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1780:皇上勝過締造萬物之如意寶，布仁慈於四海之濱；揚善抑惡，以足眾生之望。蒙天恩賞賜金冊、金印，封為遵行文義慧敏顧實汗，謹望闥跪接祗領，叩謝天恩。The Emperor is better than the wish-fulfilling treasure that created all things, spreading kindness to the shores of the four seas; promoting good and suppressing evil to satisfy the hopes of all living beings. I was rewarded with a gold book and a gold seal by Heaven's grace, and was named Obey Wenyi Huimin Gu Shihan. I sincerely hope that I will kneel down to accept the leader and kowtow to thank Heaven's grace.
391:
1080:
963:, was set up as a Gelug led government of Tibet in 1642. The Khoshut Khanate played a pivotal role in its founding by defeating the enemies of the Gelug school and part of the Ganden Phodrang's military defense continued to be handled by the Mongols after its establishment. There are various interpretations of the khan's role in the government. Some sources claim that the khan had little to do with the actual administration of Tibet and maintained only a
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1553:
451:'s envoys invited Güshi to come to their aid. The Oirats had already been supporters of the Gelug tradition since 1616 and Güshi used their religious affinity to gather an army for the expedition to Tibet. After a short visit to Tibet in 1635, the next year, Güshi led 10,000 Oirats in an invasion of Qinghai which resulted in the defeat of a 30,000 strong enemy army and the death of Choghtu. He then entered
2281:
548:, was directly appointed by Güshi to handle civil affairs. Güshi promoted the Gelug tradition as the guiding religion of his empire to cement his own authority. He allied with the Gelug hierarchs to create a system of legitimization based on the titles granted by the Dalai Lama. In 1653, Güshi's title as king of
419:
Khonggor. He had already become a distinguished fighter at the age of 12 and together with his brothers gained fame as part of "Akhai's herd of tigers" and "the five talented, brave heroic tigers" due to his military prowess. After
Baibaghas' death, Toro-Baikhu married his brother's widow and adopted
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The regent tried to reduce the khan to a puppet and to control the 6th Dalai Lama. In 1703, the 6th Dalai Lama and his attendants were attacked by a group of people at night. One of the 6th Dalai Lama's favorite attendants was killed and he demanded the regent to find the murderers and punish them
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in eastern Tibet, local lamas identified a child as the reincarnation of the 6th Dalai Lama. In 1712, the youngest son of Güshi Khan, Trashi Batur Taiji, and third son of
Boshugtu Jinong, Cagan Danjin, declared their support for the boy. Lha-bzang's efforts to invalidate the Lithang reincarnation
627:
According to a memorial dated 11 June 1704, the 6th Dalai Lama had a good relationship with the khan and joined him in hunting and practicing archery. The regent complained that he was but a figurehead. The regent tried to poison the khan, which may or may not have happened according to different
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had informed the
Khoshut that he intended to remove Sangye Gyatso as regent. Sangye Gyatso was replaced by his son. The 6th Dalai Lama proposed that Tenzin Wangchuk succeed his father, but Tenzin Wangchuk was sickly, and Lha-bzang became khan in 1703. Before his enthronement, Lha-bzang had only
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while Tibet was a protectorate. Mullin points out that at the enthronement ceremony of the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642, Güshi sat on the same level as Sonam Rapten on a seat lower than the Dalai Lama. However Mullin also claims that until the death of Sonam Rapten in 1657, the 5th Dalai Lama was a
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but the regent pretended to be unable to identify the murderers. Upon personal identification, the 6th Dalai Lama identified five people, all of whom had close relations to the regent. Lha-bzang was ordered to put these people to death, which he did, angering the regent.
1000:, who only served short terms until the death of the 5th Dalai Lama. Petech says that besides military matters and foreign threats to Tibet, Güshi Khan and his successors did not interfere in the administration until the coup of 1705-6 when Lha-bzang Khan became
1015:(governor) Sonam Rapten, while the 5th Dalai Lama was relegated to religious matters. FitzHerbert and Travers describe an increase in the 5th Dalai Lama's "day-to-day control of... his government" after the deaths of Sonam Rapten and Güshi Khan in the 1650s.
663:. For most followers of the Gelug school, this was an unauthorized action, and it also annoyed the Khoshut chiefs in Kokonor. On 10 April 1710, the Kangxi Emperor recognized the new Dalai Lama by granting him a title and seal. In
579:, the son and successor of Batur in 1653 against his half brothers, resulting in Sengge's victory in 1661. Sengge was assassinated in 1670 by his half brothers Chechen Tayiji and Zotov. Ochirtu aided Sengge's younger brother,
682:, killed Lha-bzang Khan, and looted Lhasa. The Dzungars did not bring the boy to Lhasa and terrorized the populace, losing them the support of the Gelugpa. A Qing invasion in 1718 was annihilated by the Dzungars in the
398:
In 1625, a conflict erupted between the Oirat
Khoshut Galwas chief Chöükür and his uterine brother Baibaghas over inheritance issues. Baibaghas was killed in the fight. However, his younger brothers Toro-Baikhu, later
967:
with the Dalai Lama. According to Glenn Mullin, Güshi Khan was the appointee of three Mongol chieftains to represent their interests in Tibet and after having finished his business he returned to rule in
Kokonor.
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was formally justified as having been granted through merit and the mandate of heaven. This ensured that his title would be passed on to his successors as protectors and defenders of the
Buddhist faith.
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with the aid of Güshi Khan. The role of the khanate in the affairs of Tibet has been subject to various interpretations. Some sources claim that the
Khoshut did not interfere in Tibetan affairs and had a
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During his reign, Lha-bzang abolished compulsory purchase and exchange of goods in Tibet to lessen the burden on people. Except for the 5th
Panchen Lama, he was unable to win over the Gelugpa elite.
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accounts, but Lha-bzang survived. In 1705-6, Lha-bzang entered Lhasa, put the regent to death, and deposed the 6th Dalai Lama. According to Peter
Schwieger, Lha-bzang sought the support of the
988:, Güshi Khan indisputably granted the 5th Dalai Lama all temporal powers over Tibet in 1642, but the Dalai Lama did not possess the ability to undertake actual administration. The office of
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failed. The
Khoshut chiefs asked the Kangxi Emperor to officially recognize the boy but the emperor left the matter undecided. Kangxi ordered the boy and his father to be interned in
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completely, initiating a mass migration of 100,000 Oirat households to Kokonor. This created the Khoshut Khanate. In the winter of 1640-1641, Güshi crushed the king of Beri,
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2284:// Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 286–289.
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382:. They were defeated and Kharkhul lost his wife and children to the enemy. An all out war between Ubasi and the Oirats lasted until 1623 when Ubasi was killed.
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564:, succeeded him as khan of Tibet. His sixth son Dalai Baatar was given control of Kokonor while Ochirtu was left in temporal power as Khan of the Oirats.
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587:, but came into conflict with Ochirtu who feared his popularity. Ochirtu supported Galdan's rival uncle Choqur Ubashi. Ochirtu was defeated in 1677.
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To ensure his authority over Tibet, Güshi instituted a government where the Dalai Lama was restricted to religious matters while a minister regent,
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in 1455, after which they migrated west due to Khalkha Mongol aggression. In 1486, the Oirats became embroiled in a succession dispute which gave
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administrator of civil affairs while the Dalai Lama was only responsible for religious matters. Güshi Khan accepted the nominal suzerainty of the
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The key role of Güshi Khan in the rise of the Ganden Phodrang was celebrated by annual state ceremonies as late as the 20th century. During the
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expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720. They brought the boy with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and installed him as the 7th Dalai Lama in 1721.
485:
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Haines, R Spencer (2018). "Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century".
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Introduction: The Ganden Phodrang's Military Institutions and Culture between the 17th and the 20th Centuries, at a Crossroads of Influences
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Other sources claim that the 5th Dalai Lama received authority from Güshi Khan to reign over Tibet but the khan had a hand in selecting the
636:, who requested that he send the 6th Dalai Lama to Beijing. However the Dalai Lama fell ill soon after leaving Lhasa and died on the way in
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517:, an 8th-century Indian Buddhist who built the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet. Among those involved in the campaign was Kharkhul's son,
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In 1717, the Dzungar prince Tseren Dondup invaded the Khoshut Khanate, deposed Yeshe Gyatso and installed the boy from Lithang as the
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was created to carry out the government of the country and the Dalai Lama only decided the appeals of judicial decisions against the
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tried to murder him, the regent himself was murdered on 6 September 1705. However according to a memorial dated 27 June 1703, the
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466:. Güshi thus became the first non-Genghisid Mongol to claim the title of khan. Güshi was also declared a reincarnation of
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607:'s rise to power. According to the first account, Lha-bzang Khan obtained power by poisoning his elder brother,
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Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century
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the opportunity to attack them. In the latter half of the 16th century, the Oirats lost more territory to the
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459:("the Dharma King Who Upholds the Religion"). In 1637, the 5th Dalai Lama bestowed upon him the title of
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her son Ochirtu. Once he defeated all successor claimants, Toro-Baikhu styled himself "Dai Güshi"
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in 1208 and his house intermarried with all four branches of the Genghisid line. During the
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as the true reincarnation of the 5th Dalai Lama. In 1707, this monk was installed by the
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996:. A few years later, the 5th Dalai Lama asserted his temporal powers by appointing the
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The Administration of Tibet During the First Half-Century of Chinese Protectorate
2060:. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, pp. 48–9. Shambhala. Boston & London.
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in 1642, Güshi had brought all of Tibet under the control of the Gelug school of
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525:. He married the khan's daughter Amin Dara, and was sent back to establish the
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537:. On 13 April 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama proclaimed Güshi the khan of Tibet. In
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throne. The Oirats held sway over the Northern Yuan khans until the death of
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prince Tseren Dondup invaded Tibet, killed Lha-bzang Khan, and installed the
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in 1654, when seal of authority and golden sheets were granted by the
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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
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403:, and Köndölön Ubashi took up the fight and pursued Chöükür from the
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
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2282:Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп
435:(M. Kokonor/T. Tso Ngonpo) was being repressed by the Khalkha
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The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation
1901:
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455:, where he received from the 5th Dalai Lama the title of
2276:Этническая история ойратских групп. Элиста, 2015. 199 с.
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Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies
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2002:
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says that the Khoshut realm encompassed Kokonor and the
470:, which in the eyes of Güshi's followers, established a
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Seal of Lha-bzang Khan, the last Khoshut King of Tibet.
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In 1620, the leaders of the Choros and Torghut Oirats,
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Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3008:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
2110:
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1946:
The Tea Road: China and Russia meet across the Steppe
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and therefore never accepted Kublaid rule. After the
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The Khoshut Khanate and contemporary Asian polities
245:
while others claim that Güshi appointed a minister,
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1882:
47:
Location of the Khoshut Khanate among Mongol tribes
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
560:Upon his death in 1655, Güshi's son Tenzin Dorje,
2193:. International Association of Mongolists: 24–31.
347:'s collapse, the Oirats supported the Ariq Bökid
3774:
959:, named after the 5th Dalai Lama's residence in
276:The Khoshut Khanate was ended in 1717 when the
2171:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
599:Lha-bzang Khan, the last Khoshut King of Tibet
513:and he was celebrated as the reincarnation of
3793:States and territories disestablished in 1717
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2940:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2536:
2303:
2239:Stein, R. A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization",
1708:
1508:
307:during the early 13th century. Their leader,
216:in 1642 after defeating the opponents of the
541:, he was called the "khan of the Tibetans."
303:The Oirats were originally from the area of
265:murdered the Tibetan regent and deposed the
232:established a civil administration known as
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3788:States and territories established in 1642
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2162:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5
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394:Güshi Khan, founder of the Khoshut Khanate
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1996:
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3732:This Asian history–related article is a
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2224:The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China
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977:figurehead while Sonam Rapten was the
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474:that put him on the same level as the
2778:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
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489:Funeral monument to a Khoshut prince.
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2905:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
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1011:administrator of civil affairs, the
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261:. In the last years of the khanate,
3798:Former countries in Chinese history
208:from 1642 to 1717. Based in modern
13:
2883:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2838:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2550:
1768:. Beijing Book Co. December 2016.
493:He summoned the Oirats to conquer
14:
3834:
2920:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2910:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
501:, and then the ruler of Tsangpa,
461:Dai Güshi Shajin Bariqchi Nomiyin
3724:
3028:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3018:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1684:
1673:
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1078:
1025:
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700:
651:Lha-bzang presented a monk from
603:There are different accounts of
575:, a nephew of Güshi Khan, aided
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3003:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2169:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004),
2153:
2050:
1951:
1938:
521:, who was granted the title of
3258:Patron and priest relationship
3224:Central Tibetan Administration
3033:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2400:Tseren Donduk Khan (1723-1735)
1756:
965:priest and patron relationship
672:Monastery in Kokonor in 1715.
505:, in 1642. With the taking of
472:priest and patron relationship
294:Ganden Phodrang § History
239:priest and patron relationship
16:Tibetan kingdom from 1642-1717
1:
3623:Historical and cultural sites
2988:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
2404:Donduk Dashi Khan (1741-1761)
2393:Puntsug (Monchak) (1661-1672)
2177:FitzHerbert, Solomon (2020),
1958:Autobiography of Dalai Lama V
1749:
945:
439:, who aided their rivals the
3736:. You can help Knowledge by
2963:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2402:Donduk Ombo Khan (1735-1741)
2056:Richardson, Hugh E. (1984).
1960:, Vol. Kha, fol 107b. II 5–6
688:second and larger expedition
620:visited Lhasa once in 1701.
457:Bstan-'dzin Choskyi Rgyal-po
374:and Mergen Temene, attacked
7:
3813:1642 establishments in Asia
2983:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2873:British expedition to Tibet
2863:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
2833:Battle of the Salween River
2391:Shukhur Daichin (1644-1661)
2231:Spencer, Haines R. (2018),
2226:, Columbia University Press
1468:Mongolian People's Republic
1062:
684:Battle of the Salween River
10:
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3356:Postage and postal history
2808:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
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2216:The Empire of the Steppes
2198:Mullin, Glenn H. (2001),
380:Altan Khan of the Khalkha
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2930:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2241:The Geographical Journal
2206:Petech, Luciano (2013),
1729:Mongol conquest of Tibet
1628:13th and 14th Dalai Lama
686:, not far from Lhasa. A
3323:TAR People's Government
3283:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2823:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
2214:Grousset, René (1970),
2160:Adle, Chahryar (2003).
1744:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War
1739:List of rulers of Tibet
694:Relationship with Tibet
611:, and after the regent
2993:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2947:Special Frontier Force
2411:Dodbi Khan (1771-1781)
1734:Qing conquest of Tibet
1020:Monlam Prayer Festival
648:
640:on 14 November 1706.
600:
490:
395:
104:• Disestablished
3366:Qinghai–Tibet railway
3361:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
3328:TAR People's Congress
3300:India–Tibet relations
3273:Independence movement
2925:1959 Tibetan uprising
2813:Battle of Dafei River
2661:Era of Fragmentation
2058:Tibet and its History
1347:Northern Yuan dynasty
1203:Khamag Mongol Khanate
1058:: 1697–1717 (brother)
844:TSARDOM OF RUSSIA
646:
598:
591:Lha-bzang (1703-1717)
488:
393:
349:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
292:Further information:
241:between the khan and
3674:Traditional medicine
2888:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2709:Relations with Ming
2679:Relations with Song
2651:Relations with Tang
2589:European exploration
2488:Tenzin Wangchuk Khan
2452:Tsewang Dorji Namjal
2437:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
2413:As Saray Khan (1781)
2373:(d. 7 December 1296)
2363:(d. August 13, 1297)
1664:European exploration
1618:Ming–Tibet relations
1583:Era of Fragmentation
1050:Tenzin Wangchuk Khan
941:class=notpageimage|
661:Ngawang Yeshe Gyatso
609:Tenzin Wangchuk Khan
581:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
535:Tarbagatai Mountains
447:sects. In 1634, the
437:Choghtu Khong Tayiji
271:pretender Dalai Lama
212:, it was founded by
3823:Asian history stubs
3318:Regional Government
3295:CIA Tibetan program
3278:Serfdom controversy
3162:Traditional regions
3013:Simla Accord (1914)
2935:2008 Tibetan unrest
2759:List of Qing ambans
2704:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2253:1972GeogJ.138..501W
1765:柴达木文史丛书.第4辑.固始汗及其子孙
1593:Phagmodrupa dynasty
431:Yellow Hat sect in
94:• Established
3632:(ceremonial scarf)
3603:Dzong architecture
3420:Imperial Preceptor
3290:Sovereignty debate
3236:Etymology of Tibet
2848:Lhasa riot of 1750
2843:Jinchuan campaigns
2828:Battle of Dartsedo
2746:Qing dynasty rule
2689:Yuan dynasty rule
2663:(9th–13th century)
2047:, p. 121-122.
2035:, p. 119-120.
1999:, p. 117-118.
1323:Jalairid Sultanate
649:
613:Desi Sangye Gyatso
601:
491:
396:
376:Ubasi Khong Tayiji
3818:Former monarchies
3745:
3744:
3717:
3716:
3682:
3681:
3374:
3373:
3338:
3337:
3241:Foreign relations
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3042:
3041:
2898:Qinghai–Tibet War
2868:Sikkim expedition
2858:Dogra–Tibetan War
2853:Sino-Nepalese War
2788:political leaders
2766:Post-Qing to 1950
2719:Rinpungpa dynasty
2630:(7th–9th century)
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2483:Tenzin Dalai Khan
1775:978-7-999065-90-6
1725:
1724:
1598:Rinpungpa dynasty
1525:
1524:
1052:: 1696–1697 (son)
1046:: 1668–1696 (son)
1044:Tenzin Dalai Khan
1040:: 1655–1668 (son)
961:Drepung Monastery
386:Güshi (1642-1655)
188:
187:
174:
173:
170:
169:
150:
149:
3830:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3728:
3721:
3702:
3695:
3633:
3410:Tibetan Buddhism
3383:
3382:
3349:
3348:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
2915:Battle of Chamdo
2893:Sino-Tibetan War
2749:
2712:
2692:
2682:
2664:
2654:
2641:List of emperors
2631:
2613:
2594:Historical money
2569:
2568:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2371:Al-Adil Kitbugha
2328:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2271:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2147:
2144:FitzHerbert 2020
2141:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1935:, p. 29-30.
1930:
1924:
1923:, p. 28-29.
1918:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1879:, p. 27-28.
1874:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1852:, p. 26-27.
1847:
1841:
1840:, p. 24-26.
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1691:China portal
1689:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1654:Historical money
1555:
1545:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1239:Chagatai Khanate
1234:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1082:
1067:
1066:
1004:ruler of Tibet.
950:
947:
935:
933:
924:
922:
913:
911:
902:
900:
891:
889:
880:
878:
869:
867:
858:
856:
847:
845:
838:
836:
829:
827:
818:
816:
807:
805:
796:
794:
785:
783:
774:
772:
763:
761:
752:
750:
741:
739:
730:
728:
719:
717:
710:
704:
657:5th Panchen Lama
511:Tibetan Buddhism
317:Toluid Civil War
222:Tibetan Buddhism
166:
165:
154:
153:
141:
140:
134:
133:
118:
117:
67:Tibetan Buddhism
45:
28:
19:
18:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3783:Khoshut Khanate
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3678:
3631:
3538:
3370:
3334:
3304:
3217:
3190:
3157:
3134:Tibetan Plateau
3129:Rongbuk Glacier
3115:Yarlung Tsangpo
3038:
2951:
2878:Batang uprising
2800:
2794:
2747:
2741:Khoshut Khanate
2729:Ganden Phodrang
2724:Tsangpa dynasty
2710:
2690:
2680:
2662:
2652:
2629:
2623:Yarlung dynasty
2611:
2598:
2558:
2549:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2347:Khoshut Khanate
2342:Dzungar Khanate
2321:
2316:
2261:10.2307/1795516
2156:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1721:
1685:
1683:
1680:Asia portal
1672:
1613:Ganden Phodrang
1608:Khoshut Khanate
1603:Tsangpa dynasty
1573:Yarlung dynasty
1563:Neolithic Tibet
1543:
1536:
1521:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:Dzungar Khanate
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:Khoshut Khanate
1428:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:Yarkent Khanate
1271:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:Khereid Khanate
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:Mongol khanates
1138:
1070:History of the
1065:
1028:
957:Ganden Phodrang
953:
952:
951:
948:
943:
937:
936:
929:
927:
925:
918:
916:
914:
909:
907:
905:
903:
898:
896:
894:
892:
887:
885:
883:
881:
876:
874:
872:
870:
865:
863:
861:
859:
854:
852:
850:
848:
843:
841:
839:
834:
832:
830:
825:
823:
821:
819:
814:
812:
810:
808:
803:
801:
799:
797:
792:
790:
788:
786:
781:
779:
777:
775:
770:
768:
766:
764:
759:
757:
755:
753:
748:
746:
744:
742:
737:
735:
733:
731:
726:
724:
722:
720:
715:
713:
711:
696:
593:
570:
527:Dzungar Khanate
388:
351:in seizing the
311:, submitted to
301:
296:
290:
259:Shunzhi Emperor
234:Ganden Phodrang
206:Tibetan Plateau
192:Khoshut Khanate
163:
158:Dzungar Khanate
138:
105:
95:
48:
31:
29:
26:
24:
23:Khoshut Khanate
17:
12:
11:
5:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3729:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3581:wall paintings
3578:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3512:Tibetan people
3509:
3507:Social classes
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:Nature Reserve
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:PRC annexation
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:List of rulers
2581:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2493:Lha-bzang Khan
2470:
2468:
2442:Tsewang Rabtan
2419:
2417:
2384:
2382:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Kalmyk Khanate
2334:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2121:
2119:, p. 392.
2109:
2107:, p. 390.
2097:
2095:, p. 206.
2085:
2083:, p. 200.
2070:
2049:
2045:Schwieger 2015
2037:
2033:Schwieger 2015
2025:
2023:, p. 121.
2021:Schwieger 2015
2013:
2011:, p. 119.
2009:Schwieger 2015
2001:
1997:Schwieger 2015
1986:
1984:, p. 117.
1982:Schwieger 2015
1974:
1972:, p. 116.
1970:Schwieger 2015
1962:
1950:
1937:
1925:
1910:
1908:, p. 524.
1893:
1891:, p. 146.
1881:
1869:
1867:, p. 211.
1854:
1842:
1830:
1828:, p. 145.
1818:
1816:, p. 144.
1806:
1804:, p. 153.
1794:
1792:, p. 142.
1782:
1774:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:List of rulers
1656:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Tibetan Empire
1575:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1456:Bogd Khaganate
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1420:Kalmyk Khanate
1417:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1395:Arghun dynasty
1392:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1359:Timurid Empire
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1263:Turpan Khanate
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1191:Naiman Khanate
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:Merkit Khanate
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:Lha-bzang Khan
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1024:
986:Luciano Petech
939:
938:
835:KAZAKH KHANATE
705:
699:
698:
697:
695:
692:
680:7th Dalai Lama
630:Kangxi Emperor
617:6th Dalai Lama
605:Lha-bzang Khan
592:
589:
569:
566:
503:Karma Tenkyong
449:5th Dalai Lama
387:
384:
300:
297:
289:
286:
282:7th Dalai Lama
269:in favor of a
267:6th Dalai Lama
263:Lha-bzang Khan
230:5th Dalai Lama
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
160:
151:
148:
147:
142:
130:
129:
124:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
57:Nomadic empire
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3835:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Mongol states
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
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3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
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3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
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3601:
3599:
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3500:
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3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
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3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
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3418:
3417:
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3413:
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3411:
3408:
3406:
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3401:
3398:
3396:
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3388:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
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3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
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3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
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2984:
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2979:
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2971:
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2913:
2911:
2908:
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2903:
2899:
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2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
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2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
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2803:
2797:
2789:
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2776:
2772:
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2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
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2744:
2742:
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2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:Galdan Tseren
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2408:
2397:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Mongol Empire
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2146:, p. 11.
2145:
2140:
2138:
2131:, p. 83.
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:0-87773-376-7
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1944:Martha Avery
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1906:Grousset 1970
1902:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
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1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
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1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1407:Mughal Empire
1405:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1215:Mongol Empire
1213:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1179:Tatar Khanate
1177:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:Proto-Mongols
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:Khoshut khans
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:According to
982:
980:
975:
971:
970:René Grousset
966:
962:
958:
942:
934:
932:
923:
921:
912:
901:
890:
879:
868:
857:
846:
837:
828:
817:
806:
795:
784:
773:
762:
751:
740:
729:
718:
709:
703:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
565:
563:
558:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
533:south of the
532:
529:on the upper
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Padmasambhava
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:Central Tibet
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:In 1632, the
425:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Northern Yuan
350:
346:
342:
339:) sided with
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
295:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:based in the
203:
200:
197:
193:
184:
181:
179:Today part of
177:
161:
159:
156:
155:
152:
146:
143:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
97:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
39:
34:
20:
3738:expanding it
3731:
3649:
3642:
3628:
3576:sand mandala
3568:
3561:
3502:Sinicization
3474:Panchen Lama
3469:Lhamo La-tso
3452:Ganden Tripa
3246:Human rights
3120:Grand Canyon
3100:Namcha Barwa
3093: /
2771:Tibetan Army
2740:
2669:Guge kingdom
2502:
2471:
2427:Erdeni Batur
2420:
2385:
2359:
2352:Qing dynasty
2346:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2154:Bibliography
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2057:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1977:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1933:Spencer 2018
1928:
1921:Spencer 2018
1884:
1877:Spencer 2018
1872:
1850:Spencer 2018
1845:
1838:Spencer 2018
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1764:
1758:
1607:
1485:1992-present
1431:
1287:Golden Horde
1227:Yuan dynasty
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
978:
974:Qaidam Basin
954:
930:
919:
734:
677:
674:
650:
634:Qing dynasty
626:
622:
602:
573:Ochirtu Khan
571:
559:
546:Sonam Rapten
543:
523:Khong Tayiji
522:
519:Erdeni Batur
492:
480:Panchen Lama
460:
456:
426:
397:
378:, the first
369:
345:Yuan dynasty
313:Genghis Khan
302:
275:
255:Qing dynasty
250:
247:Sonam Rapten
191:
189:
127:Succeeded by
126:
121:
3586:wall murals
3490:Catholicism
3074:Environment
2748:(1720–1912)
2711:(1368–1644)
2691:(1270–1350)
2612:(Neolithic)
2610:Prehistory
2506:(1755–1757)
2495:(1697–1717)
2490:(1696–1697)
2485:(1668–1696)
2480:(1655–1668)
2475:(1642–1655)
2464:(1753-1755)
2459:(1750–1753)
2454:(1745–1750)
2449:(1727–1745)
2444:(1697–1727)
2439:(1671–1697)
2434:(1653–1671)
2429:(1634–1653)
2409:(1761-1771)
2407:Ubashi Khan
2398:(1672-1723)
2389:(1633-1644)
2376:Esen Taishi
2117:Petech 2013
2105:Petech 2013
2093:Mullin 2001
2081:Mullin 2001
1865:Atwood 2004
1542:History of
1251:Moghulistan
1034:: 1642–1655
949: 1710
499:Donyo Dorje
415:and Khanai
409:Tobol River
405:Ishim River
357:Esen Taishi
309:Quduqa Bäki
122:Preceded by
3777:Categories
3669:Tibetology
3638:Literature
3457:Dalai Lama
3310:Government
3268:Tibet Area
3263:Golden Urn
3229:Parliament
2754:Lifan Yuan
2681:(960–1279)
2618:Zhangzhung
2603:Chronology
2478:Dayan Khan
2473:Güshi Khan
2457:Lama Dorji
2396:Ayuka Khan
2366:Arghun Aqa
2280:Хойт С.К.
2274:Хойт С.К.
2247:(4): 501,
2129:Stein 1972
1750:References
1568:Zhangzhung
1437:1640s-1717
1409:(in India)
1383:Four Oirat
1268:1487-1660?
1244:1225-1340s
1038:Dayan Khan
1032:Güshi Khan
562:Dayan Khan
531:Emil River
476:Dalai Lama
401:Güshi Khan
361:Dayan Khan
321:Four Oirat
243:Dalai Lama
220:school of
214:Güshi Khan
73:Government
27:ᠬᠣᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
3651:Chronicle
3613:Festivals
3425:Dpon-chen
3395:Languages
3390:Education
3139:Changtang
3081:Mountains
3048:Geography
2956:Documents
2801:conflicts
2653:(618–907)
2572:Overviews
2424:(d. 1634)
2387:Kho Orluk
2378:(d. 1455)
2368:(d. 1278)
1889:Adle 2003
1826:Adle 2003
1814:Adle 2003
1802:Adle 2003
1790:Adle 2003
1623:Qing rule
1588:Yuan rule
1473:1924–1992
1461:1911-1924
1449:1634-1758
1425:1630-1731
1413:1526–1857
1400:1479-1599
1388:1399-1634
1376:1383-1513
1364:1370–1507
1352:1368-1691
1340:1335-1357
1328:1335-1432
1316:1335-1357
1311:Chobanids
1304:1256-1335
1299:Ilkhanate
1292:1240-1502
1280:1514-1705
1256:1346-1462
1232:1271-1368
1220:1206-1368
931:Altishahr
468:Vajrapani
341:Ariq Böke
63:Religion
36:1642–1717
3709:Category
3593:Calendar
3527:Diaspora
3400:Religion
3204:Politics
3105:Tanggula
3095:Changtse
2799:Wars and
2674:Tsongkha
2636:Timeline
2579:Timeline
2556:articles
2504:Amursana
2422:Kharkhul
1948:, p. 104
1682:•
1649:Timeline
1641:See also
1633:PRC rule
1533:a series
1531:Part of
1480:Mongolia
1371:Kara Del
1184:IX – XII
1115:Language
1105:Nobility
1090:Timeline
1063:See also
1009:de facto
1002:de facto
981:ruler.
979:de facto
920:Khalkhas
653:Chagpori
585:Anu-Dara
507:Shigatse
478:and the
372:Kharkhul
251:de facto
76:Monarchy
3693:Outline
3657:writers
3598:Cuisine
3563:thangka
3544:Culture
3517:Changpa
3432:Nyingma
3379:Society
3344:Economy
3179:Ü-Tsang
3153:Valleys
3111:Rivers
3086:Kailash
2646:Lönchen
2628:Empire
2564:History
2462:Dawachi
2269:1795516
2249:Bibcode
1335:Injuids
1120:Mongols
1110:Culture
1095:History
1072:Mongols
866:KHANATE
855:KHANATE
853:CRIMEAN
826:KHANATE
824:BUKHARA
815:KHANATE
802:OTTOMAN
791:SAFAVID
769:MADURAI
749:DYNASTY
738:KHANATE
736:KHOSHUT
727:KHANATE
725:DZUNGAR
665:Lithang
632:of the
568:Ochirtu
550:Ü-Tsang
539:Beijing
441:Karmapa
433:Qinghai
407:to the
329:Torghut
288:History
278:Dzungar
210:Qinghai
202:khanate
145:Tsangpa
81:History
3808:Oirats
3644:Annals
3608:Emblem
3570:tsakli
3442:Jonang
3091:Lhotse
3035:(2008)
2734:Kashag
2554:
2432:Sengge
2361:Nawrūz
2319:Oirats
2267:
2064:
1772:
1535:on the
1208:X-1206
1172:XI–XII
1160:X-1203
1136:States
1100:Rulers
864:KALMYK
804:EMPIRE
793:EMPIRE
771:NAYAKS
760:EMPIRE
758:MUGHAL
670:Kumbum
577:Sengge
413:Khatun
335:, and
333:Dörbet
325:Choros
319:, the
299:Oirats
228:. The
196:Mongol
194:was a
84:
53:Status
3700:Index
3664:Music
3629:Khata
3532:Names
3522:Yolmo
3495:Islam
3447:Gelug
3437:Kagyu
3415:Sakya
3218:(TAR)
3184:Ngari
3069:Fauna
3064:Flora
2552:Tibet
2265:JSTOR
2068:(pbk)
1544:Tibet
1196:-1204
888:THAYA
886:AYUT-
813:KHIVA
780:CHAM-
495:Tibet
429:Gelug
422:Taiji
417:Noyan
365:Tumed
337:Khoid
249:, as
226:Tibet
218:Gelug
199:Oirat
183:China
30:和碩特汗國
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955:The
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877:SEON
747:QING
716:1710
638:Amdo
554:Kham
552:and
464:Khan
443:and
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