278:
40:
126:. Note, the Presidential Proclamation called for this special, national holiday to take place on Friday, October 21 rather than October 12. Waiting nine additional days accounted for all but two of the days which had been skipped in 1752 moving the United States from the Julian to Gregorian calendar. The goal was to mark a full 400 years passing with a true work holiday, thus avoiding events falling on Saturday/Sunday. With an already established tradition celebrating Columbus having landed on October 12, New York City opted to schedule three special parades and several VIP celebrations with their events taking place on October 11, 12 and 13, 1892.
250:
227:, which codified the etiquette used to display and pledge allegiance to the flag. This included the use of a palm-out salute, specifically that the pledge "be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart; extending the right hand, palm upward, toward the flag at the words 'to the flag' and holding this position until the end, when the hand drops to the side." Congress did not discuss or take into account the controversy over use of the salute. Congress later amended the code on December 22, 1942, when it passed
266:
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115:. Bellamy recalled that Upham, upon reading the pledge, came into the posture of the salute, snapped his heels together, and said, "Now up there is the flag; I come to salute; as I say 'I pledge allegiance to my flag', I stretch out my right hand and keep it raised while I say the stirring words that follow." By the time the official program was published, the Bellamy salute would begin with a traditional military salute as the first words of the pledge were spoken.
277:
138:
allegiance to my Flag and the
Republic for which it stands; one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all." At the words, "to my Flag", the right hand is extended gracefully, palm upward, toward the Flag, and remains in this gesture till the end of the affirmation; whereupon all hands immediately drop to the side.
137:
At a signal from the
Principal the pupils, in ordered ranks, hands to the side, face the Flag. Another signal is given; every pupil gives the flag the military salute – right hand lifted, palm downward, to align with the forehead and close to it. Standing thus, all repeat together, slowly, "I pledge
167:. Controversy grew in the United States on the use of the Bellamy salute given its similarity to the fascist salutes. School boards around the country revised the salute to avoid this similarity. There was a counter-backlash from the United States Flag Association and the
71:" during the period when it was used with the Pledge of Allegiance. Bellamy promoted the salute and it came to be associated with his name. Both the Pledge and its salute originated in 1892. Later, during the 1920s and 1930s,
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91:. This resulted in controversy over the use of the Bellamy salute in the United States. It was officially replaced by the hand-over-heart salute when
118:
The
Bellamy salute was first demonstrated on October 21, 1892, according to Bellamy's published instructions for the "National School Celebration of
182:
produced propaganda using the salute to lessen those
Americans' reputations. Among the anti-interventionist Americans was aviation pioneer
171:, who felt it inappropriate for Americans to have to change the traditional salute because foreigners had later adopted a similar gesture.
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to symbolize their claim to have revitalized Italy on the model of ancient Rome. A similar ritual was adopted by the German
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186:. The pictures of him appearing to do the Nazi salute are actually pictures of him using the Bellamy salute. In his
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231:, stating among other changes, that the pledge "be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart."
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Twenty Three Words: A Biography of
Francis Bellamy: Author of the Pledge of Allegiance
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The inventor of the
Bellamy salute was James B. Upham, junior partner and editor of
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A group of U.S. schoolchildren pledging their allegiance to the flag, May 1942
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Palm-out salute accompanying
American Pledge of Allegiance (1892–1942)
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created by James B. Upham as the gesture that was to accompany the
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of the United States of
America, whose text had been written by
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32:"Flag salute" redirects here. For the poem by Esther Pope, see
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685:
615:
492:
To the Flag: The
Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance
438:
To the Flag: The
Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance
87:, a gesture that was popularly believed to have been used in
255:
Children salute the American flag in front of the school in
695:
570:
243:
School children saluting the American flag, September 1915
307:
180:
Americans who argued against intervention in World War II
295:" celebration where thousands marched in the procession.
204:propagandists would photograph Lindbergh and other
524:
473:
208:using this salute from an angle that left out the
1310:
565:History of discontinuation of the Bellamy salute
495:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 116–118.
441:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 113–116.
43:Children performing the Bellamy salute to the
586:
124:400th Anniversary of the Discovery of America
560:United States Department of Veteran Affairs
384:The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology
593:
579:
464:"When Is a Nazi Salute Not a Nazi Salute?"
386:. Ohio State University Press. p. 2.
83:which was very similar, attributed to the
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215:On June 22, 1942, at the urging of the
14:
1311:
461:
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434:
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343:Olympic symbols § Olympic salute
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169:Daughters of the American Revolution
915:Three-finger salute (pro-democracy)
314:Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant
291:reviewing stand during the recent "
133:regarding the planned flag salute:
24:
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25:
1350:
553:
276:
264:
248:
236:
482:
462:Seaton, Matt (July 25, 2020).
455:
428:
410:Miller, Margarette S. (1976).
375:
13:
1:
910:Three-finger salute (Serbian)
368:
283:Bellamy salutes in 1917 at a
600:
469:The New York Review of Books
67:. It was also known as the "
7:
531:. New York: Berkley Trade.
382:Winkler, Martin M. (2009).
300:
10:
1355:
489:Ellis, Richard J. (2005).
435:Ellis, Richard J. (2005).
104:
31:
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1017:
989:
943:
875:
744:
608:
45:flag of the United States
221:Veterans of Foreign Wars
1293:Nonverbal communication
1077:Thumb/index-finger ring
999:Chinese number gestures
701:Liberian snap handshake
257:Morgan Hill, California
414:. Natl Bellamy Award.
287:ceremony opposite the
176:attack on Pearl Harbor
149:
131:The Official Programme
101:on December 22, 1942.
48:
1273:Articulatory gestures
905:Scout sign and salute
523:(September 1, 1999).
144:The Youth's Companion
135:
112:The Youth's Companion
42:
1334:Pledge of Allegiance
1283:Manual communication
944:Celebratory gestures
174:From 1939 until the
61:Pledge of Allegiance
1324:Gestures of respect
745:Gestures of respect
338:Oath of the Horatii
190:-winning biography
478:on August 7, 2020.
348:Quenelle (gesture)
223:, Congress passed
49:
1306:
1305:
1252:Sign of the cross
1212:Hand-in-waistcoat
1072:Sign of the horns
920:Two-finger salute
609:Friendly gestures
502:978-0-7006-1521-6
448:978-0-7006-1521-6
421:978-0-686-15626-0
393:978-0-8142-0864-9
293:Wake Up, America!
289:Union League Club
229:Public Law 77-829
225:Public Law 77-623
184:Charles Lindbergh
146:, 65 (1892): 446.
16:(Redirected from
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1268:List of gestures
1110:Talk to the hand
1019:Obscene gestures
767:Canonical digits
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472:. Archived from
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153:Italian fascists
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73:Italian fascists
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1182:Distress signal
1177:Crossed fingers
1157:Allergic salute
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1062:Reversed V sign
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991:Finger-counting
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567:, Glenn Kessler
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514:Further reading
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217:American Legion
202:interventionist
196:(1998), author
163:, creating the
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65:Francis Bellamy
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521:Berg, A. Scott
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200:explains that
188:Pulitzer Prize
151:In the 1920s,
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55:is a palm-out
53:Bellamy salute
26:
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1329:Hand gestures
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1298:Sign language
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925:Vulcan salute
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661:Forehead kiss
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363:Zogist salute
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210:American flag
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206:isolationists
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198:A. Scott Berg
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178:, critics of
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35:
30:
19:
1278:Hand signals
1232:Merkel-Raute
1217:Hand rubbing
1187:Duterte fist
1119:Head motions
900:Roman salute
884:
787:Genuflection
757:Añjali Mudrā
736:Thumb signal
651:Finger heart
542:. Retrieved
526:
491:
484:
475:the original
467:
457:
437:
430:
411:
383:
377:
358:Roman salute
325:
318:
306:
285:Fifth Avenue
259:in the 1930s
214:
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157:Roman salute
155:adopted the
150:
143:
136:
130:
128:
123:
120:Columbus Day
117:
110:
108:
97:
95:amended the
89:ancient Rome
85:Roman salute
77:Nazi Germans
68:
52:
50:
29:
1207:Gang signal
1192:Eyelid pull
1126:Head bobble
1057:Nazi salute
930:Wolf salute
895:Raised fist
890:Nazi salute
842:Prostration
721:Pinky swear
646:Eskimo kiss
544:January 13,
353:Raised fist
333:Nazi salute
327:Heil og sæl
165:Nazi salute
69:flag salute
34:Flag Salute
18:Flag salute
1319:Bellamyism
1313:Categories
1227:Laban sign
1222:Jazz hands
1202:Finger gun
1152:Air quotes
1131:Head shake
857:Schwurhand
666:Hand heart
641:Elbow bump
631:Cheek kiss
369:References
1172:Che vuoi?
1004:Chisanbop
966:High five
961:Fist pump
792:Hand-kiss
726:Pound hug
681:High five
676:Hand wave
671:Handshake
656:Fist bump
527:Lindbergh
193:Lindbergh
122:" as the
98:Flag Code
1237:Pointing
1197:Facepalm
1037:Fig sign
1027:Anasyrma
971:Low five
951:Applause
706:Lip kiss
691:ILY sign
626:Applause
621:Air kiss
602:Gestures
301:See also
219:and the
141:—
93:Congress
81:a salute
79:adopted
1339:Salutes
1261:Related
1067:Shocker
1052:Mountza
1047:Mooning
877:Salutes
867:Zolgokh
847:Sampeah
837:Pranāma
822:Namaste
807:Kuji-in
797:Hat tip
711:Namaste
105:History
1288:Mudras
1100:Akanbe
1092:Taunts
1082:Wanker
981:V sign
852:Sembah
802:Kowtow
772:Curtsy
535:
499:
445:
418:
390:
57:salute
47:, 1941
1247:Shrug
1105:Loser
832:Orans
827:Ojigi
817:Mudra
782:Gadaw
731:Shaka
686:Hongi
616:Aegyo
161:Nazis
129:From
812:Mano
752:Adab
696:Kiss
546:2015
533:ISBN
497:ISBN
443:ISBN
416:ISBN
388:ISBN
75:and
51:The
1136:Nod
862:Wai
762:Bow
636:Dap
308:Ave
1315::
716:OK
466:.
402:^
594:e
587:t
580:v
548:.
505:.
451:.
424:.
396:.
36:.
20:)
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