577:
1054:
1386:
932:
917:
1070:
814:
895:
802:
988:
1019:
539:
1035:
833:
875:
964:
605:
558:
593:
948:
1508:
1523:
524:
486:
505:
1122:
474:
201:
853:
1418:
1493:
1478:
1463:
1448:
1433:
112:
1403:
1082:
1191:
632:
416:) as the symbol of Trebizond rather than Constantinople. Single-headed eagles are also attested in Trapezuntine coins, and a 1421 source depicts the Trapezuntine flag as yellow with a red single-headed eagle. Apparently, just as in the metropolitan Byzantine state, the use of both motifs, single and double-headed, continued side by side. Double-headed eagle reliefs are also attested for the walls of Trebizond, with one example preserved in a church in
5515:
1659:
1174:, after the fall of Constantinople and her emigration to Italy, made a seal with her coat of arms which included two lions facing each other, each holding a sword on the right paw, and a crescent with the left. However, this most likely represents a design that was created after her emigration to Italy. On the other hand, the adaptation of Byzantine forms to Western uses can be seen with the seal of
706:). On coins, the "B"s were often accompanied by circles or stars up to the end of the Empire, while Western sources sometimes depict the Byzantine flag as a simple gold cross on red, without the "B"s. The symbol was also adopted by Byzantine vassals, like the Gattilusi who ruled Lesbos after 1355, or the Latin lords of
424:, which is very similar to 13th-century Seljuq examples. Modern scholars commonly consider the double-headed eagle to have been adopted by the Grand Komnenos emperors of Trebizond after their recognition of the suzerainty of, and intermarriage with, the Palaiologos dynasty in the 1280s. Likewise, the small Byzantine
1114:, did heraldry begin to be used among Byzantines. Even then however, the thematology was largely derived from the symbols employed in earlier ages, and its use was limited to the major families of the Empire. Far more common, both in seals and in decorations, was the use of cyphers or monograms (sing. συμπίλημα,
293:
in 1243, as many Seljuq traditions of pre-Islamic origin were abandoned, including the depiction of animals. The motif continues to appear sporadically as architectural decoration in the 14th century, and in some
Ottoman coinage in the 15th century. In addition, the double-headed eagle may have been
93:
on
Byzantine soil from 1204 onwards, did heraldic uses penetrate in Byzantium. A native Byzantine heraldry began to appear in the middle and lower rungs of aristocratic families in the 14th century, coinciding with the decline of imperial authority and with the fragmentation of political power under
1373:
type in various colours and designs, but their accuracy is doubtful. While they may give a good general idea of how flags looked like, the flags themselves are "simplified and schematised", and the illustrators do not bother to differentiate between the flags shown for the
Byzantines and for their
1053:
376:
from the 15th century, the golden double-headed eagle on a red shield is given as the arms of the "Empire of the East" or "of
Constantinople", or as emblem of members of the imperial family. The representation of the eagle on a shield is an adaptation to Western heraldic practice, however; the
1379:
monochromatically or in alternting bands. In addition, the "considerable length of the streamers" shown in the manuscript does not appear in similar sources from areas under direct
Byzantine control, but reflects iconography common in southern Italy, where the manuscript was illuminated.
1378:
are shown as flying a flag topped with a cross. The historian A. Babuin furthermore notes that the flags shown in the manuscript vary widely in appearance and that no singular pattern can be discerned, apart from a relatively restricted range of colours (red, white, and blue) used either
732:
The interpretation of the emblem's symbolism hinges on the identification of the four devices either as letters or as firesteels, a dispute where even contemporary sources are inconsistent, and which has led to much scholarly debate since the time of the 17th-century scholars
721:, apparently as a sign of the Byzantine emperor's—largely theoretical—suzerainty over the Genoese colony. Along with the double-headed eagle, the tetragrammatic cross was also adopted as part of their family coat of arms by the cadet line of the Palaiologos dynasty ruling in
576:
894:
745:, in Greek). Nevertheless, as Philip Grierson points out, the use of letters by the Greeks as symbols was a long-established practice, and their identifications as firesteels by Kodinos probably reflects Western influence. The two traditional readings of the four "B"s,
377:
Byzantines never used it in this manner for themselves, although they employed it in a
Western context, e.g. in the award of the right to bear the imperial arms to the Florentine citizen Giacomo Paolo di Morellis in 1439. Western European rulers in Greek lands, like
987:
1109:
lords, Byzantine aristocratic families did not, as far as is known, use specific symbols to designate themselves and their followers. Only from the 12th century onwards, when the Empire came in increased contact with
Westerners because of the
963:
1863:); and another with the emperor on horseback. A pair of each existed, and were carried in processions, while on campaign, one or two copies were taken along, depending on the size of the imperial escort. These were always preceded by the
347:
wore blue boots with golden wire-embroidered eagles on a red background, while his saddle cloth was blue with four red embroidered eagles. The only occasion the double-headed eagle appears on a flag is on the ship that bore
Emperor
832:
931:
538:
557:
169:). It continued in use in bas-reliefs in churches and funerary monuments until well into the 11th century, however. In the last centuries of the Empire it is recorded as being sewn on imperial garments, and shown in
813:
1385:
1617:, likewise, each ship had its own standard. As with their land counterparts, they were also used to convey signals. In the 10th century, the cross became a more prominent symbol, and was often used as a
3242:
Catalogue of the
Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Volume 5 Part 1: Michael VIII to Constantine XI, 1258–1453. Introduction, Appendices, and Bibliography
874:
687:"). Images of flags with crosses quartered with golden discs survive from the 10th century, and a depiction of a flag almost identical to the Palaiologan design is known from the early 13th century.
646:, the insigne of the reigning dynasty, and the closest thing to a Byzantine "national flag", according to Soloviev, was the so-called "tetragrammatic cross", a gold or silver cross with four letters
592:
473:
791:("Cross of the King of Kings, rule in reigning"), while the Greek heraldist G. Tipaldos rejected Svoronos' reading and suggested that they represented a repetition of the motto Σταυρέ, βοήθει
246:
decorated with the device. Lambros suggested that it was adopted from
Hittite rock-carvings, while A. Soloviev argued in favour of a late adoption around 1288, as a talisman against the first
801:
1675:
From the 6th century until the end of the empire, the Byzantines also used a number of other insignia. They are mostly recorded in ceremonial processions, most notably in the 10th-century
523:
339:
wore similar boots of white and purple, and featured pearl-embroidered eagles on their saddles, while the saddle cloth and their tents were white decorated with red eagles. Similarly, the
3684:
2666:
604:
321:
used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of the senior members of the imperial family. It was mostly used on clothes and other accoutrements, as codified in the mid-14th century by
504:
741:. Thus a late 15th-century French source explicitly refers to them as letters, but a mid-14th century Sevillan traveller and pseudo-Kodinos both call them firesteels (πυρέκβολα,
4394:
852:
1522:
1018:
916:
1625:(r. 963–969) large crosses of gold and jewels were used as standards, perhaps carried on a pole or otherwise displayed on the flags. In addition, the use of pieces of the
767:
to be later interpretations by Marcus Vulson de la Colombière. Svoronos himself proposed three alternate readings by incorporating the symbol of the cross into the motto:
3419:
Popović, Bojan (2009). "Imperial Usage of Zoomorphic Motifs on Textiles: the Two-Headed Eagle and the Lion in Circles and Between Crosses in the Late Byzantine Period".
2670:
485:
1328:
recommends removing them before battle. According to literary evidence, they were single or double-tailed, while later manuscript illuminations evidence triple-tailed
947:
197:
times, and the Byzantines themselves only used it in the last centuries of the Empire. The date of its adoption by the Byzantines has been hotly debated by scholars.
661:. Since the 6th century, crosses with quartered letters are known, especially from coinage, forming the acronyms of various invocations, e.g. quartered "X"s for
220:
in 1048. Although this was based on no evidence whatsoever, this view gained wide acceptance and circulation. More careful examination of the primary sources by
213:
4627:
1288:, although common in the 4th and 5th centuries, vanishes entirely in the 6th, and reappears only much later in altered form as part of the imperial regalia.
710:
1507:
1148:
symbol, which appears on coins, military insignia and, perhaps, as a sometime municipal emblem of the imperial city, appears to be connected to the cult of
1800:
for a standard bearer survived into the 10th century. It is not certain, however, what the later standards looked like. According to the description of
1034:
2007:, p. 28. "Current consensus places the beginnings of a systematised and self-conscious use of heraldry by aristocrats in the mid twelfth century."
3607:
432:, whose rulers conducted marriage alliances with both the Palaiologoi and the Grand Komnenoi, also used the double-headed eagle in the 15th century.
1613:. The standards were not only used for distinguishing units, but also as rallying points and for conveying signals to the other formations. In the
1125:
Arms of Andronikos II Palaiologos, located in the now demolished sea walls of Constantinople, sketched by Mary Adelaide Walker in the 19th century.
5503:
3857:
3758:
1417:
5191:
3768:
3701:
690:
The tetragrammatic cross appears with great frequency in the 14th and 15th centuries: it appears on Byzantine coins during the joint rule of
1492:
1477:
1462:
1447:
1432:
3716:
3711:
1632:
In the late Byzantine period, pseudo-Kodinos records the use of the Palaiologan "tetragrammatic cross" (see above) on the imperial ensign (
1155:("light-bearer") in Hellenistic-era Byzantium. In AD 330, Constantine the Great used this symbol while re-dedicating Constantinople to the
1601:, and that the flag of the commanding general (or the emperor, if he was present) should be the most conspicuous of all. In addition, the
1402:
4792:
3778:
3753:
310:, wore a cloak embroidered with eagles for his coronation; his daughters used the same device in their arms; and the Byzantine historian
5567:
5547:
5143:
5126:
3783:
3763:
3207:
Fourlas, A. (1980). "Adler und Doppeladler. Materialien zum "Adler in Byzanz". Mit einem bibliographischen Anhang zur Adlerforschung".
615:
389:
their arms wit the double-headed eagle as a sign of their status when they received the title of despot from the Byzantine emperors.
4842:
4688:
4660:
4304:
4296:
3773:
3706:
5542:
5038:
4399:
3085:
4887:
1336:
was the main Byzantine battle standard from the 6th century on, and came even to give its name to the basic Byzantine army unit (
253:
The double-headed eagle has been shown to derive from Central Asian traditions, and spread to the eastern Mediterranean with the
5367:
4892:
71:) were used in official occasions and for military purposes, such as banners or shields displaying various motifs such as the
5291:
4051:
4044:
3600:
3491:
3364:
3294:
3250:
1069:
5043:
4902:
4190:
81:. Despite the abundance of pre-heraldic symbols in Byzantine society from the 10th century, only through contact with the
4034:
763:(both meaning "King of Kings ruling over the kings/rulers") were demonstrated by the Greek archaeologist and numismatist
28:
right. Various large aristocratic families employed certain symbols to identify themselves; the use of the cross, and of
5372:
4785:
1025:
698:, on several Western portolans to designate Constantinople and other Byzantine cities, above one of the windows of the
5473:
4039:
3336:
3216:
3177:
3086:"Présence de l'aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles)"
738:
4536:
3593:
250:
successes in Anatolia, as a symbolic gesture reaffirming Byzantine rule over both European and Asian territories.
5508:
5330:
3862:
3630:
1681:, but they may have been carried in battle as well. When not used, they were kept in various churches throughout
1559:) had a field of the same colour, distinguished by a distinctive device, and the regiments of the same division (
479:
The double-headed eagle with the Palaiologos family monogram (ΠΑΛΓ), from Demetrios Palaiologos' personal bible.
364:. According to a handful of surviving examples, such as the supposed "Flag of Andronikos II Palaiologos" in the
357:
85:
in the 12th century (when heraldry was becoming systematized in Western Europe), and particularly following the
5478:
5468:
5340:
5261:
5079:
4947:
4519:
4463:
4384:
4251:
3327:
820:
636:
1699:), which were usually symbolical objects on top of a staff. A number of them, the so-called "Roman sceptres" (
5335:
5325:
5240:
4995:
4780:
699:
4215:
5557:
5409:
5377:
4990:
4962:
4770:
4309:
1001:
3126:
5133:
4775:
4622:
4379:
4130:
1077:. The Virgin Mary stands on the obverse and a representation of Theodora with her titles on the reverse.
98:. However, it never achieved the breadth of adoption, or the systematization, of its Western analogues.
5453:
5399:
5138:
5010:
5000:
4700:
4580:
4458:
4389:
4277:
4246:
4089:
4029:
139:
3286:
Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Volume 4, Parts 1-2
5562:
5552:
5313:
4837:
4693:
4478:
4369:
4256:
3262:
1338:
1228:
1134:
691:
464:
237:
1819:
Pseudo-Kodinos also enumerates various banners and insignia used in imperial processions: one named
598:
Banner with the double-headed eagle, used in Western portolans to mark Trebizond in the 14th century
4612:
4364:
3851:
3730:
3155:
1896:
s nature has been debated, but its name – most likely a mixed Greek-Latin compound meaning "double
1844:
1587:
depicts flags with two to eight streamers). Maurice further recommends that the flag of the centre
544:
491:
425:
378:
232:
during the 10th/11th century, it is not securely attested in connection with the emperor until the
204:
Device of Andronikos II Palaiologos, in the so-called "Flag of Andronikos Palaiologos" kept in the
48:
of officials, but these were often personal rather than family emblems. Likewise, various emblems (
148:, although it is unknown whether the standards they carried bore any resemblance to the legionary
5572:
5518:
4942:
4668:
4488:
4374:
3501:
3260:
Grosse, Robert (1924). "Die Fahnen in der römisch-byzantinischen Armee des 4.-10. Jahrhunderts".
3142:
Cernovodeanu, Dan (1982). "Contributions à l'Étude de l'héraldique byzantine et post-byzantine".
1130:
906:
843:
440:
361:
290:
289:
likewise used it as a decorative motif in their buildings. This usage declined sharply after the
257:. In the late 12th and throughout the 13th century, the double-headed eagle was used in northern
170:
115:
1121:
404:, who were Palaiologan relatives and vassals. The double-headed eagle was used in the breakaway
200:
5443:
5033:
4875:
4319:
4125:
4099:
4094:
3867:
3843:
3839:
3806:
1528:
1293:
695:
144:
1129:
Another very Western design could be found on one of the now-demolished towers of the seaward
1059:
In modern Greece ahistorical variants of the Byzantine flag are hoisted sometimes in churches.
5161:
5015:
4205:
4115:
4079:
3964:
3694:
3689:
3562:
1812:′s distinctive feature, but this may be a deliberate archaicism. At any rate, the use of the
1261:
1179:
583:
548:
529:
510:
452:
386:
369:
349:
228:
demonstrated that although as a decorative motif the double-headed eagle begins to appear in
3528:
3396:"Les armoiries des Tocco de Céphalonie dans la citadelle intérieure de la forteresse d'Arta"
1583:). These were on the same pattern but of larger size, and possibly with more streamers (the
5404:
5387:
5208:
4967:
4932:
4815:
4752:
4747:
4282:
4225:
1880:
1852:
1744:
1622:
1005:
714:
568:
564:
393:
336:
318:
159:
95:
1829:, "chief general"); another with images of renowned prelates and eight streamers known as
981:
in 1455–1458, with a large "D" on the obverse, and the tetragrammatic cross on the reverse
8:
4314:
4230:
4220:
4084:
3847:
3835:
3722:
3524:
1923:
1175:
1094:
1074:
974:
904:, as recorded by pseudo-Kodinos and one of the Byzantine flags depicted in the Castilian
901:
881:
722:
684:
671:
405:
372:, the Byzantine double-headed eagle was golden on a red background. Likewise, in Western
353:
307:
270:
186:
3567:
1348:). Its origin and evolution are unknown. It may have resulted from modifications to the
997:
314:
reports that the Latin emperors struck bronze coins with a double-headed eagle on them.
5392:
5382:
5256:
4927:
4810:
4727:
4590:
3942:
3922:
3902:
3892:
3658:
3505:
1848:
1318:
1086:
865:
643:
365:
205:
1689:
of gold and gold-embroidered silk, and the insignia collectively known as "sceptres" (
1284:, but literary evidence suggests also its use as a symbol at the head of a staff. The
444:
5514:
5448:
5353:
5286:
5266:
5234:
5166:
5153:
5074:
5069:
4820:
4585:
4435:
3954:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3487:
3436:
3360:
3332:
3322:
3290:
3246:
3212:
3173:
3163:
3100:
1801:
1298:
1237:
1145:
532:
with his family. The two younger sons wear red robes with golden double-headed eagles
460:
311:
262:
225:
155:
1118:), with the letters of the owner's personal or family name arranged around a cross.
5318:
5111:
5059:
5005:
4972:
4922:
4715:
4705:
4483:
4171:
4063:
3986:
3969:
3947:
3932:
3917:
3831:
3616:
3470:
3428:
3407:
3271:
1772:
1549:
1393:
1365:
1344:
1041:
764:
619:
221:
126:
continued to be used in Byzantium, although far more rarely. Thus "eagle-bearers" (
17:
5463:
5296:
5276:
5271:
5226:
5216:
5176:
5171:
5121:
5116:
4897:
4503:
4420:
4415:
4155:
4145:
3981:
3975:
3959:
3937:
3927:
3912:
3284:
3240:
3167:
1543:, the colours of the standard reflected a unit's hierarchical subordination: the
1203:
1045:
938:
436:
303:
3209:
Philoxenia: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Kötting gewidmet von seinen griechischen Schülern
1190:
994:
111:
5301:
5181:
4914:
4673:
4567:
4553:
4352:
4056:
3811:
3550:
3275:
1770:(καμπηδικτούρια), descendants of the batons of the late Roman drill-masters or
1682:
1633:
1614:
1306:
1212:
1171:
1009:
923:
858:
824:
658:
322:
299:
274:
258:
247:
150:
123:
86:
49:
3507:
Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites
1240:
units. Few of them seem to have survived beyond the 4th century, however. The
807:
Cross quartered with golden discs, the rendition based on the historian Babuin
5536:
5221:
5098:
5064:
4802:
4737:
4710:
4595:
4210:
4150:
3448:
Soloviev, A. V. (1935). "Les emblèmes héraldiques de Byzance et les Slaves".
3440:
3375:
3306:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Three treatises on imperial military expeditions
3104:
1840:
1677:
1593:
1207:
1097:(centre) with the Gattilusi coat of arms on its breast, and the eagle of the
726:
611:
412:
of the 14th–15th centuries use the double-headed eagle (silver/golden on red/
382:
342:
282:
229:
45:
1875:(διβέλλιον), the emperor's personal ensign, along with the imperial shield (
1758:, mostly old military standards handed down through the ages. They were the
1725:
408:
as well, being attested imperial clothes but also on flags. Indeed, Western
4982:
4957:
4937:
4742:
4720:
4575:
3823:
3818:
3652:
1249:
1163:
1138:
1098:
839:
421:
392:
Within the Byzantine world, the eagle was also used by the semi-autonomous
295:
254:
90:
3585:
3395:
3376:"Other Byzantine flags shown in the "Book of All Kingdoms" (14th century)"
3226:
Gerola, G. (1934). "L'aquila bizantina e l'aquila imperiale a due teste".
5483:
5458:
4952:
4762:
4529:
4135:
4120:
3576:
1918:
1668:
1090:
1081:
1012:, who held the title of Emperor of Serbs and Greeks, in the 14th century.
846:, who held the title of Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1273 to 1283
702:, and is described by pseudo-Kodinos as "the customary imperial banner" (
3432:
657:
As an insigne, the cross was already in frequent use in Byzantium since
631:
463:
likewise adopted the double-headed eagle in the mid-13th century, under
4757:
4617:
4607:
4440:
4430:
4140:
3474:
3357:
Pseudo-Kodinos and the Constantinopolitan Court: Offices and Ceremonies
3159:
3127:"Zum Thema der Darstellung des zweiköpfigen Adlers bei den Byzantinern"
1865:
1856:
1646:
1626:
448:
286:
233:
25:
435:
Other Balkan states followed the Byzantine model as well: chiefly the
24:
in the Western European sense of permanent motifs transmitted through
5306:
5186:
4678:
4546:
4493:
4425:
1885:
1871:
1579:
1360:, composed of a square or rectangular field with streamers attached.
1156:
651:
417:
413:
409:
397:
373:
340:
330:
241:
134:
82:
37:
3411:
2420:
2126:
1644:) borne by Byzantine naval vessels, while the navy's commander, the
1324:). The pennons were used for decorative purposes on lances, but the
4832:
4732:
4683:
4541:
4473:
4261:
2683:
2681:
1889:(the heads of Constantinople's quarters) bringing up the rear. The
1805:
1577:
also had their own flag, as well as the army's commanding general (
1555:
1375:
1218:
1206:
in the late 3rd century continued to use the insignia usual to the
1111:
954:
734:
356:, as mentioned by Sphrantzes and confirmed by its depiction in the
217:
194:
190:
21:
3308:. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1666:, as it appears borne by a triumphant emperor in the 10th-century
1276:. In iconographical evidence, this commonly takes the form of the
563:
Arms of the despots Michael and Philip Palaiologos, envoys to the
335:) with eagles made of pearls on both shins and on the instep; the
118:(consul in 517) in consular garb, holding an eagle-topped sceptre.
5198:
5084:
5025:
4524:
4498:
4176:
1913:
1272:
1266:
1233:
1226:(the bust of the emperor on a pole). In addition, the use of the
861:
278:
266:
77:
3355:
Macrides, Ruth J.; Munitiz, Joseph A.; Angelov, Dimiter (2013).
2678:
2534:
1839:, "octopus"); another in the form of a cross with the images of
4827:
4602:
4468:
2297:
2275:
2273:
2198:
1901:
1813:
1618:
1565:
1301:, two kinds of military flags appear: the triangular pennon or
1270:
emblem in Roman military standards, resulting in the so-called
1260:
are still occasionally attested in the 5th century and beyond.
1149:
1106:
978:
937:
The Byzantine imperial ensign of the 14th century according to
718:
707:
456:
429:
401:
33:
2614:
2612:
2285:
2022:
2010:
1658:
635:
Relief with the tetragrammatic cross as imperial arms, in the
185:
The emblem mostly associated with the Byzantine Empire is the
1964:
1962:
1834:
1824:
1738:
1714:
1700:
1690:
1244:
fell out of use with the breaking up of the old legions, the
783:
774:
768:
755:
746:
675:
662:
551:, wearing a robe with embroidered golden double-headed eagles
127:
72:
41:
3158:(2002). "The Historian, Lineage and Heraldry 1050-1250". In
2585:
2456:
2444:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2270:
2186:
2087:
1859:
on horseback; another in the shape of a dragon (δρακόνειον,
138:
of the Roman legions, are still attested in the 6th century
5106:
3038:
2732:
2609:
2597:
2573:
2507:
2468:
2432:
2324:
2246:
2222:
2174:
2138:
2099:
1569:) of the army had the same colour on their streamers. Each
647:
467:, and used it side by side with the single-headed version.
29:
3519:(in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
3169:
Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England
3112:
Babuin, A. (2001). "Standards and insignia of Byzantium".
2485:
2483:
2116:
2114:
2034:
1959:
819:
Early 14th-century depiction of Constantinople during the
670:("Cross of Christ bestow grace on the Christians") or the
3014:
2975:
2951:
2927:
2891:
2756:
2624:
2551:
2549:
1137:(r. 1282–1328) and bore that emperor's emblem, a crowned
1073:
Typical Byzantine seal of Theodora Palaiologina, wife of
782:("Cross of the King of Kings aid the ruling city "), and
3484:
The Illustrated Chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes in Madrid
3461:
Tipaldos, G. E. (1926). "Εἶχον οἱ Βυζαντινοί οἰκόσημα".
3062:
3004:
3002:
2162:
1942:
For a survey of the evidence available at the time, cf.
1178:, which includes the imperial double-headed eagle on an
329:. According to Kodinos, the emperor bore special boots (
3172:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press (published 2003).
3050:
3026:
2963:
2939:
2903:
2879:
2855:
2843:
2819:
2797:
2795:
2768:
2744:
2636:
2561:
2524:
2522:
2495:
2480:
2360:
2348:
2258:
2234:
2210:
2150:
2111:
2075:
3354:
2705:
2546:
2314:
2312:
2046:
1605:
prescribes a separate standard for the baggage train (
1597:), should be more conspicuous than those of the other
189:. It is not of Byzantine invention, but a traditional
3114:
Byzantion: Revue internationale des études byzantines
2999:
2807:
2780:
2723:
3211:(in German). Münster: Aschendorff. pp. 97–120.
3194:
Dennis, George T. (1981). "Byzantine Battle Flags".
2987:
2915:
2867:
2831:
2792:
2693:
2519:
2336:
1816:
as an image is attested well into the 14th century.
517:
decorated with gold-embroidered double-headed eagles
3551:
Tetragrammkreuz (article on the tetragrammic cross)
3533:
Berliner Blätter für Münz-, Siegel- und Wappenkunde
2648:
2309:
154:. Eagle-topped scepters were a frequent feature of
1650:, displayed an image of the emperor on horseback.
1531:of Byzantine soldiers, with flags inspired by the
5534:
3331:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
773:("Cross of the King of Kings aid the emperor"),
396:, who were younger imperial princes, and by the
3523:
2462:
2291:
2279:
2093:
1369:, often depict flags conforming to the general
1064:
3976:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1883:and other commanders, with the banners of the
1743:), which probably bore some representation of
1729:). Further insignia of this type included the
1513:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1498:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1483:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1468:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1453:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1438:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1423:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1408:Example of a military banner appearing in the
1185:
957:according to Pietro Vesconte's portolan chart.
3601:
3563:Heraldry In Byzantium & The Vlasto Family
3500:
2687:
1792:are clearly the descendants of the old Roman
451:), while after 1472 the eagle was adopted by
3141:
2726:The Turkish Nationality Room Dedication Book
2474:
2303:
2204:
2144:
2028:
2016:
1983:, "Coats of arms" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 472–473.
1968:
1194:A coin of Constantine (c.337) depicting his
780:Staurè basileùs basiléon basileuoúse boéthei
368:, or a frontispiece of a Bible belonging to
3615:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1879:), and were followed by the banners of the
789:Staurè basileùs basiléon basileúon basíleue
785:Σταυρὲ βασιλέως βασιλέων βασιλεύων βασίλευε
776:Σταυρὲ βασιλέως βασιλέων βασιλευούσῃ βοήθει
668:Staurè Christou chárin christianoús chárize
3608:
3594:
1986:
1356:, but it appears in its final form in the
616:Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
273:used it as their emblem, the coins of the
3083:
2667:Guillem Soler's portolan chart of c. 1380
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2192:
2168:
654:) of the same color, one in each corner.
158:, and appear on coins until the reign of
3514:
3481:
3460:
3447:
3345:
3238:
3144:Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinik
3056:
3044:
2945:
2861:
2750:
2738:
2711:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2555:
2540:
2513:
2501:
2438:
2426:
2354:
2330:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2180:
2156:
2132:
2120:
2105:
2081:
2058:
2040:
1995:, "Insignia" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 999–1000.
1943:
1904:, evidently of Western European origin.
1657:
1629:is often mentioned in military parades.
1391:Scene of a battle from the 13th-century
1189:
1120:
1080:
1068:
761:Basileùs basiléon basileuónton basileúei
757:Βασιλεὺς βασιλέων βασιλευόντων βασιλεύει
752:Basileùs basiléon basileúon basileúousin
748:Βασιλεὺς βασιλέων βασιλεύων βασιλεύουσιν
630:
447:under George Kastrioti (better known as
199:
110:
4864:
3418:
3393:
3373:
3206:
2724:Cathedral of Learning (March 4, 2012).
2654:
2318:
1750:A further group, collectively known as
880:The tetragrammatic cross emblem of the
770:Σταυρὲ βασιλέως βασιλέων βασιλεῖ βοήθει
664:Σταυρὲ Χριστοῦ χάριν χριστιανούς χάριζε
626:
5535:
3312:
3303:
3259:
3225:
3193:
3154:
3111:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2728:. University of Pittsburgh. p. 3.
2699:
2567:
2528:
2489:
2450:
2366:
2342:
2264:
2052:
2004:
1653:
1547:of the regiments of the same brigade (
1182:, a practice never used in Byzantium.
180:
106:
5432:
4863:
4648:
4340:
4007:
3628:
3589:
3463:Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν
3400:Bulletin de correspondance hellénique
3374:Martins, António (17 December 2007).
3282:
3068:
1974:
1028:, Marquess of Montferrat in 1494–1518
868:and John VI Kantakouzenos (1347–1353)
89:(1202–1204) and the establishment of
4649:
3124:
1363:Illuminated chronicles, such as the
101:
4351:
1317:(βάνδον, from Latin and ultimately
1248:was abandoned with the adoption of
1236:, was widespread among cavalry and
1089:, showing the family cypher of the
681:Staurè sou boíthei Romanón despótin
498:decorated with single-headed eagles
13:
3517:Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices
3328:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
3289:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
3245:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
1900:" – apparently describes a forked
1762:(λάβουρα), probably a form of the
1313:, "little flame"), and the larger
677:Σταυρὲ σου βοήθει Ρωμανόν δεσπότην
14:
5584:
5568:Coats of arms of former countries
5548:Coats of arms of the Roman Empire
5474:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
3544:
3315:The Age of Justinian and Theodora
3131:Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft
907:Conosçimiento de todos los reynos
216:wrote that it was adopted by the
5513:
1621:instead of a spear point. Under
1521:
1506:
1491:
1476:
1461:
1446:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1384:
1052:
1033:
1017:
986:
962:
946:
930:
922:Byzantine flag as shown on some
915:
893:
873:
851:
831:
812:
800:
717:. It was placed on the walls of
603:
591:
575:
556:
537:
522:
503:
484:
472:
240:in 1301, where he is shown on a
61:
18:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
5543:History of the Byzantine Empire
3863:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
3685:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
3321:
3313:Holmes, William Gordon (2003).
2717:
2660:
2072:, "Eagles" (A. Cutler), p. 669.
2069:
1992:
1980:
1936:
1685:. Among them were the imperial
1591:, led by the deputy commander (
177:) on which the emperors stood.
164:
4948:Great Palace of Constantinople
4689:Patriarchate of Constantinople
4008:
1998:
1280:embroidered on the field of a
739:Marcus Vulson de la Colombière
637:Istanbul Archaeological Museum
1:
1953:
1754:(σκεύη), is mentioned in the
1713:, featuring a hanging cloth (
1133:, which had been restored by
864:coin from the joint reign of
700:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus
16:For most of its history, the
5410:University of Constantinople
4991:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
4341:
4141:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
3830:Byzantine successor states (
3515:Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966).
3359:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
2429:, pp. 137–149, 153–155.
2135:, pp. 119–121, 130–132.
1065:Personal and family insignia
795:("Cross, Come to Our Aid").
341:
331:
242:
173:as decorating the cushions (
7:
5080:Saint Catherine's Monastery
4136:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
4131:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
3629:
3482:Tsamakda, Vasiliki (2002).
3346:Limberis, Vasiliki (1994).
1907:
1186:Military flags and insignia
306:, the first Latin Emperor,
212:In 1861, the Greek scholar
10:
5589:
5469:Neo-Byzantine architecture
5433:
4090:Comes sacrarum largitionum
3283:Hendy, Michael F. (1992).
3276:10.1515/byzs.1924.24.2.359
3084:Androudis, Pascal (2017).
3077:
1835:
1825:
1804:, they still included the
1739:
1715:
1701:
1691:
1264:(r. 306–337) inserted the
784:
775:
769:
756:
747:
676:
663:
650:"Β" (often interpreted as
128:
5496:
5439:
5428:
5349:
5249:
5207:
5152:
5097:
5052:
5039:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
5024:
4981:
4913:
4883:
4874:
4870:
4859:
4801:
4659:
4655:
4644:
4566:
4512:
4451:
4408:
4360:
4347:
4336:
4295:
4270:
4239:
4198:
4189:
4164:
4108:
4072:
4025:
4018:
4014:
4003:
3876:
3792:
3739:
3670:
3641:
3637:
3624:
3510:. London: John Murray Ed.
3394:Osswald, Brendan (2018).
3263:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
3239:Grierson, Philip (1999).
3196:Byzantinische Forschungen
1780:(σίγνα, "insignia"); the
1637:
1135:Andronikos II Palaiologos
692:Andronikos II Palaiologos
465:Frederick II Hohenstaufen
459:. In Western Europe, the
238:Andronikos II Palaiologos
53:
4613:Droungarios of the Fleet
3502:van Millingen, Alexander
3450:Seminarium Kondakovianum
2543:, pp. 155, 157–158.
1929:
1853:St. Theodore Stratelates
1291:In the late 6th-century
1170:of the Byzantine Empire
1144:The frequent use of the
884:, from the 15th-century
545:Alexios III of Trebizond
492:Michael VIII Palaiologos
426:Principality of Theodoro
122:The single-headed Roman
5127:Early Byzantine mosaics
4489:Domestic of the Schools
3125:Bees, Nikos A. (1912).
1662:A ceremonial miniature
1166:, daughter of the last
1131:walls of Constantinople
900:Imperial banner of the
838:Attributed arms of the
729:, with slight changes.
171:illuminated manuscripts
91:Frankish principalities
5444:Byzantine commonwealth
4206:Praetorian prefectures
4126:Logothetes tou genikou
4100:Quaestor sacri palatii
4095:Comes rerum privatarum
3868:Fall of Constantinople
3807:Sack of Constantinople
3486:. Leiden: Alexandros.
2453:, pp. 42, 52, 56.
1672:
1529:Historical re-enactors
1310:
1297:attributed to Emperor
1199:
1146:star and crescent moon
1126:
1102:
1093:(left), the Byzantine
1078:
1026:William IX Palaiologos
696:Michael IX Palaiologos
639:
298:established after the
209:
145:Strategikon of Maurice
132:), descendants of the
119:
5144:Komnenian renaissance
5139:Macedonian period art
5044:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
5016:Walls of Thessaloniki
4116:Logothetes tou dromou
3731:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3695:Valentinianic dynasty
3690:Constantinian dynasty
3304:Haldon, John (1990).
1661:
1262:Constantine the Great
1193:
1124:
1084:
1072:
634:
586:, Despot of the Morea
584:Demetrios Palaiologos
549:Theodora Kantakouzene
530:Manuel II Palaiologos
511:John VI Kantakouzenos
379:Esau de' Buondelmonti
370:Demetrios Palaiologos
350:John VIII Palaiologos
214:Georgios Chrysovergis
203:
114:
5341:Units of measurement
5075:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
4968:Pammakaristos Church
4816:Corpus Juris Civilis
4767:Missionary activity
4226:Exarchate of Ravenna
4052:Imperial bureaucracy
3525:von Koehne, Bernhard
2594:, pp. 159, 160.
2463:von Koehne 1871–1873
2292:von Koehne 1871–1873
2280:von Koehne 1871–1873
2094:von Koehne 1871–1873
1855:; another depicting
1784:(δρακόντια) and the
1642:basilikon phlamoulon
1623:Nikephoros II Phokas
995:Stefan Uroš IV Dušan
715:Foulques de Villaret
704:basilikon phlamoulon
683:("Thy Cross aid the
627:Tetragrammatic cross
569:Ulrich of Richenthal
565:Council of Constance
394:Despots of the Morea
362:St. Peter's Basilica
319:Palaiologan emperors
160:Philippikos Bardanes
96:Palaiologan emperors
5558:Heraldry by country
4865:Culture and society
4728:Ecumenical councils
4231:Exarchate of Africa
4221:Quaestura exercitus
4085:Magister officiorum
4080:Praetorian prefects
3723:Byzantine Dark Ages
3433:10.1484/J.IKON.3.36
3071:, pp. 175–176.
3047:, pp. 195–196.
3023:, pp. 272–274.
2984:, pp. 271–272.
2960:, pp. 271–273.
2936:, pp. 245–247.
2900:, pp. 368–370.
2765:, pp. 359–364.
2741:, pp. 221–222.
2690:, pp. 189–190.
2621:, pp. 209–221.
2606:, pp. 161–162.
2582:, pp. 158–159.
2516:, pp. 156–158.
2441:, pp. 150–153.
2417:, pp. 196–201.
2405:, pp. 190–192.
2393:, pp. 179–184.
2381:, pp. 187–196.
2333:, pp. 134–135.
2306:, pp. 413–414.
2255:, pp. 133–135.
2231:, pp. 144–145.
2207:, pp. 412–413.
2195:, pp. 185–186.
2183:, pp. 126–127.
2108:, pp. 119–126.
2043:, pp. 129–130.
2031:, pp. 411–412.
2019:, pp. 409–411.
1946:, pp. 206–222.
1924:Double-headed eagle
1709:) resembled to old
1654:Ceremonial insignia
1638:βασιλικόν φλάμουλον
1232:, adopted from the
1210:: the eagle-tipped
1198:spearing a serpent.
1176:Andreas Palaiologos
1105:Unlike the Western
1095:double-headed eagle
1075:David VI of Georgia
975:Domenico Gattilusio
902:Palaiologos dynasty
882:Palaiologos dynasty
711:Vignolo dei Vignoli
406:Empire of Trebizond
354:Council of Florence
308:Baldwin of Flanders
187:double-headed eagle
181:Double-headed eagle
107:Single-headed eagle
5282:Flags and insignia
4928:Baths of Zeuxippus
4811:Codex Theodosianus
4701:Oriental Orthodoxy
3659:Later Roman Empire
3581:Flags of the World
3568:Byzantine Heraldry
3380:Flags of the World
3323:Kazhdan, Alexander
3164:Keen, Maurice Hugh
2688:van Millingen 1899
1673:
1374:enemies; even the
1200:
1127:
1103:
1087:Castle of Mytilene
1079:
941:'s portolan chart.
866:John V Palaiologos
842:from the reign of
644:Palaiologan period
640:
366:Vatopedi Monastery
291:Battle of Köse Dağ
210:
206:Vatopedi Monastery
120:
116:Flavius Anastasius
5530:
5529:
5492:
5491:
5449:Byzantine studies
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5235:Alexander Romance
5093:
5092:
5070:Nea Moni of Chios
4933:Blachernae Palace
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4821:Code of Justinian
4669:Eastern Orthodoxy
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4562:
4561:
4436:Scholae Palatinae
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4297:Foreign relations
4291:
4290:
4185:
4184:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3798:(1204–1453)
3529:"Vom Doppeladler"
3493:978-9-0806-4762-6
3366:978-0-7546-6752-0
3296:978-0-88402-233-6
3252:978-0-88402-261-9
3035:, pp. 13–15.
2972:, pp. 10–13.
2912:, pp. 56–57.
2888:, pp. 54–55.
2852:, pp. 58–59.
2828:, pp. 52–53.
2777:, pp. 51–52.
2633:, pp. 88–89.
2570:, pp. 39–40.
2492:, pp. 38–39.
2475:Cernovodeanu 1982
2369:, pp. 36–37.
2304:Cernovodeanu 1982
2267:, pp. 37–38.
2205:Cernovodeanu 1982
2145:Cernovodeanu 1982
2055:, pp. 15–16.
2029:Cernovodeanu 1982
2017:Cernovodeanu 1982
1969:Cernovodeanu 1982
1849:St. Theodore Tiro
1802:Niketas Choniates
1740:εὐτυχία or πτυχία
1539:According to the
1305:(φλάμουλον, from
1162:It is known that
1141:holding a sword.
727:adopted in Serbia
461:Holy Roman Empire
312:Niketas Choniates
277:featured it, and
263:Upper Mesopotamia
226:August Heisenberg
156:consular diptychs
102:Imperial insignia
46:attested on seals
5580:
5563:Historical flags
5553:Flags by country
5517:
5430:
5429:
5373:Imperial Library
5319:Byzantine Greeks
5060:Daphni Monastery
5011:Panagia Chalkeon
5006:Hagios Demetrios
4973:Prison of Anemas
4923:Basilica Cistern
4881:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4716:West Syriac Rite
4706:Alexandrian Rite
4657:
4656:
4650:Religion and law
4646:
4645:
4581:Maritime themata
4537:Palaiologan army
4390:Military manuals
4358:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4196:
4195:
4172:Megas logothetes
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
4004:
3878:By modern region
3799:
3746:
3745:(717–1204)
3677:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3617:Byzantine Empire
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3577:Byzantine Empire
3559:
3555:heraldik-wiki.de
3540:
3520:
3511:
3497:
3478:
3457:
3444:
3415:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3370:
3351:
3342:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3279:
3256:
3235:
3222:
3203:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3151:
3138:
3121:
3108:
3090:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1940:
1895:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1742:
1741:
1718:
1717:
1707:rhōmaïka skēptra
1704:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1639:
1533:Madrid Skylitzes
1525:
1515:Madrid Skylitzes
1510:
1500:Madrid Skylitzes
1495:
1485:Madrid Skylitzes
1480:
1470:Madrid Skylitzes
1465:
1455:Madrid Skylitzes
1450:
1440:Madrid Skylitzes
1435:
1425:Madrid Skylitzes
1420:
1410:Madrid Skylitzes
1405:
1394:Madrid Skylitzes
1388:
1366:Madrid Skylitzes
1056:
1042:House of Gonzaga
1037:
1021:
990:
966:
950:
934:
919:
897:
877:
855:
835:
816:
804:
787:
786:
778:
777:
772:
771:
765:Ioannis Svoronos
759:
758:
750:
749:
679:
678:
666:
665:
620:Despot of Epirus
607:
595:
579:
560:
541:
526:
507:
488:
476:
346:
334:
245:
222:Spyridon Lambros
193:motif dating to
168:
166:
131:
130:
63:
55:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5523:
5488:
5464:Cyrillic script
5435:
5416:
5361:
5345:
5245:
5227:Digenes Akritas
5203:
5148:
5089:
5053:Other locations
5048:
5020:
4977:
4909:
4898:Cross-in-square
4866:
4847:
4797:
4651:
4632:
4558:
4508:
4504:Varangian Guard
4447:
4421:East Roman army
4416:Late Roman army
4404:
4343:
4324:
4287:
4266:
4235:
4181:
4160:
4156:Epi ton deeseon
4146:Epi tou eidikou
4104:
4068:
4010:
3991:
3978:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3858:Palaiologan era
3800:
3797:
3788:
3759:Nikephorian era
3747:
3744:
3735:
3678:
3676:(330–717)
3675:
3666:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3614:
3557:
3547:
3494:
3412:10.4000/bch.689
3384:
3382:
3367:
3339:
3297:
3253:
3219:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2789:, pp. 7–9.
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:, pp. 7–8.
2290:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1910:
1893:
1796:, and the term
1702:ῥωμαϊκὰ σκῆπτρα
1656:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1252:, and only the
1204:Late Roman army
1188:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1048:
1046:Dukes of Mantua
1038:
1029:
1022:
1013:
991:
982:
967:
958:
951:
942:
939:Pietro Vesconte
935:
926:
924:portolan charts
920:
911:
898:
889:
878:
869:
856:
847:
836:
827:
817:
808:
805:
793:Staurè, boéthei
629:
622:
608:
599:
596:
587:
580:
571:
561:
552:
542:
533:
527:
518:
508:
499:
489:
480:
477:
439:, but also the
327:Book of Offices
304:Robert of Clari
302:: according to
183:
163:
140:military manual
109:
104:
12:
11:
5:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5573:Imperial Eagle
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Byzantine Bath
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4915:Constantinople
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Byzantine Rite
4665:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4554:Grand domestic
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4520:Komnenian army
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4395:Military units
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4365:Battle tactics
4361:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4057:Medieval Greek
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3812:Fourth Crusade
3803:
3801:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Macedonian era
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Theodosian era
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3560:
3546:
3545:External links
3543:
3542:
3541:
3521:
3512:
3498:
3492:
3479:
3458:
3445:
3416:
3406:(2): 803–844.
3391:
3371:
3365:
3352:
3348:Divine Heiress
3343:
3337:
3325:, ed. (1991).
3319:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3280:
3270:(2): 359–372.
3257:
3251:
3236:
3230:(in Italian).
3223:
3217:
3204:
3191:
3178:
3160:Coss, Peter R.
3152:
3139:
3122:
3109:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3059:, p. 196.
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3011:, p. 272.
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 167.
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2864:, p. 312.
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2816:, p. 365.
2806:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2753:, p. 208.
2743:
2731:
2716:
2704:
2702:, pp. 5f.
2692:
2677:
2659:
2647:
2645:, p. 159.
2635:
2623:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2545:
2533:
2518:
2506:
2504:, p. 155.
2494:
2479:
2477:, p. 414.
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2415:Androudis 2017
2407:
2403:Androudis 2017
2395:
2391:Androudis 2017
2383:
2379:Androudis 2017
2371:
2359:
2357:, p. 136.
2347:
2335:
2323:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2243:, p. 148.
2233:
2221:
2219:, p. 171.
2209:
2197:
2193:Androudis 2017
2185:
2173:
2171:, p. 184.
2169:Androudis 2017
2161:
2159:, p. 121.
2149:
2147:, p. 412.
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 120.
2110:
2098:
2086:
2084:, p. 130.
2074:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1971:, p. 409.
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1821:archistratēgos
1768:kampēdiktouria
1683:Constantinople
1655:
1652:
1615:Byzantine navy
1537:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1187:
1184:
1172:Loukas Notaras
1085:Relief at the
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1014:
992:
985:
983:
968:
961:
959:
952:
945:
943:
936:
929:
927:
921:
914:
912:
899:
892:
890:
879:
872:
870:
857:
850:
848:
837:
830:
828:
825:Fourth Crusade
818:
811:
809:
806:
799:
725:. It was also
659:Late Antiquity
628:
625:
624:
623:
609:
602:
600:
597:
590:
588:
581:
574:
572:
562:
555:
553:
543:
536:
534:
528:
521:
519:
513:standing on a
509:
502:
500:
494:standing on a
490:
483:
481:
478:
471:
358:Filarete Doors
323:pseudo-Kodinos
300:Fourth Crusade
294:in use in the
275:Zengid dynasty
182:
179:
167: 711–713
124:imperial eagle
108:
105:
103:
100:
87:Fourth Crusade
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5585:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5431:
5427:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:Encyclopedias
5366:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Hellenization
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:Everyday life
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5222:Acritic songs
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Hosios Loukas
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4858:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Monophysitism
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Armenian Rite
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4629:
4628:Naval battles
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Protasekretis
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Komnenian era
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:Heraclian era
3715:
3713:
3712:Justinian era
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:heraldica.org
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3535:(in German).
3534:
3530:
3527:(1871–1873).
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3452:(in French).
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:(in French).
3401:
3397:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3338:0-19-504652-8
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:(in German).
3265:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:Felix Ravenna
3224:
3220:
3218:9783402036518
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3181:
3179:9781843830368
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:Crouch, David
3153:
3150:(2): 409–422.
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3133:(in German).
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:(in French).
3094:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3057:Verpeaux 1966
3053:
3046:
3045:Verpeaux 1966
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2996:, p. 13.
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2946:Verpeaux 1966
2942:
2935:
2930:
2924:, p. 57.
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2876:, p. 33.
2875:
2870:
2863:
2862:Tsamakda 2002
2858:
2851:
2846:
2840:, p. 53.
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2804:, p. 52.
2803:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2751:Tipaldos 1926
2747:
2740:
2739:Tipaldos 1926
2735:
2727:
2720:
2714:, p. 15.
2713:
2712:Limberis 1994
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2672:Catalan Atlas
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2643:Soloviev 1935
2639:
2632:
2631:Grierson 1999
2627:
2620:
2619:Tipaldos 1926
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:Soloviev 1935
2600:
2593:
2592:Soloviev 1935
2588:
2581:
2580:Soloviev 1935
2576:
2569:
2564:
2558:, p. 88.
2557:
2556:Grierson 1999
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:Soloviev 1935
2537:
2531:, p. 39.
2530:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:Soloviev 1935
2510:
2503:
2502:Soloviev 1935
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2439:Soloviev 1935
2435:
2428:
2427:Soloviev 1935
2423:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2355:Soloviev 1935
2351:
2345:, p. 37.
2344:
2339:
2332:
2331:Soloviev 1935
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2253:Soloviev 1935
2249:
2242:
2241:Verpeaux 1966
2237:
2230:
2229:Verpeaux 1966
2225:
2218:
2217:Verpeaux 1966
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2181:Soloviev 1935
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2157:Soloviev 1935
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2133:Soloviev 1935
2129:
2122:
2121:Soloviev 1935
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:Soloviev 1935
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2082:Soloviev 1935
2078:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2041:Soloviev 1935
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1945:
1944:Tipaldos 1926
1939:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:St. Procopius
1842:
1841:St. Demetrius
1832:
1826:ἀρχιστράτηγος
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:that was the
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1773:campiductores
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:De Ceremoniis
1753:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1723:, from Latin
1722:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:De Ceremoniis
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1594:hypostratēgos
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:, the square
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:Roman legions
1205:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:Lampadephoros
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
960:
956:
949:
944:
940:
933:
928:
925:
918:
913:
909:
908:
903:
896:
891:
887:
883:
876:
871:
867:
863:
860:
854:
849:
845:
841:
834:
829:
826:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
797:
796:
794:
790:
781:
766:
762:
753:
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
673:
669:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
638:
633:
621:
617:
613:
612:Carlo I Tocco
606:
601:
594:
589:
585:
578:
573:
570:
566:
559:
554:
550:
547:and his wife
546:
540:
535:
531:
525:
520:
516:
512:
506:
501:
497:
493:
487:
482:
475:
470:
469:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
383:Carlo I Tocco
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
344:
343:sebastokrator
338:
333:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
230:Byzantine art
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
178:
176:
172:
161:
157:
153:
152:
147:
146:
142:known as the
141:
137:
136:
125:
117:
113:
99:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
5281:
5233:
5001:Hagia Sophia
4983:Thessalonica
4958:Hagia Sophia
4938:Chora Church
4876:Architecture
4753:Great Schism
4743:Paulicianism
4721:Miaphysitism
4576:Karabisianoi
3880:or territory
3840:Thessalonica
3824:Latin Empire
3819:Frankokratia
3794:
3754:Isaurian era
3741:
3672:
3657:
3653:Roman Empire
3643:
3580:
3571:
3554:
3536:
3532:
3516:
3506:
3483:
3466:
3465:(in Greek).
3462:
3453:
3449:
3424:
3420:
3403:
3399:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:
3356:
3350:. Routledge.
3347:
3326:
3314:
3305:
3285:
3267:
3261:
3241:
3231:
3227:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3168:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3096:
3092:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2671:
2662:
2655:Martins 2007
2650:
2638:
2626:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2536:
2509:
2497:
2470:
2465:, p. 8.
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2319:Osswald 2018
2299:
2287:
2282:, p. 6.
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2101:
2096:, p. 1.
2089:
2077:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1938:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:bearing the
1864:
1860:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1469:
1454:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1392:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1250:Christianity
1245:
1241:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1201:
1195:
1167:
1164:Anna Notaras
1161:
1152:
1143:
1139:lion rampant
1128:
1115:
1104:
1099:Doria family
1040:Arms of the
970:
953:The flag of
905:
885:
840:Latin Empire
792:
788:
779:
760:
751:
742:
731:
703:
694:and his son
689:
685:Lord Romanos
680:
672:letters ϹΒΡΔ
667:
656:
641:
514:
495:
434:
422:Thessaloniki
391:
326:
316:
296:Latin Empire
255:Seljuq Turks
252:
211:
184:
174:
149:
143:
133:
121:
76:
68:
64:
57:
40:and various
20:did not use
15:
5484:Megali Idea
5459:Byzantinism
5162:Agriculture
4953:Hagia Irene
4786:Kievan Rus'
4763:Mount Athos
4586:Cibyrrhaeot
4530:Vestiaritai
4385:Mercenaries
4262:Catepanates
4121:Sakellarios
4040:Family tree
3965:Mesopotamia
3784:Angelid era
3764:Amorian era
3558:(in German)
3475:11615/16885
3469:: 206–222.
3427:: 127–136.
3099:: 179–218.
3033:Babuin 2001
3021:Haldon 1990
3009:Haldon 1990
2994:Babuin 2001
2982:Haldon 1990
2970:Babuin 2001
2958:Haldon 1990
2934:Haldon 1990
2922:Dennis 1981
2910:Dennis 1981
2898:Grosse 1924
2886:Dennis 1981
2874:Babuin 2001
2850:Dennis 1981
2838:Dennis 1981
2826:Dennis 1981
2814:Grosse 1924
2802:Dennis 1981
2787:Babuin 2001
2775:Dennis 1981
2763:Grosse 1924
2700:Holmes 2003
2568:Babuin 2001
2529:Babuin 2001
2490:Babuin 2001
2451:Babuin 2001
2367:Babuin 2001
2343:Babuin 2001
2265:Babuin 2001
2053:Babuin 2001
2005:Crouch 2002
1919:Christogram
1798:draconarius
1669:Gunthertuch
1603:Stratēgikon
1585:Stratēgikon
1541:Stratēgikon
1358:Stratēgikon
1326:Stratēgikon
1294:Stratēgikon
1157:Virgin Mary
1091:Palaiologoi
886:Harley 6163
642:During the
269:sultans of
129:ὀρνιθόβορας
5537:Categories
5479:Third Rome
5405:University
5388:Philosophy
5378:Inventions
5241:Historians
5209:Literature
5192:Varangians
5034:San Vitale
4963:Hippodrome
4943:City Walls
4843:Mutilation
4838:Hexabiblos
4758:Bogomilism
4748:Iconoclasm
4618:Megas doux
4608:Greek fire
4591:Aegean Sea
4464:Kleisourai
4441:Excubitors
4431:Bucellarii
4283:Despotates
4252:Kleisourai
4191:Provincial
4035:Coronation
4009:Governance
3774:Doukid era
3707:Leonid era
3456:: 119–164.
3185:5 November
3137:: 321–330.
3120:(1): 5–59.
3093:Byzantiaka
3069:Hendy 1992
1954:References
1877:skouterion
1866:skouterios
1861:drakoneion
1857:St. George
1836:ὀκταπόδιον
1831:oktapodion
1647:megas doux
1627:True Cross
1609:) of each
1303:phlamoulon
1222:, and the
1180:escutcheon
1168:megas doux
1004:and later
977:, lord of
910:(ca. 1350)
888:manuscript
821:1204 siege
723:Montferrat
652:firesteels
449:Skanderbeg
441:Bulgarians
287:Kayqubad I
234:chrysobull
135:aquilifers
26:hereditary
5307:Octoechos
5187:Silk Road
4679:Hesychasm
4547:Paramonai
4494:Hetaireia
4426:Foederati
4315:Diplomacy
4310:Diplomats
4216:Provinces
4045:Empresses
3848:Trebizond
3644:Preceding
3441:1846-8551
3105:1012-0513
1891:dibellion
1886:dēmarchoi
1872:dibellion
1790:drakontia
1782:drakontia
1687:phlamoula
1580:stratēgos
1330:phlamoula
1238:auxiliary
1116:sympilēma
743:pyrekvola
515:suppedion
496:suppedion
455:and then
418:Kalamaria
414:vermilion
410:portolans
398:Gattilusi
374:armorials
243:suppedion
191:Anatolian
94:the late
83:Crusaders
38:Theotokos
5400:Scholars
5393:Rhetoric
5383:Medicine
5358:Learning
5257:Calendar
5134:Painters
4833:Basilika
4771:Bulgaria
4733:Arianism
4684:Hayhurum
4661:Religion
4623:Admirals
4542:Allagion
4474:Droungos
4380:Generals
4342:Military
4305:Treaties
4211:Dioceses
4030:Emperors
3943:Sardinia
3923:Dalmatia
3903:Bulgaria
3893:Anatolia
3852:Theodoro
3846: /
3842: /
3834: /
3504:(1899).
3385:7 August
3202:: 51–60.
3166:(eds.).
1908:See also
1806:windsock
1731:eutychia
1556:droungos
1376:Saracens
1354:vexillum
1319:Germanic
1311:flammula
1282:vexillum
1256:and the
1254:vexillum
1219:vexillum
1112:Crusades
1024:Arms of
998:Nemanjic
993:Arms of
955:Salonica
844:Philip I
735:Du Cange
610:Arms of
582:Seal of
437:Serbians
281:and the
218:Komnenoi
175:suppedia
44:is also
22:heraldry
5509:Outline
5454:Museums
5354:Science
5331:Slavery
5287:Gardens
5267:Cuisine
5199:Dynatoi
5167:Coinage
5154:Economy
5122:Mosaics
5085:Mystras
5026:Ravenna
4888:Secular
4776:Moravia
4525:Pronoia
4499:Akritai
4484:Tagmata
4459:Themata
4400:Revolts
4370:Battles
4278:Kephale
4247:Themata
4177:Mesazon
4019:Central
3955:Maghreb
3908:Corsica
3898:Armenia
3888:Albania
3631:History
3539:: 1–26.
3234:: 7–36.
3078:Sources
2674:of 1375
1914:Chi Rho
1881:Despots
1764:labarum
1760:laboura
1745:Victory
1735:ptychia
1711:vexilla
1697:skēptra
1692:σκῆπτρα
1664:labarum
1607:touldon
1352:or the
1299:Maurice
1286:labarum
1278:Chi-Rho
1273:labarum
1267:Chi-Rho
1234:Dacians
1196:labarum
1101:(right)
1006:Emperor
969:Bronze
862:tornese
823:by the
453:Muscovy
445:Albania
428:in the
387:impaled
385:, also
352:to the
337:Despots
332:tzangia
325:in his
285:sultan
279:Saladin
267:Artuqid
248:Ottoman
195:Hittite
151:aquilae
78:labarum
75:or the
69:sēmeion
65:σημεῖον
5519:Portal
5434:Impact
5314:People
5262:Cities
5112:Enamel
4893:Sacred
4828:Ecloga
4694:Saints
4603:Dromon
4479:Bandon
4469:Tourma
4452:Middle
4375:Beacon
4257:Bandon
4240:Middle
4109:Middle
4064:Senate
3987:Thrace
3970:Serbia
3948:Sicily
3933:Greece
3918:Cyprus
3836:Epirus
3832:Nicaea
3742:Middle
3619:topics
3490:
3439:
3363:
3335:
3293:
3249:
3215:
3176:
3103:
1902:pennon
1814:dragon
1788:. The
1776:; the
1766:; the
1619:finial
1566:tourma
1371:bandon
1339:bandon
1334:bandon
1332:. The
1322:bandum
1315:bandon
1242:aquila
1213:aquila
1150:Hecate
1107:feudal
1010:Serbia
979:Lesbos
971:denaro
859:Billon
719:Galata
708:Rhodes
457:Russia
430:Crimea
402:Lesbos
283:Seljuq
265:: the
58:sēmeia
54:σημεῖα
42:saints
36:, the
34:Christ
5504:Index
5336:Death
5326:Women
5297:Music
5277:Dress
5272:Dance
5217:Novel
5177:Trade
5172:Mints
5117:Glass
5107:Icons
4903:Domes
4781:Serbs
4596:Samos
4409:Early
4199:Early
4073:Early
3982:Syria
3960:Malta
3938:Italy
3928:Egypt
3913:Crete
3844:Morea
3673:Early
3089:(PDF)
1930:Notes
1898:velum
1894:'
1810:draco
1794:draco
1786:banda
1778:signa
1752:skeuē
1726:velum
1721:vēlon
1716:βῆλον
1634:Greek
1611:moira
1589:meros
1575:meros
1571:moira
1561:meros
1550:moira
1545:banda
1350:draco
1345:tagma
1307:Latin
1258:draco
1246:imago
1229:draco
1224:imago
618:, as
567:, by
271:Amida
259:Syria
73:cross
62:sing.
50:Greek
30:icons
5302:Lyra
5182:silk
4793:Jews
4568:Navy
4513:Late
4353:Army
4320:Wars
4271:Late
4165:Late
3795:Late
3488:ISBN
3437:ISSN
3421:Ikon
3387:2010
3361:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3247:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3187:2018
3174:ISBN
3135:XXXV
3101:ISSN
1851:and
1599:merē
1573:and
1202:The
1002:King
754:and
737:and
713:and
674:for
648:beta
443:and
381:and
317:The
261:and
224:and
5099:Art
4803:Law
3579:at
3570:at
3553:at
3471:hdl
3467:III
3429:doi
3408:doi
3404:142
3272:doi
2070:ODB
1993:ODB
1981:ODB
1733:or
1563:or
1342:or
1044:as
1008:of
973:of
400:of
360:of
236:of
32:of
5539::
3531:.
3435:.
3423:.
3398:.
3378:.
3268:24
3232:43
3198:.
3162:;
3148:32
3146:.
3129:.
3118:71
3116:.
3097:34
3091:.
3001:^
2794:^
2680:^
2669:;
2611:^
2548:^
2521:^
2482:^
2311:^
2272:^
2113:^
2060:^
1961:^
1847:,
1843:,
1747:.
1719:,
1705:,
1695:,
1640:,
1636::
1553:,
1309::
1159:.
1000:,
614:,
420:,
165:r.
67:,
60:;
56:,
52::
3854:)
3850:–
3838:–
3725:"
3721:"
3609:e
3602:t
3595:v
3537:6
3496:.
3477:.
3473::
3454:7
3443:.
3431::
3425:2
3414:.
3410::
3389:.
3369:.
3341:.
3317:.
3299:.
3278:.
3274::
3255:.
3221:.
3200:8
3189:.
3107:.
2657:.
2321:.
1833:(
1823:(
1737:(
208:.
162:(
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