316:
early part of WW1 (covering 174 locations), among these were the
National Filling Factories, including a National Fuse Factory, 5 Trench Warfare Filling Factories, and 3 National Factories for Filling and Assembling Chemical Shells. Filling of small bore ammunition was increased by the creation of 4 government cartridge factories. Most of the national filling factories followed similar designs with large sites with small lightweight buildings well separated and connected by raised walkways which had lightweight rail lines so materials could be wheeled between buildings on trolleys. Shells, fuses, packing cases, and explosives were brought in by rail to the edge of the factory, and completed munitions left by rail. All the filling work was carried out within the large 'clean area' by a large, mainly female, workforce. People entering the clean area had to change clothes and leave behind anything that could strike a spark, not just matches and lighters but all metal, even hairclips - one male worker being fined £5 for being in possession of 2 nails that he had used to replace a lost button on his trousers.
30:
1034:
Employment
Exchange). They had to be aged 20 to 40, and live not more than an hour away, though a lodgings register was available. The work was generally 54 hours a week, 'but may be more', and the pay was 27 shillings, day and night shifts had to be undertaken by all workers, a fortnight of each at a time. For more information on women in munitions during WW1 see
323:
Ltd who had changed from engine production to manufacturing fuse bodies and 18pdr shell sockets. White and Poppe was given the contract for building the fuse filling plant in
September 1915, and when completed in September 1916 it ran under their management. Unfortunately a problem with fuse failures
1033:
The recruitment of workers for the factories was specifically aimed at women, and in general the workforce at the filling factories was 80 to 90% women. An advert in the papers in
January 1917 was aimed at recruiting 8000 women workers for a munitions filling factory in North-West London (Willesden
315:
At the start of the War munition filling was carried out at
Woolwich Arsenal, however it was soon realised that a massive increase in production of munitions was required. A 2015 study by Historic England looked into the 170 National Factories created in England by the Ministry of Munitions in the
327:
When the
Armistice came in November 1918, production was rapidly terminated and the female workforce laid off. A few sites, with much reduced male staff levels, were used for decommissioning unwanted ammunition. After clean up, most of the buildings, equipment, and stores were sold off by public
452:
120 acres. In August 1917 a central experimental unit was setup to study methods for filling and assembling for all the NFFs. An explosion in Sept 1919 (when being used for decommissioning munitions) caused damage but didn't escalate, but raised questions about the safety of munitions in London
399:
296 acres. Of the 13315 employees in Mar 1917, 12150 were women. Produced 50,000 shells per week by August 1918. An explosion in
December 1916 killed 34 women. Since 2016 it is a scheduled monument (No 1415057) as the most complete surviving filling factory.
218:
For safety purposes, munitions were segregated into different compatibility groups. A World War II filling factory would generally fill several different groups of munitions; and these groups would be located in different geographical areas within the
1233:
Some of these filling factories were temporary "war duration" only factories and they closed after the end of World War II. Other filling factories were designed to be permanent and to remain open after the War. However, only
1191:
324:
caused a cessation of production in
December 1916. The fault identified and the factory reorganised it restarted production in February 1917 as NFF 21, but still under White and Poppe management.
211:
for filling of munitions. Explosives magazines were required by each group to store the incoming explosive materials and to store the outgoing filled shells or gun cartridges, usually packed in
695:
250 acres. Managed by
Vickers Ltd. Works destroyed by fire and explosion October 1917. A planned rebuild was abandoned in Spring 1916 except for a small portion for chemical gas filling.
832:. By November 1918, Chittening had produced 85,424 mustard gas shells; but at a human cost of 1213 cases of associated illness, including two deaths which were later attributed to
532:
208 acres. Suffered serious explosion 1 July 1918, 134 killed, 250 injured. Work restarted the next day. Chilwell produced over 19 million artillery shells by the end of the war.
319:
While some of the factories were entirely built and managed by the
Ministry of Munitions, others had local management. For instance NFF 10 was built on 109 acres of land owned by
1520:
718:
519 acres. Built to provide backup capacity should Chilwell or Morecambe be out of commission. Changed to breaking down unwanted ammo after the war at least until 1921.
766:
National Filling Factory no 10 was renumbered 21 after a fault in the production system had been fixed, as front line troops had learned to avoid munitions from NFF 10
278:
In addition, a filling factory would have provision for limited proofing and testing of its munitions; and burning grounds for disposal of waste explosive material.
883:
Watford No 2 Trench Warfare Filling Factory. 40 acres, 26 sheds, 300 ton magazine. Chemical filling moved to Greenford Chemical Shell Assembly Station in Jan 1917.
17:
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Prossibly NFF 27. Nationalisation of W.E.Blake Explosives Loading Co factory in Feb 1916. 3 acres with separate explosives magazines at Worm Holt Farm,
1344:
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109 acres. Managed by White and Poppe Ltd. Due to a number of fuse failures in late 1916, once remedied this was renamed as NFF 21
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150:(World War II) and transported, by railway trains, to the filling factories for filling into munitions, produced at other plants.
192:
and screening smokes, as many of these were sensitive materials. They were then filled or assembled directly into the munitions.
181:
and private steel works / forging companies. It is believed that the empty brass cartridge cases for small arms were made at the
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160:
cases. Care had to be taken to ensure that there were no voids in the poured explosive charge as this could lead to the shell
458:
215:
boxes. Storage buildings were also needed on each group to store the incoming empty shells and the empty ammunition boxes.
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Opened in June 1915, later nationalised. From May 1917 changed to disassembling defective munitions to recover components
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Twenty World War II filling factories were planned, but only 16 were built. The two largest UK filling factories were:
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28 acre site built, staffed, and managed by George Kent Ltd who were already making munitions at Biscot Road, Luton
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28 acres. Also known as Trench Warfare Filling Factory No 1 at Watford. Listed as NFF 24 in sale details Jan 1919.
1180:
Watford and South West Herts in the Great War, Eugenia Russell, Quentin Russell, Pen and Sword, 31 Aug 2015, p70
62:
29:
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1094:
Official History of the Ministry of Munitions, Vol X, The supply of munitions, H.M. Stationery Office, 1922
1000:
Ardol Ltd (who had a carbon monoxide by-product of food manufacture), built and operated a factory to make
558:. This had a capacity of 2000 tons of explosive, and about 100 tons a day were delivered to Hayes by rail.
1078:
Review of the Work of National Filling Factory No 21, Coventry, The National Archive - MUN 5/155/1122/3/66
61:. In the United Kingdom, during both world wars of the 20th century, the majority of the employees were
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manufacturers, particularly in World War II, but these are not specifically covered by this article.
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Also known as Emergency Factory No.2. 200 acres. Had a separate 93acre explosives magazine at
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Probably had an NFF designation. Built near to (and managed by) British Westfalite's factory
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648:
Managed by Kings Norton Metal Co, works built adjacent to their factory. Closed cApril 1918.
73:
1057:"First World War National Factories: An Archaeological, Architectural and Historical review"
108:
The filling of smoke screen canisters and other pyrotechnic devices was also carried out by
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contraband storage (for items prohibited in the danger areas, e.g. matches, tobacco, etc.);
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50:
8:
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Mainly high explosive shells (over 4.5 inch), some naval mines and chemical filling (HS)
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The only filling factory in UK in 1914, eventually closing in 1967. Covering 1285 acres.
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Filling factories had a large number of buildings. Buildings were needed on the various
974:
157:
156:, such as TNT, had to be heated to melt them and the liquid was poured hot into heated
88:
46:
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and load into shells. Nationalised in June 1916. Shell filling moved elsewhere c1917.
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105:). These were all part of the Royal Ordnance Factory organisation, owned by the MoS.
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175 acres. Partly built to complete 18pdr shells shipped in from USA via Liverpool
1420:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
1214:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
281:
Outside of this danger area, but still within the factory site, would be located:
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Probably had an NFF designation. 14 acre site near to the Thames Munition Works
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Also known as Chemical Shell Assembling Station. Formerly Greenford dye works.
153:
1171:
National Filling Factory (No 24) Watford, Daily News (London), 23 Jan 1919, p2
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More Women Workers - 8000 Wanted for Munitions, Evening Mail, 19 Jan 1917, p8
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Components (fuses, Gaines) plus 18pdr shells also 4.5 and 6 in howitzer
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cotton bags for filling with primer composition or cordite charges.
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Near Cardonald railway station. Managed by Nobel's Explosives Ltd.
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Scene in one of the great munition factories of England during 1916
1103:
Alarming London Explosion, Sheffield Independent, 19 Sept 1919, p5
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142 acres. Used until 1924 for breaking down unwanted ammunition.
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308 acres. Site cleared in mis 1920s, but was reused in 1939 as
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Area 250 acres, then second factory increased it to 540 acres.
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Quick Fire Ammunition (13pdr, 18pdr, 3.4 inch, 12 inch shells)
188:
The filling factories produced their own pyrotechnics, such as
274:
Group 9: Large magazines, filled ammunition awaiting dispatch.
41:
was a manufacturing plant that specialised in filling various
1013:
986:
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2 inch mortars, used after the war for dismantling munitions
916:
880:
Heavy trench mortar and aerial bombs. Some chemical filling.
580:
60,000 sq feet factory also known as Emergency Factory No. 1
385:
1467:
History of The Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series
1452:
History of The Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series
1141:
The Home Front 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War
310:
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were manufactured in the UK, in World War II, by both the
1439:
R.O.F. The Story of the Royal Ordnance Factories: 1939–48
1229:
UK World War II Royal Ordnance Factory, filling factories
129:
306:
canteens (as many as 40 in some of the large factories).
241:
Group 2: Fuze pellets, exploder pellets, exploder bags.
501:
18pdr, 4.5 inch, 60pdr shells, cartridges and primers
1521:
Government munitions production in the United Kingdom
261:
Group 6: Manufacture of smoke producing compositions.
1069:
News Snippet, Londonderry Sentinel, 31 July 1917, p4
529:High explosive shells (4.5 inch to 15 inch shells)
1392:Factory planned and number assigned, but not built
1376:This was a re-opened WW1 National Filling Factory
1507:
1137:
254:Group 5: Filling of cartridges, such as filling
1320:ROF Swindon (Wootton Bassett) (Factory No. 12)
258:into cloth bags or into brass cartridge cases.
854:2in and 3in mortar rounds and rifle grenades
763:Components (fuses, Gaines) for 18 pdr shells
624:Components (fuses, Gaines) for 18 pdr shells
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670:Components (detonators, gaines and primers)
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970:3 inch Stokes mortar bombs, ball grenades
311:UK World War I National Filling Factories
423:Quick Fire Ammunition (18pdr to 6 inch)
396:Quick Fire Ammunition (18pdr to 6 inch)
28:
1379:
1192:"Selby National Trench Warfare Factory"
18:Filling Factories in the United Kingdom
14:
1508:
1194:. Ed Dennison Archaeological Services.
715:High explosive shells (over 4.5 inch)
692:High explosive shells (over 4.5 inch)
230:Group 1: Initiators, such as caps and
1138:Ian F.W. Beckett (31 December 2013).
1090:
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1086:
1084:
87:, a filling factory belonging to the
72:, a filling factory belonging to the
1363:
271:Group 8: Filling of shells or bombs.
1412:
577:Components (101-103 fuses, Gaines)
24:
1262:The other filling factories were:
1081:
1048:
1041:
741:Filling 4.5in, 6in and 8in shells
25:
1532:
1501:
1323:ROF Macclesfield (Factory No. 13)
1238:is still open and is now part of
202:
1486:List of Royal Ordnance Factories
1359:ROF Northampton (Factory No. 20)
1055:David Kenyon (9 November 2015).
888:National Filling Factory No. 28
862:National Filling Factory No. 25
841:National Filling Factory No. 24
792:National Filling Factory No. 23
771:National Filling Factory No. 22
749:National Filling Factory No. 21
723:National Filling Factory No. 18
700:National Filling Factory No. 14
678:National Filling Factory No. 13
653:National Filling Factory No. 12
632:National Filling Factory No. 11
609:National Filling Factory No. 10
115:
1443:His Majesty's Stationery Office
1395:
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1198:
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982:Trench Warfare Filling Factory
956:Trench Warfare Filling Factory
934:Trench Warfare Filling Factory
909:Trench Warfare Filling Factory
563:National Filling Factory No. 8
537:National Filling Factory No. 7
483:National Filling Factory No. 5
445:Components (fuses, detonators,
431:National Filling Factory No. 3
405:National Filling Factory No. 2
378:National Filling Factory No. 1
183:Small Arms Ammunition Factories
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1106:
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586:National Filling Factory No. 9
513:National Filling Factory No. 6
459:National Filling Factory No. 4
226:The World War II groups were:
13:
1:
1496:
1216:. Swindon: English Heritage.
1190:Paul Francis (October 1999).
328:auctions in the early 1920s.
142:National Explosives Factories
1403:Atomic Weapons Establishment
1356:ROF Tutbury (Factory No. 19)
7:
1479:
1475:and Longmans, Green and Co.
1460:and Longmans, Green and Co.
1117:. Oxford University Press.
948:3 inch Stokes mortar bombs
645:Components (fuses, Gaines)
93:Royal Filling Factory (RFF)
10:
1537:
1418:Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000).
1212:Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000).
775:Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
244:Group 3: Filling of fuzes.
1113:Haber L.F. (1986). "10".
820:National Smelting Company
1448:Hornby, William (1958).
1353:(Filling Factory No. 18)
1347:(Filling Factory No. 17)
1341:(Filling Factory No. 16)
1335:(Filling Factory No. 15)
1329:(Filling Factory No. 14)
1317:(Filling Factory No. 11)
1311:(Filling Factory No. 10)
223:of the filling factory.
78:National Filling Factory
1305:(Filling Factory No. 9)
1299:(Filling Factory No. 8)
1293:(Filling Factory No. 7)
1287:(Filling Factory No. 6)
1281:(Filling Factory No. 5)
1275:(Filling Factory No. 4)
1269:(Filling Factory No. 3)
1258:(Filling Factory No. 2)
1252:(Filling Factory No. 1)
997:3 inch 'Russian' shell
901:Chemical shell filling
285:administration offices;
140:, were manufactured in
120:The filling factories'
1465:Works and Buildings. (
1450:Factories and Plant. (
1009:National Fuse Factory
816:dichloroethyl sulphide
98:Royal Ordnance Factory
34:
800:South Gloucestershire
247:Group 4: Blending of
195:They also would have
74:Ministry of Munitions
32:
1463:Kohan, C.M. (1952).
810:Filling shells with
1115:The Poisonous Cloud
1059:. Historic England.
1437:Hay, Ian. (1949).
1401:Later part of the
865:Bushey Mill Lane,
89:Ministry of Supply
35:
1516:Filling factories
1364:Explanatory notes
1031:
1030:
294:a medical centre;
144:(World War I) or
45:, such as bombs,
16:(Redirected from
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1424:English Heritage
1413:WW II references
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1345:ROF Featherstone
1309:ROF Queniborough
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959:Stevenage Road,
830:Nobel Explosives
434:Willesden Lane,
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234:for primers and
178:Engineering ROFs
59:screening smokes
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1042:WW I references
975:Shepherd's Bush
844:Balmoral Road,
824:Avonmouth Docks
752:Whitmore Park,
612:Whitmore Park,
343:Peak Workforce
321:White and Poppe
313:
297:changing rooms;
251:for time fuzes.
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171:Shells and gun
168:during firing.
154:High-explosives
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91:was known as a
76:was known as a
39:filling factory
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506:RAF Quedgeley
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449:and primers)
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364:17th Century
363:
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355:Royal Arsenal
353:
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303:search rooms;
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122:raw materials
116:Raw materials
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31:
27:
19:
1491:Munitionette
1464:
1449:
1438:
1419:
1397:
1372:
1297:ROF Aycliffe
1267:ROF Glascoed
1261:
1256:ROF Bridgend
1244:
1236:ROF Glascoed
1232:
1213:
1200:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1140:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1074:
1065:
1050:
1032:
828:Operated by
812:chloropicrin
784:Naval mines
681:White Lund,
517:Long Eaton,
463:Georgetown,
326:
318:
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288:pay offices;
280:
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96:
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85:World War II
82:
77:
67:
55:pyrotechnics
38:
36:
26:
1422:. Swindon:
1333:ROF Walsall
1315:ROF Brackla
1250:ROF Chorley
1240:BAE Systems
1012:Chaul End,
913:Slade Green
787:143 acres.
703:Rotherwas,
566:Sumner St,
390:April 1916
221:danger area
134:propellants
70:World War I
1510:Categories
1497:References
1471:. London:
1456:. London:
1441:. London:
1339:ROF Elstow
1291:ROF Kirkby
1285:ROF Risley
867:Callowland
804:June 1918
796:Chittening
727:Burry Port
636:Abbey Wood
572:Sept 1915
491:Gloucester
291:workshops;
266:Small arms
249:gunpowders
232:detonators
213:ammunition
173:cartridges
166:gun barrel
162:detonating
136:, such as
124:, such as
51:cartridges
1018:Mid 1917
965:Aug 1915
943:Jan 1916
939:Rotherham
921:Oct 1915
896:Jan 1917
892:Greenford
875:May 1916
834:influenza
818:from the
779:Feb 1918
758:Feb 1917
735:Jun 1915
709:Nov 1916
687:Jul 1916
683:Morecambe
665:Jan 1916
657:Cardonald
640:Jan 1916
618:Mar 1916
595:Apr 1916
568:Southwark
545:Oct 1915
523:Feb 1916
495:Mar 1916
487:Quedgeley
469:Jan 1916
453:suburbs.
440:Dec 1915
417:Jan 1916
413:Liverpool
346:Products
337:Location
264:Group 7:
110:fireworks
43:munitions
1480:See also
1002:phosgene
937:Denaby,
754:Coventry
705:Hereford
614:Coventry
556:Northolt
519:Chilwell
436:Perivale
360:Woolwich
268:filling.
871:Watford
846:Watford
731:Pembrey
661:Glasgow
591:Banbury
465:Glasgow
409:Aintree
382:Barnbow
370:Varied
256:cordite
164:in the
138:cordite
95:, or a
1430:
1405:(AWE))
1220:
1157:13 May
1148:
1121:
1024:Fuses
961:Fulham
712:~8000
548:12500
472:11088
447:gaines
393:16000
367:80000
349:Notes
209:groups
57:, and
47:shells
1021:3000
1014:Luton
991:1916
987:Selby
917:Erith
807:1100
738:1050
621:3864
598:1463
541:Hayes
526:7500
498:6364
420:8599
386:Leeds
340:From
334:Name
236:fuzes
190:fuses
158:shell
132:, or
63:women
1473:HMSO
1458:HMSO
1428:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1159:2014
1146:ISBN
1119:ISBN
994:234
197:sewn
822:at
130:RDX
126:TNT
103:ROF
83:In
68:In
1512::
1426:.
1381:^
1242:.
1144:.
1083:^
1038:.
977:.
915:,
869:,
836:.
798:,
729:,
659:,
489:,
411:,
384:,
185:.
128:,
80:.
65:.
53:,
49:,
37:A
1469:)
1454:)
1445:.
1434:.
1224:.
1161:.
1127:.
238:.
101:(
20:)
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