Italian Renaissance

568: 3987:(1927), Haskins asserts that it is human nature to draw stark divides in history to better understand the past. However, it is essential to understand history as continuous and constantly building off of the past. Haskins was one of the leading scholars in this school of thought, and it was his (along with several others) belief that the building blocks for the Italian Renaissance were all laid during the Middle Ages, calling on the rise of towns and bureaucratic states in the late 11th century as proof of the significance of this "pre-renaissance." The flow of history that he describes paints the Renaissance as a continuation of the Middle Ages that may not have been as positive of a change as popularly imagined. Many historians after Burckhardt have argued that the regression of the 2386:, bands of soldiers drawn from around Europe, but especially Germany and Switzerland, led largely by Italian captains. The mercenaries were not willing to risk their lives unduly, and war became one largely of sieges and manoeuvring, occasioning few pitched battles. It was also in the interest of mercenaries on both sides to prolong any conflict, to continue their employment. Mercenaries were also a constant threat to their employers; if not paid, they often turned on their patron. If it became obvious that a state was entirely dependent on mercenaries, the temptation was great for the mercenaries to take over the running of it themselves—this occurred on a number of occasions. Neutrality was maintained with France, which found itself surrounded by enemies when Spain disputed 2456: 336: 2571: 3807: 2550:, who would become known as "Lorenzo the Magnificent." Lorenzo was the first of the family to be educated from an early age in the humanist tradition and is best known as one of the Renaissance's most important patrons of the arts. Lorenzo reformed Florence's ruling council from 100 members to 70, formalizing the Medici rule. The republican institutions continued, but they lost all power. Lorenzo was less successful than his illustrious forebears in business, and the Medici commercial empire was slowly eroded. Lorenzo continued the alliance with Milan, but relations with the papacy soured, and in 1478, Papal agents allied with the 2954: 2725:

comfortable lives and had significant power in the republican governments. This was in sharp contrast to the rest of Europe where artisans were firmly in the lower class. Literate and educated, this group participated in the Renaissance culture. The largest section of the urban population was the urban poor of semi-skilled workers and the unemployed. Like the peasants, the Renaissance had little effect on them. Historians debate how easy it was to move between these groups during the Italian Renaissance. Examples of individuals who rose from humble beginnings can be instanced, but

2259: 1878:; it boasted a naval fleet of over 5000 ships thanks to its arsenal, a vast complex of shipyards that was the first European facility to mass-produce commercial and military vessels. Genoa also had become a maritime power. Thus, while northern Italy was not richer in resources than many other parts of Europe, the level of development, stimulated by trade, allowed it to prosper. In particular, Florence became one of the wealthiest of the cities of Northern Italy, mainly due to its woollen textile production, developed under the supervision of its dominant trade 3509: 2079: 5016:"Machiavelli is the only political thinker whose name has come into common use for designating a kind of politics, which exists and will continue to exist independently of his influence, a politics guided exclusively by considerations of expediency, which uses all means, fair or foul, iron or poison, for achieving its ends – its end being the aggrandizement of one's country or fatherland – but also using the fatherland in the service of the self-aggrandizement of the politician or statesman or one's party." -Leo Strauss, 3627: 38: 4010:, during the late 15th century, describing it as a period connecting an important beginning and an important end, and as a placeholder for the history that exists between both sides of the period. This period was eventually referred to as the "dark" ages in the 19th century by English historians, which has further tainted the narrative of medieval times in favour of promoting a positive feeling of individualism and humanism that spurred from the Renaissance. 8163: 3172: 3410: 8152: 1103: 2733:. Most historians feel that early in the Renaissance social mobility was quite high, but that it faded over the course of the 15th century. Inequality in society was very high. An upper-class figure would control hundreds of times more income than a servant or labourer. Some historians see this unequal distribution of wealth as important to the Renaissance, as art patronage relies on the very wealthy. 2768: 2806:. Other accounts trace the end of the Italian Renaissance to the French invasions of the early 16th century and the subsequent conflict between France and Spanish rulers for control of Italian territory. Savonarola rode to power on a widespread backlash over the secularism and indulgence of the Renaissance. His brief rule saw many works of art destroyed in the " 2211:, who ruled the city from 1378 to 1402, was renowned both for his cruelty and for his abilities, and set about building an empire in Northern Italy. He launched a long series of wars, with Milan steadily conquering neighbouring states and defeating the various coalitions led by Florence that sought in vain to halt the advance. This culminated in the 1402 2012:

example, the demand for luxury goods led to an increase in trade, which led to greater numbers of tradesmen becoming wealthy, who, in turn, demanded more luxury goods. This atmosphere of assumed luxury of the time created a need for the creation of visual symbols of wealth, an important way to show a family's affluence and taste.

3554:(contrast between light and dark), in a single unifying style which expressed total compositional order, balance and harmony. In particular, the individual parts of the painting had a complex but balanced and well-knit relationship to the whole. The most famous painters from this phase are Leonardo da Vinci, 3377:

Major developments in mathematics include the spread of algebra throughout Europe, especially Italy. Luca Pacioli published a book on mathematics at the end of the fifteenth century, in which he first published positive and negative signs. Basic mathematical symbols were introduced by Simon Stevin in

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Many Italian Renaissance humanists also praised and affirmed the beauty of the body in poetry and literature. In Baldassare Rasinus's panegyric for Francesco Sforza, Rasinus considered that beautiful people usually have virtue. In northern Italy, humanists had discussions about the connection between

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argues that the economic collapse was a crucial cause of the Renaissance. According to this view, in a more prosperous era, businessmen would have quickly reinvested their earnings in order to make more money in a climate favourable to investment. However, in the leaner years of the 14th century, the

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that decimated the populations of the densely populated cities of Northern Italy and returned at intervals thereafter. Florence, for instance, which had a pre-plague population of 45,000 decreased over the next 47 years by 25–50%. Widespread disorder followed, including a revolt of Florentine textile

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In the eleventh century, the Church persecuted many groups including pagans, Jews, and lepers in order to eliminate irregularities in society and strengthen its power. In response to the laity's challenge to Church authority, bishops played an important role, as they gradually lost control of secular

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in the 16th century. He published "Introduction to Analytical Methods" in 1591, systematically sorting out algebra, and for the first time consciously using letters to represent unknown and known numbers. In his other book "On the Recognition and Correction of Equations", Viete improved the solution

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In the early Italian Renaissance, much of the focus was on translating and studying classic works from Latin and Greek. Renaissance authors were not content to rest on the laurels of ancient authors, however. Many authors attempted to integrate the methods and styles of the ancient Greeks into their

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The nature of the Renaissance also changed in the late 15th century. The Renaissance ideal was fully adopted by the ruling classes and the aristocracy. In the early Renaissance artists were seen as craftsmen with little prestige or recognition. By the later Renaissance, the top figures wielded great

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elected and Cosimo returned. The Medici became the town's leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. Florence organized the trade routes for commodities between England and the Netherlands, France, and Italy. By the middle of the century, the city had become the banking

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This change also gave the merchants almost complete control of the governments of the Italian city-states, again enhancing trade. One of the most important effects of this political control was security. Those who grew extremely wealthy in a feudal state ran the constant risk of running afoul of the

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High Renaissance painting evolved into Mannerism, especially in Florence. Mannerist artists, who consciously rebelled against the principles of High Renaissance, tend to represent elongated figures in illogical spaces. Modern scholarship has recognized the capacity of Mannerist art to convey strong

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Baron's thesis suggests that during these long wars, the leading figures of Florence rallied the people by presenting the war as one between the free republic and a despotic monarchy, between the ideals of the Greek and Roman Republics and those of the Roman Empire and Medieval kingdoms. For Baron,

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was poorer than the urban patriarchs in the High Medieval money economy whose inflationary rise left land-holding aristocrats impoverished. The increase in trade during the early Renaissance enhanced these characteristics. The decline of feudalism and the rise of cities influenced each other; for

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Let us look for a moment at Europe just after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, almost two hundred years after the date that we choose to mark the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The religious war was over. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation were things of the past.

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in 1454, which saw relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries. This peace would hold for the next forty years, and Venice's unquestioned hegemony over the sea also led to unprecedented peace for much of the rest of the 15th century. At the beginning of the 15th century,

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At sea, Italian city-states sent many fleets out to do battle. The main contenders were Pisa, Genoa, and Venice, but after a long conflict, the Genoese succeeded in reducing Pisa. Venice proved to be a more powerful adversary, and with the decline of Genoese power during the 15th century Venice

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period, it included features which align with the early Renaissance in important ways: an increasing emphasis on secular sources, styles and forms; a spreading of culture away from ecclesiastical institutions to the nobility, and even to the common people; and quick development of entirely new

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As a cultural movement, the Italian Renaissance affected only a small part of the population. Italy was the most urbanized region of Europe, but three-quarters of the people were still rural peasants. For this section of the population, life remained essentially unchanged from the Middle Ages.

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of the third-degree and fourth-degree equations, and also established the relationship between the roots and coefficients of quadratic and cubic equations, which is called "Viete's formulas" now. Trigonometry also achieved greater development during the Renaissance. The German mathematician

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The situation differed in the cities. These were dominated by a commercial elite; as exclusive as the aristocracy of any Medieval kingdom. This group became the main patrons of and audience for Renaissance culture. Below them, there was a large class of artisans and guild members who lived

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are generally considered to be among the earliest examples of Italian Renaissance art. Masaccio incorporated the ideas of Giotto, Donatello and Brunelleschi into his paintings, creating mathematically precise scenes that give the impression of three-dimensional space. The

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filled the subsequent vacuum. In the Middle Ages, the Church was considered to be conveying the will of God, and it regulated the standard of behaviour in life. A lack of literacy required most people to rely on the priest's explanation of the Bible and laws.

3799:, and a flood of talented composers came to Italy from this region. Many of them sang in either the papal choir in Rome or the choirs at the numerous chapels of the aristocracy, in Rome, Venice, Florence, Milan, Ferrara and elsewhere; and they brought their 3848:, whose style of smooth, emotionally cool polyphony was to become the defining sound of the late 16th century, at least for generations of 19th- and 20th-century musicologists. Other Italian composers of the late 16th century focused on composing the main 2842:

that would continue for several decades. These began with the 1494 invasion by France that wreaked widespread devastation on Northern Italy and ended the independence of many of the city-states. Most damaging was the 6 May 1527, Spanish and German troops'

4048:"Renaissance Historians of different kinds will often make some choice between a long Renaissance (say, 1300–1600), a short one (1453–1527), or somewhere in between (the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as is commonly adopted in music histories)." 3968:. Rather than see this as a distinct cutoff between eras of history, the rejuvenated approach to studying the Renaissance aims to look at this as a catalyst that accelerated trends in art and science that were already well developed. For example, 2114:

wiped out a third of Europe's population. The resulting labour shortage increased wages and the reduced population was therefore much wealthier, better fed, and, significantly, had more surplus money to spend on luxury goods. As incidences of the

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Unlike Roman texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Italy. Ancient Greek works on science, maths and philosophy had been studied since the

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was dawning. The works of Antiquity were translated from Greek and Latin into the contemporary modern languages throughout Europe, finding a receptive middle-class audience, which might be, like Shakespeare, "with little Latin and less Greek".

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The Renaissance was not a period of great social or economic change, only of cultural and ideological development. It only touched a small fraction of the population, and in modern times this has led many historians, such as any that follow

2982:, an increasing number of works began to be published in the Italian language in addition to the flood of Latin and Greek texts that constituted the mainstream of the Italian Renaissance. The source for these works expanded beyond works of 2530:

rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders. Cosimo was highly popular among the citizenry, mainly for bringing an era of stability and prosperity to the town. One of his most important accomplishments was negotiating the

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was the hunting down of lost or forgotten manuscripts that were known only by reputation. These endeavours were greatly aided by the wealth of Italian patricians, merchant-princes and despots, who would spend substantial sums building

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Italian universities such as Padua, Bologna and Pisa were scientific centres of renown and with many northern European students, the science of the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe and flourished there as well. Figures such as

2357:, prosperous city-states could field considerable forces, despite their low populations. In the course of the 15th century, the most powerful city-states annexed their smaller neighbours. Florence took Pisa in 1406, Venice captured 3884:. By the early 16th century keyboard improvisation came to be greatly valued, and numerous composers of virtuoso keyboard music appeared. Many familiar instruments were invented and perfected in late Renaissance Italy, such as the 3387:'s "On Triangles of All Kinds" was Europe's first trigonometric work independent of astronomy. The book systematically elaborated plane triangles and spherical triangles, as well as a very precise table of trigonometric functions. 3337:, many others went beyond these interests and had a positive influence on mathematics and science by rediscovering lost or obscure texts and by emphasizing the study of original languages and the correct reading of texts. 3258:

views of the universe. Humanism stressed that nature came to be viewed as an animate spiritual creation that was not governed by laws or mathematics. At the same time, philosophy lost much of its rigour as the rules of

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as a turning point in Europe that set in motion several movements that were gaining massive traction in the years before, and has accounted for many subsequent events and trends in Western civilization, such as the

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meant that the architectural principles of Antiquity could be observed once more, and Renaissance artists were encouraged, in the atmosphere of humanist optimism, to excel in the achievements of the Ancients, like

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is most responsible. Modern scholars have objected to this prevailing narrative, citing the medieval period's own vibrancy and key continuities that link, rather than divide, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

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During the Italian Renaissance, mathematics was developed and spread widely. As a result, some Renaissance architects used mathematical knowledge like calculation in their drawings, such as Baldassarre Peruzzi.

2745:" instead. Roger Osborne argues that "The Renaissance is a difficult concept for historians because the history of Europe quite suddenly turns into a history of Italian painting, sculpture and architecture." 3488:

in the Renaissance, which had been emphasized by early 20th-century writers like Jacob Burckhardt based on, among other things, the presence of a relatively small number of mythological paintings. Those of

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ending the decades of war with Milan and bringing stability to much of Northern Italy. Cosimo was also an important patron of the arts, directly and indirectly, by the influential example he set.

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to Italy. One of the greatest achievements of Italian Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity.

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in 1494–1498 marks the end of the city's flourishing; for others, the triumphant return of the Medici family to power in 1512 marks the beginning of the late phase in the Renaissance arts called

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The first part of the Renaissance saw almost constant warfare on land and sea as the city-states vied for preeminence. On land, these wars were primarily fought by armies of mercenaries known as

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Any unified theory of a renaissance, or cultural overhaul, during the European early modern period, is overwhelmed by a massive volume of differing historiographical approaches. Historians like

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The Church also collected wealth from believers in the Middle Ages, such as through the sale of indulgences. It also did not pay taxes, making the Church's wealth even more than some kings.

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Burckhardt famously described the Middle Ages as a period that was "seen clad in strange hues", promoting the idea that this era was inherently dark, confusing, and unprogressive. The term

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classics and carried his copy of Homer about, at a loss to find someone to teach him to read Greek. An essential step in the classic humanist education being propounded by scholars like

2440:. In 1293 the Ordinances of Justice were enacted which effectively became the constitution of the Republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. The city's numerous luxurious 3250:, art, and literature all increased greatly in the Renaissance, the period is usually seen as one of scientific backwardness. The reverence for classical sources further enshrined the 1384:(1454–1494) agreed between Italian states. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as domestic disputes and foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the 1952:

In the 13th century, much of Europe experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the

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In 1417 the Papacy returned to Rome, but that once-imperial city remained poor and largely in ruins through the first years of the Renaissance. The great transformation began under

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began to decline in the early 15th century, Europe's devastated population once again began to grow. The new demand for products and services also helped create a growing class of

3943:(1818–1897) have often romanticized the enlightened vision that Italian Renaissance writers have promulgated concerning their own narrative of denouncing the fruitlessness of the 3983:(1860–1933), identify the hubris and nationalism of Italian politicians, thinkers, and writers as the cause of the distortion of the attitude towards the early modern period. In 2672:, who became pontiff in 1447. He launched a dramatic rebuilding effort that would eventually see much of the city renewed. The humanist scholar Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini became 2526:

in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during the intervals after 1494 and 1527. Cosimo and

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generated substantial surpluses that allowed significant investment in mining and agriculture. By the 14th century, the city of Venice had become an emporium for lands as far as

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While mathematical precision and classical idealism fascinated painters in Rome and Florence, many Northern artists in the regions of Venice, Milan and Parma preferred highly

3991:, economic recession, and social inequality during the Renaissance have been intentionally glossed over by previous historians in order to promote the mysticism of the era. 3762:

In Italy, during the 14th century, there was an explosion of musical activity that corresponded in scope and level of innovation to the activity in the other arts. Although

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as the definitive end to the "stagnant" Middle Ages, the Renaissance has acquired the powerful and enduring association with progress and prosperity for which Burckhardt's

3661:, the enlightenment and clarity of mind as opposed to the darkness and spirituality of the Middle Ages. The revival of classical antiquity can best be illustrated by the 2409:

On land, decades of fighting saw Florence, Milan, and Venice emerge as the dominant players, and these three powers finally set aside their differences and agreed to the

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became pre-eminent on the seas. In response to threats from the landward side, from the early 15th century Venice developed an increased interest in controlling the

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The period known as the High Renaissance of painting was the culmination of the varied means of expression and various advances in painting technique, such as

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reached India, and from that date the primary route of goods from the Orient was through the Atlantic ports of Lisbon, Seville, Nantes, Bristol, and London.

1888:. Wool was imported from Northern Europe (and in the 16th century from Spain) and together with dyes from the east were used to make high-quality textiles. 1870:, land and river trade routes brought goods such as wool, wheat, and precious metals into the region. The extensive trade that stretched from Egypt to the 2866:

that infused the style of the Italian Renaissance in France. From Fontainebleau, the new styles, transformed by Mannerism, brought the Renaissance to the

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that one could carry in one's pocket; it became the first to publish printed editions of books in Ancient Greek. Venice also became the birthplace of the

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expresses a new sense of light, clarity and spaciousness, which is typical of the early Italian Renaissance. Its architecture reflects the philosophy of

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In contrast, Northern and Central Italy had become far more prosperous, and it has been calculated that the region was among the richest in Europe. The

4463: 4474:, Jun 2005. The population level of Florence is controversial see also Ziegler (1969, pp. 51–52), Chandler 1987, pp. 16–18, and Gottfried 1983, p. 46 2212: 3108:

in particular and Boccaccio's work, in general, were a major source of inspiration and plots for many English authors in the Renaissance, including

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developed. While in the early Renaissance many of the leading artists were of lower- or middle-class origins, increasingly they became aristocrats.

2239:. Inculcated with this republican ideology they later went on to advocate republican ideas that were to have an enormous impact on the Renaissance. 1858:. Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such as spices, dyes, and silks were imported to Italy and then resold throughout Europe. Moreover, the inland 8197: 7222: 901: 2798:

The end of the Italian Renaissance is as imprecisely marked as its starting point. For many, the rise to power in Florence of the austere monk

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were loosely administered, and vulnerable to external interference, particularly by France, and later Spain. The Papacy was affronted when the

8192: 7254: 925: 3972:, the artistic movement using death as the focal point, is often credited as a Renaissance trend, yet Lehfeldt argues that the emergence of 3542:, the realistic depiction of both physical and psychological features, and the manipulation of light and darkness, including tone contrast, 2854:

adopted many of its ideals and transformed its styles. A number of Italy's greatest artists chose to emigrate. The most notable example was

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By the late 16th century, Italy was the musical centre of Europe. Almost all of the innovations which were to define the transition to the

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This spread north was also representative of a larger trend. No longer was the Mediterranean Europe's most important trade route. In 1498,

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worked in Italian universities. Historiographers have proposed various events and dates of the 17th century, such as the conclusion of the

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scenes of the natural world. The period also saw the first secular (non-religious) themes. There has been much debate as to the degree of

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aristocratic model that had dominated Europe in the Middle Ages. A feature of the High Middle Ages in Northern Italy was the rise of the

3856:; for almost a hundred years these secular songs for multiple singers were distributed all over Europe. Composers of madrigals included 2337:. High Medieval Northern Italy was further divided by the long-running battle for supremacy between the forces of the Papacy and of the 2223:. This time of crisis in Florence was the period when the most influential figures of the early Renaissance were coming of age, such as 7849: 6779: 3365:, a professor of anatomy. This allowed him to create more accurate skeleton models by making more than 200 corrections to the works of 1131: 1074: 5809:

Freedman, Paul, and Gabrielle M. Spiegel. "Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies."

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and back, bringing fresh knowledge on the state of the world, presaging further European voyages of exploration in the years to come.

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Marsilio Ficino, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione: Philosophical, Aesthetic, and Political Approaches in Renaissance Platonism.

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of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The

2617:, one of the wealthiest cities due to its control of the Adriatic Sea, also became a centre for Renaissance culture, especially 6667: 6434: 6287: 2815: 1189:. Proponents of a "long Renaissance" argue that it started around the year 1300 and lasted until about 1600. In some fields, a 17: 5756: 8133: 7296: 6385: 6025: 5925: 5398: 5322: 5295: 5263: 5154: 5017: 5001: 4884: 4413: 4331: 3702: 3272: 1369: 529: 406: 131: 3043:

The literature and poetry of the Renaissance were largely influenced by the developing science and philosophy. The humanist

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wealthy found few promising investment opportunities for their earnings and instead chose to spend more on culture and art.

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Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence

1968:, outside powers kept their armies out of Italy. During this period, the modern commercial infrastructure developed, with 1891:

The Italian trade routes that covered the Mediterranean and beyond were also major conduits of culture and knowledge. The

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The thirteenth-century Italian literary revolution helped set the stage for the Renaissance. Before the Renaissance, the

8207: 7978: 7563: 7190: 7023: 6784: 5850: 3646: 3317:. The collection of ancient scientific texts began in earnest at the start of the 15th century and continued up to the 2203:

between Florence and Milan. By the late 14th century, Milan had become a centralized monarchy under the control of the

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The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny

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Cast, David. "Review: Fra Girolamo Savonarola: Florentine Art and Renaissance Historiography by Ronald M. Steinberg".

3431:, helped shape the artistic concepts that later defined much of the Renaissance art. The key ideas that he explored – 3149:

has come to refer to the cunning and ruthless actions advocated by the book. Along with many other Renaissance works,

2546:, who died after five years in charge of the city. In 1469 the reins of power passed to Cosimo's 21-year-old grandson 2353:. Renaissance politics developed from this background. Since the 13th century, as armies became primarily composed of 2341:: each city aligned itself with one faction or the other, yet was divided internally between the two warring parties, 1388:(1494–1559). However, the ideas and ideals of the Italian Renaissance spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the 8232: 8217: 7210: 7185: 7028: 6270: 6177: 6099: 6074: 6035: 5984: 5970: 5956: 5883: 5860: 5501: 5456: 4919: 4804: 4548: 4532: 4154: 4131:

The origin and development of capitalism in Italy are illustrated by the economic life of the great city of Florence.

4073: 3529:, was among the earliest sculptors to translate classical references into marble and bronze. His second sculpture of 3226:. Discovering the past had become fashionable and it was a passionate affair pervading the upper reaches of society. 3157:

physical beauty and inner virtues. In Renaissance Italy, virtue and beauty were often linked together to praise men.

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that for two decades all but ended the role of the Papacy as the largest patron of Renaissance art and architecture.

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in 1453, an influx of scholars to the city. Ancient Greece began to be studied with renewed interest, especially the

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The new mercantile governing class, who gained their position through financial skill, adapted to their purposes the

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authority, and to regain the power of discourse, they adopted extreme control methods, such as persecuting infidels.

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in France. The northern states also kept many medieval laws that severely hampered commerce, such as those against

1929: 1696: 1349: 1044: 477: 5285: 3586:(often religious) emotion where the High Renaissance failed to do so. Some of the main artists of this period are 3040:

were now being read in the original for the first time since the 4th century, though Greek compositions were few.

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in Italy. It was only in the 13th century that Italian authors began writing in their native language rather than

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when it looked as though the city was doomed to fall, before Giangaleazzo suddenly died and his empire collapsed.

7706: 7618: 7465: 7460: 7291: 7159: 6627: 6235: 5020:, in Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph (eds.), History of Political Philosophy (3rd ed.), University of Chicago Press 3495: 3182:. ca. 1450. Detached fresco. 247 cm × 153 cm (97.24 in × 60.24 in). Galleria degli 2559: 2476: 2349:. Warfare between the states was common, and invasion from outside Italy was confined to intermittent sorties of 1380:. Italy became the recognized European leader in all these areas by the late 15th century, during the era of the 946: 123: 3100:, a collection of 100 stories told by ten storytellers who have fled to the outskirts of Florence to escape the 2455: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8242: 7654: 7242: 6719: 6591: 6351: 6016:

Jurdjevic, Mark. "Hedgehogs and Foxes: The Present and Future of Italian Renaissance Intellectual History", in

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in the 15th century were important in sparking the new linguistic studies of the Renaissance, in newly created

1716: 1695:, as well as several private residences. The musical era of the Italian Renaissance featured composers such as 1404:(who sailed for Spain) and laid the foundation for European dominance of the Americas. Other explorers include 1357: 1124: 1014: 669: 5218:"Mathematics – Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 8247: 7905: 7736: 7623: 7154: 7149: 6586: 6576: 6346: 6302: 6260: 3435:, the illusion of three-dimensional space and a realistic emotional context – inspired other artists such as 3400: 3195: 2729:

notes two major studies in this area that have found that the data do not clearly demonstrate an increase in

2543: 2262: 1353: 919: 861: 856: 840: 2953: 2741:, to reduce the importance of the Renaissance in human history. These historians tend to think in terms of " 2621:. Smaller courts brought Renaissance patronage to lesser cities, which developed their characteristic arts: 1907:

in Florence and Venice. Humanist scholars searched monastic libraries for ancient manuscripts and recovered

8187: 7664: 7603: 7588: 7440: 7301: 6754: 6402: 6378: 6292: 6282: 6115: 3396: 2508: 2448:, built by the ever prospering merchant class. In 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the 2087: 1892: 1604: 1345: 1294:, which provided humanist scholars with new texts. Finally the Renaissance had a significant effect on the 1049: 982: 335: 4174: 4146:

Engineering and the Liberal Arts: A Technologist's Guide to History, Literature, Philosophy, Art and Music

1421: 8008: 7726: 7572: 7354: 7264: 7164: 7050: 7018: 6703: 6581: 6133: 3361:

that later flourished in Northern Europe. Bodies were also stolen from gallows and examined by many like

2820: 2512: 2048:

between England and France disrupted trade throughout northwest Europe, most notably when, in 1345, King

2032:

The 14th century saw a series of catastrophes that caused the European economy to go into recession. The

1095: 936: 4561: 3443:

and Leonardo da Vinci. He was not the only Medieval artist to develop these ideas, however; the artists

3123:, and scholarship, a fourth influence on Renaissance literature was politics. The political philosopher 2859: 2570: 2452:, were bankrupted and so the city of Siena lost her status as the banking centre of Europe to Florence. 1227:

in 1550, but the concept became widespread only in the 19th century, after the work of scholars such as

8063: 7691: 7511: 7418: 7391: 7326: 7200: 6734: 6660: 6439: 6199: 5035:"The Classical Ideal of Male Beauty in Renaissance Italy: A Note on the Afterlife of Virgil's Euryalus" 4291: 4019: 3732:. The beginning of the late Renaissance in 1550 was marked by the development of a new column order by 3560: 2835:

Under the suppression of the Catholic Church and the ravages of war, humanism became "akin to heresy".

2176:; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars. Some argue that the 2131:

to provide relief would contribute to a decline of church influence. Additionally, the collapse of the

1210: 1201:

in Italian) means "rebirth", and defines the period as one of cultural revival and renewed interest in

1029: 988: 2503:

in an attempt to unify the Eastern and Western Churches. This brought books and, especially after the

8093: 7859: 7782: 7746: 6764: 6729: 6724: 3896: 3531: 3513: 2052:

repudiated his debts, contributing to the collapse of the two largest Florentine banks, those of the

1969: 1445: 1117: 1059: 1024: 1019: 547: 522: 314: 3238:. As the Greek works were acquired, manuscripts found, libraries and museums formed, the age of the 2838:

Equally important was the end of stability with a series of foreign invasions of Italy known as the

8227: 8108: 8098: 8078: 8048: 8003: 7701: 7543: 7475: 7445: 7425: 7306: 6982: 6947: 6744: 6220: 4029: 2609:

and rapidly transformed that still medieval city into a major centre of art and learning that drew

2195:

Another popular explanation for the Italian Renaissance is the thesis, first advanced by historian

1660: 1543: 1039: 774: 632: 361: 269: 3641:

In Florence, the Renaissance style was introduced with a revolutionary but incomplete monument by

1960:

expanded greatly during this period and grew in power to become de facto fully independent of the

8212: 7988: 7751: 7608: 7578: 7553: 7470: 7430: 7369: 7268: 7033: 7003: 6634: 6617: 6526: 6444: 5588: 4967: 3900: 3806: 3725: 3603: 3539: 3465: 2863: 2807: 2726: 2638: 1981: 1728: 1704: 1684: 1377: 1319: 932: 804: 721: 467: 80: 5493: 5448: 3645:. Some of the earliest buildings showing Renaissance characteristics are Filippo Brunelleschi's 3378:

the 16th and early 17th centuries. Symbolic algebra was established by the French mathematician

7686: 7674: 7450: 7435: 7127: 6769: 6542: 6397: 6373: 6336: 6245: 5622:

Alexander Raunch "Painting of the High Renaissance and Mannerism in Rome and Central Italy" in

4792: 4446:

Jensen 1992, p. 97; see also Andrew B. Appleby's "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age."

3721: 3677: 3642: 3578: 3318: 3276: 2825: 2738: 2610: 2504: 2387: 2288: 2199:, that states that the primary impetus of the early Renaissance was the long-running series of 2144: 1900: 1566: 1538: 1452: 1429: 1405: 1373: 1365: 1331: 1064: 457: 411: 401: 386: 302: 257: 4543:

Baron, Hans. "The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance". Princeton University Press, 1966.

4077: 3976:

during medieval times was morphed into Danse Macabre after the Black Death swept over Europe.

3791:." From the early 15th century to the middle of the 16th century, the centre of innovation in 3582:

are the masterpieces of the period and among the most widely known works of art in the world.

3124: 2990:

and Ancient Greece. This is not to say that no religious works were published in this period:

2957: 2676:

in 1458. As the papacy fell under the control of wealthy families, such as the Medici and the

2040:

began. This climate change saw agricultural output decline significantly, leading to repeated

1548: 7993: 7920: 7900: 7814: 7763: 7521: 7501: 7311: 6905: 6873: 6759: 6739: 6653: 6612: 6521: 6466: 6390: 6297: 4747: 4724: 4718: 4690: 4684: 4603: 4597: 4231: 4064:(1667–1745), an even longer period. See Rosalie L. Colie quoted in Hageman, Elizabeth H., in 3980: 3358: 2811: 2776: 2547: 2527: 2496: 2270: 2208: 2128: 2106:

lived, and the first stirrings of Renaissance art were to be seen, notably in the realism of

2049: 2045: 1973: 1668: 1640: 1597: 1433: 1323: 1054: 1034: 956: 593: 452: 296: 265: 139: 94: 5312: 4053: 2713:

had never been prominent in Northern Italy, and most peasants worked on private farms or as

8237: 8202: 7844: 7659: 7548: 7526: 7180: 7078: 6962: 6830: 6622: 6481: 6471: 6461: 6407: 6314: 6164: 3999: 3895:

period originated in northern Italy in the last few decades of the century. In Venice, the

3658: 3572: 3501: 3326: 3218: 3207: 3166: 3135: 2935: 2851: 2758: 2654: 2488: 2480: 2460: 2403: 2236: 2033: 1724: 1664: 1644: 1500: 1401: 1389: 1206: 872: 663: 587: 515: 472: 416: 381: 341: 261: 115: 2913: 2258: 2007:

which had broken from the control by bishops and local counts. In much of the region, the

8: 8128: 8118: 8073: 7839: 7804: 7799: 7516: 7073: 6993: 6547: 6489: 6363: 6204: 5679:; Harry N. Abrams Incorporated, New York, 1985, p. 601; Wundrum p. 147; Marilyn Stokstad 5172:"Humanist Culture and Renaissance Mathematics: The Italian Libraries of the Quattrocento" 4115: 3904: 3776: 3729: 3470: 3404: 3379: 3334: 3120: 3113: 3084: 3080: 2844: 2799: 2742: 2646: 2597:. The Tuscan culture soon became the model for all the states of Northern Italy, and the 2500: 2350: 2302: 2293: 2177: 2132: 1993: 1957: 1788: 1688: 1575: 1525: 1437: 1327: 1255: 1251: 1202: 834: 799: 701: 462: 432: 310: 179: 4877:

History of early Renaissance Italy: From the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century

4640: 2721:

in the later Renaissance as the urban elites turned themselves into landed aristocrats.

2415: 2160:(normally in translation), but Greek literary, oratorical and historical works (such as 8103: 8088: 8068: 7925: 7866: 7819: 7741: 7598: 7568: 7558: 7533: 7506: 7413: 7406: 7342: 7098: 7093: 6810: 6552: 6499: 6494: 6454: 6319: 6192: 5872: 5738: 5414: 5199: 5125: 5117: 5070: 5062: 4376: 3881: 3877: 3810: 3698:

over tall and imposing spires, doing away with the Gothic style of the predating ages.

3330: 3129: 3091: 3057: 3044: 2947: 2157: 1835: 1712: 1680: 1505: 1393: 1307: 795: 735: 442: 437: 238: 5781: 8053: 8043: 7915: 7829: 7794: 7721: 7711: 7489: 7359: 7273: 7103: 7083: 7057: 7045: 6840: 6835: 6820: 6815: 6800: 6509: 6504: 6449: 6368: 6358: 6331: 6309: 6225: 6085: 6070: 6031: 5980: 5966: 5952: 5921: 5879: 5856: 5742: 5497: 5452: 5394: 5361: 5318: 5291: 5259: 5191: 5150: 5129: 5109: 5074: 5054: 4997: 4915: 4890: 4880: 4800: 4728: 4694: 4607: 4569: 4544: 4528: 4409: 4368: 4327: 4150: 4069: 3869: 3757: 3490: 3481: 3357:

made contributions to scientific thought and experimentation, paving the way for the

3076: 2996: 2901: 2855: 2650: 2574: 2519: 2493: 2436:

Until the late 14th century, prior to the Medici, Florence's leading family were the

2391: 2338: 2204: 1965: 1961: 1839: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1652: 1612: 1608: 1361: 1263: 1259: 940: 750: 582: 498: 396: 391: 366: 273: 252: 119: 98: 55: 5542: 4759: 4395: 3694:

capitals on the uppermost floor. Soon, Renaissance architects favoured grand, large

3508: 2858:, who left for France in 1516, but teams of lesser artists invited to transform the 1561:, composed, in humanistic style, chiefly of parallel ancient and modern examples of 8123: 7945: 7895: 7876: 7871: 7824: 7731: 7669: 7649: 7637: 7593: 7396: 7376: 7364: 7227: 7108: 6825: 6688: 6680: 6607: 6182: 5892: 5814: 5728: 5489: 5444: 5386: 5351: 5251: 5183: 5101: 5046: 4401: 4360: 4319: 4209: 3940: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3814: 3709: 3691: 3670: 3662: 3595: 3444: 3362: 3231: 3109: 2939: 2897: 2824:

banned a wide array of Renaissance works of literature, which marks the end of the

2662: 2658: 2630: 2602: 2555: 2536: 2523: 2437: 2224: 2153: 2110:. Paradoxically, some of these disasters would help establish the Renaissance. The 2078: 2004: 1953: 1831: 1753: 1708: 1510: 1441: 1409: 1397: 1232: 1162: 1157: 1149: 556: 503: 493: 242: 232: 146: 71: 7195: 5518: 4397:

Money and the Church in Medieval Europe, 1000–1200: Practice, Morality and Thought

3931:, was to be the final statement of the polyphonic vocal music of the Renaissance. 3701:

In Mantua, Alberti ushered in the new antique style, though his culminating work,

3535:

was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire.

1537:

made extensive translations from both Latin and Greek. In the early 16th century,

8033: 8023: 8018: 8013: 7910: 7834: 7696: 7215: 7113: 6998: 6898: 6805: 6277: 6119: 5836:

The Fruit of Liberty: Political Culture in the Florentine Renaissance, 1480–1550.

5255: 5217: 5144: 4909: 4467: 3792: 3787:. Overall, the musical style of the period is sometimes labelled as the "Italian 3733: 3717: 3630: 3354: 2991: 2918: 2909: 2730: 2718: 2697: 2669: 2464: 2431: 2099: 2083: 2008: 1989: 1933: 1884: 1867: 1842:. The main trade routes from the east passed through the Byzantine Empire or the 1676: 1672: 1648: 1570: 1534: 1515: 1456: 1425: 1279: 976: 779: 371: 90: 5918:

The Science of Leonardo. Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance.

5797: 4286: 3903:, and associated instrumental music, moved north into Germany; in Florence, the 3626: 2017: 1282:

and in control of the trade routes with the east since its participation in the

8166: 8113: 8083: 8028: 7935: 7809: 7756: 7716: 7386: 7381: 7232: 7132: 7088: 7040: 6988: 6942: 6910: 6868: 6845: 5942: 5380: 5243: 4364: 4061: 3988: 3928: 3920: 3873: 3780: 3771: 3474: 3239: 2979: 2786: 2685: 2681: 2598: 2419: 2366: 2284: 2220: 2185: 2116: 2091: 2061: 2037: 1866:

Valley. From France, Germany, and the Low Countries, through the medium of the

1827: 1784: 1772: 1720: 1592: 1584: 1520: 1311: 1291: 1228: 1214: 1178: 907: 711: 691: 626: 5390: 3803:

style with them, influencing many native Italian composers during their stay.

3451:

both influenced Giotto's use of statuesque figures and expressive storylines.

3329:

often favoured human-centred subjects like politics and history over study of

3325:

democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. Although

2297:

at Rimini is one of the first entirely classical buildings of the Renaissance.

1565:. Historians of the period include Machiavelli himself, his friend and critic 37: 8181: 8038: 7679: 7249: 6937: 6915: 6774: 6027:

Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomical Drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle

5365: 5195: 5113: 5058: 4894: 4573: 4372: 4007: 3969: 3892: 3865: 3849: 3796: 3384: 3346: 3306: 2971: 2927: 2874: 2829: 2771: 2680:, the spirit of Renaissance art and philosophy came to dominate the Vatican. 2601:

came to predominate throughout the region, especially in literature. In 1447

2532: 2410: 2301:

Northern Italy and upper Central Italy were divided into a number of warring

1871: 1736: 1461: 1381: 1243: 1069: 620: 599: 224: 6082:

The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento.

5250:, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, New York: Springer, pp. 125–131, 3840:. By far the most famous composer of church music in 16th-century Italy was 2585:

Renaissance ideals first spread from Florence to the neighbouring states of

8156: 7963: 7768: 7538: 7142: 7008: 6957: 6932: 6069:

Renaissance and Baroque Studies and Texts 21, Peter Lang Publishing, 1998,

4760:"Pazzi conspiracy | Renaissance, Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici | Britannica" 4313: 3845: 3833: 3829: 3763: 3686: 3650: 3599: 3440: 3420: 3101: 3001: 2987: 2931: 2839: 2714: 2689: 2673: 2253: 2200: 2173: 2136: 2053: 1780: 1768: 1700: 1636: 1616: 1580: 1385: 1295: 1170: 1166: 1107: 828: 657: 613: 282: 151: 4405: 4323: 2394:. Peace with France ended when Charles VIII invaded Italy to take Naples. 8058: 7998: 7968: 7321: 6952: 6250: 6172: 6156: 5717:"On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy" 5340:"On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy" 5050: 3965: 3960: 3948: 3944: 3737: 3681: 3674: 3550: 3525:

In sculpture, the Florentine artist Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, or

3314: 3302: 3282: 2684:

continued Nicholas' work, most famously ordering the construction of the

2484: 2449: 2382: 2354: 2275: 2165: 2111: 2065: 2064:

began to expand throughout the region. Most devastating, though, was the

1588: 1490: 1486: 1182: 1174: 969: 882: 637: 327: 306: 209: 200: 104: 65: 5933:

On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy.

5121: 5066: 5034: 4380: 4348: 1455:

usually begin with the three great Italian writers of the 14th century:

7316: 6925: 5203: 5171: 4461:"Duration of Urban Mortality for the 14th-Century Black Death Epidemic" 3973: 3485: 3432: 3342: 3247: 3171: 3141: 3067: 3062: 2962: 2810:" in the centre of Florence. With the Medici returned to power, now as 2445: 2346: 2196: 2169: 1859: 1843: 1557: 1471: 1413: 1315: 1287: 1267: 962: 228: 216: 204: 109: 5852:

Painters of Reality: The Legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy

5089: 3083:

established the sonnet form in that country, where it was employed by

3075:

dedicated to his unrequited love Laura. He was the foremost writer of

1290:

between 1271 and 1295. Thus Italy renewed contact with the remains of

6187: 5999: 5105: 3916: 3800: 3566: 3526: 3518: 3350: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3251: 3223: 3096: 3052: 3029: 2803: 2754: 2710: 2692:

were forged into a centralized power by a series of "warrior popes".

2441: 2228: 2181: 2044:, exacerbated by the rapid population growth of the earlier era. The 2016:

monarchy and having their lands confiscated, as famously occurred to

1992:. Florence became the centre of this financial industry and the gold 1985: 1912: 1747: 1624: 1530: 1481: 1476: 1417: 1186: 649: 643: 295:

Italian universities play a significant role in the beginning of the

286: 135: 50: 5818: 5242:

Anglin, W. S.; Lambek, J. (1995), Anglin, W. S.; Lambek, J. (eds.),

5187: 1262:, rose to economic and political prominence by providing credit for 7973: 7958: 7953: 7854: 6888: 6883: 5624:

The Italian Renaissance: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Drawing

4057: 4003: 3979:

Recent historians who take a more revisionist perspective, such as

3788: 3767: 3666: 3591: 3587: 3459: 3436: 3322: 3203: 3187: 3175: 3145:, which has become so well known in modern societies that the word 3005: 2983: 2967: 2578: 2232: 2103: 1863: 1819: 1732: 1632: 1495: 1466: 1303: 1283: 1247: 845: 277: 248: 189: 169: 165: 61: 5733: 5716: 5356: 5339: 2950:

had been taking place decades before the Renaissance truly began.

2127:. The horrors of the Black Death and the seeming inability of the 1562: 6920: 6645: 3784: 3555: 3544: 3448: 3409: 3310: 3298: 3255: 3094:, became a major author in his own right. His major work was the 3021: 2782: 2622: 2586: 2472: 2322: 2124: 2120: 2057: 1977: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1787:

was created in southern France as a consequence of pressure from

1620: 1344:

The Italian Renaissance has a reputation for its achievements in

1271: 1239: 1173:. The period is known for the initial development of the broader 346: 290: 220: 5683:, Third Edition, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, 2008. p.659 3915:, which itself first appeared around 1600; and the avant-garde, 3880:

at the end of the era. Italy was also a centre of innovation in

1396:

served under the auspices of European monarchs, ushering in the

1193:, beginning around 1250, is typically accepted. The French word 7613: 6109: 4483:

Lopez, Robert Sabatino. "Hard Times and Investment in Culture."

3924: 3908: 3885: 3741: 3455: 3428: 3263:

and deduction were seen as secondary to intuition and emotion.

3183: 3072: 3025: 3017: 3013: 2943: 2677: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2614: 2362: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2280: 2266: 2140: 2107: 2071: 2041: 2000: 1875: 1855: 1823: 1792: 1764: 1692: 1656: 1628: 1275: 1224:

Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

241:

serve under the auspices of European monarchs, ushering in the

75: 6125: 4068:, p. 190, 1996, ed. Helen Wilcox, Cambridge University Press, 2767: 2696:

influence and could charge great fees. A flourishing trade in

2098:

It was during this period of instability that authors such as

6893: 6676: 3912: 3837: 3477:

appear to push the figure of Christ into the viewer's space.

3427:

In painting, the Late Medieval painter Giotto di Bondone, or

3366: 3260: 3214: 3191: 3153:

remains a relevant and influential work of literature today.

3048: 3037: 3033: 3004:

remained a major influence for artists and authors, with the

2905: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2551: 2492:

capital of Europe and thereby obtained vast riches. In 1439,

2374: 2370: 2358: 2342: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2279:, following the tradition of his family. He was hired by the 2161: 2021: 1879: 1847: 1611:

and sculpture for centuries afterwards, with artists such as

127: 6053:

Languages and Cross-Cultural Exchanges in Renaissance Italy.

4673:. Artibus et Historiae, Volume 22, Edit 44, 2001. pp. 23–29. 2814:, the counter-movement in the church continued. In 1542 the 2060:. In the east, war was also disrupting trade routes, as the 7401: 6878: 4210:"Quarta crociata: conquista e saccheggio di Costantinopoli" 4197:

Storia istituzionale e politica della Sicilia. Un compendio

3713: 3695: 2688:. The popes also became increasingly secular rulers as the 2649:, who conquered Naples in 1443 and encouraged artists like 2310: 1851: 1776: 1299: 87:, the most renowned work of architecture of the Renaissance 84: 5549:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 2006). 4501:

Europe in the second millenium: a hegemony achieved? p. 58

3888:, the earliest forms of which came into use in the 1550s. 3558:, and Michelangelo and their images, including Leonardo's 2554:

family in an attempt to assassinate Lorenzo. Although the

1485:). Famous vernacular poets of the Renaissance include the 5637:

History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture

5563:

History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture

3740:

columns that were two or more stories tall decorated the

3705:, was not begun until 1472, after the architect's death. 2748: 5472:

Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation

5090:"The Renaissance of Marriage in Fifteenth-Century Italy" 4199:. Amazon. Palermo. 2019. pp. 177–190, ISBN 9781091175242 2916:. The 1250s saw a major change in Italian poetry as the 2645:, the Renaissance was ushered in under the patronage of 2219:

the most important figure in crafting this ideology was

5813:

103, no. 3 (1998): 677–704. Accessed October 19, 2020.

5557: 5555: 5088:

Strocchia, Sharon T.; D'Elia, Anthony F. (2006-07-01).

3061:, but is today remembered for his works in the Italian 1541:

laid out his vision of the ideal gentleman and lady in

1392:

from the late 15th century. Italian explorers from the

27:

Italian cultural movement from the 14th to 17th century

5911:

The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy.

4562:"11.07.23, Tognetti, ed., Firenze e Pisa Dopo Il 1406" 1266:

and by laying down the groundwork for developments in

5703:

Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance and Mannerist Art

3008:

coming into their own as a second primary influence.

6048:

Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970.

6004:

The Italian Renaissance in Its Historical Background

5992:

Hagopian, Viola L. "Italy", in Stanley Sadie (ed.).

5552: 7160:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

5782:

https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clhist_bks/3

5677:

A History of Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture

5087: 2172:) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval 5871: 5337: 4263:"How the Church Dominated Life in the Middle Ages" 4050:The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music 3206:is as the founder of a new method of scholarship, 2978:With the printing of books initiated in Venice by 1748:Northern and Central Italy in the Late Middle Ages 1663:had a similar Europe-wide impact, as practised by 5626:, Konemann, Cologne, 1995. p. 308; Wundrum p. 147 4162:Truly we can say that the Renaissance had ended. 1996:became the main currency of international trade. 1795:had for some time been under foreign domination, 8179: 5994:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 4942:Civilization: A New History of the Western World 4911:Civilization: A New History of the Western World 4394:Gasper, Giles E. M.; Gullbekk, Svein H. (2016). 4090:The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries 3712:, as we call the style today, was introduced to 2287:(unsuccessfully) in 1465, and was the patron of 1862:profited from the rich agricultural land of the 1803:. Sicily had prospered for 150 years during the 1448:in 1648, as marking the end of the Renaissance. 5609:Manfred Wundrum "Renaissance and Mannerism" in 5039:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 3548:(softening the transition between colours) and 3079:, and translations of his work into English by 6006:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. 5935:Architectural Histories, vol. 3, no. 1, 2015 ( 5845:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966. 5757:"The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" 4393: 4347:Cossar, Roisin (2002). Miller, Maureen (ed.). 3012:own works. Among the most emulated Romans are 2850:While the Italian Renaissance was fading, the 2247: 2027: 285:lead to significant changes in the history of 6661: 6141: 6105:Victoria and Albert Museum: Renaissance House 5798:http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02003.0001.001 5796:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955. 5310: 2934:) came into its own, pioneered by poets like 2518:Florence remained a republic until 1532 (see 1607:exercised a dominant influence on subsequent 1125: 523: 6030:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6023: 5913:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. 5898:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5878:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5855:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5574:Rollyson, Carl Rollyson. 2018. "Donatello". 5241: 4957:, Volume 61, No. 1, March 1979. pp. 134–136. 4353:Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 4105:"Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution" 3953:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 2511:school of thought, which was the subject of 2425: 1911:and other Latin authors. The rediscovery of 1815:, but had declined by the Late Middle Ages. 4504: 3000:reflects a distinctly medieval world view. 2369:annexed a number of nearby areas including 276:have a profound impact on the evolution of 6668: 6654: 6148: 6134: 6051:Petrocchi, Alessandra & Joshua Brown. 6046:The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance. 5776:Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. "The Black Death", 5714: 5378: 5304: 4712: 4710: 4495: 4486: 4349:"Christianity and Power in Medieval Italy" 4066:Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700 4052:(2005), p. 4, Cambridge University Press, 3770:(music of the 14th century) with the late 3724:(1502) and his original centrally planned 2188:, whose conquests led to the migration of 1416:(for England). Italian scientists such as 1132: 1118: 530: 516: 36: 6024:Keele, Kenneth D.; Roberts, Jane (1983). 5869: 5848: 5732: 5589:"Il David di Donatello – Lettura d'opera" 5494:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t054828 5449:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t032431 5355: 5338:Ceriani Sebregondi, Giulia (2015-06-09). 4525:History of Libraries in the Western World 3775:techniques. The principal forms were the 3390: 3266: 1742: 1719:, thinkers such as Galileo, Machiavelli, 1529:). 15th-century writers such as the poet 1326:between competing colonial powers and in 6100:The High Renaissance in Florence – video 5996:London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. 5516: 5488:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 5439:Gilbert, Creighton E. (2003), "Giotto", 5419:National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C 4795:Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel 3959:Elizabeth Lehfeldt (2005) points to the 3805: 3625: 3507: 3408: 3170: 2952: 2885: 2766: 2569: 2522:), traditionally marking the end of the 2454: 2257: 2077: 1901:Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire 8198:17th-century disestablishments in Italy 5561:Frederick Hartt, and David G. Wilkins, 5438: 4907: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4716: 4707: 4682: 4595: 4559: 4142: 2870:and thence throughout Northern Europe. 2542:Cosimo was succeeded by his sickly son 1923: 1807:and later for two centuries during the 14: 8180: 5794:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 5635:Frederick Hartt and David G. Wilkins, 5032: 4874: 4517: 4346: 4311: 3985:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 2986:and towards the pre-Christian eras of 2816:Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition 2749:The waning of the Renaissance in Italy 1899:who migrated during and following the 1775:were generally poorer than the North. 1274:. Renaissance culture later spread to 6649: 6129: 5576:Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia 5543:Northern Italian Renaissance Painting 5028: 5026: 4527:, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, 4459:Olea, Ricardo A, Christakos, George, 4448:Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 3637:in San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502 3273:History of science in the Renaissance 3213:Petrarch encouraged the study of the 2818:was formed and a few years later the 1947: 1779:was a city of ancient ruins, and the 1555:('the effectual truth of things') in 1400:. The most famous voyage was that of 1156: 93:, Tuscan scientist and father of the 8193:14th-century establishments in Italy 7206:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 5483: 5287:The Scientific Renaissance 1450–1630 5283: 5169: 5146:The Scientific Renaissance 1450–1630 5142: 4994:The Story of the Italian Renaissance 4809: 4630:, Chapter 7, p. 37, Volume II, 2005. 4492:The Connoisseur – Volume 219, p. 128 3864:, in the middle of the century, and 3622:History of Italian Renaissance domes 2717:. Some scholars see a trend towards 2036:was ending as the transition to the 1318:, who frequently became involved in 1213:. The Italian Renaissance historian 6060:History of Early Renaissance Italy. 5715:Sebregondi, Giulia Ceriani (2015). 5331: 4991: 4175:"Filippo IV il Bello re di Francia" 4025:Italian Renaissance interior design 3927:and elsewhere through the music of 3844:, the most prominent member of the 3722:Tempietto at San Pietro in Montorio 3469:fresco in the Florentine church of 2703: 2143:to rise to prominence in Florence. 1181:and marked the transition from the 24: 6675: 6084:Cambridge University Press, 2015 ( 5484:Wohl, Hellmut (2003). "Masaccio". 5023: 1551:rejected the ideal with an eye on 25: 8274: 6178:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 6111:The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli 6093: 5963:The Flowering of the Renaissance. 5874:Art and love in Renaissance Italy 5666:Wundrum p. 147; Hartt and Wilkins 5657:Wundrum p. 148; Hartt and Wilkins 5547:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 4312:Miller, Maureen C. (2002-01-01). 3934: 3766:typically group the music of the 2619:Venetian Renaissance architecture 2558:failed, Lorenzo's young brother, 2139:banks would open the way for the 1583:, founded in 1494 by the printer 8162: 8161: 8150: 5244:"Mathematics in the Renaissance" 4793:Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, 4560:Beattie, Blake R. (2011-07-01). 3616:Italian Renaissance architecture 2763:Renaissance in the Low Countries 2418:(1395–1469) travelled as far as 2414:adventurers and traders such as 1930:fall of the Western Roman Empire 1697:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 1205:after the centuries during what 1101: 566: 334: 7891:Orders, decorations, and medals 6155: 5838:Harvard University Press, 2013. 5803: 5786: 5770: 5749: 5708: 5695: 5686: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5629: 5616: 5603: 5591:(in Italian). 11 September 2014 5581: 5568: 5535: 5510: 5477: 5464: 5432: 5407: 5372: 5277: 5235: 5210: 5163: 5136: 5081: 5010: 4985: 4960: 4947: 4934: 4901: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4786: 4777: 4752: 4741: 4676: 4663: 4654: 4633: 4620: 4589: 4580: 4553: 4537: 4477: 4453: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4387: 4340: 4305: 4279: 4255: 4114:. Batoche Books. Archived from 4102: 3860:, at the beginning of the age, 3609: 1893:recovery of lost Greek classics 1553:la verità effettuale della cosa 247:Rediscovery and restoration of 5811:The American Historical Review 5517:Zucker, Steven; Harris, Beth. 4246: 4224: 4202: 4189: 4167: 4136: 4095: 4082: 4042: 3998:ages was first referred to by 3372: 3321:in 1453, and the invention of 2892:Italian Renaissance literature 2475:were the Medicis, first under 2242: 1767:, the former heartland of the 1587:, active in Venice, developed 1533:and the Platonist philosopher 1286:and following the journeys of 670:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 13: 1: 6020:195 (2007), pp. 241–268. 5827: 5094:The Sixteenth Century Journal 4914:. Random House. p. 183. 3911:, the important precursor to 3818: 3401:Italian Renaissance sculpture 3285:, great advances occurred in 3196:Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla 3180:Cycle of Famous Men and Women 3160: 2156:in Western Europe and in the 1932:in the fifth century AD, the 1834:as a commercial rival to the 1830:had done much to destroy the 1822:had built trade links to the 1757: 1335: 780:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 212:spreads to the rest of Europe 122:explorer and colonizer whose 6379:Platonism in the Renaissance 6283:Early Netherlandish painting 5931:Ceriani Sebregondi, Giulia. 5382:Encyclopaedia of Mathematics 5379:Hazewinkel, M., ed. (1989). 5256:10.1007/978-1-4612-0803-7_25 5170:Rose, Paul Lawrence (1973). 4723:. Stonehenge Press. p. 4689:. Stonehenge Press. p. 4602:. Stonehenge Press. p. 4318:. Cornell University Press. 3669:follow the superposition of 3397:Italian Renaissance painting 2970:. Detail from a portrait by 2505:fall of the Byzantine Empire 2483:. The Medici controlled the 2471:The main challengers of the 2444:were becoming surrounded by 841:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 231:: beginning of the European 7: 8223:Italian Renaissance gardens 7931:Water supply and sanitation 7355:Italian geographical region 7223:Monarchy and the World Wars 7165:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7051:War of the Sicilian Vespers 6704:Timeline of Italian history 5949:The Florentine Renaissance. 5611:Masterpieces of Western Art 5443:, Oxford University Press, 4212:(in Italian). 13 April 2019 4143:Florman, Samuel C. (2015). 4013: 3832:during the period were the 3087:and countless other poets. 2960:(1469–1527), the author of 2821:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 2515:established by the Medici. 2248:International relationships 2028:Fourteenth-century collapse 1846:and onward to the ports of 1735:, thus rejecting dogma and 1246:and centred in the city of 1177:culture that spread across 237:Explorers from the Italian 10: 8279: 7850:Inventions and discoveries 7260:Fall of the Fascist regime 7243:Fourth War of Independence 7201:Expedition of the Thousand 7191:Second War of Independence 6288:Dutch and Flemish painting 6231:Central and Eastern Europe 6200:Outline of the Renaissance 5578:. Accessed 8 January 2019. 5176:Studies in the Renaissance 4365:10.1163/157006802320909783 4292:World History Encyclopedia 4020:Italian Renaissance garden 3755: 3619: 3613: 3394: 3270: 3164: 2889: 2880: 2752: 2657:and writers like the poet 2479:, and later under his son 2429: 2305:, the most powerful being 2273:. Malatesta was a capable 2251: 1897:refugee Byzantine scholars 1679:. Their works include the 8208:Cultural history of Italy 8146: 7944: 7790: 7781: 7645: 7636: 7624:Security and intelligence 7497: 7488: 7350: 7341: 7284: 7211:Third War of Independence 7186:First War of Independence 7173: 7066: 6975: 6856: 6793: 6712: 6696: 6687: 6600: 6567: 6535: 6480: 6425: 6416: 6213: 6163: 5391:10.1007/978-94-009-5997-2 5317:. Capstone. pp. 9–. 5284:Hall, Marie Boas (1994). 5143:Hall, Marie Boas (1994). 4875:Pullan, Brian S. (1973). 4717:Bernier, Olivier (1983). 4683:Bernier, Olivier (1983). 4596:Bernier, Olivier (1983). 4510:Encyclopædia Britannica, 4400:(0 ed.). Routledge. 3828:The predominant forms of 3127:'s most famous works are 3119:Aside from Christianity, 2661:and the humanist scholar 2565: 2426:Florence under the Medici 2123:, merchants, and skilled 2088:Cristofano dell'Altissimo 1970:double-entry book-keeping 1791:of France. In the south, 1446:European wars of religion 1436:, and foreigners such as 1238:The Renaissance began in 684:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 315:European wars of religion 195: 185: 175: 161: 138:, Posthumous portrait by 35: 8233:Renaissance architecture 8218:Landscape design history 7302:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 7297:Institutional referendum 6055:Turnhout: Brepols, 2023. 6044:Lopez, Robert Sabatino. 5778:History Department Books 5519:"Masaccio, Holy Trinity" 4035: 4030:Renaissance illumination 3751: 2860:Château de Fontainebleau 2164:, the Greek dramatists, 1661:Renaissance architecture 1544:The Book of the Courtier 1432:played key roles in the 775:Italy in the Middle Ages 633:Roman expansion in Italy 7825:Emigration and diaspora 7034:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7019:the Sardinian Judicates 5916:Capra, Fritjof (2008). 5870:Bayer, A., ed. (2008). 5834:Baker, Nicholas Scott. 5721:Architectural Histories 5470:Hayden B. J. Maginnis, 5344:Architectural Histories 5290:. Courier Corporation. 5149:. Courier Corporation. 4908:Osborne, Roger (2008). 4720:The Renaissance Princes 4686:The Renaissance Princes 4628:The Italian Renaissance 4599:The Renaissance Princes 4232:"Genova, Repubblica di" 3369:who dissected animals. 3071:, a collection of love 2864:School of Fontainebleau 2808:Bonfire of the Vanities 2639:Federico da Montefeltro 1982:foreign exchange market 1980:system, a systematized 1605:Italian Renaissance art 1158:[rinaʃʃiˈmento] 983:European migrant crisis 933:Italian Social Republic 848:Italy (1801–1814) 805:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7707:Science and technology 7655:Italian regions by GDP 7456:Marine protected areas 7128:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 5613:, Tashen, 2007. p. 147 5311:Nicola Barber (2012). 5248:The Heritage of Thales 4879:. London: Allen Lane. 3825: 3643:Leone Battista Alberti 3638: 3579:Sistine Chapel Ceiling 3522: 3424: 3391:Painting and sculpture 3319:Fall of Constantinople 3277:Renaissance technology 3267:Science and technology 3236:I go to awake the dead 3199: 2975: 2826:illuminated manuscript 2812:Grand Dukes of Tuscany 2795: 2739:historical materialism 2611:Leone Battista Alberti 2582: 2468: 2298: 2289:Leone Battista Alberti 2145:Roberto Sabatino Lopez 2095: 1743:Origins and background 1567:Francesco Guicciardini 1539:Baldassare Castiglione 1453:Renaissance literature 1406:Giovanni da Verrazzano 1332:Protestant Reformation 1153: 666:(286 AD–476 AD) 596:(12th–6th c. BC) 590:(18th–3rd c. BC) 258:Renaissance literature 18:Florentine Renaissance 8263:16th century in Italy 8258:15th century in Italy 8253:14th century in Italy 8243:Architectural history 7906:Public administration 7014:the Holy Roman Empire 6613:Medieval renaissances 6391:Scientific Revolution 5033:Hudson, Hugh (2013). 5018:"Niccolo Machiavelli" 4992:Art, Suzanne (2014). 4968:"Italian Renaissance" 4797:, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006 4641:"History of Florence" 4406:10.4324/9781315595993 4324:10.7591/9781501728204 4287:"The Medieval Church" 3809: 3680:on the ground floor, 3647:church of San Lorenzo 3629: 3511: 3458:of Florentine artist 3412: 3359:scientific revolution 3174: 3104:over ten nights. The 3090:Petrarch's disciple, 2956: 2886:Literature and poetry 2777:Adoration of the Magi 2770: 2753:Further information: 2573: 2497:John VIII Palaiologos 2458: 2283:to fight against the 2271:Piero della Francesca 2265:(1417–1468), lord of 2261: 2209:Giangaleazzo Visconti 2081: 2050:Edward III of England 1974:joint stock companies 1920:, of whom they read. 1711:through figures like 1669:Leon Battista Alberti 1641:Piero della Francesca 1434:Scientific Revolution 1302:, largely rebuilt by 1292:ancient Greek culture 1254:, one of the several 1207:Renaissance humanists 926:Italy in World War II 629:(509 BC–27 BC) 623:(753 BC–509 BC) 602:(8th–3rd c. BC) 594:Etruscan civilization 297:Scientific Revolution 140:Sebastiano del Piombo 132:European colonization 8248:Environmental design 8134:World Heritage Sites 7589:Council of Ministers 7327:Coronavirus pandemic 6725:Currency and coinage 6482:Northern Renaissance 6065:Raffini, Christine. 5792:Haskins, Charles H. 5314:Renaissance Medicine 5051:10.1086/JWCI24395521 4856:Jensen 1992, p. 104. 4838:Jensen 1992, p. 105. 4112:University of Rennes 3923:, which migrated to 3726:St. Peter's Basilica 3659:Renaissance humanism 3602:and Raphael's pupil 3573:The School of Athens 3219:Pico della Mirandola 3208:Renaissance humanism 3167:Renaissance humanism 3136:Florentine Histories 3028:. Among the Greeks, 2852:Northern Renaissance 2759:Northern Renaissance 2655:Antonello da Messina 2404:Venetian Renaissance 2184:was linked with the 2034:Medieval Warm Period 1958:city-states of Italy 1924:Religious background 1895:brought to Italy by 1813:Hohenstaufen Kingdom 1789:King Philip the Fair 1725:Pico della Mirandola 1685:St. Peter's Basilica 1645:Domenico Ghirlandaio 1501:Matteo Maria Boiardo 1402:Christopher Columbus 1390:Northern Renaissance 1324:arbitrating disputes 1280:Mediterranean empire 1020:Currency and coinage 959:(1970s–1980s) 914:Italy in World War I 825:(14th–16th c.) 660:(27 BC–286 AD) 588:Nuragic civilization 342:The School of Athens 199:Transition from the 116:Christopher Columbus 81:St. Peter's Basilica 64:, birthplace of the 8188:Italian Renaissance 7665:Automotive industry 7604:Metropolitan cities 7150:Early Modern period 7123:Kingdom of Sardinia 7074:Italian city-states 6435:Bergamo and Brescia 6427:Italian Renaissance 6205:Renaissance studies 6062:London: Lane, 1973. 6011:Renaissance Europe. 4865:Burke 1999, p. 255. 4847:Burke 1999, p. 246. 4829:Burke 1999, p. 256. 4820:Burke 1999, p. 271. 4643:. Aboutflorence.com 4586:Jensen 1992, p. 64. 4566:The Medieval Review 4315:The Bishop's Palace 3947:. By promoting the 3905:Florentine Camerata 3899:productions of the 3730:Giacomo della Porta 3576:and Michelangelo's 3471:Santa Maria Novella 3405:Florentine painting 3335:applied mathematics 3125:Niccolò Machiavelli 3121:classical antiquity 3114:William Shakespeare 3085:William Shakespeare 2958:Niccolò Machiavelli 2946:, major changes in 2926:, which emphasized 2800:Girolamo Savonarola 2743:Early Modern Europe 2501:council in Florence 2477:Giovanni de' Medici 2351:Holy Roman Emperors 2294:Tempio Malatestiano 2178:Timurid Renaissance 2094:Florence, 1552–1568 1976:, an international 1689:Tempio Malatestiano 1576:The Reason of State 1549:Niccolò Machiavelli 1526:Jerusalem Delivered 1252:Florentine Republic 1221:("rebirth") in his 1203:classical antiquity 1146:Italian Renaissance 823:Italian Renaissance 800:Italian city-states 311:Counter-Reformation 253:Greco-Roman culture 180:Italian city-states 95:experimental method 32: 31:Italian Renaissance 7727:Telecommunications 7094:Maritime republics 6553:Spanish Golden Age 6193:Northern Mannerism 6118:2017-05-01 at the 6018:Past & Present 6009:Jensen, De Lamar. 5849:Bayer, A. (2004). 4783:Jensen 1992, p. 80 4764:www.britannica.com 4748:Lorenzo de' Medici 4626:Kenneth Bartlett, 4466:2008-12-06 at the 4428:Burke 1999, p. 232 4252:Jensen 1992, p. 95 3882:instrumental music 3878:Claudio Monteverdi 3826: 3811:Claudio Monteverdi 3653:. The interior of 3639: 3540:linear perspective 3523: 3496:The Birth of Venus 3425: 3331:natural philosophy 3246:While concern for 3200: 3130:Discourses on Livy 3092:Giovanni Boccaccio 3077:Petrarchan sonnets 3045:Francesco Petrarch 2976: 2948:Italian literature 2796: 2583: 2528:Lorenzo de' Medici 2469: 2299: 2263:Pandolfo Malatesta 2158:Islamic Golden Age 2096: 2046:Hundred Years' War 1948:Thirteenth century 1761: 1300 onward 1713:Claudio Monteverdi 1681:Florence Cathedral 1598:commedia dell'arte 1506:Orlando Innamorato 1451:Accounts of proto- 1394:maritime republics 1197:(corresponding to 1161:) was a period in 796:Maritime republics 782:(6th–8th c.) 736:Carolingian Empire 301:Increase of papal 239:maritime republics 43:Clockwise from top 30: 8175: 8174: 8142: 8141: 7777: 7776: 7712:Southern question 7632: 7631: 7564:Political parties 7512:Foreign relations 7484: 7483: 7337: 7336: 7058:Kingdom of Naples 7046:Kingdom of Sicily 6643: 6642: 6563: 6562: 6536:Iberian peninsula 6303:Italian sculpture 6080:Ruggiero, Guido. 6058:Pullan, Brian S. 5926:978-0-385-51390-6 5893:Burckhardt, Jacob 5701:Jane Turner, ed. 5675:Frederick Hartt, 5486:Oxford Art Online 5441:Oxford Art Online 5400:978-94-009-5999-6 5324:978-1-4109-4644-7 5297:978-0-486-28115-5 5265:978-1-4612-0803-7 5156:978-0-486-28115-5 5003:978-1-938026-79-9 4944:Pegasus, NY, 2006 4886:978-0-7139-0304-1 4437:Burke 1999, p. 93 4415:978-1-315-59599-3 4333:978-1-5017-2820-4 3870:Philippe de Monte 3777:Trecento madrigal 3758:Renaissance music 3416:The Last Judgment 3065:, especially the 2997:The Divine Comedy 2966:and prototypical 2936:Guittone d'Arezzo 2902:literary language 2856:Leonardo da Vinci 2651:Francesco Laurana 2605:came to power in 2575:Leonardo da Vinci 2520:Duchy of Florence 2494:Byzantine Emperor 2481:Cosimo de' Medici 2461:Cosimo de' Medici 2392:Kingdom of Naples 2339:Holy Roman Empire 2213:siege of Florence 1966:Kingdom of Naples 1964:; apart from the 1962:Holy Roman Empire 1805:Emirate of Sicily 1687:in Rome, and the 1613:Leonardo da Vinci 1609:European painting 1412:(for Spain), and 1308:Renaissance popes 1278:, the heart of a 1264:European monarchs 1191:Proto-Renaissance 1142: 1141: 989:COVID-19 pandemic 985:(2014–2016) 979:(2007–2009) 973:(1992–2001) 965:(1986–1992) 943:(1943–1945) 941:Italian Civil War 928:(1940–1945) 922:(1922–1943) 916:(1914–1918) 910:(1882–1960) 904:(1861–1946) 876:(1815–1871) 837:(1545–1648) 831:(1494–1559) 792:in southern Italy 760: 759: 751:Holy Roman Empire 583:Prehistoric Italy 540: 539: 499:Continuity thesis 486:History and study 322: 321: 99:Justus Sustermans 56:Leonardo da Vinci 16:(Redirected from 8270: 8165: 8164: 8157:Italy portal 8154: 8153: 8094:National symbols 7788: 7787: 7643: 7642: 7495: 7494: 7348: 7347: 7228:Kingdom of Italy 7155:Napoleonic Italy 6694: 6693: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6647: 6646: 6608:Cloak and dagger 6423: 6422: 6293:Italian painting 6183:High Renaissance 6150: 6143: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6041: 5977:The Renaissance. 5889: 5877: 5866: 5821: 5807: 5801: 5790: 5784: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5692:Stokstad, p. 659 5690: 5684: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5585: 5579: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5550: 5541:Bayer, Andrea. " 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5481: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5106:10.2307/20477906 5085: 5079: 5078: 5030: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4955:The Art Bulletin 4951: 4945: 4940:Osborne, Roger, 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4807: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4557: 4551: 4541: 4535: 4523:Har, Michael H. 4521: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4457: 4451: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4359:(3/4): 415–419. 4344: 4338: 4337: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4046: 3941:Jacob Burckhardt 3862:Cipriano de Rore 3858:Jacques Arcadelt 3852:of the era, the 3823: 3820: 3815:Bernardo Strozzi 3710:High Renaissance 3684:capitals on the 3671:classical orders 3663:Palazzo Rucellai 3596:Rosso Fiorentino 3445:Pietro Cavallini 3363:Andreas Vesalius 3232:Cyriac of Ancona 3198:(ca. 1423–1457). 3110:Geoffrey Chaucer 2942:. Especially in 2940:Guido Guinizelli 2898:Italian language 2704:Wider population 2663:Angelo Poliziano 2659:Jacopo Sannazaro 2603:Francesco Sforza 2556:Pazzi conspiracy 2544:Piero de' Medici 2537:Francesco Sforza 2524:High Renaissance 2438:House of Albizzi 2416:Niccolò Da Conti 2390:'s claim to the 2154:High Middle Ages 1954:Hanseatic League 1832:Byzantine Empire 1801:then the Normans 1762: 1759: 1754:Late Middle Ages 1715:in Florence. In 1511:Ludovico Ariosto 1410:Amerigo Vespucci 1398:Age of Discovery 1340: 1337: 1334:, which started 1320:Italian politics 1233:Jacob Burckhardt 1209:labelled as the 1160: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1108:Italy portal 1106: 1105: 1104: 835:Catholic revival 688: 687: 570: 560: 542: 541: 532: 525: 518: 504:High Renaissance 494:Age of Discovery 338: 324: 323: 283:Renaissance wars 243:Age of Discovery 233:Great Divergence 147:Creation of Adam 40: 33: 29: 21: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8228:Renaissance art 8178: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8151: 8138: 8109:Public holidays 7940: 7886:Life expectancy 7773: 7628: 7544:Law enforcement 7480: 7333: 7280: 7269:Social Republic 7233:Colonial Empire 7216:Capture of Rome 7169: 7062: 6971: 6864:Ancient peoples 6852: 6789: 6750:Historic states 6708: 6683: 6674: 6644: 6639: 6596: 6559: 6531: 6476: 6412: 6325:Northern Europe 6209: 6159: 6154: 6120:Wayback Machine 6096: 6091: 6038: 5943:Cronin, Vincent 5886: 5863: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5819:10.2307/2650568 5808: 5804: 5791: 5787: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5573: 5569: 5560: 5553: 5540: 5536: 5527: 5525: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5482: 5478: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5377: 5373: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5188:10.2307/2857013 5168: 5164: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5086: 5082: 5031: 5024: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4887: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4810: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4681: 4677: 4669:Crum, Roger J. 4668: 4664: 4660:Strathern, p 18 4659: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4558: 4554: 4542: 4538: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4468:Wayback Machine 4458: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4392: 4388: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4195:Massimo Costa. 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4016: 3981:Charles Haskins 3937: 3901:Venetian School 3821: 3793:religious music 3760: 3754: 3734:Andrea Palladio 3718:Donato Bramante 3624: 3618: 3612: 3561:The Last Supper 3407: 3395:Main articles: 3393: 3375: 3279: 3271:Main articles: 3269: 3169: 3163: 2992:Dante Alighieri 2968:Renaissance man 2924:Sweet New Style 2919:Dolce Stil Novo 2894: 2888: 2883: 2765: 2751: 2731:social mobility 2719:refeudalization 2706: 2698:Renaissance art 2670:Pope Nicholas V 2579:Renaissance Man 2568: 2467:(ca. 1518–1520) 2465:Jacopo Pontormo 2434: 2432:House of Medici 2428: 2256: 2250: 2245: 2084:Dante Alighieri 2030: 2009:landed nobility 1990:government debt 1950: 1934:Catholic Church 1926: 1885:Arte della Lana 1868:Champagne fairs 1760: 1750: 1745: 1705:Venetian School 1673:Andrea Palladio 1593:pocket editions 1571:Giovanni Botero 1535:Marsilio Ficino 1516:Orlando Furioso 1457:Dante Alighieri 1338: 1163:Italian history 1138: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1045:Historic states 1009: 1001: 1000: 977:Great Recession 908:Colonial Empire 897: 889: 888: 887: 868: 818: 810: 809: 770: 762: 761: 685: 677: 676: 616: 606: 605: 578: 558: 551: 536: 473:Northern Europe 349: 345:(1509–1511) by 215:Development of 190:Italian society 157: 156: 91:Galileo Galilei 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8276: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8213:Design history 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7717:Stock exchange 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7619:Municipalities 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7579:Prime Minister 7576: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Regional parks 7463: 7461:National parks 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7370:Climate change 7362: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7133:Duchy of Savoy 7130: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7041:Lombard League 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6963:Western Empire 6955: 6950: 6948:Roman conquest 6945: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6869:Italic peoples 6860: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6094:External links 6092: 6090: 6089: 6078: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5997: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5974: 5960: 5940: 5929: 5914: 5909:Burke, Peter. 5907: 5890: 5884: 5867: 5861: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5802: 5785: 5769: 5748: 5707: 5694: 5685: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5628: 5615: 5602: 5580: 5567: 5551: 5534: 5509: 5502: 5476: 5463: 5457: 5431: 5406: 5399: 5371: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5276: 5264: 5234: 5209: 5162: 5155: 5135: 5080: 5022: 5009: 5002: 4984: 4974:. 17 July 2020 4959: 4946: 4933: 4920: 4900: 4885: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4808: 4785: 4776: 4751: 4740: 4733: 4706: 4699: 4675: 4662: 4653: 4632: 4619: 4612: 4588: 4579: 4552: 4536: 4516: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4452: 4450:Vol. 10 No. 4. 4439: 4430: 4421: 4414: 4386: 4339: 4332: 4304: 4278: 4254: 4245: 4223: 4201: 4188: 4166: 4155: 4135: 4094: 4081: 4076:, 0521467772, 4062:Jonathan Swift 4040: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4012: 3989:Latin language 3936: 3935:Historiography 3933: 3929:Carlo Gesualdo 3921:Ferrara school 3874:Carlo Gesualdo 3756:Main article: 3753: 3750: 3614:Main article: 3611: 3608: 3475:foreshortening 3392: 3389: 3380:François Viete 3374: 3371: 3268: 3265: 3240:printing press 3165:Main article: 3162: 3159: 3051:, notably the 2980:Aldus Manutius 2890:Main article: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2828:together with 2787:Queen of Sheba 2785:Adored by the 2750: 2747: 2705: 2702: 2686:Sistine Chapel 2682:Pope Sixtus IV 2599:Tuscan dialect 2567: 2564: 2473:Albizzi family 2430:Main article: 2427: 2424: 2420:Southeast Asia 2367:Duchy of Milan 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2221:Leonardo Bruni 2190:Greek scholars 2186:Ottoman Empire 2092:Uffizi Gallery 2062:Ottoman Empire 2038:Little Ice Age 2029: 2026: 2005:urban communes 1949: 1946: 1925: 1922: 1828:Fourth Crusade 1809:Norman Kingdom 1785:Avignon Papacy 1773:southern Italy 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1721:Giordano Bruno 1709:birth of opera 1703:and later the 1521:Torquato Tasso 1408:(for France), 1229:Jules Michelet 1217:used the term 1215:Giorgio Vasari 1179:Western Europe 1171:16th centuries 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 996: 986: 980: 974: 966: 954: 944: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 886: 885: 879: 878: 877: 867: 866: 865: 864: 859: 851: 850: 849: 843: 838: 832: 826: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 802: 793: 783: 777: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 757: 756:962–1801 754: 743: 742: 739: 728: 727: 724: 718: 717: 714: 708: 707: 704: 698: 697: 694: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 673: 672: 664:Western Empire 661: 655: 654: 653: 640: 635: 624: 617: 612: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 597: 591: 585: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 563: 562: 553: 552: 545: 538: 537: 535: 534: 527: 520: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 496: 488: 487: 483: 482: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 427: 426: 422: 421: 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 377:Greek scholars 374: 369: 364: 356: 355: 351: 350: 339: 331: 330: 320: 319: 318: 317: 303:temporal power 299: 293: 280: 255: 245: 235: 213: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 163: 159: 158: 155: 154: 143: 130:initiated the 113: 102: 97:, Portrait by 88: 78: 68: 58: 46: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8275: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8168: 8160: 8158: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 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7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:Years of Lead 7310: 7308: 7307:Economic Boom 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Fascist Italy 7248: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Niçard exodus 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Magna Graecia 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517:Low Countries 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Italian domes 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6086:online review 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075:0-8204-3023-4 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6037:0-87099-362-3 6033: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5985:0-00-215411-0 5982: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5971:0-7126-9884-1 5968: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957:0-00-211262-0 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5885:9780300124118 5881: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5862:9781588391162 5858: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5841:Baron, Hans. 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5734:10.5334/AH.CN 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5648:Raunch p. 309 5645: 5638: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5503:9781884446054 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5467: 5460: 5458:9781884446054 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5357:10.5334/ah.cn 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4988: 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Macmillan. 4148: 4147: 4139: 4132: 4121:on 2013-10-07 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4074:9780521467773 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056:. Or between 4055: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970:Danse Macabre 3967: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3919:style of the 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866:Luca Marenzio 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797:Low Countries 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764:musicologists 3759: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:Santo Spirito 3652: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3604:Giulio Romano 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3482:illusionistic 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3385:Regiomontanus 3381: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:Francis Bacon 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307:manufacturing 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147:Machiavellian 3144: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2988:Imperial Rome 2985: 2981: 2973: 2972:Santi di Tito 2969: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2878: 2876: 2875:Vasco da Gama 2871: 2869: 2868:Low Countries 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2830:Giulio Clovio 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2792:Farnese Hours 2789: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2772:Giulio Clovio 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715:sharecroppers 2712: 2701: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2533:Peace of Lodi 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2411:Peace of Lodi 2407: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:Muslim worlds 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2069:workers, the 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1740: 1738: 1737:scholasticism 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1462:Divine Comedy 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:Peace of Lodi 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Central Italy 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1005: 1004: 994: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 971: 967: 964: 961: 960: 958: 957:Years of Lead 955: 952: 948: 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 893: 892: 884: 881: 880: 875: 874: 870: 869: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 852: 847: 844: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 820: 814: 813: 806: 803: 801: 797: 794: 791: 787: 784: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 766: 765: 755: 752: 748: 745: 744: 741:774–962 740: 737: 733: 730: 729: 726:568–774 725: 723: 720: 719: 716:435–534 715: 713: 710: 709: 706:493–553 705: 703: 700: 699: 696:476–493 695: 693: 690: 689: 681: 680: 671: 668: 667: 665: 662: 659: 656: 652: 651: 646: 645: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 628: 625: 622: 619: 618: 615: 610: 609: 601: 600:Magna Graecia 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 574: 573: 569: 565: 564: 561: 555: 554: 549: 544: 543: 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 513: 511: 510: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 490: 489: 485: 484: 479: 478:Low Countries 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428: 424: 423: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 358: 357: 353: 352: 348: 344: 343: 337: 333: 332: 329: 326: 325: 316: 312: 308: 305:leads to the 304: 300: 298: 294: 292: 288: 284: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 254: 250: 246: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 225:merchantilism 222: 218: 214: 211: 208: 207: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 188: 184: 181: 178: 174: 171: 167: 164: 160: 153: 149: 148: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 112: 111: 106: 103: 100: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 77: 73: 72:Doge's palace 69: 67: 63: 59: 57: 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 39: 34: 19: 7994:Architecture 7964:Quattrocento 7921:Social class 7901:Prostitution 7815:Demographics 7737:Trade unions 7680:Central Bank 7522:Human rights 7502:Constitution 7285:Contemporary 7255:World War II 7143:Italian Wars 7137: 7067:Early modern 7009:Papal States 6987:Italy under 6933:Ancient Rome 6628:12th century 6426: 6221:Architecture 6110: 6081: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6026: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5993: 5976: 5962: 5948: 5932: 5917: 5910: 5896: 5873: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5810: 5805: 5793: 5788: 5777: 5772: 5760:. Retrieved 5751: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5702: 5697: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5583: 5575: 5570: 5562: 5546: 5537: 5526:. Retrieved 5523:Smarthistory 5522: 5512: 5485: 5479: 5471: 5466: 5440: 5434: 5422:. Retrieved 5418: 5409: 5381: 5374: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5313: 5306: 5286: 5279: 5269:, retrieved 5247: 5237: 5226:. Retrieved 5224:. 1993-01-08 5221: 5212: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5145: 5138: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5042: 5038: 5012: 4993: 4987: 4976:. Retrieved 4971: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4925:. Retrieved 4910: 4903: 4876: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4768:. Retrieved 4766:. 2023-12-19 4763: 4754: 4743: 4719: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4665: 4656: 4645:. Retrieved 4635: 4627: 4622: 4598: 4591: 4582: 4565: 4555: 4539: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4471: 4455: 4447: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4396: 4389: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4314: 4307: 4296:. Retrieved 4290: 4281: 4270:. Retrieved 4266: 4257: 4248: 4236:. Retrieved 4234:(in Italian) 4226: 4214:. Retrieved 4204: 4196: 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4177:(in Italian) 4169: 4160: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123:. Retrieved 4116:the original 4111: 4103:Sée, Henri. 4097: 4089: 4084: 4078:Google Books 4065: 4054:Google Books 4049: 4044: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3958: 3952: 3938: 3890: 3850:secular form 3846:Roman School 3830:sacred music 3827: 3761: 3746: 3707: 3700: 3687:piano nobile 3685: 3654: 3651:Pazzi Chapel 3640: 3634: 3610:Architecture 3600:Parmigianino 3584: 3577: 3571: 3570:, Raphael's 3565: 3559: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3494: 3479: 3466:Holy Trinity 3464: 3453: 3441:Michelangelo 3426: 3421:Michelangelo 3414: 3376: 3339: 3280: 3252:Aristotelian 3245: 3235: 3227: 3212: 3202:One role of 3201: 3179: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3139:and finally 3134: 3128: 3118: 3105: 3102:black plague 3095: 3089: 3081:Thomas Wyatt 3066: 3056: 3042: 3010: 3002:Christianity 2995: 2977: 2961: 2932:courtly love 2930:rather than 2923: 2917: 2900:was not the 2895: 2872: 2862:created the 2849: 2845:sacking Rome 2840:Italian Wars 2837: 2834: 2819: 2797: 2791: 2781: 2775: 2735: 2723: 2707: 2694: 2690:Papal States 2674:Pope Pius II 2667: 2584: 2541: 2517: 2470: 2459:Portrait of 2435: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2388:Charles VIII 2381: 2379: 2365:, while the 2309:, Florence, 2300: 2292: 2274: 2254:Italian Wars 2237:Brunelleschi 2217: 2194: 2150: 2097: 2082:Portrait of 2070: 2031: 2018:Jacques Cœur 2014: 1998: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1927: 1890: 1883: 1817: 1797:by the Arabs 1781:Papal States 1769:Roman Empire 1751: 1701:Roman School 1665:Brunelleschi 1637:Fra Angelico 1617:Michelangelo 1603: 1596: 1585:Aldo Manuzio 1581:Aldine Press 1574: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1524: 1514: 1504: 1494: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1450: 1386:Italian Wars 1350:architecture 1343: 1296:Papal States 1237: 1222: 1218: 1199:rinascimento 1198: 1194: 1165:between the 1154:Rinascimento 1145: 1143: 1094: 1084: 992: 991:(2020– 968: 950: 949:(1946– 873:Risorgimento 871: 829:Italian Wars 822: 817:Early modern 648: 642: 614:Ancient Rome 447: 362:Architecture 340: 270:architecture 186:Participants 170:17th century 166:14th century 152:Michelangelo 145: 108: 107:, author of 49: 42: 8238:Art history 8203:Renaissance 8059:Italophilia 8019:Coat of arm 7969:Cinquecento 7845:Immigration 7795:Aristocracy 7660:Agriculture 7554:Nationality 7527:LGBT rights 7441:Earthquakes 7322:Mani pulite 7238:World War I 7181:Unification 7174:Late modern 7138:Renaissance 6983:Middle Ages 6976:Middle Ages 6953:Roman Italy 6720:Citizenship 6635:Reenactment 6618:Carolingian 6251:Plateresque 6173:Renaissance 6157:Renaissance 5920:Doubleday, 5762:18 December 5681:Art History 5595:18 December 5222:www.loc.gov 5045:: 263–268. 4996:. Wayside. 4512:Renaissance 4267:History Hit 4238:21 December 4216:21 December 4181:21 December 4088:Burke, P., 3966:Reformation 3961:Black Death 3949:Renaissance 3945:Middle Ages 3917:manneristic 3822: 1630 3795:was in the 3738:Giant order 3703:Sant'Andrea 3665:. 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