873: 4843: 4813: 4783: 4757: 4754:Reports Sony shipped in 1Q 1986 4742: 4714: 4684: 4646: 4616: 4586: 4554: 4521: 4487: 4427: 4413: 4362: 4336: 4314: 4285: 4259: 4244: 4220:Trujillo, Mario (25 May 2016). 4114: 4081: 4055: 4009: 3998: 3973: 3795:"Floppy Disks - CHM Revolution" 2783:Sizes, performance and capacity 2185: 2017:In May 2016, the United States 1067:Programmable metallization cell 6683:Common Language Infrastructure 5303:. Disk/Trend. p. DT13-3. 4997:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 4467:(M)Tronics SCS (20 May 2007). 4292:Warren, Tom (11 August 2020). 3956: 3947: 3921: 3891: 3757: 3727: 2761:computers and word processors. 2728: 2652:tab (unlabeled) in upper left. 2587:format) 5¼‑inch drive (a.k.a. 2008:Hardware floppy disk emulators 630:Persistence (computer science) 13: 1: 6606:History of computing hardware 5467:Bateman, Selby (March 1986). 4500:The Design of Everyday Things 3721: 3614:Floppy disk hardware emulator 3159: 2831:8-inch: IBM 23FD (read-only) 2316: 1977:updates, since most BIOS and 1784: 1716:modified frequency modulation 1498:Electronic quantum holography 27:Removable disk storage medium 6982:Floppy disk computer storage 6474:Network interface controller 5589:(in German) (3rd ed.). 5469:"The Future of Mass Storage" 5385:Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual 4566:, ANSI, 1994, archived from 4469:"Floppy-Disketten-Laufwerke" 4251:Swift, Rocky (3 July 2024). 4088:Spring, Tom (24 July 2002). 3666:X10 accelerated floppy drive 3424:= High capacity Floppy Disk; 2287: 2106: 849:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM) 645:Non-RAID drive architectures 7: 6271:Refreshable braille display 6213:Refreshable braille display 5533:(45): 19. 10 November 1986. 4731:. pp. 1, 7, 8, 9, 11. 4535:. p. 4. Archived from 3634:List of floppy disk formats 3551: 3114:3½-inch SS DD (at release) 2823:Formatted storage capacity 2663:A 3½-inch floppy disk drive 2475:List of floppy disk formats 104:) connected to or inside a 71:(casually referred to as a 10: 7013: 6813:Holographic Versatile Disc 5047:"Shugart SA 400 Datasheet" 4721:Shea, Tom (13 June 1983). 4598:Louisiana State University 3629:History of the floppy disk 3207:(derived from Quick Disk) 3189:3-inch Mitsumi Quick Disk 2840:not marketed commercially 2732: 2468: 2320: 2252:human–computer interaction 1670:in front, shown for scale) 1438:Holographic Versatile Disc 1337:Compact Disc Digital Audio 1209:Magnetic-tape data storage 828:Content-addressable memory 169:History of the floppy disk 166: 162: 29: 6934: 6913: 6892: 6837: 6821: 6752: 6718:Advanced Intelligent Tape 6710: 6699: 6665: 6598: 6542: 6501: 6492: 6370: 6306: 6249: 6178: 6113: 6104: 5968: 5923:17 September 2018 at the 5840:Weyhrich, Steven (2005). 5387:. Yamatokoriyama, Japan: 5147:"cbmsrc / DOS_4040 / dos" 5017:10.1109/TMAG.1978.1059748 4528:Porter, Jim, ed. (2005). 4037:The McGraw-Hill Companies 3493:constant angular velocity 3441: 3382: 2508:for specialized systems. 2451:Constant Angular Velocity 2101: 2060: 2025:minicomputers running on 2010:can be made to interface 1933:Usage in the 21st century 1668:(3½-inch floppy diskette, 635:Persistent data structure 530:Digital rights management 5791:"The Original Macintosh" 5649:Shah, Katen A. (1996) . 4885:Museum of Obsolete Media 4881:"2 inch lt1 floppy disk" 4855:Museum of Obsolete Media 4791:"A question of floppies" 4661:. IBM. 1974. p. 2. 3829:Teja, Edward R. (1985). 3676: 3590:for 3½-inch floppy drive 2888:6.2 megabit unformatted 2871:3.1 megabit unformatted 2809:k = 1,000 and K = 1,024 2464: 2459:Constant Linear Velocity 2443:the data in each track. 2112:8-inch and 5¼-inch disks 2026: 1943:floppy hardware emulator 1510:DNA digital data storage 1493:Holographic data storage 982:Solid-state hybrid drive 268:Network-attached storage 6992:20th-century inventions 6380:Central processing unit 5879:part number 09121-90000 5585:Mueller, Scott (1994). 5547:Mueller, Scott (2004). 5359:(31): 21. 31 July 1989. 3903:Computer History Museum 3799:www.computerhistory.org 3739:Encyclopedia Britannica 3251:2× 64 KB (128 KB) 3019:5¼-inch Apple Disk II ( 2955:5¼-inch Atari DOS 2.0S 2878:IBM 43FD / Shugart 850 2861:IBM 33FD / Shugart 901 2854:1.5 megabit full track 2395:and higher) offered an 2337:cyclic redundancy check 2203:DD: 2 μm magnetic 2012:floppy-disk controllers 1505:5D optical data storage 1322:3D optical data storage 1045:Universal Flash Storage 450:Replication (computing) 395:Distributed file system 285:Single-instance storage 263:Direct-attached storage 243:Continuous availability 32:Floppy (disambiguation) 6977:Computer storage media 6937:List of Ecma standards 6666:Application interfaces 5278:RISC OS 3.7 User Guide 3609:Floppy disk controller 3604:Don't Copy That Floppy 3471: 3256:5¼-inch Perpendicular 2811:M has varying amounts. 2664: 2656: 2527:3740 data entry system 2521: 2351:Insertion and ejection 2311:floppy disk controller 2305: 2297: 2284: 2272: 2265: 2195: 2133: 2121: 2070: 1946: 1883: 1864: 1797: 1679: 1671: 1378:Nintendo optical discs 595:Storage virtualization 465:Information repository 405:Distributed data store 60: 52: 44: 6893:Radio link interfaces 6838:Programming languages 6803:Ultra Density Optical 4497:(1990). "Chapter 1". 3661:Write precompensation 3469: 3412:= Extra-high Density; 2662: 2622: 2519: 2303: 2295: 2278: 2270: 2260: 2193: 2127: 2119: 2068: 1983:bootable floppy disks 1940: 1915:magneto-optical discs 1898:Apple introduced the 1870: 1862: 1792: 1747:IBM Personal System/2 1724:group coded recording 1697:Burroughs Corporation 1677: 1663: 881:Mellon optical memory 869:Williams–Kilburn tube 585:Locality of reference 390:Clustered file system 216:Memory access pattern 181:computer data storage 58: 50: 42: 6808:Universal Media Disc 5072:Beals, Gene (n.d.). 4122:"R.I.P. Floppy Disk" 3710:in conjunction with 3619:Floppy disk variants 3290:1,600 KB on RISC OS 3156:5¼-inch RX50 (SSQD) 3108:500 KB (DS/DD) 3083:5¼-inch Atari DOS 3 2845:8-inch: Memorex 650 2735:Floppy disk variants 2636:The plastic housing. 2491:" included from the 2146:photoelectric sensor 1577:Magnetic-core memory 1224:Digital Data Storage 1184:Quadruplex videotape 625:In-memory processing 515:Information transfer 410:Distributed database 273:Storage area network 253:Block (data storage) 6967:American inventions 6753:File systems (disk) 6711:File systems (tape) 5827:on 7 December 2013. 5009:1978ITM....14..160S 4947:10.1147/rd.255.0701 4634:on 25 December 2017 4570:on 28 February 2022 4445:on 19 February 2018 4159:The Daily Telegraph 4102:on 24 December 2011 3872:The Daily Telegraph 3205:Famicom Disk System 3195:128 to 256 KB 2933:360 or 800 KB 2813: 2615:3½-inch floppy disk 2549:5¼-inch floppy disk 2506:non-classical sizes 2283:from a 3½‑inch unit 2027:8-inch floppy disks 1892:backward-compatible 1708:floppy disk formats 1664:8-inch floppy disk, 1174:Phonograph cylinder 1112:Electrochemical RAM 964:Solid-state storage 580:Memory segmentation 278:Block-level storage 137:data transfer speed 129:skeuomorphic design 6962:1971 in technology 6659:Ecma International 5743:has generic name ( 5708:has generic name ( 5634:has generic name ( 4604:on 18 October 2014 3580:Electronics portal 3501:zone bit recording 3472: 2826:Marketed capacity 2803: 2775:portable computer. 2665: 2657: 2522: 2520:8-inch floppy disk 2512:8-inch floppy disk 2497:Power Macintosh G3 2485:computer platforms 2471:Floppy disk format 2403:Finding track zero 2306: 2298: 2285: 2273: 2237:IBM PC compatibles 2196: 2134: 2122: 2080:interface metaphor 2071: 2031:used to coordinate 1947: 1884: 1865: 1802:personal computers 1798: 1693:Shugart Associates 1680: 1672: 1666:inserted in drive, 1583:Plated-wire memory 1548:Paper data storage 1194:Magnetic recording 620:In-memory database 605:Memory-mapped file 550:Volume boot record 545:Master boot record 535:Volume (computing) 510:Data communication 435:Data deduplication 61: 53: 45: 6957:1971 in computing 6944: 6943: 6624: 6623: 6594: 6593: 6524:Analog audio jack 6245: 6244: 6060: 6059: 5660:Intel Corporation 5436:. 00ZCE140F/SME. 5434:Sharp Corporation 5389:Sharp Corporation 5280:. 21 January 1997 5155:. 5 February 1980 3966:Canadian Business 3741:. 12 March 2009. 3464: 3463: 3394:= Double Density; 3388:= Single Density; 3021:Roland Gustafsson 2812: 2715:operating systems 2242:One of the chief 2213:-doped iron oxide 2006:for USB devices. 1995:industrial robots 1987:lighting consoles 1745:version with the 1658: 1657: 1255:8 mm video format 1179:Phonograph record 998:Flash Core Module 976:Solid-state drive 875:Delay-line memory 834:Computational RAM 737:Scratchpad memory 575:Disk partitioning 300:Unstructured data 226:Secondary storage 153:computer networks 108:or other device. 98:floppy disk drive 16:(Redirected from 7004: 6939:(1961 – present) 6738:Linear Tape-Open 6705: 6673:ANSI escape code 6651: 6644: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6499: 6498: 6150:Optical trackpad 6115:Pointing devices 6111: 6110: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6064: 6063: 5961:Magnetic storage 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5829: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5657: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5557:. p. 1380. 5544: 5535: 5534: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5464: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5431: 5421: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5382: 5378:"Model CE-1600F" 5374: 5361: 5360: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5251:on 8 August 2012 5250: 5244:. Archived from 5243: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5043: 5037: 5036: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4975: 4969:. Archived from 4968: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4930: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4887:. 22 July 2017. 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4765:"Managing Disks" 4761: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4600:. Archived from 4590: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4503:. New York, US: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4439:Apple II History 4431: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4269:. 9 March 2016. 4263: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4130:. 1 April 2003. 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4098:. Archived from 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4047:. Archived from 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931:. Archived from 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3826: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3731: 3715: 3708:Digital Research 3696: 3690: 3687: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3378:150/200 MB 3358:240,750 KB 3340:120,375 KB 3262:100 KB per inch 3164: 3161: 3106:125 KB (SS/SD), 2820:Year introduced 2814: 2805: 2802: 2773:Zenith Minisport 2744:3¼-inch floppies 2723:Acorn Archimedes 2650:write protection 2573: 2561: 2342:Some errors are 2248:magnetic storage 2209:HD: 1.2 μm 1922:USB thumb drives 1910:re-writeable CDs 1877:tape-based media 1818:read-only memory 1810:operating system 1771:write protection 1650: 1643: 1636: 1595:Thin-film memory 1589:Core rope memory 1515:Universal memory 1478:Millipede memory 1468:Racetrack memory 1433:Ultra HD Blu-ray 1245:Linear Tape-Open 1199:Magnetic storage 1167:Analog recording 610:Software entropy 570:Disk aggregation 330:Data degradation 315:Data compression 211:Memory hierarchy 201:Memory coherence 173: 172: 141:USB flash drives 89:magnetic storage 21: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6997:Legacy hardware 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6930: 6909: 6888: 6833: 6817: 6748: 6706: 6697: 6688:Office Open XML 6661: 6655: 6625: 6620: 6590: 6538: 6488: 6366: 6360:USB flash drive 6309: 6302: 6241: 6174: 6128:Game controller 6123:Graphics tablet 6100: 6091: 6061: 6056: 5964: 5958: 5925:Wayback Machine 5888: 5837: 5835:Further reading 5832: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5740: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5705: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5631: 5630: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5593:. p. 441. 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5545: 5538: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5335:. 27 July 2019. 5325: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5110: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4976:on 25 July 2011 4973: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4573: 4571: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4475:on 19 June 2017 4465: 4461: 4448: 4446: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4324:. 23 April 2010 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4069:on 27 July 2011 4061: 4060: 4056: 4051:on 6 July 2008. 4035:. No. 33. 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005:Picture of disk 4003: 3999: 3994: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3935:on 26 July 2011 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3827: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3771:. 16 May 2024. 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3700:Philips Austria 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3624:Hard disk drive 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3507:Disk formatting 3445:For 8-inch see 3432: 3430:= Single Sided; 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3406:= High Density; 3402: 3400:= Quad Density; 3396: 3390: 3384: 3383:Abbreviations: 3162: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2785: 2737: 2731: 2679:, similar to a 2655: 2617: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2551: 2514: 2477: 2469:Main articles: 2467: 2422: 2420:Finding sectors 2405: 2353: 2325: 2323:Disk formatting 2319: 2290: 2281:read-write head 2188: 2162:radial distance 2114: 2109: 2104: 2092:Microsoft Paint 2063: 2048:British Airways 1935: 1888:Iomega Zip disk 1857: 1829:Adobe Photoshop 1787: 1701:Type 1 Diskette 1669: 1667: 1665: 1654: 1625: 1624: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1488:Patterned media 1458: 1450: 1449: 1317: 1307: 1306: 1302:Hard disk drive 1169: 1159: 1158: 1139: 1128: 1127: 1082: 1072: 1071: 993:IBM FlashSystem 988:USB flash drive 927: 910: 909: 864: 856: 855: 844:Dual-ported RAM 722: 705: 704: 665:Cloud computing 525:Copy protection 445:Data redundancy 375:Shared resource 345:Data validation 320:Data corruption 295:Structured data 206:Cache coherence 191: 177:Computer memory 171: 165: 83:) is a type of 69:floppy diskette 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7010: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6942: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6768: 6765:CD File System 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6484:Expansion card 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6421: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6385:Microprocessor 6376: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6255: 6253: 6251:Output devices 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Pointing stick 6152: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5886:External links 5884: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5860: 5845: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5812: 5782: 5750: 5715: 5680: 5641: 5606: 5599: 5577: 5563: 5555:Que Publishing 5536: 5512: 5503:Hitachi Maxell 5490: 5454: 5409: 5362: 5338: 5318: 5309: 5291: 5262: 5227: 5201: 5166: 5138: 5124: 5101: 5081:PET User Notes 5064: 5053:on 27 May 2014 5038: 4987: 4952: 4941:(5): 701–710. 4920: 4911: 4902: 4872: 4857:. 2 May 2013. 4842: 4812: 4782: 4756: 4741: 4734: 4713: 4683: 4645: 4615: 4585: 4553: 4542:on 13 May 2015 4520: 4513: 4495:Norman, Donald 4486: 4459: 4426: 4412: 4384: 4373:. The Register 4361: 4335: 4313: 4284: 4258: 4243: 4212: 4176: 4145: 4113: 4080: 4054: 4017: 4008: 3997: 3983: 3972: 3955: 3946: 3920: 3890: 3854: 3847: 3816: 3786: 3756: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3691: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3588:Berg connector 3584: 3583: 3569: 3566:Physics portal 3553: 3550: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3436:= Double Sided 3418:= Laser Servo; 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128:3½-inch DS DD 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069:3½-inch HP SS 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2912:/ Shugart 850 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876:8-inch: DS SD 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2859:8-inch: SS SD 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2733:Main article: 2730: 2727: 2669:Micro diskette 2654: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2613: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2535:microcomputers 2513: 2510: 2466: 2463: 2457:) instead use 2421: 2418: 2404: 2401: 2352: 2349: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2289: 2286: 2221: 2220: 2218:barium ferrite 2216:ED: 3 μm 2214: 2207: 2187: 2184: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2062: 2059: 2051:Boeing 747-400 2000:virtualization 1971:bootable media 1960:Dell Dimension 1934: 1931: 1906:Recordable CDs 1856: 1853: 1786: 1783: 1735:double density 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1607:Twistor memory 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1525:Quantum memory 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1457:In development 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1368:Super Video CD 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1329: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025:MultiMediaCard 1022: 1017: 1012: 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 979: 973: 961: 956: 955: 954: 949: 939: 934: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 912: 911: 908: 907: 901: 895: 890: 887:Selectron tube 884: 878: 872: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 852: 851: 841: 836: 831: 825: 820: 815: 814: 813: 803: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 741: 740: 739: 734: 727:Hardware cache 723: 718: 717: 714: 713: 707: 706: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 680:Edge computing 677: 672: 667: 662: 660:Grid computing 657: 655:Bank switching 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Virtual memory 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 565:Disk mirroring 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 520:Temporary file 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 470:Knowledge base 467: 462: 460:Storage record 457: 455:Memory refresh 452: 447: 442: 440:Data structure 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 335:Data integrity 332: 327: 325:Data cleansing 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 281: 280: 275: 265: 260: 258:Object storage 255: 250: 245: 240: 239: 238: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 167:Main article: 164: 161: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7009: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879:Minimal BASIC 6877: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6657:Standards of 6652: 6647: 6645: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Parallel port 6554: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6372:Computer case 6369: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6298:Graphics card 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6196:Graphics card 6194: 6192: 6191:Image scanner 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Input devices 6103: 6099: 6096: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872:0-916439-01-1 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5857:0-8359-3091-2 5854: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842:"The Disk II" 5839: 5838: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5746: 5734: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5699: 5691: 5684: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5600:3-89319-705-2 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5566: 5564:0-7897-2974-1 5560: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5541: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5313: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5127: 5125:0-942386-04-3 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5003:(4): 160–66. 5002: 4998: 4991: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4915: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4664: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:"Floppy Disk" 4589: 4582: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4514:0-385-26774-6 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435:"The Disk II" 4430: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4372: 4365: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4323: 4317: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4032:Business Week 4028: 4021: 4012: 4006: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3976: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3950: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3850: 3848:0-8359-1268-X 3844: 3840: 3839:Prentice hall 3836: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3529:nor a binary 3528: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3307:2.88 MB 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2989:Commodore DOS 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971:Commodore DOS 2968: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2907:8-inch DS DD 2906: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589:Mini diskette 2586: 2572: 2560: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2302: 2294: 2282: 2277: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2256:Donald Norman 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2170:disks. Later 2169: 2168: 2167:hard sectored 2163: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2118: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1951:file-transfer 1944: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1881:optical discs 1878: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1662: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613:Bubble memory 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1240:Cassette tape 1238: 1236: 1235:Videocassette 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1204:Magnetic tape 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 967: 965: 962: 960: 959:ROM cartridge 957: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 926: 921: 920: 917: 914: 913: 905: 902: 899: 896: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 866: 860: 859: 850: 847: 846: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 716: 715: 712: 709: 708: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 685:Dew computing 683: 681: 678: 676: 675:Fog computing 673: 671: 670:Cloud storage 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 650:Memory paging 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 485:File deletion 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Computer file 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 355:Data recovery 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 340:Data security 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 237: 236:floating-gate 234: 233: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 187: 186: 182: 178: 175: 174: 170: 160: 158: 157:cloud storage 154: 150: 149:optical discs 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 123: 119: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 57: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6829:Universal 3D 6792: 6462:Power MOSFET 6445:Power supply 6414:Data storage 6350:Flash memory 6328:Optical disc 6322: 6310:data storage 6032: 5991:Ferrite core 5863: 5848: 5825:the original 5815: 5803:. Retrieved 5794: 5785: 5773:. Retrieved 5753: 5718: 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5651: 5644: 5609: 5586: 5580: 5568:. Retrieved 5549: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5499:JP S6344319A 5493: 5481:. Retrieved 5472: 5445:. Retrieved 5425: 5400:. Retrieved 5384: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5282:. Retrieved 5277: 5253:. Retrieved 5246:the original 5218:. Retrieved 5204: 5194:12 September 5192:. Retrieved 5157:. Retrieved 5150: 5141: 5129:. Retrieved 5114: 5092:. Retrieved 5080: 5067: 5055:. Retrieved 5051:the original 5041: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4971:the original 4938: 4934: 4914: 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4884: 4875: 4863:. Retrieved 4854: 4845: 4833:. Retrieved 4825:Floppy Drive 4824: 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4794: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4759: 4749: 4744: 4732: 4726: 4716: 4704:. Retrieved 4686: 4677: 4670:. Retrieved 4654: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4632:the original 4627: 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4602:the original 4588: 4579: 4572:, retrieved 4568:the original 4562: 4556: 4544:. 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Retrieved 3738: 3729: 3704:Philips :YES 3694: 3685: 3543: 3520: 3505: 3497: 3473: 3457: 3446: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3361:240 MB 3343:120 MB 3293:1.6 MB 3216:128 KB 3184:1.2 MB 3107: 2922:1.2 MB 2908: 2877: 2860: 2817:Disk format 2786: 2778: 2766:Video Floppy 2738: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2677:Micro floppy 2676: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2609:flippy disks 2605: 2601:hyper drives 2600: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2543: 2530: 2523: 2493:Macintosh SE 2481: 2478: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430:soft sectors 2429: 2426:hard sectors 2425: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2307: 2261: 2241: 2233:ring binders 2222: 2197: 2186:3½-inch disk 2171: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2150:flippy disks 2143: 2139: 2135: 2072: 2055: 2045: 2035: 2023:IBM Series/1 2016: 1968: 1948: 1920:Flash-based 1919: 1904: 1897: 1885: 1873:flash memory 1833: 1822: 1799: 1779: 1776: 1763: 1743:high-density 1728: 1705: 1700: 1681: 1618: 1560:Punched tape 1554:Punched card 1520:Time crystal 1388:Hyper CD-ROM 1327:Optical disc 1219:Tape library 1154:FeFET memory 1135:Early-stage 1015:CompactFlash 1010:Memory Stick 970:Flash memory 932:Diode matrix 916:Non-volatile 700:Kryder's law 690:Amdahl's law 615:Software rot 590:Logical disk 490:File copying 425:Data storage 380:File sharing 365:Data cluster 145:memory cards 126: 110: 101: 97: 94:digital data 85:disk storage 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 62: 36: 18:Floppy disks 6740:(Ultrium-1) 6561:Serial port 6552:(IEEE 1394) 6529:DisplayPort 6519:Thunderbolt 6392:Motherboard 6355:Memory card 6323:Floppy disk 6165:Touchscreen 6033:Floppy disk 6003:Stripe card 5741:|last= 5725:"InfoWorld" 5706:|last= 5632:|last= 5616:"InfoWorld" 4835:11 February 4805:20 February 4574:28 February 4449:17 February 4306:26 February 4302:. Vox Media 3639:Shugart bus 3325:21 MB 3298:3½-inch ED 3284:3½-inch HD 3270:3½-inch HD 3248:recording) 3175:5¼-inch HD 3163: 1982 3142:5¼-inch QD 2991:2.1 (SSDD) 2973:1.0 (SSDD) 2927:5¼-inch DD 2885:568.320 kB 2868:242.844 kB 2729:Other sizes 2711:disk drives 2393:PC DOS 5.02 2088:LibreOffice 1759:NeXTstation 1739:Convertible 1619:Floppy disk 1571:Drum memory 1005:Memory card 972:is used in: 906:(2002–2010) 871:(1946–1947) 695:Moore's law 540:Boot sector 480:Object file 385:File system 196:Memory cell 65:floppy disk 6951:Categories 6884:Full BASIC 6868:ECMAScript 6860:JavaScript 6308:Removable 6293:Sound card 6223:Sound chip 6218:Sound card 6208:Microphone 6098:components 5805:3 December 4795:Jla Forums 4706:13 October 4638:13 October 4608:2 December 4255:. Reuters. 3939:15 October 3913:1 December 3722:References 3702:for their 3599:Disk image 3322:20,385 KB 3137:1 MB 2997:170.75 KB 2837:81.664 kB 2673:Micro disk 2597:Minifloppy 2531:Diskette 1 2502:drive bays 2489:SuperDrive 2373:paper clip 2317:Formatting 2205:iron oxide 2157:index hole 2076:sneakernet 2041:Windows 11 2037:Windows 10 2029:are still 1844:format war 1816:stored in 1785:Prevalence 1542:Historical 1214:Tape drive 1040:SmartMedia 863:Historical 560:Disk image 555:Disk array 430:Data store 231:MOS memory 221:Memory map 139:, such as 122:other-size 6733:Super DLT 6571:PS/2 port 6566:Game port 6479:Fax modem 6318:Disk pack 6170:Trackball 6133:Light pen 6051:Racetrack 6015:Thin film 5997:Hard disk 5526:InfoWorld 5483:7 October 5352:InfoWorld 5332:Eurogamer 5284:4 January 5255:4 October 5220:4 October 5159:7 October 5131:7 October 5094:7 October 5025:0018-9464 4895:4 January 4865:4 January 4728:InfoWorld 4505:Doubleday 4299:The Verge 4045:0007-7135 3809:6 October 3671:Zip drive 3594:dd (Unix) 3477:Microsoft 3352:(LS-240) 3350:SuperDisk 3334:(LS-120) 3332:SuperDisk 3314:Floptical 3246:GCR (4/5) 3181:1,200 KB 3064:1,200 KB 2979:172.5 KB 2798:megabytes 2794:kilobytes 2686:Macintosh 2593:Mini disk 2399:command. 2368:Macintosh 2366:On Apple 2288:Operation 2244:usability 2180:Apple DOS 2107:Structure 1991:machinery 1836:SuperDisk 1601:Disk pack 1566:Plugboard 1403:DVD-Video 1332:LaserDisc 1230:Videotape 1101:3D XPoint 1092:Memristor 732:CPU cache 500:Core dump 420:Data bank 370:Directory 6822:Graphics 6550:FireWire 6543:Obsolete 6509:Ethernet 6288:Speakers 6186:Keyboard 6160:Touchpad 6095:computer 5921:Archived 5799:Archived 5795:Folklore 5766:Archived 5733:cite web 5698:cite web 5690:"PC Mag" 5664:Archived 5624:cite web 5477:Archived 5473:COMPUTE! 5447:11 March 5438:Archived 5402:12 March 5393:Archived 5214:Archived 5185:Archived 5085:Archived 5033:32505773 4889:Archived 4859:Archived 4829:Archived 4799:Archived 4769:Archived 4700:Archived 4663:Archived 4628:Archives 4271:Archived 4230:Archived 4226:The Hill 4196:Archived 4163:Archived 4132:Archived 4127:BBC News 4095:PC World 4063:"floppy" 3907:Archived 3883:2 August 3877:Archived 3803:Archived 3773:Archived 3743:Archived 3712:DOS Plus 3650:VGA-Copy 3552:See also 3546:kilobits 3535:2M/2MGUI 3531:mebibyte 3527:megabyte 3522:Mixtures 3372:1998/99 3366:3½-inch 3348:3½-inch 3330:3½-inch 3312:3½-inch 3242:turnable 2987:5¼-inch 2969:5¼-inch 2910:IBM 53FD 2899:87.5 KB 2385:IBM PS/2 2174:sectored 1979:firmware 1973:and for 1927:USB port 1755:NeXTcube 1530:UltraRAM 1408:DVD card 1363:Video CD 1348:CD Video 1118:Nano-RAM 1087:Memistor 1060:XQD card 1035:SIM card 893:Dekatron 779:XDR DRAM 774:EDO DRAM 711:Volatile 505:Hex dump 415:Database 310:Metadata 305:Big data 106:computer 77:diskette 6921:ECMA-35 6845:C++/CLI 6693:OpenXPS 6599:Related 6502:Current 6343:Blu-ray 6281:Plotter 6276:Printer 6259:Monitor 6235:Softcam 6143:Optical 6041:(~1970) 6029:(~1968) 6027:Twistor 5775:16 July 5673:19 June 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6230:Webcam 6093:Basic 6053:(2008) 6047:(1995) 6039:Bubble 6035:(1969) 6023:(1962) 6017:(1962) 6011:(1956) 6005:(1956) 5999:(1956) 5993:(1949) 5987:(1932) 5981:(1928) 5975:(1898) 5870: 5855: 5597: 5561: 5508: 5152:GitHub 5122: 5031: 5023: 4775:25 May 4624:"3740" 4563:X3.162 4511: 4236:30 May 4205:26 May 4043: 3845: 3835:Reston 3539:LS-240 3485:IBM PC 3025:RWTS18 2964:90 KB 2789:metric 2391:(i.e. 2381:X68000 2377:CD-ROM 2211:cobalt 2102:Design 2084:symbol 2061:Legacy 1879:, and 1714:(DM), 1695:, and 1621:(1971) 1603:(1962) 1597:(1962) 1585:(1957) 1579:(1949) 1573:(1932) 1562:(1725) 1556:(1725) 1550:(1725) 1423:HD DVD 1383:CD-ROM 1339:(CDDA) 1265:MiniDV 984:(SSHD) 966:(SSS) 952:EEPROM 900:(2009) 889:(1952) 883:(1951) 877:(1947) 495:Backup 73:floppy 6914:Other 6781:FAT16 6776:FAT12 6576:eSATA 6494:Ports 6179:Other 6138:Mouse 5963:media 5902:NCITS 5769:(PDF) 5762:(PDF) 5667:(PDF) 5656:(PDF) 5441:(PDF) 5430:(PDF) 5396:(PDF) 5381:(PDF) 5249:(PDF) 5242:(PDF) 5188:(PDF) 5181:(PDF) 5088:(PDF) 5077:(PDF) 5029:S2CID 4974:(PDF) 4967:(PDF) 4679:each. 4666:(PDF) 4659:(PDF) 4540:(PDF) 4533:(PDF) 4349:Wired 4199:(PDF) 4188:(PDF) 3677:Notes 3355:1997 3337:1996 3319:1991 3316:(LS) 3301:1987 3287:1987 3273:1986 3259:1986 3238:1986 3224:1989 3210:1986 3192:1985 3178:1982 3145:1980 3131:1983 3117:1983 3100:1982 3086:1983 3072:1982 3058:1982 3044:1982 3030:1988 3008:1980 2994:1980 2976:1979 2958:1979 2944:1978 2930:1978 2916:1977 2896:1976 2882:1976 2865:1973 2848:1972 2834:1971 2752:Dysan 2748:Tabor 2675:, or 2595:, or 2465:Sizes 2397:EJECT 2172:soft- 1814:BASIC 1731:PC/AT 1483:ECRAM 1463:CBRAM 1398:DVD+R 1358:CD-RW 1295:D-VHS 1290:VHS-C 1285:S-VHS 1226:(DDS) 1149:ReRAM 1144:FeRAM 1137:NVRAM 1123:CBRAM 1080:NVRAM 978:(SSD) 947:EPROM 904:Z-RAM 898:T-RAM 830:(CAM) 818:ReRAM 784:RDRAM 764:LPDDR 759:SGRAM 754:SDRAM 749:eDRAM 183:types 6926:JSON 6874:Dart 6678:APIW 6534:HDMI 6450:SMPS 6438:SSHD 6432:NVMe 6428:SATA 6407:BIOS 6045:MRAM 6021:CRAM 6009:MICR 5985:Drum 5979:Tape 5973:Wire 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6728:DLT 6723:DDS 6586:VGA 6581:DVI 6514:USB 6467:VRM 6424:SSD 6419:HDD 6402:RAM 6338:DVD 6201:GPU 5013:doi 4943:doi 3769:IBM 3645:XDF 3516:DMF 3489:MSX 3481:DMF 3023:'s 2585:MFM 2428:or 2389:DOS 1964:OEM 1849:USB 1827:or 1720:MFM 1689:IBM 1393:DVD 1280:VHS 1097:PCM 1050:SxS 925:ROM 799:HBM 789:DDR 720:RAM 118:USB 113:IBM 102:FDD 67:or 6953:: 6866:, 6850:C# 6793:FD 6430:/ 6333:CD 5797:. 5793:. 5764:. 5737:: 5735:}} 5731:{{ 5702:: 5700:}} 5696:{{ 5628:: 5626:}} 5622:{{ 5553:. 5539:^ 5529:. 5523:. 5471:. 5457:^ 5432:. 5412:^ 5383:. 5365:^ 5357:11 5355:. 5349:. 5329:. 5276:. 5265:^ 5230:^ 5212:. 5183:. 5169:^ 5149:. 5104:^ 5079:. 5027:. 5019:. 5011:. 5001:14 4999:. 4955:^ 4939:25 4937:. 4923:^ 4883:. 4853:. 4827:. 4823:. 4797:. 4793:. 4767:. 4725:. 4696:DE 4694:. 4626:. 4596:. 4578:, 4507:. 4453:. 4437:. 4406:. 4387:^ 4347:. 4296:. 4228:. 4224:. 4190:. 4161:. 4157:. 4124:. 4092:. 4039:. 4029:. 3986:^ 3905:. 3901:. 3875:. 3869:. 3857:^ 3841:. 3837:/ 3819:^ 3801:. 3797:. 3767:. 3737:. 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