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located. The town contained three squares – one for the prince’s palace, one for the cathedral, and one for the market. Because the
Renaissance was much taken with the idea of the canal town, in Filarete's Sforzinda every other street had a canal for cargo transport. The canal system also connected with the river, and thus the outside world, for the import and export of goods. The city also contained many buildings, including parishes and separate schools for boys and girls. An example of a building that appears in the treatise is Filarete’s House of Vice and Virtue, a ten-storey structure with a brothel on the bottom and an academy of learning on the higher levels. Filarete did much study on representation of Vices and Virtues, and there are suggestions that his radial design for the city was inspired by
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181:, which were completed in 1445. Although they were created during the Renaissance, the doors have distinct Byzantine influences and seem tied to the Medieval era. Some critics have noted that the doors offer a glimpse into the mind of Filarete, claiming that they show his “mind of medieval complexity crammed full of exciting but not quite assimilated classical learning”.
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drawings and even more his allegorical drawings traced on the margins of the Codex
Magliabechianus – such as the Allegory of Vertue and the Allegory of the Reason and Will – Filarete shows a remarkable possession of classical sources, maybe known also through the advice of his friend Francesco Filelfo da Tolentino, the main humanist then at the court of Milan.
335:. Filarete’s ideal plan was meant to reflect on society – where a perfect city form would be the image of a perfect society, an idea that was typical of the humanist views prevalent during the High Renaissance. The Renaissance ideal city implied the centralized power of a prince in its organization, an idea following closely on the heels of
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Although it was never built, Sforzinda served as an inspiration for many future city plans. For example, in the 16th century, Renaissance military engineers and architects combined
Filarete's ideal city schemes with defensive fortifications deriving from a more sociopolitical agenda. This notion of
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The basic layout of the city is an eight-point star, created by overlaying two squares so that all the corners were equidistant. This shape is then inscribed within a perfect circular moat. This shape is iconographic and probably ties to
Filarete’s interest in magic and astrology. Consistent with
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Filarete's plan of
Sforzinda was the first ideal city plan of the Renaissance and his thorough organization of its layout embodied a greater level of conscious city planning than anyone before him. Despite the many references to medieval symbolism incorporated into Sforzinda's design, the city's
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In terms of planning, each of the outer points of the star had towers, while the inner angles had gates. Each of the gates was an outlet of radial avenues that each passed through a market square, dedicated to certain goods. All the avenues finally converged in a large square which was centrally
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The design of
Sforzinda may have been in part a direct response to the Italian cities of the Medieval period, whose growth did not necessarily depend on city planning as such, which meant they could be difficult to navigate. In part, the Renaissance humanist interest in classical texts may have
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or fifteenth century notions concerning the talismanic power of geometry and the crucial importance of astrology, Filarete provides, in addition to pragmatic advice on materials, construction, and fortifications, notes on how to propitiate celestial harmony within
Sforzinda. His architectonical
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Andreas Beyer: "Künstlerfreunde – Künstlerfeinde. Anmerkungen zu einem Topos der Künstler- und
Kunstgeschichte", (on Filarete's Portal in St Peter's in Rome), in Andreas Beyer: Die Kunst – zur Sprache gebracht, Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, Berlin 2017, pp. 64–82.
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The book, which is written as a fictional narrative, consists principally of a detailed account of the technical aspects of architecture (e.g., site and material selection, drawing, construction methods, and so on) and a sustained polemic against the
215:(c. 1456), the overall form of which was rationally planned as a cross within a square, with the hospital church at the center of the plan. Some of the surviving sections of the much-rebuilt structure show the Gothic detail of Milan's
339:’s that “The human race is at its best under a monarch.” Thus it could be argued that the Renaissance ideal city form was tensioned between the perceived need for a centralized power and the potential reality of tyranny.
659:"Il Filarete." International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture. St. James Press, 1993. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009.
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principles became the archetype for the humanist city during the High
Renaissance. The treatise gained interest from many important leaders such as Giangaleazzo Sforza and
259:, which comprises twenty-five volumes, enjoyed a fairly wide circulation in manuscript form during the Renaissance. The most well known and best preserved copy of the
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preceded this. In the following century, Filarete's doors were preserved when Old St Peter's was demolished and they were later reinstalled in the new
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124:. There he became a ducal engineer and worked on a variety of architectural projects for the next fifteen years. According to his biographer,
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Originally composed in Milan c. 1460 – c. 1464. Translated by John R. Spencer. Facsimile ed. 2 vols. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1965.
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where he probably trained as a craftsman. Sources suggest that he worked in Florence under the Italian painter, architect, and biographer
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Coen, P. (2000). "Il problema della Ragione e della Volontà: il contributo di un'allegoria di Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete".
108:, who gave him his more famous name “Filarete” which means “a lover of virtue”. In the mid 15th century, Filarete was expelled from
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and was conserved in Florence suggests that Filarete was well regarded in his native Florence despite his loyalty to Milan.
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Coen, P. (1994). "La allegoria della Virtù di Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete". In Rossi, S.; Valeri, S. (eds.).
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Kostof, Spiro. The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form Through History. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. 1991.
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of Northern Italy, which Filarete calls the "barbarous modern style." Filarete argues instead for the use of
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323:’s Earthly City, whose circular shape was divided into sections, each of which had its own Vice and Virtue.
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Filarete completed his substantial book on architecture sometime around 1464, which he referred to as his
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Filarete's Treatise on Architecture: Being the Treatise by Antonio di Piero Averlino, Known as Filarete.
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St. James Press, 1993. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009.
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St. James Press, 1993. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009.
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combining the ideal and the fortified city became widely disseminated throughout Europe and beyond.
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Madanipour, Ali. Designing the City of Reason: Foundation and Frameworks. New York: Routledge, 2007
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Kostof, Spiro. The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. 1991.
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88:, and architectural theorist. He is perhaps best remembered for his design of the ideal city of
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251:("Architectonic book"). Neither he nor his immediate contemporaries ever referred to it as a
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Lang, S. The Ideal City from Plato to Howard. Architectural Review 112. Aug. 1952, pp 95–96
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stimulated preoccupations with geometry in city layouts, as for example, in
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Roeder, Helen. “The Borders of Filarete's Bronze Doors to St. Peters”.
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The City in History: Its Origins and Transformations, and its Prospects
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Roeder, Helen. 'The Borders of Filarete's Bronze Doors to St. Peters'.
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models. The most famous part of his book is his plan for Sforzinda, an
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began to plan their ideal cities they borrowed ideas from Filarete.
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Filarete's treatise on architecture and the ideal city of Sforzinda
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http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.ilsprod.lib.neu.edu/servlet/BioRC
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http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.ilsprod.lib.neu.edu/servlet/BioRC
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http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.ilsprod.lib.neu.edu/servlet/BioRC
700:: Claiming Authorship and Status on the Doors of St. Peter's."
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Lang, S. (August 1952). "The ideal city from Plato to Howard".
401:. Vol. VII. London: Spink & Son Ltd. pp. 302–304.
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meant that Filarete, over the course of twelve years, cast the
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craft traditions, which are at odds with Filarete's design
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International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture.
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International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture.
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Designing the City of Reason: Foundation and frameworks
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after being accused of attempting to steal the head of
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or "after the Antique". Filarete also worked on the
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Fred Luminoso, 2000. "The Ideal City: Then and Now"
263:is a profusely illustrated manuscript known as the
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690:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
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148:'s medal marking the 1439 visit to Florence of
100:Antonio di Pietro Averlino was born c. 1400 in
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458:The City Shaped: Urban patterns and meanings
629:The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance
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485:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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274:"Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze"
35:[anˈtɔːnjodiˈpjɛːtroaver(u)ˈliːno]
23:Italian architect and sculptor (1400–1469)
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592:. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
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161:Bronze doors of Old St. Peter's Basilica
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73:, meaning "lover of excellence"), was a
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656:Alighieri, Dante. De Monarchia. c. 1312
613:on Filarete and da Vinci's theories of
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411:Ghiberti's great bronze doors for the
343:Influence on architecture and urbanism
271:1465; now held in the archives of the
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645:"Sforzinda: progetto di città ideale"
399:Biographical Dictionary of Medallists
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692:, Vol. 10, (1947), pp. 150–153.
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128:, Filarete died in Rome c. 1469.
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519:. Vol. 112. pp. 95–96.
460:. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.
744:15th-century Italian architects
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729:Italian architecture writers
545:Alighieri, Dante (c. 1312).
473:Le due Rome del Quattrocento
397:L. Forrer, Filarete (1923).
229:or Sforza Castle and on the
211:In Milan Filarete built the
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724:Italian Renaissance writers
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696:Glass, Robert. "Filarete's
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534:. New York, NY: Routledge.
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704:94, no. 4 (2012): 548–71.
759:Architects from Florence
653:at stpetersbasilica.info
530:Madanipour, Ali (2007).
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243:Trattato di architettura
175:Old St. Peter's Basilica
165:A commission granted by
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627:Peter J. Murray, 1963.
120:and then eventually to
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588:Mumford, Lewis. 1961.
456:Kostof, Spiro (1991).
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249:Libro architettonico
233:or Milan Cathedral.
62:[filaˈrɛːte]
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223:all'antica
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604:biography
481:cite book
206:Sforzinda
146:Pisanello
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90:Sforzinda
86:medallist
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71:φιλάρετος
602:A short
333:Atlantis
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204:Plan of
196:in Milan
102:Florence
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54:Filarete
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368:Notes
337:Dante
329:Plato
261:Libro
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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