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1696 expedition. This included procuring 1,333 carts, each carrying 6 shi of grain. Three armies eventually advanced north in 1696. One, under the command of
Fiyanggu, numbering 30,000 and to be reinforced with a further 10,000, was to trap Galdan, while Kangxi personally led 32,000 men, including 235 cannon on camelback. A third, numbering 10,000, halted further to the east and would play no part in the coming campaign. The Dzungar army, heavily outnumbered and weakened by the
1154:
880:, who were heavily defeated in 1688. Their rulers and twenty thousand refugees fled south to the Qing dynasty, which feared the growing power of the Dzungar state. Motivated by the opportunity to gain control over Mongolia and by the threat posed to them by a strong, unified Mongol state such as the Oirats threatened to form, the Qing sent their army north to subdue the Dzungars in 1690.
956:, a long-time anti-Galdan Oirat chief, who had actually provided intelligence to the Qing at several points during the war, succeeded Galdan as Khan of the Dzungars. While the Qing managed to sideline the Dzungar in the 1690s, they would not completely eradicate them until they defeated the Dzungars in subsequent wars several decades later.
1080:, who he falsely claimed converted to Islam. Kangxi falsely claimed that Galdan had spurned and turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama and that he was plotting to install a Muslim as ruler of China after invading it in a conspiracy with Chinese Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami.
1296:
923:
had now become determined to "exterminate" Galdan. Negotiations between the two sides bore little fruit. The
Dzungars cast about for allies, making overtures to the Russians and various Mongol princes, but were rejected. Kangxi set about preparing the complex logistics necessary to support a planned
895:
in
September 1690. Although outnumbered 5 to 1, the Dzungars formed a camel wall, beat back a pair of artillery-supported Qing assaults, and escaped into the hills. The Qing commander claimed victory, but his failure to completely destroy the Dzungar forces led to his dismissal and early retirement.
652:
while also establishing relations with Russia. However, when Galdan's brother
Dorjijab was killed in a skirmish with troops loyal to the Khalkha khan in 1687, Galdan took the pretext to launch a full-scale invasion of eastern Mongolia. He destroyed several Khalkha tribes at the battle of Olgoi Nor
932:
in May 1696, but was narrowly - albeit decisively- defeated. The
Dzungar army, bereft of artillery, suffered heavily from Chinese musketry and cannon fire, eventually breaking. The battle ended in a victory for the Qing army, who captured 20,000 sheep and 40,000 cattle, and captured, killed or
891:, hoping to trap and crush the mobile Dzungar army. However, they were constrained by bad weather and difficult terrain. It took some Qing troops twelve days to cross the Gobi Desert, and the horses were left exhausted. Running low on supplies, the Qing finally confronted the Dzungars at
965:
1340:
1247:(known in the Qianlong engravings as the "Victory of Khorgos"). At Mount Khurungui, Zhaohui defeated Amursana in a night attack on his camp after crossing a river and drove him back. To commemorate Zhaohui's two victories, Qianlong had the
684:. Heavy taxes were imposed upon the Uyghurs by the Dzungars, provoking resentment. This led to uprisings and Uyghur rebels from Turfan and Kumul who were rebelling against Dzungar rule joined the Qing in their war against the Dzungars. The
1112:. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was at first unable to engage their more mobile enemy. Eventually, they met the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least eight million silver
668:
prevented an alliance between Galdan and the
Russians, leaving the Qing free to attack their Mongol rivals. Fearing a united Mongol state ruled by the hostile Dzungars, the Qing now turned their powerful war machine on the Oirats.
1312:
1239:. In the first battle, Zhaohui attacked Amursana's camp at night; Amursana was able to fight on until Zhaohui received enough reinforcements to drive him away. Between the battles of Oroi-Jalatu and Khurungui, the Chinese under
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scattered all but 40-50 of the
Dzungar army, effectively destroying them as a military force. Galdan himself had managed to escape from an enemy encirclement, thanks in part to a counterattack led by his wife,
2534:
1177:
competed for the title of Khan of the
Dzungars. Amursana suffered several defeats at the hands of Dawachi and was thus forced to flee with his small army to the protection of the Qing imperial court. The
915:, the pleasure palace of the Yuan Emperors) in 1691, a politically decisive step that officially ended the last remnants of the Yuan dynasty. It also allowed the Qing to assume the mantle of the
2598:
1302:"Storming of the Camp at Gädän-Ola", a scroll depicting a raid in 1755 in which the Kalmuk Ayusi, having gone to the Chinese side, attacks Dawa achi's camp on Mount Gadan. Painting by
612:
held a pan-Oirat-Mongol conference in 1640 with all Oirat and Mongol tribes participating except the Inner
Mongols under Qing rule. The conference ended in failure. By the 1650s, the
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Qing scouts attacked a
Dzungar party north of the Great Wall. However, this proved to be the main Dzungar army, which destroyed the Qing detachment easily. A large Qing army under
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Amursana now rallied the majority of the remaining Oirats to rebel against Qing authority. In 1758, General Zhaohui defeated the Dzungars in two battles: the
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submitted to the Qing Empire. After all of these battles, Amursana fled to Russia (where he died) while Chingünjav fled north to Darkhad but was captured at
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Battle of Khurungui, 1758. General Zhao Hui ambushes and defeats the Zungarian forces of Amoursana on Mount Khurungui (near Almaty, Kazakhstan). Painted by
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The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, 1756. Chinese general Zhao Hui attacked the Zunghars at night in present Wusu, Xinjiang. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione.
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Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)".
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1116:. Later in Yongzheng's reign, he sent a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars again. However, that army was annihilated near the
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New Qing Imperial History:The Making of an Inner Asian Emire at Qing Chengde, Ruth W. Dunnell, Mark Elliot, James A. Millward, pg. 99
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Haines, R Spencer (2015). "Myth, Misconception, and Motive for the Zunghar Intervention in Khalkha Mongolia in the 17th Century".
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1625:. Multiple history series. Vol. 5 of History of Civilizations of Central Asia (illustrated ed.). UNESCO. p. 192.
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1186:, pledged his support to Amursana, who recognized Qing authority; among those who supported Amursana and the Chinese were the
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941:, where later he attempted to surrender to the Qing, but died of the plague in 1697 with only a few loyal men at his side.
703:. Gunpowder weapons like guns and cannons were deployed by the Qing and the Dzungars at the same time against each other.
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Haines, R Spencer (2016). "The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field".
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in Mongolia. The Qing then made peace with the Dzungar Khanate and decided the border between them in a 1739 treaty.
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1034:(also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet, expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720. This began the
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Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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628:, the remnants of the Northern Yuan, of eastern Mongolia. Upon assuming the throne after the death of his brother
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and one of four equal khans – much to the displeasure of Amursana, who wanted to be the Khan of the Dzungars.
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and western Mongolia, had risen to become the preeminent khanate in the region and was often in conflict with
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1330:"The Victory of Khorgos". The partisans of Amursana were defeated in 1758 by Prince Cäbdan-jab. Painting by
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Ten Great Campaigns § Three campaigns against the Dzungars and the pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)
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Zhaohui receives the surrender of Dawachi at Ili, 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court,
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launched a series of successful campaigns to expand his territory as far as present-day eastern
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and annexed Inner Mongolia. While the Eastern Mongols (Outer and Inner Mongols) were ruled by
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1050:. Jalangga, a Manchu Bannermen, succeeded the Han General Yue Zhongqi as commander in 1732.
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Paper Presented at the Third Open Conference on Mongolian Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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in 1731 and the Qing Empire once again faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. A
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the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet, establishing the regime known as
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ally of the Qing Empire would finally defeat the Dzungars a year later in 1732 near the
860:
The First Dzungar–Qing War was a military conflict fought from 1687 to 1697 between the
653:(Olgoi Lake) in 1688, sending twenty thousand refugees fleeing south to Qing territory.
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A pause in the conflict ensued. The Khalkha rulers declared themselves Qing vassals at
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presented tribute to the Qing dynasty twice to request aid against the Dzungar attack.
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The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet:Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, 44,45, Yincong Dai
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of the Qing dynasty had sent to clear traditional trade routes in 1718. In response,
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and sought Qing assistance. Meanwhile, the Qing had secured a peace treaty with the
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regions of present-day China. Qing victories ultimately led to the incorporation of
295:'Dzungar Campaign') were a decades-long series of conflicts that pitted the
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on their northern border, who had previously been inclined to support Galdan. The
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History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Vadiam Mikhailovich Masson, pg. 148
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876:. The war resulted from a Dzungar attack on the Northern Yuan dynasty based in
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41:
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Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West:The Qing Conquest of Central Asia,148- 189
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Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West:The Qing Conquest of Central Asia, pg. 149
1224:) and forced Dawachi to surrender. Qianlong appointed Amursana as the Khan of
1031:
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after being invited by the Afaqi Khoja to invade the Chingisid Chagatai ruled
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Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West:The Qing Conquest of Central Asia,177-180
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648:. Through skillful diplomacy, Galdan maintained peaceful relations with the
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The Tea Road:China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe, pg. 106, Martha Avery
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143:
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Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West:The Qing Conquest of Central Asia, 153
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The Oirats were fought by Yue Zhongqi in Ürümqi. Yue Zhongqi lived at the
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Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, Alan Sanders, pg. 288, Scarecrow Press
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After the war, a Qing garrison was stationed in the area of present-day
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was effectively incorporated into the Qing Empire. On the other hand,
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Qing victory, Dzungar Khanate weakened, death of Galdan Boshugtu Khan.
444:
2830:
2820:
1267:
1217:
934:
916:
908:
621:
327:, Tibet and Xinjiang into the Qing Empire that was to last until the
1619:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich; Unesco, eds. (2003).
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and hence its alternate name, the 'Big Buddha Temple'. Afterwards,
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1945:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192.
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constructed, home to the world's tallest wooden sculpture of the
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and its Mongol vassals. Fighting took place over a wide swath of
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invaded Tibet in 1717, deposed the pretender to the position of
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Qing Encounters: Artistic Exchanges between China and the West
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J. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads:A history of Xinjiang, pg. 91
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Map showing wars between the Qing dynasty and Dzungar Khanate
576:. Over time, the Mongol state disintegrated into a series of
561:
312:
112:
79:
1755:
Wars in the Age of Louis Xiv, 1650-1715, C.J.Nolan, p.g. 224
1592:
Ahmad Hasan Dani; Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson; Unesco (2003).
3548:
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2683:
1719:
The Cambridge History of China, Willard J. Peterson, pg.154
1113:
1072:. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China such as
1026:
sent by Kangxi Emperor, together with Tibetan forces under
239:
919:
khans, merging the Khalkha forces into the Qing army. The
2016:
Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate; Ding, Ning (October 1, 2015).
937:. Galdan's wife was killed, and Galdan fled west to the
1942:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
1890:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
1860:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
1667:
Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies
1993:
Desertion and the Militarization of Qing Legal Culture
1916:
Desertion and the Militarization of Qing Legal Culture
46:
The Dzungar army surrenders to the Qing dynasty after
1965:
959:
3199:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1682:
1680:
1673:. International Association of Mongolists: 170–185.
1430:
1057:incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of
948:, and Khalkha Mongolia was placed under Qing rule.
1995:(PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p. 204.
1918:(PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p. 160.
1437:. University of California Press. pp. 179–.
1220:, the Qing army, led by Zhaohui, approached Ili (
1138:
3937:
1677:
1618:
1578:
1576:
1574:
896:Galdan was left in control of Mongolia from the
1764:
1523:
1061:(Kokonor) in order to gain support against the
2599:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1893:. Harvard University Press. pp. 331–332.
1886:
1856:
1585:
672:The Dzungars had conquered and subjugated the
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3469:
3019:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2990:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2058:
1571:
460:
353:
27:Century-long conquest of the Dzungar Khanate
1212:. In 1755, Qianlong sent the Manchu general
1970:. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 601.
1863:. Harvard University Press. pp. 253–.
290:
3476:
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1530:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 54–.
1434:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
467:
453:
360:
346:
333:genocide of much of the Dzungar population
2679:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2000:
1923:
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1083:
706:
2528:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1838:
1517:
1152:
968:7th Dalai Lama pretender, Lha-bzang Khan
963:
725:Military camp of the Chinese Emperor at
123:conquered and added into the Qing Empire
3135:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
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2015:
1990:
1913:
1882:
1880:
1852:
1850:
1765:Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012).
1527:Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang
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307:, from present-day central and eastern
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1938:
1798:
1695:
1664:
1509:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
656:The Khalkha rulers, defeated, fled to
584:. The Qing dynasty defeated the Inner
3457:
3433:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2674:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2046:
1803:. The Australian National University.
1700:. The Australian National University.
448:
341:
2654:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1877:
1847:
367:
3870:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
3639:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3402:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2022:. Getty Publications. p. 129.
24:
3119:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2488:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2481:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2361:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2185:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1968:Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period
974:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
580:, ruled by various descendants of
25:
3997:
3408:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3249:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3124:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2276:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1096:, sent an army of 230,000 led by
960:Second Dzungar-Qing War, in Tibet
3606:
3219:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2535:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2291:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
1887:Peter C Perdue (June 30, 2009).
1857:Peter C Perdue (June 30, 2009).
1769:. Scarecrow Press. p. 245.
1339:
1323:
1311:
1295:
1279:
782:
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695:The Dzungars used the Zamburak,
640:, and from present-day northern
40:
3951:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
2266:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2152:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
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697:camel mounted miniature cannons
604:clan. The Dzungar Oirats under
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2210:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1767:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
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1451:
1406:
1139:Final conquest of the Dzungars
501:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
285:
276:
268:
13:
1:
3354:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3129:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2985:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2669:Provincial military commander
2659:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2644:Imperial Household Department
2471:Preparative Constitutionalism
2175:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1991:Gregory, Eugene John (2015).
1966:Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (2017).
1914:Gregory, Eugene John (2015).
1399:
1076:(Kokonor) were plotting with
678:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
552:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
537:
526:Campaigns against the Gurkhas
3113:Researches on Manchu Origins
2518:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2128:Transition from Ming to Qing
2118:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1817:, New Brunswick 1970, p. 522
1459:"昭莫多之战：康熙亲征获胜，噶尔丹服毒自杀_中国历史网"
1431:Rubie Sharon Watson (1991).
1044:conquered Tibet for the Qing
7:
3013:Changzhou School of Thought
2523:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2498:Railway Protection Movement
2476:1909 Parliamentary election
2461:British expedition to Tibet
2371:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2331:Self-Strengthening Movement
2306:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1355:
1016:Battle of the Salween River
729:during the campaign of 1696
10:
4002:
3739:against Northwest khanates
3413:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2301:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2240:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2230:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2200:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1377:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
1142:
986:, overthrew the prince of
971:
556:After the collapse of the
548:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
541:
3861:
3800:
3767:
3729:
3696:
3654:
3624:
3615:
3604:
3492:
3423:Names of the Qing dynasty
3366:
3334:
3291:
3284:
3153:
3071:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2998:
2930:
2851:
2756:
2552:
2443:
2401:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2396:Gongche Shangshu movement
2341:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2253:
2190:Chinese Rites controversy
2160:
2090:
2081:
1815:The Empire of the Steppes
1598:. UNESCO. pp. 197–.
1274:and executed in Beijing.
1243:defeated Amursana at the
1074:Turkic Muslims in Qinghai
845:
832:
811:
769:
733:
718:
713:
486:
379:
260:
167:
131:
54:
39:
34:
3532:Western Turkic Khaganate
3527:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3344:Great Qing Treasure Note
3164:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2874:Administrative divisions
2691:Administrative divisions
2619:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1939:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
1524:Christian Tyler (2003).
1417:
1392:Xinjiang under Qing rule
1382:Mongolia under Qing rule
714:First Dzungar – Qing War
699:, in battle, notably at
572:and became known as the
335:in the conquered areas.
3946:Wars involving Mongolia
3537:Second Turkic Khaganate
2940:Chengde Mountain Resort
2741:Three Eastern Provinces
2391:First Sino-Japanese War
2366:Northern Chinese Famine
2225:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2123:Qing invasion of Joseon
1348:Jean-Damascène Sallusti
864:and an alliance of the
516:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
50:being captured in 1756.
3976:18th-century conflicts
3971:17th-century conflicts
3522:First Turkic Khaganate
3321:Great Qing Copper Coin
3209:Convention of Tientsin
3142:Annotated Bibliography
3090:Qing official headwear
2133:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1158:
1084:Third Dzungar–Qing War
969:
812:Commanders and leaders
707:First Dzungar-Qing War
331:in 1911–1912, and the
261:Зүүнгар-Чин улсын дайн
168:Commanders and leaders
18:First Oirat-Manchu War
3986:18th century in China
3981:17th century in China
3956:18th century in Tibet
3664:against Western Turks
3395:Draft History of Qing
3254:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3035:performance criticism
2639:Imperial Commissioner
2629:Great Qing Legal Code
2428:Eight-Nation Alliance
2411:Third plague pandemic
2321:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2245:White Lotus Rebellion
1387:Tibet under Qing rule
1233:Battle of Oroi-Jalatu
1156:
1110:Qinghai-Tibet plateau
967:
874:Northern Yuan dynasty
846:Casualties and losses
3876:Greater Central Asia
3326:Great Qing Gold Coin
3259:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3204:Convention of Peking
3084:Pentaglot Dictionary
3066:Literary inquisition
2776:Ever Victorious Army
2609:Deliberative Council
2513:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2466:1905 Batang uprising
2406:Hundred Days' Reform
2296:Small Swords Society
1372:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
1304:Giuseppe Castiglione
1133:Ji Xiaolan Residence
1126:Erdene Zuu Monastery
1028:Polhané Sönam Topgyé
887:advanced North into
818:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
805:(Vassal of the Qing)
799:(Vassal of the Qing)
634:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
521:Invasion of Đại Việt
206:Abdullah Beg (額貝都拉)
174:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
3961:History of Xinjiang
3379:Anti-Qing sentiment
3229:Treaty of the Bogue
3169:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3101:Complete Tang Poems
2781:Green Standard Army
2664:Provincial governor
2634:Imperial Clan Court
2614:Diplomatic missions
2589:Consultative Bureau
2336:Tongzhi Restoration
2215:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2195:Ten Great Campaigns
2103:Jurchen unification
1835:Mullin 2001, p. 290
1826:Mullin 2001, p. 288
1367:Ten Great Campaigns
1288:Ignatius Sichelbart
1237:Battle of Khurungui
666:Treaty of Nerchinsk
568:rulers withdrew to
491:Conquest of Dzungar
478:Ten Great Campaigns
329:fall of the dynasty
273:traditional Chinese
3264:Treaty of Tientsin
2975:Western Qing tombs
2970:Eastern Qing tombs
2796:Peking Field Force
2540:Manchu Restoration
2433:Declaration of war
2386:Jindandao incident
2205:Lhasa riot of 1750
1844:Smith 1997, p. 125
1491:on August 22, 2017
1332:Jean Denis Attiret
1182:'s successor, the
1159:
1092:'s successor, the
1036:Qing rule of Tibet
970:
930:Battle of Jao Modo
872:, remnants of the
690:Muhammad Amin Khan
620:state centered in
600:were ruled by the
511:Jinchuan campaigns
496:Amursana rebellion
265:simplified Chinese
3933:
3932:
3909:Chinese Turkestan
3857:
3856:
3678:Mongolian Plateau
3451:
3450:
3362:
3361:
3274:Treaty of Whampoa
3269:Treaty of Wanghia
3244:Treaty of Nanking
3214:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3189:Chefoo Convention
3184:Burlingame Treaty
3055:Kangxi Dictionary
2960:Old Summer Palace
2791:Firearm Battalion
2594:Cup of Solid Gold
2548:
2547:
2493:Manchurian plague
2456:Late Qing reforms
2447:(1901–1912)
2381:Sikkim expedition
2311:Panthay Rebellion
2281:Taiping Rebellion
2257:(1801–1900)
2235:Sino-Nepalese War
2180:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2166:(1683–1799)
2094:(1616–1683)
2029:978-1-60606-457-3
1900:978-0-674-04202-5
1870:978-0-674-04202-5
1605:978-92-3-103876-1
1537:978-0-8135-3533-3
1465:on April 11, 2023
1444:978-0-520-07124-7
1245:Battle of Khorgos
1241:Prince Cabdan-jab
1180:Yongzheng Emperor
1094:Yongzheng Emperor
982:, founder of the
868:and the northern
858:
857:
765:
764:
534:
533:
442:
441:
293:
253:Dzungar–Qing Wars
249:
248:
209:Yongzheng Emperor
127:
126:
35:Dzungar–Qing Wars
16:(Redirected from
3993:
3622:
3621:
3610:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3428:New Qing History
3311:Qianlong Tongbao
3289:
3288:
3234:Treaty of Canton
3174:Unequal treaties
2980:Fuling Mausoleum
2579:Advisory Council
2508:Wuchang Uprising
2448:
2351:Tianjin Massacre
2316:Second Opium War
2258:
2220:Sino-Burmese War
2167:
2145:Battle of Penghu
2113:Seven Grievances
2095:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1487:. Archived from
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1461:. Archived from
1455:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1362:Dzungar genocide
1343:
1327:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1211:
1200:
1184:Qianlong Emperor
1149:Dzungar genocide
1048:Dzungar–Qing War
900:in the north to
795:Remnants of the
788:
786:
785:
735:
734:
723:
711:
710:
506:Sino-Burmese War
481:
479:
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
374:
372:
371:Dzungar–Qing War
362:
355:
348:
339:
338:
294:
291:
287:
286:Zhǔngá'ěr zhī Yì
278:
270:
262:
232:Qianlong Emperor
225:
199:
56:
55:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3966:Dzungar Khanate
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3905:Western Regions
3898:Chinese Tartary
3888:Eurasian nomads
3853:
3810:against Dzungar
3796:
3777:against Mongols
3763:
3725:
3692:
3650:
3634:against Xiongnu
3617:Chinese empires
3611:
3602:
3494:Nomadic empires
3488:
3482:
3452:
3447:
3443:Willow Palisade
3389:Chuang Guandong
3358:
3330:
3280:
3239:Treaty of Kulja
3224:Treaty of Aigun
3157:
3149:
3048:History of Ming
3000:
2994:
2932:
2926:
2852:Special regions
2847:
2786:Imperial Guards
2752:
2544:
2503:1911 Revolution
2449:
2446:
2439:
2416:Boxer Rebellion
2376:Sino-French War
2326:Amur Annexation
2271:First Opium War
2259:
2256:
2249:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2140:Great Clearance
2096:
2093:
2077:
2071:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2010:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1813:René Grousset,
1812:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1485:"Archived copy"
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1205:
1194:
1151:
1141:
1086:
1004:Dzungar Khanate
996:Ganden Phodrang
984:Khoshut Khanate
976:
962:
939:Altai Mountains
862:Dzungar Khanate
827:
825:
783:
781:
776:Dzungar Khanate
753:
724:
709:
686:Yarkent Khanate
682:Yarkent Khanate
626:Khalkha Mongols
614:Dzungar Khanate
554:
540:
535:
530:
482:
477:
475:
473:
443:
438:
375:
370:
368:
366:
297:Dzungar Khanate
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
200:
193:
189:
180:
176:
160:Khoshut Khanate
150:Khalkha Mongols
138:Dzungar Khanate
104:
90:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3865:
3863:
3862:Related topics
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:against Turpan
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3644:Chief Official
3636:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:history series
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Kangxi Tongbao
3303:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Boxer Protocol
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Forbidden City
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:General of Ili
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:List of ambans
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Margary Affair
2353:
2348:
2346:Mudan incident
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Nian Rebellion
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2008:
1983:
1976:
1958:
1952:978-0674042025
1951:
1931:
1906:
1899:
1876:
1869:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1806:
1791:
1782:
1776:978-0810879843
1775:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1688:
1676:
1657:
1645:
1631:
1611:
1604:
1584:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1516:
1476:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1260:Avalokiteśvara
1203:Khwāja-i Jahān
1140:
1137:
1090:Kangxi Emperor
1085:
1082:
1068:Mongol leader
1055:Kangxi emperor
1020:Kangxi Emperor
1012:Lha-bzang Khan
1008:7th Dalai Lama
1000:Tsewang Rabtan
992:5th Dalai Lama
961:
958:
954:Tsewang Rabtan
950:Outer Mongolia
921:Kangxi Emperor
904:in the south.
889:Inner Mongolia
878:Outer Mongolia
856:
855:
852:
848:
847:
843:
842:
839:
835:
834:
830:
829:
823:Kangxi Emperor
820:
814:
813:
809:
808:
807:
806:
800:
778:
772:
771:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
749:
747:
743:
742:
739:
731:
730:
716:
715:
708:
705:
588:Mongol leader
539:
536:
532:
531:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
484:
483:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
365:
364:
357:
350:
342:
325:Outer Mongolia
247:
246:
187:Kangxi Emperor
184:
178:Tsewang Rabtan
170:
169:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
152:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
109:Outer Mongolia
106:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
76:Outer Mongolia
70:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3998:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3925:Greater China
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3759:Northern Yuan
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Northern Liao
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:against Tibet
3671:
3669:
3668:Eastern Turks
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:Mongol Empire
3577:
3575:
3574:Khamag Mongol
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Manchu people
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Canton System
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Hubu Guanpiao
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:Society &
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Summer Palace
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Mukden Palace
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:Palaces &
2929:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Eight Banners
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Grand Council
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2444:20th century
2442:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2254:19th century
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1977:9781614728498
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1653:Millward 2007
1649:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Puning Temple
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1192:Burhān al-Dīn
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:In 1723, the
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:of Tsang and
1029:
1025:
1024:an expedition
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:and made the
989:
985:
981:
975:
966:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
911:(the site of
910:
905:
903:
899:
898:Selenga River
894:
890:
886:
885:Prince Fuquan
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
853:
850:
849:
844:
840:
838:20,000–30,000
837:
836:
831:
826:Chakhundorji
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
810:
804:
803:Kumul Khanate
801:
798:
797:Northern Yuan
794:
793:
792:
791:
779:
777:
774:
773:
768:
760:
757:
756:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
736:
732:
728:
727:Kherlen River
722:
717:
712:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Northern Yuan
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
549:
545:
544:Northern Yuan
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
480:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Salween River
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
378:
373:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
343:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
282:
274:
266:
258:
254:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
218:
214:
210:
204:Chakhundorji
203:
197:
192:
188:
185:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
158:
156:
155:Kumul Khanate
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
141:
139:
136:
135:
130:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3915:China proper
3881:Central Asia
3868:
3809:
3716:Eastern Liao
3706:Western Liao
3438:Treaty ports
3400:
3393:
3367:Other topics
3140:
3133:
3111:
3099:
3082:
3077:Peiwen Yunfu
3075:
3053:
3046:
3017:
2766:Beiyang Army
2748:Zongli Yamen
2604:Da-Qing Bank
2421:Red Lanterns
2179:
2074:Qing dynasty
2039:
2018:
2011:
2002:10822/761498
1992:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1925:10822/761498
1915:
1909:
1889:
1859:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1621:
1614:
1594:
1587:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1526:
1519:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1453:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1230:
1160:
1130:
1104:uprising in
1098:Nian Gengyao
1087:
1052:
977:
943:
906:
902:Khalkhyn Gol
882:
866:Qing dynasty
859:
828:Abdullah Beg
790:Qing dynasty
780:
770:Belligerents
694:
671:
655:
650:Qing dynasty
644:to southern
610:Zaya Pandita
606:Erdeni Batur
582:Genghis Khan
558:Yuan dynasty
555:
490:
389:Ulahui River
301:Qing dynasty
299:against the
284:
252:
250:
228:Nian Gengyao
202:Tüsheet Khan
144:Qing dynasty
142:
132:Belligerents
98:Qing victory
29:
3688:Tarim Basin
3374:Aisin Gioro
3336:Paper money
3095:Qing poetry
2816:Wuwei Corps
2811:Shuishiying
2572:Family tree
1272:Wang Tolgoi
1257:bodhisattva
1206: [
1195: [
1118:Khoton Lake
1100:to quell a
1053:The Manchu
1046:during the
1032:Kangchennas
946:Ulaanbaatar
893:Ulan Butung
701:Ulan Butung
676:during the
590:Ligdan Khan
424:Oroi-Jalatu
394:Ulan Butung
220: [
213:Yue Zhongqi
194: [
191:Sun Ssu-k'o
103:Territorial
3940:Categories
3920:Sinosphere
3822:Lifan Yuan
3721:Later Liao
3485:Inner Asia
3042:Four Wangs
2933:mausoleums
2886:Golden Urn
2859:Inner Asia
2836:Xiang Army
2806:Hushenying
2731:Liangguang
2711:Liangjiang
2649:Lifan Yuan
2554:Government
1632:9231038761
1400:References
1143:See also:
1018:which the
980:Güshi Khan
972:See also:
642:Kyrgyzstan
638:Kazakhstan
594:Chingisids
542:See also:
538:Background
419:Erdene Zuu
384:Lake Olgoi
305:Inner Asia
244:Emin Khoja
3834:Manchuria
3787:Manchuria
3744:Manchuria
2864:Manchuria
2831:Huai Army
2821:Yong Ying
2706:Shaan-Gan
2162:High Qing
2108:Later Jin
1638:April 22,
1414:"平定准噶尔图卷"
1268:Us-Turfan
1218:Ili River
1190:brothers
1161:In 1752,
978:In 1642,
935:Queen Anu
917:Genghisid
909:Dolon Nor
741:1687–1697
632:in 1670,
622:Dzungaria
560:in 1368,
429:Khurungui
414:Hoton Nor
257:Mongolian
62:1687–1758
3849:Xinjiang
3839:Mongolia
3815:genocide
3749:Mongolia
3584:Chagatai
3517:Göktürks
3316:Hongqian
3285:Currency
3155:Treaties
3061:Kaozheng
3008:Booi Aha
2950:Hetu Ala
2903:Timeline
2898:Xinjiang
2869:Mongolia
2826:Chu Army
2801:New Army
2758:Military
2696:Viceroys
1655:, p. 89.
1505:cite web
1356:See also
1235:and the
1175:Amursana
1165:and the
870:Khalkhas
833:Strength
751:Mongolia
746:Location
662:Cossacks
578:Khanates
570:Mongolia
399:Jao Modo
321:Xinjiang
309:Mongolia
236:Ming Rui
182:Amursana
121:Xinjiang
88:Xinjiang
67:Location
3893:Tartary
3683:Beiting
3598:Dzungar
3593:Timurid
3544:Tibetan
3507:Xianbei
3502:Xiongnu
3301:Zhiqian
3293:Coinage
3030:Economy
3001:culture
2736:Yun-Gui
2726:Min-Zhe
2721:Sichuan
2716:Huguang
2562:Emperor
2083:History
1418:中国国家博物馆
1253:Chengde
1214:Zhaohui
1173:prince
1163:Dawachi
1122:Khalkha
1108:on the
1106:Qinghai
1102:Dzungar
1063:Dzungar
1059:Qinghai
1040:Yue Fei
1002:of the
913:Shangdu
854:Unknown
851:Unknown
841:100,000
674:Uyghurs
646:Siberia
434:Khorgos
317:Qinghai
217:Tsering
117:Qinghai
105:changes
84:Qinghai
48:Dawachi
3564:Mongol
3559:Kyrgyz
3554:Uyghur
3512:Rouran
2915:Taiwan
2091:Early
2076:topics
2026:
1974:
1949:
1897:
1867:
1773:
1629:
1602:
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1495:May 1,
1469:May 1,
1441:
1264:Khojis
1147:, and
1078:Galdan
1070:Galdan
926:plague
787:
758:Result
688:under
658:Hohhot
630:Sengge
602:Choros
598:Oirats
596:, the
586:Chahar
566:Mongol
550:, and
319:, and
283::
281:pinyin
275::
267::
95:Result
3844:Tibet
3827:Amban
3792:Tibet
3754:Tibet
3569:Tatar
3107:Queue
3025:Dibao
2881:Tibet
2701:Zhili
2584:Amban
1226:Khoid
1222:Gulja
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1188:Khoja
1171:Oirat
1167:Khoit
1114:taels
1066:Oirat
988:Tsang
618:Oirat
616:, an
562:China
409:Tibet
313:Tibet
277:準噶爾之役
269:准噶尔之役
224:]
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80:Tibet
72:Inner
3802:Qing
3769:Ming
3731:Yuan
3698:Liao
3656:Tang
3549:Zubu
2843:Navy
2684:Ejen
2567:List
2024:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1640:2014
1627:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1511:link
1497:2016
1471:2016
1439:ISBN
1201:and
738:Date
608:and
292:lit.
251:The
240:Agui
119:and
74:and
59:Date
3626:Han
1997:hdl
1920:hdl
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1266:of
1251:of
564:'s
311:to
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