Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty

1598:

reestablished some control over Epirus and Thessaly. Throughout his reign, he was also able to work with competent administrators such as John Kantakouzenos who, along with many of the nobles, supported Andronikos during the civil war with Andronikos II. However, numerous reversals against Byzantium's enemies such as Serbia and the rising Ottomans at battles such as Pelekanon further drained the power Byzantium had in comparison to its neighbors. This would be a situation that would not be helped by his sudden death in the 1340s which resulted in a civil war between the regency of John V(a coalition of Anna of Savoy, Alexios Apokaukos and the patriarch of Constantinople, John XIV) and the nobility who promoted John Kantakouzenos as emperor. In addition, diplomacy became less useful, as Byzantium's enemies realized that the Emperor had not the military or even economic might to back his word. While there was a general decline in the Empire's fortunes, Andronikos III's death would be the

2424: 591: 2118: 902: 1577:, Serbian forces took five key forts from Byzantium in 1334 and forced it to recognize the new borders. Andronikos was then forced to recognize Serbian rule in Macedonia. In addition, Andronikos faced a further reversal when leading his army at Rousokastron where he was defeated by the Bulgarians under their leader Ivan Alexander. Nevertheless, Andronikos was able to bring back Epirus into the fold in 1341 through the use of diplomacy. The result was that while the Empire was reduced to its European territories, it had succeeded in bringing much of Greece under its control. Unfortunately for the newly expanded Byzantium, 94: 1679:, a nominal ally established by Andronikos III. The Regency of John V relied on Turkish mercenaries as well. However, Kantakouzenos began to draw support from the Ottoman Sultan Orhan, who wed Kantakouzenos' daughter in 1345. By 1347, Kantakouzenos had triumphed and entered Constantinople. However, in his hour of victory, he came to an accord with Anna and her son, John V: John V (now 15 years of age) and Kantakouzenos would rule as co-emperors, though John V would be the junior in this relationship. This unlikely partnership was not destined to last long. 1846: 630: 115: 566: 1160: 2633: 2264:. John VII was a favorite of Bayezid so Manuel II was in a dangerous position. He eventually sealed an agreement. However, the Ottoman Sultan became infuriated by Manuel II's attempts to reconcile his nephew John VII. Manuel was concerned that John VII might once again launch a coup against him so wished to end the threat diplomatically. Bayezid ordered Manuel's execution, but then reduced his furious response and instead demanded that Constantinople build another Mosque and that a colony of Turks be established. 2615:

who had been opened up to Byzantium by the maritime expansions of Genoa and Venice came to appreciate their achievements, facilitating the Renaissance. As such these scholars found themselves in Italian institutions, expressing their Greco-Roman culture for pay. Immigration to Italy was made less attractive by the idea of abandoning the Orthodox faith to practice Catholicism. Nonetheless, a significant and increasing number of Greeks began travelling to Italy, first temporarily to Italian colonies such as

1481:

brother Manuel Palaiologos had been accidentally murdered by Andronikos III's companions over a competitive love affair. His father (Michael IX), the son of Andronikos II, died of shock as a result of his son's death. Andronikos III did not take his disinheritance lightly — organizing an armed opposition, he succeeded in drawing support with promises of generous tax cuts, even beyond those enacted by Andronikos II. Andronikos II was powerless to stop the young usurper; he granted him

1307: 2244: 1523: 1614: 168: 2336: 2808: 5626: 2907: 2535: 178: 158: 1663:, sparked the civil conflict when he convinced the Empress that John V's rule was threatened by the ambitions of Kantakouzenos. In September 1341, while Kantakouzenos was in Thrace, Kalekas declared himself as regent and launched a vicious attack on Kantakouzenos, his supporters and family. In October, Anna ordered Kantakouzenos to resign his command. Kantakouzenos not only refused, but declared himself Emperor at 1082: 2409:

Manuel II Palaiologos re-established Byzantium as a vassal of the Ottomans — 300,000 silver coins were to be paid to the Sultan on annual basis. That the Empire managed to accomplish this at its lowest ebb is remarkable. Nonetheless, until the 1450s, the Ottomans would not make any concerted efforts to overcome the walls of Constantinople, and the city retained a tenuous security for the next two decades.

1590: 2975:" that would cut a swathe through Asia Minor and allow Byzantine troops to re-occupy the empire's ancient heartlands. However, by the late 14th century, the Byzantine Empire did not possess sufficient resources for the task, and in any case such Western undertakings would have required Byzantium to submit to Rome. If the price for political freedom was religious freedom, certain emperors such as 1747: 2503:. Murad II was in no position to stop these troublesome westerners since he was overwhelmed with problems by easterners in Anatolia, the core of the Ottoman realm. Therefore, Murad hastily concluded a peace treaty in the Balkans. The Hungarians soon broke the treaty, but at Varna a hastily assembled Ottoman army crushed the Crusaders and left the Balkans at the mercy of Ottoman vengeance. 1472:, thereby further reducing Byzantium's military capability. While these solved some problems that Michael VIII had left for his son, it unraveled his father's attempts at restoring the power of the Byzantine Empire; where Michael VIII had attempted to deal with problems outside the Empire, Andronikos aimed to solve the internal problems resulting from his father's reign. 2229:, where he "donated" religious relics made of precious metals to them for their support. John refused to give up his right to rule as Emperor of Byzantium until his death in 1408. By then however, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid had recognized Manuel II Palaiologos as co-emperor of Byzantium alongside his father John V, and finally, when John V died in 1391, as sole Emperor. 1786:

thinking of ways to stave off defeat. Amadeo returned to Europe via Rome and brought with him Byzantine envoys. The Pope again was uninterested, but called for John V to visit him. In 1369, when the Ottomans finally captured Adrianople (though some sources indicate 1365), John V rushed to Rome and confessed his Catholic faith both privately and at a public spectacle.

1704:, one of the few islands in the Aegean still under Byzantine control, while Kantakouzenos made his son Matthew co-emperor. John V would not give up so easy however, and in 1354 Ottoman troops began crossing over into Thrace in his support. The citizens of Constantinople became gripped with fear and in November of that same year, John V launched a successful coup with 2992:

severely weakened the empire from within, leaving it disastrously exposed to outside attack. Furthermore, the empire's military system had become increasingly disorganised and chaotic, following the demise of the theme system in the 11th–13th centuries. The result was persistent failure and defeat on every frontier.

2188:, useless. Again, prison break became the next event with John V and Manuel escaping Constantinople, offering the Ottoman Sultan higher tribute than normally paid, in return for help in taking over Constantinople. Andronikos IV, having been beaten yet again, evaded capture and slipped into the Genoese district of 1451: 2995:

Byzantium could only lose and decline for so long before it destroyed her; by the late 14th century, the situation had become so severe that Byzantium surrendered her political independence. By the mid 15th century, restoring both the religious and the political freedom of Byzantium was ultimately an

2982:

The proximate cause of the problem lay in Byzantium's numerous enemies, who combined during the course of the 14th century to overwhelm what remained of the empire's core territories. With each passing decade, the Byzantine Empire became weaker and lost more land. There were fewer resources available

1014:

in 1243. The Palaiologoi were engaged on several fronts, often continually, while the empire's supply of food and manpower dwindled. In this period, the Byzantine Empire found itself continually at war, both civil and interstate, with most interstate conflicts being with other Christian empires. Most

2614:

Despite much chaos in the Empire, the Byzantines experienced a revival in culture and art within their domain. Towards the 14th century, as the Empire entered into a phase of terminal crisis, such achievements became less valued. All was not lost for these seemingly rejected scholars — many in Italy

2572:

Mehmed II assembled a huge army to assail Constantinople's landward walls — some sources suggest 80,000 soldiers, while others suggest figures as high as 100,000 or even 200,000, including camp followers. A major feature of the Ottoman army was its high-quality artillery. Among others, it featured a

2506:

John VIII died in 1448. His reign lasted two decades. His achievement was the continued survival of the Empire. Yet Byzantium was now hanging by a thread. With insufficient military manpower for its own defense, an economy ruined by years of warfare, a depopulated capital, and insufficient territory

2392:

The Byzantines were the first to make a move when John VIII and his advisors made a risky decision by inciting a rebellion within the Ottoman Sultanate. In August 1421, they backed a man named Mustafa who claimed to be a long lost son of Bayezid the Thunderbolt. In Europe, Mustafa's rebellion worked

2272:

Manuel's next steps were bold and seemingly foolish — not only did he refuse to pay the Sultan tribute, he refused to answer the Sultan's messages and Bayezid set about laying siege to Constantinople. In 1394, his siege began and would continue for eight years. Manuel II realized that while the city

2204:

With Thessalonica surrendering in 1387 and his position rather hopeless, Manuel returned to John V and, with the Sultan's assent, began making conciliatory offers to his father. John V realized that accepting his second son back would cause his grandson to rebel in turn, and therefore he simply kept

1785:

arrived at and seized the fortress of Gallipoli from the Ottomans and handed it back to the Byzantines, hoping that this would stem the tide of Turkish emigration into Thrace. However, the Turks had by now firmly established themselves in Thrace. Amadeo and John spent much time between 1367 and 1369

1769:

and Michael VIII, John V now turned to the Pope and offered the promise of a Union of the two Churches in the hopes of receiving military assistance. As a guarantee of compliance, John V offered his son, Manuel. In the past, Byzantium's cry for assistance were answered with mixed results — pillaging

1597:

Although ultimately unsuccessful, the reign of Andronikos III was one of the last bright spots in Byzantine history, as the Empire's position was becoming increasingly precarious. Andronikos was able to score some successes in his life as he campaigned vigorously against the Genoese with success and

1480:

Andronikos II's policies were not successful in dealing with Byzantium's external problems; however, it would be threats from within the Empire that led to his abdication — in 1320 Andronikos III, the young (in his twenties) grandson of Andronikos II was disinherited by the Emperor. Andronikos III's

1459:

Andronikos II ordered the Union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches to be canceled, a move which pleased many. But he also ordered drastic reductions in the military, and effectively disbanded the navy, which his father had worked hard to build up. As a result, tax reductions throughout the Empire

1393:

Unlike his father, Andronikos II recognized the gravity of the situation in Asia Minor, and tried to drive out the Turks, utilizing a variety of methods. His first action was to move his court to Asia Minor, where he could better oversee the construction of fortifications and raise troop morale. His

1337:

and the ostensible union of the two Churches did little to avert Catholic aggression, while at the same time the Orthodox population, led by large parts of the priesthood, denounced Michael VIII as a traitor. His death in 1282 came as a relief to many, and his body was denied an Orthodox funeral, as

1271:

arranged a pact, whereby Charles would receive land in the East in return for assisting a new military expedition to Constantinople. A delay on Charles' end meant that Michael VIII was given enough time to negotiate a union between the Church of Rome and that of Constantinople in 1274, thus removing

2590:

Constantine's rule is hard to assess due to the shortness of his reign. As a Despot, he had shown ability, but the fall of the Empire to the Turks was by his time inevitable, no matter how able and energetic an Emperor sat on the throne. What is most remembered of him is the stubborn defence of his

2454:

1391. John VIII was still hopeful that he could emulate his Father's success and more. Like his predecessors, his attempts were in vain. And just like his predecessors, he relied too heavily on a Pope not willing to give, but only take; take that is, the Church of a wretched state surrounded by the

1729:

The lands ravaged and depopulated by the civil war were filled up by arriving Turks who colonised the land through a mixture of conquest and trade. The result was that Byzantium's power was undermined beyond all recovery — two hundred years ago Byzantium could rely on the people living in the lands

1695:

Kantakouzenos had a son, Matthew Kantakouzenos — and any hope of keeping peace between John V and Matthew became more remote as the two grew older and more independent. John V wed Kantakouzenos' daughter, thus becoming his son in law, in a move designed to bind the two families, but it was destined

1502:

Andronikos II attempted to solve Byzantium's internal problems more than his father had. The solutions he chose however had severe repercussions. They undermined the military and financial basis of the state, and the disasters suffered by his foreign policy failures further worsened the situation.

2200:

and Epirus, thus "expanding" the Empire, at least nominally, and thereby catching the Ottoman Sultan's attention. Murad I besieged Thessalonica in 1383, beginning a siege that would last until 1387. Meanwhile, Andronikos IV died and his son, John VII, began quarreling with his grandfather, John V.

2884:

As the Empire descended into chaos, it could not spare any finances in its efforts to defend its borders. Study in the fields of science and mathematics naturally disappeared from the minds of those whose lands were raided and seized. It was due to this lack of patronage that led many scholars to

2880:

in order to survive. The most important source was from the Imperial court, especially before the destructive civil wars that were characterized by Andronikos III and his son John V. Other sources were from minor courts, from the wealthy, and from the Church, if not from individual Church clergy,

2408:

Manuel II was now out of tricks to save the erroneous rule of his son, John VIII. In September 1423, Thessalonika was surrendered to the Venetians, no doubt hoping to draw in the Western Powers into a new crusade and, if not, at least their wealth would enable them to defend it. In February 1424,

1437:

in Spain and now, for an extraordinarily high price, they drove the Turks back in Asia Minor. Once again, these successes were nullified when their leader, Roger de Flor, was assassinated on his way to meet Andronikos; the Catalans then revolted against imperial authority, and began pillaging and

2525:

Constantine's reign was short; from 1448 (some sources say 1449) until 1453. Constantine XI, like many of his predecessors who took the Union between Eastern and Western Christendom seriously, lived as a Catholic. Not much is known of his reign, except that he died with his soldiers in the final

1625:

swept through its diminished lands. The first outbreak occurred in 1347, and between the 1360s and 1420s, eight further outbreaks of plague are recorded. Cities were full of social unrest between the corrupt wealthy (who had been exploiting the tax system for their own benefit) and the countless

1222:

were all strengthened against a possible new expedition by the Latin West. Many hospitals, hospices, markets, baths, streets and churches were built, some with private patronage. Even a new Mosque was built to compensate for the one burnt during the Fourth Crusade. These attempts were costly and

2581:

engineer who had originally offered his services to Constantine, who rejected them for lack of money. After the rejection of terms of surrender by Constantine, the siege began on April 2, 1453, with Ottoman cannon firing from April 6. The defenders were few, but the mighty walls allowed them to

2251:

Manuel II's reign saw another temporary respite for the Byzantines. For an Empire in such trouble, he succeeded in retaking some territory and held it to the end of his reign. His limited success largely came through the resurrection of Mongol Power in the East and the great friendship achieved

2347:

considerably changed the mood within Constantinople. The rewards reaped by the Empire were outstanding considering that only a short time had passed since the city (and possibly the Empire itself) stood on the brink of destruction. John VII appeared to have achieved numerous other benefits for

2167:

and the two worked towards fomenting revolution in their peoples. Consequently, both the Byzantine and Ottoman rulers were facing their sons and as a result, coordinated efforts were made to defeat both. John V had his eldest son, Andronikos IV, along with the latter's son, John VII, partially

2991:

However, the most serious problems arose from the internal political and military organisation of the empire. The empire's political system, based as it was around an autocratic and semi-divine emperor who exercised absolute power, had become obsolete, while the civil wars the system produced

2582:

withstand the siege for some time. Finally however, on May 29, the Ottomans achieved a breach, and the city fell. Constantine XI charged at the oncoming Ottoman army; the last Roman Emperor died fighting, and since his body was never recognized, is assumed to have been buried in a mass grave.

1290:

For the remainder of his life, Michael campaigned to drive the Latins out of Greece and the Balkans, and secure his position versus the Bulgarians. He was largely successful, regaining several islands in the Aegean, and establishing a foothold in the Peloponnese, that would grow to become the

1688: 1346:

Michael VIII was a very energetic, ambitious and capable emperor who had enlarged and preserved the Empire and had once again made Byzantium a power to be reckoned with in the region. His army, however, was still small, and diplomacy was relied upon more than ever. An extortionate tax system

2987:

and Arabs), by the later 14th century the empire no longer possessed any significant territories (such as Asia Minor) to form the basis of a recovery. As a result, many attempts at driving back the Ottomans and Bulgarians failed, while the lack of territory, revenue and manpower meant that

2773:. As a result, Persian tables were used more often, even if in conjunction with Ptolemy's. The acceptance of Arab astronomy was made harder by the fact that it had to be translated, and only entered through "lowlier social channels", namely by men who travelled between Constantinople and 1670:

There were not nearly enough troops to defend Byzantium's borders at the time and there certainly was not enough for the two factions to split; consequently, foreigner mercenaries were brought in. Kantakouzenos hired Turks and Serbs — his main supply of Turkish mercenaries came from the

1329:

army, and while it was not as effective, it was just as burdensome on the treasury. The result was that heavy taxes were levied on the peasantry, something that the Ottomans would later use to their advantage, winning over these poverty-stricken peasants with promises of lower taxes.

2303:

The seemingly insurmountable pressure was ultimately relieved as a result of events in Anatolia. Bayezid, his position in Europe secure, turned his attentions to Anatolia and attempted to bring the various Turcoman tribes under formal Ottoman control. These actions greatly offended

2640:

The Fourth Crusade saw the destruction of many homes in Constantinople and much of the city on fire. It is difficult to determine what books were burned in the libraries of Constantinople, though one can only imagine that few would be available today were it not for the works of

2348:

Byzantium. The first was a non-aggression treaty between the local Christian powers (who were also free from Ottoman servitude), meaning that the disasters of Andronikos III's later rule would not be repeated. Next were a treaty between Byzantium and the successor of Bayezid,

1377:

in 1282 and raids against Macedonia were launched throughout the 1290s. Byzantine counter-attacks failed to stop these, and as a result Andronikos was forced to resort to diplomacy, marrying his 5-year-old daughter to the Serbian King and ceding a number of forts from

2483:, not only at the terms at which the Byzantine Church had to stoop to, but also at the non-existent aid to Byzantium. One can safely say that the most notable effect of the Union was the increased resentment between Byzantium's populace and the Imperial government. 2175:

Unfortunately for John V, Andronikos IV and his son John VII escaped. With Genoan and Turkish aid, they returned to Constantinople and succeeded in overthrowing John V, imprisoning him and Manuel. In exchange for Ottoman aid, Andronikos IV handed the fortress of

1604:

for the Empire — his 10-year-old son was led by a regency that was torn apart in dynastic rivalries which led to the Second Palaiologan Civil War and the recognition of John Kantakouzenos as emperor and a catastrophe from which Byzantium would never recover.

1347:

supported his ambitious and successful foreign policies of expansion, as well as his numerous bribes and gifts to various potentates. He had put Byzantium on the road of recovery, but his achievements were still perilously fragile, as events would soon show.

1634:— the fortress of Gallipoli was destroyed in 1354 by such an earthquake and the Ottoman Turks lost no time in taking it and establishing a bridgehead in Europe. Meanwhile, the Serbs continued pressing south, removing any nominal Imperial control in Epirus. 2623:

before returning to Byzantium, then as the Empire began to fail horribly, in more permanent manner. The Fall of Constantinople was marked by large numbers of Greek refugees escaping Turkic rule into Europe via Italy and thus accelerating the Renaissance.

2380:

Manuel II Palaiologos was 70 years of age in 1421 and believed that the time had come for him to retire and give his eldest son, John VIII, the opportunity to rule with a more aggressive manner than he had done so. At the same time, a far less restrained

2401:, the latter falling in 1430. Murad II was unable to take Constantinople by force. Nonetheless, the situation in the Capital was dire enough for Manuel II to come out of retirement and incite yet another rebellion in Asia Minor under Murad II's brother, 2192:

with his family and hostages. John V, only interested in securing his throne and stability, came to conclude a pact with Andronikos IV in 1381, recognizing him as heir with John VII as heir apparent, thus removing Manuel from the line of succession.

2393:

well and he gathered some support. However, in August 1422, Murad II had this rebellion crushed and Mustafa received the traditional execution (hanging) shortly after, something any rebel would have expected. Murad II was enraged and had an

1151:. Palaiologos was a leading noble of military standing and the main figure of the regency of John IV, who had used this role to propel himself to the throne, and set the stage for his becoming sole Emperor of the restored Byzantine Empire. 2799:

Such works, while being non-Christian and in many cases non-Hellenistic, were cultivated by the Greek Orthodox ecclesiastics. Both Choniades and Metochites established themselves in the Greek Orthodox Church; the former becoming Bishop of

1493:

Despite the calamities of the civil war, Andronikos III was about to revitalise the Empire. Although Asia Minor was at this point destined to fall to the Turks, it had been in a worse position in 1091 and yet still recovered by Byzantium.

1398:, was an able commander, campaigning with some success against the Turks in the Meander Valley. Unfortunately Byzantium was robbed of his services when he staged an unsuccessful coup, leading to his blinding. Next Andronikos sent his son, 2858:

Others went so far as to suggest that Byzantium would not live forever — a fundamental belief for every subject of the Byzantine Orthodox Church. Metochites did not see Byzantine civilization as superior to others and even considered the

2220:

John VII's rebellion succeeded initially, taking Constantinople from John V, but Manuel countered by rousing the rest of the empire and its few remaining military assets and turned them against John VII. Manuel also received aid from the

1667:, allegedly to protect John V's rule from Kalekas. Whether or not Kantakouzenos wished to be Emperor is not known, but the provocative actions of the Patriarch forced Kantakouzenos to fight to retain his power and started the civil war. 1530:

The rule of Andronikos III is characterized as the last genuine attempt to restore Byzantine fortunes. His attempts came close to fruition, but the many hostile neighbors of Byzantium eventually took their toll on an Empire in decline.

1489:

in 1321, the title of co-emperor in 1322, and after a small war where the Bulgarians and Serbians played the two sides against each other, Andronikos II was forced to abdicate and retire as a monk to a monastery, where he died in 1332.

2564:

succeeded his father Murad. Upon his succession to the throne, he received a demand by Constantine XI for subsidies, coupled with a threat to rebel if these were not met. Mehmed II responded with these bold declarations by building a

2371:

had emerged as the victor. However, the Byzantines had made sure to support the victor and Mehmed I did not forget the kindness of the Byzantines and was able to "control" his Turk subjects from expanding into Byzantine territory.

2875:

Philosophers had to find ways of bringing food to the table. The most common occupation in the Byzantine Empire would have either been agriculturally-based or, earlier in the Empire, trade-based. In contrast, philosophers needed

1324:

Michael VIII's foreign policy relied heavily on diplomacy; nevertheless, his construction projects and military campaigns against the remaining Latins were extensive as well as expensive; the Nicaean army was modeled around the

2405:. Initial rebel success, including a siege of Bursa was too much for Murad II to ignore so the siege of Constantinople was lifted to deal with this threat, and to the Byzantines' greatest despair, dealt with it successfully. 2785:, who acquainted themselves with this science. By the mid 14th century, when Byzantium was overwhelmed with troubles, the tables of Ptolemy were deemed by professionals as inadequate and slowly abandoned for Persian tables. 1534:

His first concern was that of Asia Minor. Nicaea, until 1261 the capital of the Empire, was under siege by Ottoman Turks. In the summer of 1329, Andronikos III launched a relief attempt which culminated in a defeat at the

1310:

Middle East c. 1263 KEY: Lighter red - Byzantine Empire; Dark red and magenta - other Greek states; Light green - Turkic lands; Dark green - Ottoman domain by the 1300s, dotted line indicates conquests up to 1326; Yellow

2507:

to provide a basis for recovery, the Empire's position was becoming untenable. John was severely constrained by his circumstances, and proved unable to improve the fortunes of the state. He was succeeded by his brother

1699:

In 1353, Kantakouzenos was still hopeful that peace would be maintained, but in that year, John V launched a military attack on Matthew, thereby re-igniting the civil war. John V was demoted and exiled to the island of

1720:

sometime between 1361 and 1383, though other sources indicate 1391 a possible date. At 25 years, John V had managed to establish himself firmly as ruler of the Empire, at the cost of bleeding out all its resources.

1209:

and their successors, the Latin Empire, had done much to reduce Byzantium's finest city to an underpopulated wreck. Michael VIII began the task of restoring many monasteries, public buildings and defence works. The

1454:

Andronikos II's debasement of the Byzantine currency, along with his co-rule with his father, his son and his grandson as well as his own sole rule, resulted in the minting of several different coins during his

1295:. The downside however was that Michael's efforts in the West absorbed most of the Empire's manpower and resources, and neglected the Asian provinces, where a new and fateful threat was rising: the beylik of 2835:. His works on computational astronomy using Hebrew and Persian tables were overshadowed by the neo-pagan beliefs he adopted in his old age. He proclaimed his belief in the "Seven Wise Men", the message of 1715:

was his brother-in-law, he was able to obtain troops from him, but had barely begun his campaign when he was captured in the summer of 1356. He was forced to renounce his claims in 1357 and exiled to the

1543:

or the other few remaining forts in Asia Minor suffer the same fate, Andronikos III sought to pay off the Ottomans with tribute — the Ottomans did not stop at this and seized Nicomedia as well in 1337.

2315:

Manuel, who was still in Europe, arrived in 1403 to a welcoming sight — Constantinople free from Ottoman siege. John VII had remained loyal, handing back control of the capital to Manuel. In addition,

2719:. As the Empire's borders shrunk, so too had its cultural diversity. By the late 13th century, the Empire consisted almost exclusively of traditionally Greek territory (inhabited by Greeks since 1189:

had already been taken by Nicaea in 1246. Following the capture of Constantinople, Michael ordered the blinding of John IV in December 1261, so as to become sole emperor. As a result, Patriarch

2983:

to deal with the Empire's opponents. Her power base was consequently ruined. While the empire had experienced difficulties before (in the 8th century much of Byzantium's lands were occupied by

2971:, there were high hopes that the Turks would be driven out of Europe. The Byzantines that pinned their dreams of restoration on the West had hoped that they could reap the benefits of another " 1547:

Despite this, Andronikos III scored a few successes in the Aegean: in 1329, Chios was recovered, and in 1335, Andronikos arranged an alliance involving financial indemnities with the Turkic

1730:

of Anatolia, Greece, Macedonia and several large islands like Cyprus and Crete. Now the population under its control was limited to the few remaining cities in Byzantine possession, namely

3795: 1893: 677: 2364:. The importance of the latter should not be underestimated as these would serve in the future as refuge for any seeking to escape Ottoman expansion, even if only as a temporary refuge. 1797:

In 1371, the Serbs mustered their strength and prepared to launch an attack to drive back the Turks from Thrace. In a crushing victory, the Ottomans annihilated the Serbian army at the

2312:

Bayezid in 1402 near Ankara. The defeat caused a panic amongst the Turks in Anatolia, who frantically began crossing over to Europe, with the assistance of Venetian and Genoese ships.

2146: 930: 1757:

now had to face the serious threat the Ottomans posed to Byzantium. In the 1360s, the Turks continued to drive through Thrace, taking Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian settlements.

1046:

and a few other isolated exclaves, which only nominally recognized the Emperor as their lord. Nonetheless, Byzantine diplomacy, political intrigue and the invasion of Anatolia by

2928: 1781:, and her nephew (being John V's cousin) was concerned for the safety of his Greek counterpart. Sailing from Venice in June 1366 with dreams of initiating yet another Crusade, 1626:

landless peasants burdened by the demands of the government. Religious controversy, the cancer of Byzantium in the 7th and 8th centuries, once again emerged in the form of the

1581:(ruling Serbia from 1331) decided to take these lands as well from Byzantium. The death of Andronikos III and the resulting chaos left the Empire in no position to fight back. 4505: 1774:

had been largely beneficial and no doubt John V envisioned a repeat of such a Crusade. This time, however, the Papacy was unmoved by the calamity facing the Byzantine Empire.

2209:. Eventually, John VII did rebel against his grandfather — news of Manuel's arrival at Constantinople and John V's reconciliation talks with him prompted John VII to head to 2552:

before his ascension to the throne. From this position, he had continued the aggressive policies of his father and his brothers against the Ottomans and their vassals, the

1738:. The immigration of Turks would be decisive in the survival of the Empire as it gave her most dire enemy, the Ottomans, a new power base, not in Asia but now in Europe. 1621:

The Byzantine Empire entered into a new era of decay in 1341. The Empire was ravaged by multiple serious disasters — alongside wars and civil wars, renewed epidemics of

1573:

In Europe, Andronikos III had mixed results; Thessaly returned to Imperial rule in 1333, but Serbia once again began expanding southwards: led by the Byzantine renegade

1279:. The Greek Church was excommunicated, and Charles was given renewed papal support for the invasion of Constantinople. In order to counter this, Michael VIII subsidized 552: 2284:

The situation was dire; so much so that John VII, Manuel's dire opponent, was left in charge of Constantinople. He made one grand tour of Europe in 1399, stopping at

2281:, Bayezid force-marched his army to a stunning yet costly victory. Thousands were killed, but now Bayezid was able to turn his armies fully against Constantinople. 1243:

invasions in ca. 1240. As a result, the greatest threat to Byzantium was not the Muslims but their Christian counterparts in the West — Michael VIII knew that the

2385:, son of Mehmed I, came to the Ottoman throne in May of that year. With two men uninterested in diplomacy on the thrones of Byzantium and the Ottoman Sultanate, 992:

had begun conducting raids and expanding into Byzantine territory in Asia Minor by 1263, just two years after the enthronement of the first Palaiologos emperor

5658: 17: 2749:', instead of Romans. This enthusiasm for the glorious past, contained elements that were also present in the movement that led to the creation of the modern 4738: 2893:, who between them had travelled to Florence, Pavia, Rome, Padua and Milan. The end of the Byzantine Empire coincided with the beginning of the Renaissance. 2782: 2196:

Naturally, Manuel felt betrayed by this move which demoted him from co-emperor. Returning to Thessalonica in 1382, he rebelled and established his rule over

2139: 923: 3681:

Raybaud, L. P. (1968) Le gouvernement et l’administration centrale de l’empire Byzantin sous les premiers Paléologues (1258-1354). Paris, pp. 202–206

2657:. New editions of poets, such as Hesiod and Pindar, were made and their metric systems were reconstructed with competence. They wrote about such works as 2591:

city against the odds, and his death in battle, through which he entered popular legend. Despite his Catholic confession, he is viewed as a saint by many

2159:

John V's rule was an unhappy one, resulting in his vassalage to Murad I. However, it must have been even worse when his eldest son and heir to the throne

5653: 1132:, a Turkic force was repelled and an earlier assault on Nicaea led to the death of the Seljuk Sultan. In the west, the Latins were unable to expand into 1789:

Nevertheless, in 1371 John V returned empty-handed, having humiliated himself and done nothing to improve the deteriorating situation in the Balkans.

3718: 2132: 916: 3644:

Bentley, Jerry H., and Herb F. Ziegler. Traditions & Encounters a Global Perspective on the Past. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

2300:; in England, he was well received and treated to a jousting tournament. However, Manuel was unable to secure any help from Western Christendom. 5614: 3869: 3674: 1948: 1845: 732: 629: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5302: 3879: 3812: 1958: 1907: 742: 691: 3827: 3822: 2979:

were willing to pay it. In the long run though, the Byzantines were not prepared to surrender their ancient customs and beliefs willingly.

2716: 1922: 1917: 1460:

were possible, earning him greater popularity while seriously undermining Byzantium's abilities to deal with its opponents. He debased the

706: 701: 2323:

as a gesture of goodwill and in an effort to curry favour at a time the Ottoman Empire was weakened by the war with Timur and effectively

4903: 3889: 3864: 1968: 1943: 752: 727: 1630:

controversy, which eventually became a doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox church. There were numerous earthquakes, destroying Byzantium's

5254: 5237: 3894: 3874: 2427: 1973: 1953: 757: 737: 3200:

Shepherd, William R. "The Byzantine Empire in 1265." Perry–Castañeda Library. 1926. University of Texas Libraries. June 15, 2007. See

2277:. At first, the situation was not so dire — a massive counter-attack by the West was to be launched as the Crusade of Nicopolis. In a 4953: 4799: 4771: 4415: 4407: 3884: 3817: 1963: 1912: 747: 696: 3292:

Editors of Britannica, editor. "Andronicus III Palaeologus", Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., June 11, 2018,

1708:

aid. Kantakouzenos now abdicated and retired to a monastery, where he would write his memoirs and thoughts until his death in 1383.

5149: 4510: 2495:

began launching successful campaigns against the Turks in Serbia, leading to the Serbian Despot and the Albanian resistance leader

1828: 612: 1085:

After 1204, the Byzantine Empire was partitioned into various successor states, with the Latin Empire in control of Constantinople

4998: 3647: 1438:

raiding cities in Thrace, leaving Asia Minor open to Turkish incursions. After this, Andronikos turned to diplomacy, asking the

1303:. Nevertheless, the border was kept relatively secure, and no significant losses occurred in Asia Minor during Michael's reign. 1223:

crippling taxes were placed on the peasantry. Nonetheless, the city grew new cultural and diplomatic contacts, notably with the

5478: 5003: 2499:

into direct opposition with their former masters. This led to one of the last great Crusades of a united Western Christendom —

2463:

Uniting the Church of Byzantium with that of Rome was a simple matter, since all the bargaining chips were in the hands of the

1190: 5683: 5402: 4162: 4155: 3711: 3518: 3201: 3025: 2090: 1711:

Matthew Kantakouzenos, no doubt disappointed with his father's failure, continued to resist John V. Since the Ottoman Sultan

874: 3691: 2308:, leader of the Timurid Empire, who saw Anatolia as within his sphere of influence. In response, Timur invaded Anatolia and 5154: 5013: 4301: 2475:

dispute arose from semantic confusion. Few on Byzantium's side were impressed with the Union between 1438 and 1439 held in

1818: 1653: 1643: 1194: 1034:

The loss of land in the East to the Turks and in the West to the Bulgarians coincided with two disastrous civil wars, the

4145: 2967:

The end of the Byzantine Empire did not seem inevitable to contemporaries. As late as 1444, a mere nine years before the

2723:). Consequently, this Greek culture soon came to dominate the Empire and the works of the Classical age such as those of 1370: 5483: 4896: 3134: 146: 2827:

Not all thinkers were welcome in Byzantium. Some who opened their minds to other beliefs would have strayed from the "

2423: 1101:, and Trebizond, with a multitude of Frankish and Latin possessions occupying the remainder, nominally subject to the 5584: 4150: 3570: 3546: 3040: 2954: 2491:

In the late 1440s, the Ottomans experienced difficulty in bringing their Christian vassals in the Balkans into line.

1173:

In 1261, while the bulk of the Latin Empire's military forces were absent from Constantinople, the Byzantine General

1066: 951:

dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper

2936: 1061:

However, the Palaiologan period witnessed a renewed flourishing in art and the letters, in what has been called the

4647: 3704: 114: 2738:

who characterized the interest in Science and Mathematics at the time. Astronomy was also a field of interest, as

1287:, a revolt that overthrew the Angevin King of Sicily and installed Peter III of Aragon as King of Sicily in 1281. 93: 5619: 5441: 3973: 3741: 3035: 2056: 1837: 840: 621: 5589: 5579: 5451: 5372: 5190: 5058: 4630: 4574: 4495: 4362: 3626: 2932: 2742:

illustrates with his proposal to modify the calendar before changes were put in place by the Gregorian reform.

2394: 1503:

Dissatisfaction from his failure, his old age and a "reckless grandson" culminated in his enforced abdication.

2163:

rebelled against his father in 1373. Curiously, this rebellion coincided with the rebellion of Murad I's son,

1691:

Byzantine coins showing John V and his co-emperor & guide Kantakouzenos during their peaceful co-existence

1224: 5446: 5436: 5351: 5106: 4891: 3020: 3015: 4326: 2252:

between Manuel II and Mehmed I. However, he lived long enough to see his son undo much of his achievements.

5663: 5520: 5488: 5392: 5101: 5073: 4881: 4420: 3030: 2398: 494: 99: 5244: 4886: 4733: 4490: 4241: 3010: 3005: 2745:

Moreover, some prominent personalities also proposed the change of the Imperial title to 'Emperor of the

1712: 1312: 1113:

was initially the strongest of the three Greek states, the Nicaeans succeeded in taking back the city of

1010:

zeal, the prospect of economic gain, and the desire to seek refuge from the Mongols after the disastrous

3591:

John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.

2471:

head of the Byzantine Church ordered the Byzantine Church to accept Papal primacy and declared that the

1042:

which allowed the Turks to occupy the peninsula. By 1380, the Byzantine Empire consisted of the capital

5564: 5510: 5249: 5121: 5111: 4811: 4691: 4569: 4500: 4388: 4357: 4200: 4140: 1512: 469: 365: 310: 1000:, which had formed the very heart of the shrinking empire, was systematically lost to numerous Turkic 5424: 4948: 4804: 4589: 4480: 4367: 3585:

Madden, Thomas F. Crusades the Illustrated History. 1st ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan P, 2005

2160: 2070: 1356: 1140:

against Bulgaria was a challenge that kept the Latins occupied for the duration of the Latin Empire.

854: 401: 341: 4723: 4475: 3962: 3841: 2917: 2181: 2037: 1927: 1168: 1148: 1129: 993: 952: 821: 711: 329: 197: 3293: 2352:

who was in Asia Minor, confirming Byzantium's freedom from paying tribute. The Empire also gained

5629: 5053: 4779: 4599: 4485: 2921: 2274: 2214: 2122: 1869: 1395: 1334: 1219: 1106: 1062: 1016: 1011: 906: 653: 5554: 5144: 4986: 4430: 4236: 4210: 4205: 3978: 3954: 3950: 3917: 2968: 2543: 2386: 2061: 2049: 2027: 2003: 1735: 1574: 1292: 1283:'s attempts to seize Sicily from Charles. Michael's efforts paid off with the outbreak of the 1174: 1051: 964: 845: 833: 811: 787: 511: 353: 258: 48: 3562: 2569:

on the European side of the Bosporus in order to better control traffic through the Bosporus.

5272: 5126: 4316: 4226: 4190: 4075: 3805: 3800: 2592: 2418: 2367:

Bayezid's sons lost no time fighting each other for their father's shattered realm. By 1413,

2238: 2169: 1901: 1897: 1361:

Andronikos II was the son of Michael VIII. He ascended the throne in 1282, at the age of 24.

1326: 685: 681: 457: 445: 389: 271: 254: 1442:

of Persia to send troops to attack the Turks, but negotiations for such an alliance failed.

1159: 5515: 5498: 5319: 5078: 5043: 4926: 4863: 4858: 4393: 4336: 2867:

as more enlightened in some aspects, such as morality, than his Christian co-religionists.

2642: 2349: 2320: 423: 3692:

Byzantine & Christian Museum, The Palaiologan period: The final flowering of Byzantium

1648:

John V, ten years old at his ascension, was guided by a regency consisting of his mother,

1369:

Andronikos II was tied down with events in the West and the East. The Serbians under King

8: 4425: 4341: 4331: 4195: 3958: 3946: 3833: 2984: 2848: 2812: 2793: 2769:'s tables for calculations. However, these proved to be inaccurate when compared to Arab 2739: 2720: 2688: 2646: 2549: 2344: 2324: 2297: 2278: 2222: 2032: 2023: 1536: 1280: 1275:

Unfortunately for Michael VIII, the new union was seen as a fake by Clement's successor,

1110: 1098: 1070: 1055: 1028: 816: 807: 193: 189: 120: 2715:

In the past, at its full height, the Byzantine Empire was composed of many territories,

2008: 1050:

allowed Byzantium to survive until 1453. The last remnants of the Byzantine Empire, the

792: 5503: 5493: 5367: 5038: 4921: 4838: 4701: 4053: 4033: 4013: 4003: 3769: 3668: 3615: 2890: 1782: 1766: 1754: 1256: 1244: 1105:

at Constantinople. In addition, the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire allowed the

377: 244: 234: 5625: 5559: 5464: 5397: 5377: 5345: 5277: 5264: 5185: 5180: 4931: 4696: 4546: 4065: 4018: 4008: 3998: 3622: 3566: 3542: 3514: 2886: 2828: 2778: 2273:

could endure a half-hearted blockade, it did not have the military assets to man the

2095: 1798: 1705: 1660: 1411: 1182: 879: 303: 276: 5429: 5222: 5170: 5116: 5083: 5033: 4826: 4816: 4594: 4282: 4174: 4097: 4080: 4058: 4043: 4028: 3942: 3727: 2654: 2578: 2500: 2309: 2018: 1284: 1236: 1144: 1109:, the Serbs, and the various Turcoman emirates of Anatolia to make gains. Although 1094: 944: 802: 557: 293: 1600: 1214:, looted in the Crusade of 1204, was refurbished to Greek Orthodox tradition. The 5574: 5407: 5387: 5382: 5337: 5327: 5287: 5282: 5232: 5227: 5008: 4614: 4531: 4526: 4266: 4256: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4048: 4038: 4023: 3652: 3635:

Parker, Geoffrey. Compact History of the World. 4th ed. London: Times Books, 2005

3506: 2704: 2650: 2636:

Classical literature that was studied included mythical figures such as Dionysus.

2632: 2595:, and many legends were created about the ultimate fate of the last Constantine. 2553: 2472: 2357: 1701: 1418: 1403: 1268: 223: 3588:

Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 1st ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2002

2566: 2180:

over to the Ottomans, thus rendering the only genuine European aid, provided by

5412: 5292: 5025: 4784: 4678: 4664: 4463: 4167: 3922: 2520: 2508: 2464: 2361: 2105: 2100: 1989: 1750:

Byzantium (in red) in 1369, after the Ottomans conquered the city of Adrianople

1631: 1622: 1206: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1090: 1043: 1020: 985: 972: 968: 960: 889: 884: 773: 584: 515: 210: 71: 1227:. Both had common enemies; Latin aggression, and later on, the Ottoman Turks. 5647: 5332: 5209: 5175: 4913: 4848: 4821: 4706: 4321: 4261: 3534: 3045: 2972: 2402: 2085: 1801:, and in its aftermath, many surviving lords submitted to the Ottoman Sultan 1778: 1771: 1649: 1578: 1426: 1264: 869: 249: 2847:

was burnt by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Plethon's ashes repose in the

5093: 5068: 5048: 4853: 4831: 4686: 3934: 3929: 3763: 2976: 2692: 2316: 1998: 1993: 1863: 1777:

Fortunately for John V, he had other European connections — his mother was

1731: 1664: 1252: 1215: 1211: 1186: 1102: 1024: 977: 956: 782: 777: 647: 571: 498: 3696: 3638:

Turnbull, Stephen. The Ottoman Empire 1326 – 1699. New York: Osprey, 2003.

2534: 2164: 1147:, a boy of 10 years. However, John IV was overshadowed by his co-emperor, 5594: 5569: 5063: 4873: 4640: 4246: 4231: 2762: 2609: 2353: 2243: 1522: 1306: 1035: 948: 280: 239: 3475:

The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy

2172:, the second son of John V, was made co-emperor and heir to the throne. 1613: 1450: 1093:, the Byzantine Empire had fractured into the Greek successor-states of 167: 4868: 4728: 4718: 4551: 4541: 4251: 2728: 2679: 2496: 2442: 2335: 1809:

from the defeated Serbs, John V swore allegiance as a vassal to Murad.

1593:

The Byzantine Empire in 1340 a year before the death of Andronikos III.

1462: 1422: 1399: 989: 3605:

Midway Through the Plunge: John Cantacuzenus and the Fall of Byzantium

2807: 2360:. As an added bonus, Imperial authority was asserted over a number of 2168:

blinded, while Murad I defeated his son, Savci, and had him executed.

5417: 5297: 4789: 4657: 4604: 4536: 2877: 2836: 2831:", as the Byzantines would have seen it. One such example is that of 2789: 2770: 2724: 2670: 2666: 2561: 2431: 2261: 2177: 1888: 1682: 1627: 1540: 1439: 1430: 1407: 1276: 1039: 672: 139: 55: 2906: 4943: 4843: 4794: 4652: 4584: 4372: 2840: 2746: 2735: 2696: 2684: 2557: 2480: 2436: 2382: 2368: 2197: 1559: 1551: 1486: 1387: 1133: 997: 3648:

Historical Dynamics in a Time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204–1453

3641:

Haldon, John. Byzantium at War 600 – 1453. New York: Osprey, 2000.

1746: 1687: 1676: 5309: 5195: 5136: 4635: 4609: 4287: 2988:

Byzantium's armies became increasingly obsolete and outnumbered.

2860: 2832: 2774: 2766: 2658: 2492: 2476: 2247:

Byzantium in 1389. Thrace was lost in the previous three decades.

1802: 1567: 1468: 1296: 1007: 288: 177: 157: 1608: 1390:

as a "dowry". Nonetheless, the Serbs continued their expansion.

1383: 4938: 4713: 4579: 3294:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andronicus-III-Palaeologus

2864: 2852: 2816: 2801: 2750: 2700: 2662: 2620: 2285: 2226: 2206: 2189: 1806: 1563: 1482: 1433:, these hardy mercenaries were used to skirmishing against the 1374: 1260: 1248: 1240: 1178: 1137: 1081: 2260:

Manuel II's first priority was to establish an agreement with

1589: 1006:, whose raids evolved into conquering expeditions inspired by 3661:

The Byzantine provincial administration under the Palaiologoi

2820: 2616: 2574: 2511:. The new emperor would be Byzantium's last sovereign ruler. 2305: 2293: 2289: 2210: 2185: 1717: 1652:, John VI Kantakouzenos and the Patriarch of Constantinople ( 1434: 1379: 1300: 1047: 1002: 229: 133: 40: 2450:

Manuel II's final years saw his gains wasted and the Empire

1734:

and Constantinople and the surrounding countryside, and the

5217: 2796:

published his thoughts using Persian and Ptolemaic tables.

2603: 2434:(1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos, 2267: 1548: 1539:

on June 10, and in 1331, the city fell. Not wishing to see

1193:

excommunicated Michael, but he was deposed and replaced by

1849:

Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

633:

Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

2356:

and coastal land of the Black Sea from Constantinople to

1812: 1672: 1555: 2687:

and the Greek Anthology of epigrams. Works assembled by

1177:

used the opportunity to seize the city with 600 troops.

1124:

was successful in holding its own against its Latin and

984:

From the start, the regime faced numerous problems. The

2843:. Consequently, his work on a modified Greek Pantheon, 1805:. Byzantium was in no better position and after taking 1350: 2885:

flee to the West. Remarkable travels were recorded by

2792:

were translated into Greek as early as 1309. In 1352,

2753:

state, in 1830, after four centuries of Ottoman rule.

1154: 2756: 1526:

Byzantium at the beginning of Andronikos III's reign.

1466:

currency and heavily taxed the military elite of the

981:, this period is known as the late Byzantine Empire. 3655:, Great Ages of Man Byzantium, Time-Life Books, 1975 3188:

Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat

3067: 2804:and the latter the head of the Patriarchal school. 2717:

stretching from modern-day Iraq to modern-day Spain

2232: 1255:in Constantinople. The situation became worse when 1251:would no doubt launch another attempt to establish 3614: 3495:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 365–371. 3477:(2nd ed.). London: Robinson. pp. 234–35. 1683:Reign and fall of John VI Kantakouzenos, 1347–1357 1417:Not giving up, Andronikos hired the 6,500 strong " 3563:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Vol. 2 2665:. Countless works are also included, such as the 2598: 2538:Constantine XI depicted in semi-classical armour. 1770:Crusaders would sack both friend and foe but the 1272:papal support for an invasion of Constantinople. 5645: 1200: 3612: 2811:Plethon's final resting place was moved to the 2529: 2455:Ottomans, soon-to-be Christendom's direst foe. 2330: 4087:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 3513:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–80. 3499: 2627: 1792: 1239:was in chaos and decentralized ever since the 5659:States and territories disestablished in 1453 3712: 2788:Despite this, Persian works such as those on 2296:, Paris and London, where he met the English 2140: 1637: 1609:The rise and fall of Kantakouzenos, 1341–1357 1406:to attack the Turks who were laying siege to 924: 27:Period of Byzantine history from 1261 to 1453 3621:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2375: 1506: 3726: 3459: 3457: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3120: 3118: 3094: 2935:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1475: 1143:In 1261, the Empire of Nicaea was ruled by 63: 5654:States and territories established in 1261 3719: 3705: 3673:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3658: 3601: 3527: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3108: 3106: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 2881:although only bishops had such resources. 2428:Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos 2147: 2133: 931: 917: 176: 166: 156: 3539:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium 3190:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 93. 3170: 2955:Learn how and when to remove this message 2217:, to seek aid in order to topple John V. 141:Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn 135:Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων, Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων 3505: 3454: 3429: 3413: 3395: 3379: 3355: 3341: 3327: 3318: 3298: 3264: 3242: 3226: 3206: 3115: 2806: 2731:were meticulously copied and annotated. 2631: 2604:Second Byzantine/Palaiologan Renaissance 2533: 2422: 2334: 2268:Rebellion; Byzantium survives, 1394–1402 2242: 1745: 1686: 1612: 1588: 1521: 1449: 1373:had begun invading the Balkans and took 1305: 1158: 1080: 161: 4975: 3533: 3472: 3179: 3152: 3140: 3103: 3076: 3058: 2412: 1338:a result of his policies towards Rome. 14: 5646: 3617:Byzantium: faith and power (1261–1557) 3490: 2556:, but had been forced to back down by 1813:Third Palaiologan Civil War, 1373–1379 1724: 1659:The Patriarch, aided by the ambitious 18:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologoi 5543: 4974: 4759: 4451: 4118: 3739: 3700: 3486: 3484: 3185: 3026:Byzantium under the Justinian Dynasty 2319:was handed back to the Byzantines by 1069:to the West also helped to spark the 5679:15th century in the Byzantine Empire 5674:14th century in the Byzantine Empire 5669:13th century in the Byzantine Empire 4760: 2933:adding citations to reliable sources 2900: 2255: 2213:and then to the new Ottoman Sultan, 1741: 1351:Andronikos II Palaiologos, 1282–1328 4462: 2573:number of "super-cannons" built by 1760: 1517: 1364: 1319: 1155:Michael VIII Palaiologos, 1261–1282 24: 3595: 3561:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vasiliev 3481: 2757:Persian science enters, circa 1300 2710: 2458: 2339:Manuel II lived to 75 years of age 1844: 1445: 628: 25: 5695: 5585:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 3685: 3565:. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1952, 3541:. Osprey Publishing. p. 13. 3041:Family tree of Byzantine emperors 2695:can be found in the libraries of 2514: 2430:during his visit to Florence, by 1617:Byzantine Empire in the year 1350 1230: 955:following its recapture from the 5624: 3511:The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 3133:Lowe, Steven, and Martin Baker. 2905: 2233:Manuel II Palaiologos, 1391–1420 2116: 1819:Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 1644:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 900: 589: 564: 550: 147:King of Kings, Ruling Over Kings 113: 92: 3974:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 3796:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 3555: 3493:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 3466: 3445: 3286: 3194: 3048:dynasty and related family tree 3036:Byzantium under the Macedonians 2896: 2683:, edits and "rediscoveries" on 2057:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 1894:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 1838:History of the Byzantine Empire 1067:migration of Byzantine scholars 841:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 678:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 622:History of the Byzantine Empire 5059:Great Palace of Constantinople 4800:Patriarchate of Constantinople 4119: 3127: 2599:Learning under the Palaiologoi 1410:, but they were beaten at the 1015:commonly, these comprised the 971:. Together with the preceding 13: 1: 3579: 3021:Byzantium under the Isaurians 3016:Byzantium under the Heraclian 2734:Notable philosophers include 2585: 1201:Restoration of Constantinople 1076: 1038:, and the 1354 earthquake at 101: 5684:Fall of the Byzantine Empire 5521:University of Constantinople 5102:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 4452: 4252:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 3941:Byzantine successor states ( 3491:Norwich, John Julius (199). 3073:John Joseph Saunders, pp. 79 3031:Byzantium under the Komnenoi 2870: 2530:Defiance, defence and defeat 2331:Ottoman Interregnum, 1402–13 495:Reconquest of Constantinople 140: 56: 7: 5191:Saint Catherine's Monastery 4247:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 4242:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 3740: 3011:Byzantium under the Doukids 3006:Byzantium under the Angeloi 2999: 2628:Restoration of the Classics 2497:George Kastrioti Skanderbeg 2395:army sent to Constantinople 2123:Byzantine Empire portal 2015:Byzantine successor states 1793:Ottoman vassalage of John V 1584: 1497: 1299:, who by 1263 had captured 1058:, fell shortly afterwards. 907:Byzantine Empire portal 799:Byzantine successor states 10: 5700: 5580:Neo-Byzantine architecture 5544: 4201:Comes sacrarum largitionum 3473:Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). 2607: 2541: 2526:fight for Constantinople. 2518: 2416: 2236: 1816: 1641: 1638:The civil war of 1341–1347 1562:, and was able to recover 1513:Andronikos III Palaiologos 1510: 1354: 1166: 1163:Hyperpyron of Michael VIII 134: 41: 5607: 5550: 5539: 5460: 5360: 5318: 5263: 5208: 5163: 5150:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 5135: 5092: 5024: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4970: 4912: 4770: 4766: 4755: 4677: 4623: 4562: 4519: 4471: 4458: 4447: 4406: 4381: 4350: 4309: 4300: 4275: 4219: 4183: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4114: 3987: 3903: 3850: 3781: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3137:21 Feb. 1992. 29 May 2007 2823:by his Italian disciples. 2376:Resumption of hostilities 2161:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 1507:Andronikos III, 1328–1341 1357:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1341: 529: 525: 508: 491: 487: 479: 475: 463: 451: 439: 429: 417: 407: 395: 383: 371: 359: 347: 335: 323: 319: 309: 299: 287: 267: 216: 206: 153: 129: 88: 83: 32: 4724:Droungarios of the Fleet 3613:Evans, Helen C. (2004). 3052: 2677:, Nonnus of Panaopolis' 2486: 2467:West. John VIII, as the 1936:Middle period (717–1204) 1476:Civil War and abdication 1169:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1149:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1130:Battle of Meander Valley 1063:Palaiologian Renaissance 953:Michael VIII Palaiologos 720:Middle period (717–1204) 198:Principality of Theodoro 182:Byzantine Empire in 1453 172:Byzantine Empire in 1341 162:Byzantine Empire in 1261 5238:Early Byzantine mosaics 4600:Domestic of the Schools 3659:Maksimović, L. (1988). 2667:tragedians of Sophocles 2548:Constantine XI was the 2275:walls of Constantinople 2215:Bayezid the Thunderbolt 1982:Late period (1204–1453) 1396:Alexios Philanthropenos 1335:Second Council of Lyons 1315:; Purple - Latin states 1220:walls of Constantinople 1117:from the Latin Empire. 1017:Second Bulgarian Empire 766:Late period (1204–1453) 5555:Byzantine commonwealth 4317:Praetorian prefectures 4237:Logothetes tou genikou 4211:Quaestor sacri palatii 4206:Comes rerum privatarum 3979:Fall of Constantinople 3918:Sack of Constantinople 2969:Fall of Constantinople 2824: 2637: 2544:Fall of Constantinople 2539: 2447: 2345:defeat of the Ottomans 2340: 2248: 2062:Fall of Constantinople 2050:Despotate of the Morea 2004:Principality of Achaea 1881:Early period (330–717) 1850: 1765:Like his predecessors 1751: 1736:Despotate of the Morea 1692: 1618: 1594: 1575:Syrgiannes Palaiologos 1527: 1456: 1371:Stefan Uroš II Milutin 1316: 1293:Despotate of the Morea 1175:Alexios Strategopoulos 1164: 1086: 1052:Despotate of the Morea 1023:, the remnants of the 965:Fall of Constantinople 846:Fall of Constantinople 834:Despotate of the Morea 788:Principality of Achaea 665:Early period (330–717) 634: 512:Fall of Constantinople 259:South Slavic languages 196:in light blue and the 64: 5255:Komnenian renaissance 5250:Macedonian period art 5155:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 5127:Walls of Thessaloniki 4227:Logothetes tou dromou 3842:Twenty Years' Anarchy 3806:Valentinianic dynasty 3801:Constantinian dynasty 2810: 2635: 2608:Further information: 2537: 2519:Further information: 2426: 2419:John VIII Palaiologos 2417:Further information: 2338: 2246: 2239:Manuel II Palaiologos 2237:Further information: 1928:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1902:Valentinianic dynasty 1898:Constantinian dynasty 1848: 1749: 1690: 1616: 1592: 1525: 1453: 1402:, and the Heteriarch 1309: 1162: 1084: 975:and the contemporary 712:Twenty Years' Anarchy 686:Valentinianic dynasty 682:Constantinian dynasty 632: 255:Old Anatolian Turkish 217:Common languages 5452:Units of measurement 5186:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 5079:Pammakaristos Church 4927:Corpus Juris Civilis 4878:Missionary activity 4337:Exarchate of Ravenna 4163:Imperial bureaucracy 3608:. Byzantine Emporia. 3186:Grant, R.G. (2005). 2929:improve this section 2777:. Such men included 2691:at the Monastery of 2643:Demetrius Triclinius 2413:John VIII takes over 959:, founded after the 5664:Palaiologos dynasty 4976:Culture and society 4839:Ecumenical councils 4342:Exarchate of Africa 4332:Quaestura exercitus 4196:Magister officiorum 4191:Praetorian prefects 3834:Byzantine Dark Ages 3602:Duval, Ben (2019). 3100:Madden, pp. 110–113 2849:Tempio Malatestiano 2813:Tempio Malatestiano 2794:Theodore Metochites 2783:George Chrysokokkes 2740:Nicephorus Gregoras 2689:Theodore Metochites 2647:Manuel Moschopoulos 2550:Despot of the Morea 2223:Knights of St. John 2205:Manuel in exile in 1725:Turkish immigration 1537:Battle of Pelekanon 1429:. Originating from 1281:Peter III of Aragon 1071:Italian Renaissance 1056:Empire of Trebizond 1029:Knights Hospitaller 194:Empire of Trebizond 190:Despotate of Epirus 5393:Flags and insignia 5039:Baths of Zeuxippus 4922:Codex Theodosianus 4812:Oriental Orthodoxy 3770:Later Roman Empire 2996:impossible cause. 2891:Manuel Chrysoloras 2825: 2638: 2540: 2448: 2341: 2249: 1851: 1783:Amadeo VI of Savoy 1767:Alexios I Komnenos 1755:John V Palaiologos 1752: 1693: 1619: 1595: 1528: 1457: 1317: 1267:in 1266. In 1267, 1257:Charles I of Anjou 1165: 1128:opponents. At the 1087: 1012:Battle of Köse Dağ 963:(1204), up to the 635: 192:in dark blue, the 5641: 5640: 5603: 5602: 5560:Byzantine studies 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5346:Alexander Romance 5204: 5203: 5181:Nea Moni of Chios 5044:Blachernae Palace 4966: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4932:Code of Justinian 4780:Eastern Orthodoxy 4751: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4673: 4672: 4547:Scholae Palatinae 4443: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4408:Foreign relations 4402: 4401: 4296: 4295: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 3909:(1204–1453) 3520:978-0-521-39832-9 3135:"Seljuks of Rum". 2965: 2964: 2957: 2887:John Argyropoulos 2829:one true Religion 2781:and his follower 2779:Gregory Choniades 2256:Vassalage to 1394 2157: 2156: 1799:Battle of Maritsa 1742:John V, 1354–1391 1661:Alexios Apokaukos 1570:from the Latins. 1412:Battle of Bapheus 947:was ruled by the 941: 940: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 577: 576: 465:• 1448–1453 453:• 1425–1448 441:• 1391–1425 431:• 1390–1391 409:• 1379–1390 397:• 1376–1379 385:• 1347–1354 373:• 1341–1376 361:• 1328–1341 349:• 1295–1320 337:• 1282–1328 325:• 1261–1282 304:Absolute monarchy 277:Roman Catholicism 274:(Predominantly), 201: 57:Basileía Rhōmaíōn 16:(Redirected from 5691: 5628: 5541: 5540: 5484:Imperial Library 5430:Byzantine Greeks 5171:Daphni Monastery 5122:Panagia Chalkeon 5117:Hagios Demetrios 5084:Prison of Anemas 5034:Basilica Cistern 4992: 4991: 4983: 4982: 4972: 4971: 4827:West Syriac Rite 4817:Alexandrian Rite 4768: 4767: 4761:Religion and law 4757: 4756: 4692:Maritime themata 4648:Palaiologan army 4501:Military manuals 4469: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4448: 4307: 4306: 4283:Megas logothetes 4134: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4115: 3989:By modern region 3910: 3857: 3856:(717–1204) 3788: 3750: 3749: 3737: 3736: 3728:Byzantine Empire 3721: 3714: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3632: 3620: 3609: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3507:Runciman, Steven 3503: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3427: 3424: 3411: 3408: 3393: 3390: 3377: 3374: 3353: 3350: 3339: 3336: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3262: 3259: 3240: 3237: 3224: 3221: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 2960: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2909: 2901: 2707:and even Paris. 2655:Maximos Planudes 2501:Crusade of Varna 2389:was inevitable. 2149: 2142: 2135: 2121: 2120: 2119: 1823: 1822: 1761:Plea to the West 1654:John XIV Kalekas 1285:Sicilian Vespers 1237:Sultanate of Rum 1218:harbour and the 1145:John IV Laskaris 1136:; consolidating 945:Byzantine Empire 933: 926: 919: 905: 904: 903: 607: 606: 593: 592: 581: 580: 568: 567: 558:Empire of Nicaea 554: 553: 547: 546: 531: 530: 187: 183: 180: 173: 170: 163: 160: 143: 137: 136: 117: 106: 103: 96: 75: 67: 65:Imperium Romanum 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 42:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων 34:Byzantine Empire 30: 29: 21: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5599: 5575:Cyrillic script 5546: 5527: 5472: 5456: 5356: 5338:Digenes Akritas 5314: 5259: 5200: 5164:Other locations 5159: 5131: 5088: 5020: 5009:Cross-in-square 4977: 4958: 4908: 4762: 4743: 4669: 4619: 4615:Varangian Guard 4558: 4532:East Roman army 4527:Late Roman army 4515: 4454: 4435: 4398: 4377: 4346: 4292: 4271: 4267:Epi ton deeseon 4257:Epi tou eidikou 4215: 4179: 4121: 4102: 4089: 3992: 3990: 3983: 3969:Palaiologan era 3911: 3908: 3899: 3870:Nikephorian era 3858: 3855: 3846: 3789: 3787:(330–717) 3786: 3777: 3757: 3744: 3731: 3725: 3688: 3666: 3665: 3653:Philip Sherrard 3629: 3598: 3596:Further reading 3582: 3577: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3504: 3500: 3489: 3482: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3430: 3425: 3414: 3409: 3396: 3391: 3380: 3375: 3356: 3351: 3342: 3337: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3265: 3260: 3243: 3238: 3227: 3222: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3002: 2961: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2926: 2910: 2899: 2873: 2765:had to rely on 2759: 2713: 2711:Greek Byzantium 2651:Thomas Magister 2630: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2588: 2554:Duchy of Athens 2546: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2489: 2461: 2459:Union with Rome 2452:status quo ante 2446:of the Romans". 2421: 2415: 2399:to Thessalonika 2378: 2333: 2321:Prince Suleyman 2270: 2258: 2241: 2235: 2153: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2045:Palaiologan era 1949:Nikephorian era 1832: 1821: 1815: 1795: 1763: 1744: 1727: 1685: 1646: 1640: 1611: 1587: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1478: 1448: 1446:Domestic policy 1419:Catalan Company 1404:George Mouzalon 1367: 1359: 1353: 1344: 1322: 1269:Pope Clement IV 1233: 1203: 1171: 1157: 1079: 937: 901: 899: 894: 829:Palaiologan era 733:Nikephorian era 616: 590: 565: 551: 518: 501: 466: 454: 442: 432: 420: 410: 398: 386: 374: 362: 350: 338: 326: 294:Byzantine Greek 275: 272:Greek Orthodoxy 263: 202: 185: 184: 181: 174: 171: 164: 144: 138: 125: 124: 123: 121:Byzantine eagle 118: 110: 109: 104: 97: 79: 78: 69: 54: 53: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5107:Byzantine Bath 5104: 5098: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5026:Constantinople 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785:Byzantine Rite 4776: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4665:Grand domestic 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4631:Komnenian army 4627: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4506:Military units 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4476:Battle tactics 4472: 4466: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4168:Medieval Greek 4160: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3923:Fourth Crusade 3914: 3912: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3880:Macedonian era 3877: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813:Theodosian era 3810: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3686:External links 3684: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3656: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3610: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3554: 3547: 3535:Nicolle, David 3526: 3519: 3498: 3480: 3465: 3453: 3444: 3428: 3412: 3394: 3378: 3354: 3340: 3326: 3317: 3297: 3285: 3263: 3241: 3225: 3205: 3193: 3178: 3176:Madden, p. 162 3169: 3151: 3139: 3126: 3124:Madden, p. 179 3114: 3102: 3093: 3075: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2963: 2962: 2913: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2872: 2869: 2758: 2755: 2712: 2709: 2629: 2626: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2542:Main article: 2531: 2528: 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1518:Foreign policy 1516: 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1477: 1474: 1447: 1444: 1366: 1365:Foreign policy 1363: 1355:Main article: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1321: 1320:Foreign policy 1318: 1232: 1231:Foreign policy 1229: 1207:Fourth Crusade 1202: 1199: 1167:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1122:Nicaean Empire 1115:Constantinople 1103:Latin Emperors 1091:Fourth Crusade 1089:Following the 1078: 1075: 1044:Constantinople 1021:Serbian Empire 973:Nicaean Empire 969:Ottoman Empire 961:Fourth Crusade 939: 938: 936: 935: 928: 921: 913: 910: 909: 896: 895: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 863: 862: 858: 857: 851: 850: 849: 848: 843: 838: 837: 836: 826: 825: 824: 819: 814: 805: 797: 796: 795: 790: 785: 774:Fourth Crusade 768: 767: 763: 762: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 743:Macedonian era 740: 735: 730: 722: 721: 717: 716: 715: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 692:Theodosian era 689: 675: 667: 666: 662: 661: 660: 659: 658: 657: 642: 641: 637: 636: 625: 624: 618: 617: 610: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 587: 585:Ottoman Empire 578: 575: 574: 569: 561: 560: 555: 543: 542: 537: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 509: 506: 505: 502: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 477: 476: 473: 472: 470:Constantine XI 467: 464: 461: 460: 455: 452: 449: 448: 443: 440: 437: 436: 433: 430: 427: 426: 421: 418: 415: 414: 411: 408: 405: 404: 399: 396: 393: 392: 387: 384: 381: 380: 375: 372: 369: 368: 366:Andronikos III 363: 360: 357: 356: 351: 348: 345: 344: 339: 336: 333: 332: 327: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 291: 285: 284: 269: 265: 264: 262: 261: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 220: 218: 214: 213: 211:Constantinople 208: 204: 203: 186: 175: 165: 155: 154: 151: 150: 127: 126: 119: 112: 111: 98: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 81: 80: 77: 76: 61: 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5696: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5479:Encyclopedias 5477: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:Hellenization 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361:Everyday life 5359: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5333:Acritic songs 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Hosios Loukas 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Monophysitism 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822:Armenian Rite 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4740: 4739:Naval battles 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4262:Protasekretis 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3890:Komnenian era 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3828:Heraclian era 3826: 3824: 3823:Justinian era 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3572: 3571:9780299809263 3568: 3564: 3558: 3550: 3548:1-84176-091-9 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3469: 3463:Mango, p. 274 3460: 3458: 3451:Mango, p. 264 3448: 3442:Mango, p. 273 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3426:Mango, p. 272 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3410:Mango, p. 271 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3392:Mango, p. 270 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3376:Mango, p. 269 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3352:Mango, p. 268 3349: 3347: 3345: 3338:Mango, p. 267 3335: 3333: 3331: 3324:Mango, p. 266 3321: 3315:Mango, p. 265 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3283:Mango, p. 263 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3261:Mango, p. 262 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3239:Mango, p. 261 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3223:Mango, p. 260 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3173: 3167:Mango, p. 258 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3149:Mango, p. 257 3146: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3112:Mango, p. 256 3109: 3107: 3097: 3091:Mango, p. 254 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3070: 3064:Mango, p. 255 3061: 3057: 3047: 3046:Kantakouzenos 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973:First Crusade 2970: 2959: 2956: 2948: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2914:This section 2912: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761:At the time, 2754: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2596: 2594: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2403:Kucuk Mustafa 2400: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2298:King Henry IV 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2225:stationed at 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1969:Komnenian era 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1923:Heraclian era 1921: 1919: 1918:Justinian era 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889:Tetrarchy era 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779:Anna of Savoy 1775: 1773: 1772:First Crusade 1768: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1665:Didymoteichon 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1650:Anna of Savoy 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601:coup de grâce 1591: 1582: 1580: 1579:Stephen Dusan 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1524: 1514: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Roger de Flor 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265:Hohenstaufens 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1027:and even the 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 979: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 934: 929: 927: 922: 920: 915: 914: 912: 911: 908: 898: 897: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 865: 864: 860: 859: 856: 853: 852: 847: 844: 842: 839: 835: 832: 831: 830: 827: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 798: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 769: 765: 764: 759: 756: 754: 753:Komnenian era 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 724: 723: 719: 718: 713: 710: 708: 707:Heraclian era 705: 703: 702:Justinian era 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 687: 683: 679: 676: 674: 673:Tetrarchy era 671: 670: 669: 668: 664: 663: 656: 655: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 639: 638: 631: 627: 626: 623: 620: 619: 614: 609: 608: 588: 586: 583: 582: 579: 573: 570: 563: 562: 559: 556: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 524: 520: 517: 513: 507: 503: 500: 496: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471: 468: 462: 459: 456: 450: 447: 444: 438: 434: 428: 425: 422: 416: 412: 406: 403: 402:Andronikos IV 400: 394: 391: 388: 382: 379: 376: 370: 367: 364: 358: 355: 352: 346: 343: 342:Andronikos II 340: 334: 331: 328: 322: 318: 314: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 295: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 270: 266: 260: 256: 253: 251: 250:Old Bulgarian 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 219: 215: 212: 209: 205: 199: 195: 191: 179: 169: 159: 152: 148: 142: 132: 128: 122: 116: 108: 95: 87: 82: 73: 66: 62: 58: 50: 49:Ancient Greek 39: 38: 31: 19: 5344: 5112:Hagia Sophia 5094:Thessalonica 5069:Hagia Sophia 5049:Chora Church 4987:Architecture 4864:Great Schism 4854:Paulicianism 4832:Miaphysitism 4687:Karabisianoi 3991:or territory 3968: 3951:Thessalonica 3935:Latin Empire 3930:Frankokratia 3905: 3865:Isaurian era 3852: 3783: 3768: 3764:Roman Empire 3754: 3663:. Amsterdam. 3660: 3616: 3606: 3603: 3557: 3538: 3529: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3474: 3468: 3447: 3320: 3288: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3172: 3129: 3096: 3069: 3060: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2977:Michael VIII 2966: 2951: 2942: 2927:Please help 2915: 2883: 2874: 2857: 2844: 2826: 2798: 2787: 2763:astrologists 2760: 2744: 2733: 2714: 2678: 2674: 2673:, Ptolemy's 2639: 2613: 2589: 2571: 2547: 2524: 2505: 2490: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2407: 2391: 2379: 2366: 2342: 2325:split in two 2317:Thessalonica 2314: 2302: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2250: 2219: 2203: 2195: 2174: 2158: 2044: 2028:Thessalonica 1999:Latin Empire 1944:Isaurian era 1868: 1864:Roman Empire 1796: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1753: 1732:Thessalonica 1728: 1710: 1698: 1694: 1669: 1658: 1647: 1620: 1599: 1596: 1572: 1546: 1533: 1529: 1501: 1492: 1479: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1416: 1392: 1368: 1360: 1345: 1332: 1323: 1289: 1274: 1234: 1216:Kontoskalion 1212:Hagia Sophia 1204: 1187:Thessalonica 1172: 1142: 1119: 1088: 1060: 1033: 1025:Latin Empire 1001: 994:Michael VIII 983: 978:Frankokratia 976: 957:Latin Empire 942: 828: 812:Thessalonica 783:Latin Empire 728:Isaurian era 652: 648:Roman Empire 572:Latin Empire 540:Succeeded by 539: 534: 419:• 1390 330:Michael VIII 131:Motto: 130: 5595:Megali Idea 5570:Byzantinism 5273:Agriculture 5064:Hagia Irene 4897:Kievan Rus' 4874:Mount Athos 4697:Cibyrrhaeot 4641:Vestiaritai 4496:Mercenaries 4373:Catepanates 4232:Sakellarios 4151:Family tree 4076:Mesopotamia 3895:Angelid era 3875:Amorian era 2610:Renaissance 2560:. In 1451, 2354:Mount Athos 1974:Angelid era 1954:Amorian era 1469:pronoiarioi 1036:Black Death 949:Palaiologos 758:Angelid era 738:Amorian era 535:Preceded by 281:Sunni Islam 240:Old Catalan 145:(English: " 105: 1350 5648:Categories 5590:Third Rome 5516:University 5499:Philosophy 5489:Inventions 5352:Historians 5320:Literature 5303:Varangians 5145:San Vitale 5074:Hippodrome 5054:City Walls 4954:Mutilation 4949:Hexabiblos 4869:Bogomilism 4859:Iconoclasm 4729:Megas doux 4719:Greek fire 4702:Aegean Sea 4575:Kleisourai 4552:Excubitors 4542:Bucellarii 4394:Despotates 4363:Kleisourai 4302:Provincial 4146:Coronation 4120:Governance 3885:Doukid era 3818:Leonid era 3628:1588391132 3580:References 2897:Conclusion 2729:Theocritus 2680:Dionysiaca 2586:Conclusion 2443:autokrator 2091:Government 1994:Latin rule 1964:Doukid era 1913:Leonid era 1463:hyperpyron 1423:Almogavars 1400:Michael IX 1259:conquered 1253:Latin rule 1107:Bulgarians 1077:Background 990:Asia Minor 875:Government 778:Latin rule 748:Doukid era 697:Leonid era 354:Michael IX 300:Government 289:Demonym(s) 283:(Minority) 257:and other 226:(official) 200:in violet. 5418:Octoechos 5298:Silk Road 4790:Hesychasm 4658:Paramonai 4605:Hetaireia 4537:Foederati 4426:Diplomacy 4421:Diplomats 4327:Provinces 4156:Empresses 3959:Trebizond 3755:Preceding 3669:cite book 2916:does not 2878:patronage 2871:Patronage 2837:Zoroaster 2790:astrolabe 2775:Trebizond 2771:astronomy 2725:Sophocles 2721:Antiquity 2675:Geography 2671:Euripides 2579:Hungarian 2562:Mehmed II 2432:Pisanello 2262:Bayezid I 2178:Gallipoli 2165:Savcı Bey 2033:Trebizond 1856:Preceding 1696:to fail. 1628:Hesychasm 1541:Nicomedia 1440:Ilkhanids 1431:Catalonia 1425:, led by 1414:in 1302. 1408:Nicomedia 1394:General, 1327:Komnenian 1277:Martin IV 1263:from the 1245:Venetians 1225:Mamelukes 1183:Macedonia 1040:Gallipoli 817:Trebizond 640:Preceding 497:from the 458:John VIII 446:Manuel II 268:Religion 245:Aromanian 84:1261–1453 5511:Scholars 5504:Rhetoric 5494:Medicine 5469:Learning 5368:Calendar 5245:Painters 4944:Basilika 4882:Bulgaria 4844:Arianism 4795:Hayhurum 4772:Religion 4734:Admirals 4653:Allagion 4585:Droungos 4491:Generals 4453:Military 4416:Treaties 4322:Dioceses 4141:Emperors 4054:Sardinia 4034:Dalmatia 4014:Bulgaria 4004:Anatolia 3963:Theodoro 3957: / 3953: / 3945: / 3573:, p. 582 3537:(2000). 3509:(1990). 3000:See also 2945:May 2019 2845:The Laws 2841:Fatalism 2747:Hellenes 2736:Planudes 2697:Istanbul 2685:Plutarch 2593:Orthodox 2567:fortress 2558:Murad II 2481:Florence 2473:Filioque 2469:de facto 2437:basileus 2383:Murad II 2369:Mehmed I 2350:Süleyman 2310:defeated 2198:Thessaly 2077:By topic 2071:Timeline 2038:Theodoro 1870:Dominate 1829:a series 1827:Part of 1487:appanage 1388:Strumica 1247:and the 1195:Joseph I 1191:Arsenios 1134:Anatolia 1054:and the 998:Anatolia 861:By topic 855:Timeline 822:Theodoro 654:Dominate 613:a series 611:Part of 516:Ottomans 424:John VII 235:Armenian 5620:Outline 5565:Museums 5465:Science 5442:Slavery 5398:Gardens 5378:Cuisine 5310:Dynatoi 5278:Coinage 5265:Economy 5233:Mosaics 5196:Mystras 5137:Ravenna 4999:Secular 4887:Moravia 4636:Pronoia 4610:Akritai 4595:Tagmata 4570:Themata 4511:Revolts 4481:Battles 4389:Kephale 4358:Themata 4288:Mesazon 4130:Central 4066:Maghreb 4019:Corsica 4009:Armenia 3999:Albania 3742:History 2937:removed 2922:sources 2861:infidel 2833:Plethon 2767:Ptolemy 2705:Vatican 2659:Scholia 2493:Hungary 2477:Ferrara 2096:Economy 1803:Murad I 1702:Tenedos 1568:Phocaea 1313:Cilicia 1297:Osman I 1008:Islamic 967:to the 880:Economy 514:to the 510:• 493:• 480:History 390:John VI 311:Emperor 207:Capital 5630:Portal 5545:Impact 5425:People 5373:Cities 5223:Enamel 5004:Sacred 4939:Ecloga 4805:Saints 4714:Dromon 4590:Bandon 4580:Tourma 4563:Middle 4486:Beacon 4368:Bandon 4351:Middle 4220:Middle 4175:Senate 4098:Thrace 4081:Serbia 4059:Sicily 4044:Greece 4029:Cyprus 3947:Epirus 3943:Nicaea 3853:Middle 3730:topics 3625: 3569: 3545: 3517: 2865:Tatars 2853:Rimini 2817:Rimini 2802:Tabriz 2703:, the 2701:Oxford 2663:Pindar 2621:Cyprus 2286:Venice 2227:Rhodes 2207:Lemnos 2190:Galata 2182:Amadeo 2170:Manuel 2024:Epirus 2019:Nicaea 2009:others 1831:on the 1807:Serres 1706:Genoan 1585:Legacy 1564:Lesbos 1498:Legacy 1485:as an 1483:Thrace 1455:reign. 1375:Skopje 1342:Legacy 1261:Sicily 1249:Franks 1241:Mongol 1179:Thrace 1138:Thrace 1126:Seljuk 1111:Epirus 1099:Epirus 1095:Nicaea 1065:. The 1019:, the 1003:ghazis 808:Epirus 803:Nicaea 793:others 615:on the 499:Latins 483: 435:John V 413:John V 378:John V 315: 100:Flag ( 68: 45: 5615:Index 5447:Death 5437:Women 5408:Music 5388:Dress 5383:Dance 5328:Novel 5288:Trade 5283:Mints 5228:Glass 5218:Icons 5014:Domes 4892:Serbs 4707:Samos 4520:Early 4310:Early 4184:Early 4093:Syria 4071:Malta 4049:Italy 4039:Egypt 4024:Crete 3955:Morea 3784:Early 3053:Notes 2985:Avars 2821:Italy 2751:Greek 2693:Chora 2617:Crete 2575:Orban 2487:Varna 2358:Varna 2306:Timur 2294:Milan 2290:Padua 2211:Genoa 2186:Savoy 1718:Morea 1713:Orhan 1677:Aydın 1560:Aydın 1435:Moors 1421:" of 1380:Ohrid 1301:Sogut 1048:Timur 986:Turks 230:Latin 224:Greek 72:Latin 5413:Lyra 5293:silk 4904:Jews 4679:Navy 4624:Late 4464:Army 4431:Wars 4382:Late 4276:Late 3906:Late 3675:link 3623:ISBN 3567:ISBN 3543:ISBN 3515:ISBN 2920:any 2918:cite 2889:and 2839:and 2727:and 2669:and 2661:and 2653:and 2577:, a 2479:and 2440:and 2397:and 2343:The 2106:Navy 2101:Army 1992:and 1566:and 1549:Emir 1384:Stip 1333:The 1235:The 1205:The 1185:and 1120:The 943:The 890:Navy 885:Army 776:and 521:1453 504:1261 279:and 188:The 5210:Art 4914:Law 2931:by 2851:of 2815:in 2619:or 2387:war 2184:of 2086:Art 1675:of 1673:Bey 1656:). 1558:of 1556:Bey 1386:to 1382:to 988:of 870:Art 5650:: 3671:}} 3667:{{ 3483:^ 3456:^ 3431:^ 3415:^ 3397:^ 3381:^ 3357:^ 3343:^ 3329:^ 3300:^ 3266:^ 3244:^ 3228:^ 3208:^ 3154:^ 3142:^ 3117:^ 3105:^ 3078:^ 2863:" 2855:. 2819:, 2699:, 2649:, 2645:, 2327:. 2292:, 2288:, 1900:– 1554:, 1197:. 1181:, 1097:, 1073:. 1031:. 996:. 684:– 149:") 102:c. 3965:) 3961:– 3949:– 3836:" 3832:" 3720:e 3713:t 3706:v 3677:) 3631:. 3551:. 3523:. 3203:. 2958:) 2952:( 2947:) 2943:( 2939:. 2925:. 2859:" 2148:e 2141:t 2134:v 2026:/ 1904:) 1896:( 1311:- 932:e 925:t 918:v 810:/ 688:) 680:( 107:) 74:) 70:( 51:) 47:( 20:)

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