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intervener. Second, externally-imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people.
595:
The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the
617:
was removed from office had been the squandering of
Nigeria's resources in such far-away lands as Grenada and Guyana, with no returns, economic or political for Nigeria. The philosophy of subsequent military governments in Nigeria was that in an increasingly interdependent world, a country
586:
Studies by
Alexander Downes, Lindsey O'Rourke, and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign-imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war, violent removal of the newly imposed leader, and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries, and does not
103:
as "the deployment of military personnel across recognized boundaries for the purpose of determining the political authority structure in the target state". Interventions may be solely focused on altering political authority structures, or may be conducted for humanitarian purposes, or for debt
147:) found that the United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, with the majority of those being through covert, rather than overt, actions. Multilateral interventions that include territorial governance by foreign institutions also include cases like
604:
has contrasting findings, as they find that interstate "peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change". However, research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign-imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war.
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intervened in nations around the world to counter any influence held there by the other nation. Historians have noted that interventionism has always been a contentious political issue in the public opinion of countries which engaged in interventions.
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Among
African nations, Nigeria has shown the will to intervene in the affairs of other sub Saharan African countries since independence. It is said that one of the reasons
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159:. A 2021 review of the existing literature found that foreign interventions since World War II tend overwhelmingly to fail to achieve their purported objectives.
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According to a dataset by
Alexander Downes, 120 leaders were removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011. A 2016 study by
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unless regime change comes with pro-democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy. Downes argues:
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Empirical
Knowledge on Foreign Military Intervention (Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory)
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Interventionism has played a major role in the foreign policies of
Western powers, particularly during and after the
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1161:"You Can't Always Get What You Want: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Seldom Improves Interstate Relations"
1077:"Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories"
1016:"When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results"
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that state to do something or refrain from doing something. The intervention can be conducted through
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Military intervention, which is a common element of interventionism, has been defined by
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The True Flag: Theodore
Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of American Empire
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1051:"The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries"
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Isolationism: A History of
America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World
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The
Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force
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Catastrophic
Success: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Crippling Leviathan: How Foreign Subversion Weakens the State
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political scientist Dov Haim Levin (who now teaches at the
92:, refers to government interventions into markets at home.
1114:
Malis, Matt; Querubin, Pablo; Satyanath, Shanker (2021).
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era saw numerous interventions by Western nations in the
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Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
1113:
1383:
Interventionism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
923:
U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story
831:"The Doctrine and Practice of Intervention in Europe"
155:, and have been proposed (but were rejected) for the
16:
Interference by one country in the affairs of another
1159:Downes, Alexander B.; O'Rourke, Lindsey A. (2016).
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1261:Lo, Nigel; Hashimoto, Barry; Reiter, Dan (2008).
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694:International military intervention against ISIL
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1206:Downes, Alexander B.; Monten, Jonathan (2013).
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629:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
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679:Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
600:Research by Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and
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674:Foreign interventions by the United States
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123:. Modern interventionism grew out of
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1120:The Handbook of Historical Economics
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1128:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00038-1
1081:International Studies Perspectives
1049:Agrawal, Nina (21 December 2016).
927:University of North Carolina Press
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987:Downes, Alexander B. (2021).
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812:. Princeton University Press.
669:Foreign interventions by Cuba
163:Foreign-imposed regime change
993:. Cornell University Press.
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1014:Levin, Dov H. (June 2016).
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587:increase the likelihood of
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1267:International Organization
887:Finnemore, Martha (2004).
829:Lingelbach, W. E. (1900).
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141:Carnegie Mellon University
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1326:10.1017/S0007123410000426
1279:10.1017/S0020818308080259
689:Humanitarian intervention
511:Spanish American royalism
895:Cornell University Press
714:Liberal internationalism
654:Exporting the revolution
386:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
321:Conservative corporatism
90:economic interventionism
65:, in what is called the
699:International isolation
272:Traditional Catholicism
157:Palestinian territories
145:University of Hong Kong
101:international relations
1212:International Security
1165:International Security
959:Henry Holt and Company
808:Lee, Melissa M. 2020.
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401:1st Duke of Wellington
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618:cannot be an island.
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381:1st Earl of Rochester
371:1st Earl of Clarendon
326:Divine right of kings
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1403:Foreign intervention
1224:10.1162/ISEC_a_00117
1177:10.1162/ISEC_a_00256
801:Kupchan, Charles A.
127:policies, where the
88:. A different term,
19:For other uses, see
734:Non-interventionism
719:Military occupation
639:Democracy promotion
307:Cavalier Parliament
67:Glorious Revolution
63:Protestant majority
1035:10.1093/isq/sqv016
789:White man's burden
684:Gun boat diplomacy
644:Economic sanctions
99:in the context of
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1356:"Interventionism"
1055:Los Angeles Times
1000:978-1-5017-6115-7
904:978-81-7049-205-4
897:. pp. 9–10.
861:"Interventionism"
749:Peace enforcement
634:Counterinsurgency
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176:Part of the
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117:Global South
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1122:: 641–673.
764:Peacemaking
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234:Anglicanism
230:High Church
215:Agrarianism
121:Banana Wars
44:Netherlands
1397:Categories
1366:2022-10-12
1060:2 November
817:References
754:Peacemaker
602:Dan Reiter
541:Viva Maria
516:Sanfedismo
481:Legitimism
336:Jacobitism
255:Monarchism
220:Classicism
149:East Timor
38:Stadhouder
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1232:0162-2889
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609:In Africa
496:Pink Tory
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476:High Tory
461:Cristeros
346:Powellism
302:Cavaliers
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1193:52994000
953:(2017).
921:(2005).
841:: 1–32.
622:See also
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486:Loyalism
282:Unionism
277:Royalism
250:Loyalism
131:and the
125:Cold War
78:coercing
55:James II
52:Catholic
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