599:
338:
437:
541:(sometimes well over 1000) than their Allied counterparts. Moreover, they often kept flying combat missions until they were captured, incapacitated, or killed, while successful Allied pilots were usually either promoted to positions involving less combat flying or routinely rotated back to training bases to pass their valuable combat knowledge to younger pilots. An imbalance in the number of targets available also contributed to the apparently lower numbers on the Allied side, since the
191:
222:
932:
103:. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era. For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation and
50:
523:
553:, for example, stated "See if there is a straggler or an uncertain pilot among the enemy... Shoot him down", which would have been an efficient and relatively low-risk way of increasing the number of kills. At the same time, the Soviet 1943 "Instruction For Air Combat" stated that the first priority must be the enemy commander, which was a much riskier task, but one giving the highest return in case of a success.
690:
713:
1086:
38:
667:, and machine gun fire before opposing fighters attacked them. The long-running conflict produced 22 aces: 17 North Vietnamese pilots, two American pilots, three American weapon systems officers or WSOs (WSO is the USAF designation, one of the three was actually a US Naval aviator, with an equivalent job, but using the USN designation of Radar Intercept Officer or RIO).
631:, damaging 1 F-8 and killing two F-105 jets. The MiG-17 generally did not have sophisticated radars and missiles and relied on dog-fighting and maneuverability to score kills on US aircraft. Since US aircraft heavily outnumbered North Vietnamese ones, the Warsaw Pact and others had begun arming North Vietnam with
246:
Other Allied countries, such as France and Italy, fell somewhere in between the very strict German approach and the relatively casual
British one. They usually demanded independent witnessing of the destruction of an aircraft, making confirmation of victories scored in enemy territory very difficult.
887:
were developed. The most strict were the German and French ones which required both the existence of traceable wrecks or observations of independent observers. In contrast to this, the
British system also accepted single claims of the pilots and deeds such as enemy planes "out of control", "driven
242:
counted shared kills, but separately from "solo" ones—one of a number of factors that seems to have varied from unit to unit. Also evident is that Lee considered a higher figure than five kills to be necessary for "ace" status. Aviation historians credit him as an ace with two enemy aircraft
217:
Allied fighter pilots fought mostly in German-held airspace and were often not in a position to confirm that an enemy aircraft had crashed, so these victories were frequently claimed as "driven down", "forced to land", or "out of control" (called "probables" in later wars). These victories were
1270:
For the award of decorations, the
Germans initiated a points system to equal up achievements between the aces flying on the Eastern front with those on other, more demanding, fronts: one for a fighter, two for a twin-engine bomber, three for a four-engine bomber; night victories counted double;
635:
jets. The VPAF had adopted a strategy of "guerrilla warfare in the sky" utilizing quick hit-and-run attacks against US targets, continually flying low and forcing faster, more heavily armed US jets to engage in dog-fighting where the MiG-17 and MiG-21 had superior maneuverability. The VPAF had
233:
The
British high command considered the praise of fighter pilots to be detrimental to equally brave bombers and reconnaissance aircrew â so that the British air services did not publish official statistics on the successes of individuals. Nonetheless, some pilots did become famous through press
648:, as it was considered "less embarrassing". By the war's end, the US had nevertheless confirmed 249 air-to-air US aircraft losses while the figures for North Vietnam are disputed, ranging from 195 North Vietnamese aircraft from US claims to 131 from Soviet, North Vietnamese and allied records.
213:
usually fought well within German lines, it was practicable to establish and maintain very strict guidelines for the official recognition of victory claims by German pilots. Shared victories were either credited to one of the pilots concerned or to the unit as a whole â the destruction of the
614:
had begun development of its modern air-forces, primarily trained by
Czechoslovak and Soviet trainers since 1956. The outbreak of the largest sustained bombardment campaign in history prompted rapid deployment of the nascent air-force, and the first engagement of the war was in April 1965 at
303:
scored 40 victories for the
Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war was the supply of "volunteer" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians.
201:
World War I introduced the systematic use of true single-seat fighter aircraft, with enough speed and agility to catch and maintain contact with targets in the air, coupled with armament sufficiently powerful to destroy the targets. Aerial combat became a prominent feature with the
214:
aircraft had to be physically confirmed by locating its wreckage, or an independent witness to the destruction had to be found. Victories were also counted for aircraft forced down within German lines, as this usually resulted in the death or capture of the enemy aircrew.
891:
The most accurate figures usually belong to the air arm fighting over its own territory, where many wrecks can be located, and even identified, and where shot down enemy are either killed or captured. It is for this reason that at least 76 of the 80 aircraft credited to
261:
While "ace" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bombers and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is
888:
down" and "forced to land". Aerial victories were also divided among different pilots. This led to vast overclaims on the
British and partially on the US American side. Some air forces, such as the USAAF, also included kills on the ground as victories.
915:
camps. An overclaim of about 2-3 was common on all sides, and Soviet overclaims were sometimes higher. The claims of the
Luftwaffe pilots are considered as mostly reasonable and more accurate than those according to the British and American system.
802:, Alam claimed to have downed five aircraft in a single sortie on 7 September 1965 with four downed in less than a minute, establishing a world record. These claims, however, have been widely contested by Indian Air Force officials.
2172:
206:, in the last half of 1915. This was also the beginning of a long-standing trend in warfare, showing statistically that approximately five percent of combat pilots account for the majority of air-to-air victories.
83:
credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The exact number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ace is varied but is usually considered to be five or more.
2106:
Mohammed
Mahmood Alam claimed five victories against Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters, four of them in less than one minute! Alam, who ended the conflict with 9 kills, became history's only jet "ace-in-a-day."
1157:
claimed to have downed five aircraft in a single sortie on 7 September 1965 with four downed in less than a minute, establishing a world record. These claims, however, have been widely contested by the
2934:
Above the War Fronts: The
British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914â1918
966:. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists.
911:, for instance, do not tally statistically with recorded German lossesâbut some at least of this apparent over-claiming can be tallied with known wrecks, and aircrew known to have been in British
366:
or 26.83. Some U.S. commands also credited aircraft destroyed on the ground as equal to aerial victories. The Soviets distinguished between solo and group kills, as did the Japanese, though the
2962:
Goll, Nicole-Melanie (2011). "Godwin von Brumowski (1889â1936): The Construction of an Austro-Hungarian War Hero during World War I". In Marija Wakounig; Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler (eds.).
867:
748:. His record of eight confirmed and three probable victories against Iraqi combat aircraft qualifies him as an ace and the most successful pilot of that conflict and the most successful
258:
and the 148th Aero Squadron used British standards. American newsmen, in their correspondence to their papers, decided that five victories were the minimum needed to become an ace.
3307:
580:
propeller driven aircraft to more modern jet aircraft. As such, it saw the world's first jet-vs-jet aces. The highest scoring ace of the war is considered to be the Soviet pilot
537:), many Axis victories were over obsolescent aircraft and either poorly trained or inexperienced Allied pilots. In addition, Luftwaffe pilots generally flew many more individual
1201:
1317:
107:
depended heavily on the relative availability of resources. The use of the term ace to describe these pilots began in World War I, when French newspapers described
238:, described his own score in a letter to his wife as "Eleven, five by me solo â the rest shared", adding that he was "miles from being an ace". This shows that his
810:
According to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, during the fighting in Ukraine, Lieutenant Colonel Ilya Sizov "destroyed 12 Ukrainian aircraft (3
3397:
3317:
2173:"With 7 confirmed Houthi drones shot down, this AV-8B USMC Harrier pilot could be the First American ace since the Vietnam War: Meet USMC Captain Earl Ehrhart V"
254:
adopted French standards for evaluating victories, with two exceptions â during the summer 1918, while flying under the operational control of the British, the
3427:
542:
3302:
1812:"Kafedra i klinika urologii pervogo sankt-peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. akad. I. P. Pavlova: vchera, segodnya, zavtra".
1176:
2736:
197:, known as the "Red Baron", scored the most officially accepted kills (80) in World War I and is arguably the most famous flying ace of all time.
3593:
3598:
3578:
2505:
352:
many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional shares of aerial victories, resulting in fractions or decimal scores, such as
2758:
3583:
117:(the ace) after he became the first pilot to down five German aircraft. The British initially used the term "star-turns" (a show business term).
704:
The series of wars and conflicts between Israel and its neighbors began with Israeli independence in 1948 and continued for over three decades.
3521:
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234:
coverage, making the British system for the recognition of successful fighter pilots much more informal and somewhat inconsistent. One pilot,
3563:
3485:
1246:
987:
tallied 39 victories, of which 5 were actually confirmed. The spread was caused by the lavish British system of aerial victory confirmation.
512:
3392:
3362:
3357:
3342:
3573:
3445:
3402:
3352:
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had the unusual distinction of shooting down four German, seven Italian and seven British aircraft, the latter while he was flying for
1902:
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air force, on August 22, 1916, when they downed five Italian aircraft. The feat was repeated five more times during World War I.
3422:
3382:
3686:
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3332:
2023:
152:/The Blue Max, after Max Immelmann, who was the first pilot to receive this award. Initially, German aviators had to destroy eight
1952:
1927:
323:. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941.
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3465:
3367:
3297:
884:
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purposes, so most air forces expend considerable effort to ensure accuracy in victory claims. In World War II, the aircraft
533:
A number of factors probably contributed to the very high totals of the top German aces. For a limited period (especially during
181:
1314:
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came into general usage by the Luftwaffe as well as the RAF and USAAF, partly in hope of alleviating inaccurate victory claims.
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The first military aviators to score five or more victories on the same date, thus each becoming an "ace in a day", were pilot
901:
59:
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Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914â1918
2907:
2889:
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2407:
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2138:
2099:
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1216:
606:, 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron, pictured beside the aircraft in which he became the first Air Force ace of the Vietnam War
275:
163:
The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history.
132:, the most victorious fighter pilot of the First World War, were well-publicized for the benefit of civilian morale, and the
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3543:
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3387:
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3322:
1236:
1196:
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While aces are generally thought of exclusively as fighter pilots, some have accorded this status to gunners on bombers or
160:
were raised, but successful German fighter pilots continued to be hailed as national heroes for the remainder of the war.
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3260:
3093:
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Above Flanders' Fields: A Complete Record of the Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units During the Great War, 1914â1918
2975:
2900:
Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914â1918
2711:
1788:
851:
741:
721:
3147:
3114:
3030:
3008:
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2587:
2489:
2200:
2063:
1986:
1731:
1706:
1679:
1652:
1580:
1555:
1530:
1505:
1471:
1131:
2192:
Above the trenches : a complete record of the fighter aces and units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920
3505:
3437:
3284:
2652:
1241:
1080:
1007:
963:
779:
656:
546:
500:
332:
177:
3650:
3624:
1231:
1226:
593:
2703:
311:
began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces. The
3619:
3085:
1211:
980:
567:
251:
3235:
3122:
Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915â1920
99:. It was a propaganda term intended to provide the home front with a cult of the hero in what was otherwise a
3253:
2154:
1112:
991:
611:
406:
394:
641:
3645:
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1191:
1111:
Becoming an ace in a day became relatively common during World War II. A total of 68 U.S. pilots (43
999:
676:
279:
759:
was another Iranian ace. He was also an F-14 pilot. He had six confirmed kills. His victories include one
3712:
3660:
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1206:
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995:
680:
624:
42:
31:
17:
3670:
2755:
1221:
1120:
843:
799:
684:
463:(301 kills). There were 107 German pilots with more than 100 kills. Most of these were won against the
443:, the top Finnish flying ace with 94 confirmed kills, the highest scoring non-German pilot of all time.
300:
1548:
The Star of Africa - The Story of Hans Marseille, the Rogue Luftwaffe Ace Who Dominated the WWII Skies
1325:
637:
598:
138:, Prussia's highest award for gallantry, became part of the uniform of a leading German ace. In the
3665:
3036:
2019:
476:
289:
235:
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achieved 11. The highest scoring pilots from the Western allies against the German Luftwaffe were
1027:
947:
664:
660:
645:
632:
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603:
418:
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achieved at least 40 kills, mainly against Italian planes, and became the top fighter ace of the
1876:
1606:
1053:
959:
939:
893:
468:
367:
308:
194:
129:
2130:
1154:
1049:
935:
873:
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255:
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The Belgian crediting system sometimes included "out of control" to be counted as a victory.
153:
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Belich, Jamie. "Ace, air combat". Richard Holmes, Charles Singleton and Spencer Jones, eds.
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1642:
651:
American air-to-air combat during the Vietnam War generally matched intruding United States
3707:
3001:
Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961â1973
1186:
1147:
1065:
1023:
534:
382:
320:
3078:
The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination
2091:
907:
In World War II overclaims were a common problem. Nearly 50% of RAF victories in the
8:
1068:
984:
955:
749:
628:
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was normally well below 1,500, with the total aircraft number never exceeding 5,000, and
390:
263:
239:
2027:
975:
616:
337:
140:
3225:
2790:
2499:
2425:
2341:
1956:
1931:
1889:
1116:
1045:
is credited with the destruction of 11 enemy fighters (6 French, 1 British, 4 Soviet).
855:
795:
529:, the top Soviet and Allied flying ace in the war, with 60 solo victories to his credit
504:
492:
440:
547:
the total aircraft production of the Allies being nearly triple that of the other side
516:
3204:
3188:
3173:
3158:
3143:
3125:
3110:
3089:
3081:
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3026:
3004:
2989:
2971:
2937:
2921:
2903:
2885:
2870:
2855:
2683:
2673:
2626:
2616:
2593:
2583:
2536:
2526:
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2452:
2413:
2403:
2378:
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2329:
2319:
2294:
2284:
2259:
2249:
2206:
2196:
2134:
2123:
2095:
2059:
1982:
1906:
1829:
1794:
1784:
1737:
1727:
1702:
1675:
1648:
1616:
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1551:
1526:
1501:
1467:
1061:
1039:
1035:
908:
745:
697:
496:
464:
451:
continued the tradition of "one pilot, one kill", and now referred to top scorers as
374:
285:
100:
80:
2867:
How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century
2779:
1755:
484:
134:
108:
54:
1846:
1821:
1171:
1159:
1135:
1011:
970:
581:
460:
284:
Between the two world wars, there were two theaters that produced flying aces, the
2786:
2762:
2740:
2707:
2084:
2053:
1696:
1610:
1321:
1105:
1019:
912:
847:
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was also another ace fighter pilot who shot down 5 to 8 Iranian aircraft, mostly
775:
756:
655:
against radar-directed integrated North Vietnamese air defense systems. American
422:
398:
104:
2670:
The history of enlisted aerial gunnery, 1917-1991 : the men behind the guns
644:
in 1972. Quite often air-to-air losses of US fighter jets were re-attributed to
472:
413:
became the top American fighter ace with 40 kills. In the Mediterranean theater
2399:
The defeat of the Luftwaffe: The Eastern Front 1941-45, a strategy for disaster
1726:. Dexter, Keith., Komissarov, DmitriÄ (DmitriÄ Sergeevich). Hinckley: Midland.
1048:
With the advent of more advanced technology, a third category of ace appeared.
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819:
652:
550:
488:
456:
436:
402:
370:
stopped crediting individual victories (in favor of squadron tallies) in 1943.
341:
296:
243:
destroyed and five driven down out of control, for a total of seven victories.
203:
185:
125:
88:
636:
carried out the first air-raid on US ships since WW2, with two aces including
156:
aircraft to receive this medal. As the war progressed, the qualifications for
3701:
2913:
2895:
2466:
2417:
2382:
2333:
2298:
2263:
1833:
1741:
1181:
1031:
923:, both the U.S. and Communist air arms claimed a 10-to-1 victory/loss ratio.
737:
693:
577:
526:
480:
386:
378:
312:
121:
2687:
2630:
2540:
2210:
1798:
1315:"Major 'Mick' Mannock, VC: Top Scoring British Flying Ace in the Great War."
226:
3142:(Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, number 23). London: Osprey Publishing. 1998.
1124:
1097:
1089:
951:
897:
815:
811:
508:
426:
410:
349:
210:
2964:
From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe
2597:
2446:
2397:
2362:
2313:
2278:
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868:
Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II
2554:"Korean Air War: Korean air war statistics from sources of USA and USSR."
2520:
2190:
1825:
1101:
1057:
1014:, was credited with eight kills while serving as a rear turret gunner on
900:
flew defensively, on their own side of the lines, in part due to General
733:
725:
717:
190:
92:
49:
344:, with 352 official kills the highest scoring fighter pilot of all time.
2967:
2116:
2114:
1271:
Mosquitoes counted double, due to the difficulty of bringing them down.
1251:
1038:, had 7 confirmed kills. The crew of the bomber pilot Otto Köhnke from
1022:
F. J. Barker contributed to 12 victories while flying as a gunner in a
920:
877:
573:
414:
385:
scored 65 victories. It also claimed the only female aces of the war:
229:, to this day the highest-scoring Allied flying ace with 75 victories.
2700:
1498:
Eagles of the Third Reich - Men of the Luftwaffe in World War II
1139:
842:
In February 2024, it was reported that Captain Earl Ehrhart V of the
827:
823:
768:
467:. The highest scoring fighter ace against Western allied forces were
448:
221:
2111:
1123:
pilots) were credited with the feat, including legendary test pilot
931:
218:
usually included in a pilot's totals and citations for decorations.
659:, F-8 Crusader and F-105 fighter crews usually had to contend with
409:, 28 kills in the air and 3 on the ground). In the Pacific theater
316:
96:
3240:
2553:
1434:
522:
491:. Pilots of other Axis powers also achieved high scores, such as
487:, the first pilot to claim more than 100 kills in the history of
979:
was credited with 12 kills, for which he was awarded the Golden
689:
1150:. In doing so, he obtained "ace in a day" status three times.
1143:
1085:
831:
764:
760:
728:
pilot ever with eight confirmed kills during the Iran-Iraq war.
712:
538:
3245:
3230:
3120:———; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990),
2932:———; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997),
2364:
The good fight : Battle of Britain propaganda and the few
2315:
The Battle of Britain, 1945-1965: The Air Ministry and the Few
1890:"Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982."
1010:) with 16 kills. The Royal Air Force's leading bomber gunner,
1060:, with six victories. Close behind with five were fellow WSO
430:
2936:, Fighting Airmen of WWI, vol. 4, London: Grub Street,
2245:
Day Fighters in Defence of Reich : a Way Diary, 1942-45
2129:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp.
1056:(WSO) to become an ace but also the top American ace of the
549:. A difference in tactics might have been a factor as well;
515:, 44 kills). The highest scoring Japanese fighter pilot was
3187:(Osprey Combat Aircraft, number 25). London: Osprey, 2001.
455:. Some Luftwaffe pilots achieved very high scores, such as
2580:
Pictorial history of the German Army Air Service 1914-1918
1976:
1435:"Allied aces of War in China and Mongol-Manchurian border"
872:
Realistic assessment of enemy casualties is important for
421:
in the war. Fighting on different sides, the French pilot
37:
2195:. Norman L. R. Franks, Russell Guest. Ontario: Fortress.
1202:
List of Iranian aerial victories during the IranâIraq war
854:
ground-attack aircraft from the amphibious assault ship
475:(208 kills, of which 124 in the west). Notable are also
377:
has the top Allied pilots in terms of aerial victories,
2155:"How Sophisticated Russia's Air Defence Network ?"
1153:
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Pakistani pilot
1545:
2610:
1466:. London: Random House Publishing Group. p. 17.
2018:
1892:
ACIG, September 9, 2003. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
1862:
Herbert, Adam (January 2015). "Air Power Classics".
2280:
Barbarossa : the air battle July-December 1941
1877:"Imperial Iranian Air Force: Samurai in the skies."
1026:turret-equipped fighter piloted by Flight Sergeant
3003:. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001.
2522:Fighter aces of the Luftwaffe in World War II
2480:Toliver, Constable, Raymond F., Trevor J. (1968).
2479:
2122:
2083:
1879:IIAF, August 22, 1980. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
1337:
1335:
3119:
3050:. Boulder, Colorado: Flying Machine Press, 1986.
3048:Air Aces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1914â1918
2014:
2012:
1034:rear gunner of Luftwaffe pilot and anti-tank ace
3699:
2931:
2667:
1778:
1604:
1332:
1177:Iraqi aerial victories during the IranâIraq war
896:can be tied to known British lossesâthe German
2854:. Birmingham, UK: Classic Publications, 2007.
2852:Barbarossa: The Air Battle, JulyâDecember 1941
2767:National Museum of the United States Air Force
2120:
2009:
885:standards for confirmation of aerial victories
3261:
3168:Toliver, Raymond J. and Trevor J. Constable.
2000:
3109:. Greenwich Connecticut: Bison Books, 1983.
2504:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2086:One hundred years of world military aircraft
1783:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 679.
1523:The Luftwaffe, 1933-45 - Strategy for Defeat
315:were American military pilots who recruited
182:Aerial victory standards of World War I
112:
2770:, March 30, 2011. Retrieved: June 29, 2012.
1546:Heaton, Colin D.; Anne-Marie Lewis (2012).
1030:. On the German side, Erwin Hentschel, the
120:The successes of such German ace pilots as
3268:
3254:
3185:MIG-17 and MIG-19 Units of the Vietnam War
2611:Treadwell, Terry C.; Alan C. Wood (2003).
2430:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2346:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2081:
2047:
2045:
1953:"Iranian Air-to-Air Victories, 1982-Today"
1781:Air warfare: an international encyclopedia
623:units thrown against technically superior
3198:
2672:(Limited ed.). Paducah, KY: Turner.
2276:
2077:
2075:
1756:"US Air-to-Air Losses in the Vietnam War"
1694:
1667:
1640:
1394:
1392:
1247:Lists of flying aces in ArabâIsraeli wars
1237:List of World War II aces by country
1197:List of German World War II jet aces
1052:became not only the first U.S. Air Force
983:. In the Royal Flying Corps the observer
954:in two-seater fighters such as the early
556:
269:
3687:List of aviators who became ace in a day
2845:The Oxford Companion to Military History
2701:"The Airmen's Stories: Sgt. F J Barker."
2241:
2055:Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965
1928:"Iranian Air-to-Air Victories 1976-1981"
1084:
930:
711:
696:, the highest scoring flying ace in the
688:
597:
543:number of operational Luftwaffe fighters
521:
435:
336:
220:
189:
48:
36:
3170:Horrido!: Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe
2360:
2311:
2051:
2042:
1861:
1570:
1495:
1309:
1307:
1305:
744:, serving for the full duration of the
619:which saw relatively outdated subsonic
14:
3700:
2882:Rickenbacker's Luck: An American Life.
2525:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation.
2518:
2482:Horrido! Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe
2444:
2318:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire.
2283:. Hersham, Surrey: Midland/Ian Allan.
2188:
2161:. Key Publishing Ltd. 18 October 2022.
2072:
2003:Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat
1520:
1389:
805:
576:of 1950â53 marked the transition from
3249:
2916:, Frank W. Bailey and Russell Guest.
2577:
2395:
2184:
2182:
1977:John Sadler; Rosie Serdville (2017),
1636:
1634:
1632:
1457:
1455:
1368:Shores, Franks and Guest, 1990, p. 8.
1242:List of World War II flying aces
1217:List of Spanish Civil War flying aces
1002:, was credited with 19 kills and the
479:, with 121 kills the highest-scoring
333:List of World War II flying aces
276:List of Spanish Civil War flying aces
266:with 39 accredited aerial victories.
178:Lists of World War I flying aces
3236:Air Combat Information Group Website
3100:von Richthofen and the Flying Circus
2961:
2803:O'Connor 1986, pp. 190â91, 272, 324.
2613:German fighter aces of World War One
2026:. Defencejournal.com. Archived from
2001:Nicolle, David; Cooper, Tom (2004).
1882:
1674:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4.
1461:
1302:
1232:List of World War I flying aces
919:To quote an extreme example, in the
785:
3203:, Combat Aircraft, London: Osprey,
3157:. London: Osprey Publishing, 2012.
3138:Stenman, Kari and Kalevi Keskinen.
3102:. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1958.
2367:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2082:Polmar, Norman; Bell, Dana (2003).
1981:, Casemate Publishers, p. 21,
670:
27:Distinction given to fighter pilots
24:
2958:Germany, Franz Schneekluth, 1953).
2884:New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1979.
2559:(RU). Retrieved: October 10, 2014.
2179:
1979:Fighter Aces: Knights of the Skies
1721:
1629:
1452:
1018:, including three on one mission.
969:In World War I, the observer
742:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
53:The "first French ace", Frenchman
25:
3724:
3219:
3080:. University of Minnesota Press.
2869:. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
2847:. Oxford University Press, 2001 .
2821:Shores et al. 1990, pp. 368, 390.
2712:Battle of Britain London Monument
2090:. Naval Institute Press. p.
1698:MiG-17/19 Aces of the Vietnam War
926:
837:
834:anti-aircraft missile complexes.
3155:Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces
2744:U.S. Air Force official web site
2653:"Hall of Valor: Michael Arooth."
1695:Toperczer, IstvĂĄn (2016-10-20).
1668:Toperczer, IstvĂĄn (2017-09-21).
1641:Toperczer, IstvĂĄn (2017-09-21).
1500:. Stackpole Books. p. 217.
1386:Shores et al. 1990, pp. 236â237.
1081:Aviators who became ace in a day
964:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
794:was an ace fighter pilot in the
707:
3275:
3201:MIG-21 Units of the Vietnam War
2836:
2830:Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 161.
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2773:
2756:"USAF Southeast Asia War Aces."
2749:
2727:
2718:
2694:
2661:
2646:
2637:
2604:
2571:
2562:
2547:
2512:
2473:
2438:
2389:
2354:
2305:
2270:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2189:Shores, Christopher F. (1990).
2165:
2147:
2024:"Alam's Speed-shooting Classic"
1994:
1970:
1945:
1920:
1895:
1888:Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop.
1870:
1855:
1840:
1805:
1772:
1748:
1715:
1688:
1661:
1598:
1589:
1564:
1539:
1514:
1489:
1480:
1443:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1264:
1227:List of Vietnam War flying aces
1074:
904:'s policy of offensive patrol.
594:List of Vietnam War flying aces
381:credited with 66 victories and
326:
3231:Air Aces Website (Jan Ć afaĆĂk)
3199:——— (2001),
3172:. London: Bantam Books, 1979.
2658:. Retrieved: October 10, 2014.
2248:. Havertown: Frontline Books.
2125:Air Warfare in the Missile Age
1779:Boyne, Walter J., ed. (2002).
1671:MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War
1644:MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War
1425:Franks et al. 1997, pp. 18â19.
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1293:
1284:
1212:List of Korean War flying aces
720:, an ace fighter pilot in the
640:attacking US ships during the
587:
568:List of Korean War flying aces
252:United States Army Air Service
171:
13:
1:
3226:Air Aces Homepage (A. Magnus)
3065:. London: Grub Street, 1998.
3025:. London: Amber Books, 2000.
2920:. London: Grub Street, 1993.
2902:. London: Grub Street, 1992.
1852:. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
1573:Air Aces of World War II
1398:Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 6.
1290:Robertson, pp. 100—103.
1278:
1146:aircraft in 12 days with his
992:United States Army Air Forces
561:
95:, at the same time as aerial
3076:Robertson, Linda R. (2005).
2780:"USS Constellation (CV 64)."
2715:. Retrieved: April 17, 2014.
2277:Bergström, Christer (2007).
2058:. I. Allan. pp. 15â17.
1440:Retrieved: October 10, 2014.
1192:List of Egyptian flying aces
962:in jet aircraft such as the
677:List of Egyptian flying aces
280:List of Flying Tigers pilots
7:
3140:Finnish Aces of World War 2
3018:. London: Ballantine, 1967.
2794:. Retrieved: June 29, 2012.
2402:. Stroud, Gloucestershire.
2223:Robinson 1958, pp. 150â155.
1612:The Blond Knight of Germany
1521:Murray, Williamson (1996).
1496:Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007).
1207:List of Israeli flying aces
1165:
1092:, the first "ace in a day".
1004:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
998:tail gunner serving in the
996:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
960:navigators/weapons officers
861:
681:List of Israeli flying aces
557:Post-World War II aces
519:, who achieved 216 kills.
43:French-suited playing cards
32:Flying Ace (disambiguation)
10:
3729:
3241:All aces of Korean air war
2986:Pusher Aces of World War 1
2956:Die Ersten und die Letzten
2812:Franks et al. 1993, p. 70.
2746:. Retrieved: May 22, 2010.
2734:"Col. Charles DeBellevue."
2643:Franks et al. 1997, p. 18.
2448:Soviet aces of world war 2
1550:. MBI Publishing Company.
1222:List of Syrian flying aces
1078:
1008:374th Bombardment Squadron
865:
844:United States Marine Corps
800:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
685:List of Syrian flying aces
674:
612:Vietnam People's Air Force
591:
565:
330:
273:
175:
166:
41:Aces with five symbols on
29:
3679:
3633:
3607:
3436:
3283:
3043:. London: Jarrolds, 1968.
2668:Albert E. Conder (1994).
2568:Shores 1983, pp. 161â167.
2242:Caldwell, Donald (2012).
1701:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1647:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1615:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1525:. Brassey's. p. 82.
1407:Pieters 1998, pp. 34, 85.
1350:Shores et al. 1990, p. 6.
1326:Western Front Association
994:S/Sgt. Michael Arooth, a
850:drones while piloting an
91:" emerged in 1915 during
2988:. London: Osprey, 2009.
2396:Trigg, Jonathan (2016).
2121:O' Nordeen, Lon (1985).
2020:Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail
1814:Urologicheskie Vedomosti
1571:Jackson, Robert (2003).
1462:Sims, Edward H. (1976).
1257:
1132:Soviet offensive of 1944
1006:gunner Arthur J. Benko (
883:In World War I the
700:with 17 aerial victories
477:Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer
389:scored 12 victories and
290:Second Sino-Japanese War
211:German fighter squadrons
3124:, London: Grub Street,
2954:London, Methuen, 1955 (
2519:Kaplan, Philip (2007).
2361:Campion, Garry (2009).
2312:Campion, Garry (2015).
1595:Shores 1983, pp. 94â95.
1066:Radar Intercept Officer
1000:379th Bombardment Group
948:reconnaissance aircraft
942:to become a flying ace.
736:(1951â2001) was an ace
665:anti-aircraft artillery
661:surface-to-air missiles
646:surface-to-air missiles
604:Richard Stephen Ritchie
3098:Robinson, Bruce (ed.)
2952:The First and the Last
2451:. London: Osprey Pub.
2052:Fricker, John (1979).
1449:Bergström 2007, p. 83.
1341:Dunnigan 2003, p. 149.
1093:
1054:weapon systems officer
990:In World War II,
943:
940:weapon systems officer
894:Manfred von Richthofen
729:
724:. The most successful
701:
607:
584:who claimed 22 kills.
530:
501:Constantin Cantacuzino
469:Hans-Joachim Marseille
444:
368:Imperial Japanese Navy
345:
309:Soviet Volunteer Group
270:Between the world wars
230:
198:
195:Manfred von Richthofen
130:Manfred von Richthofen
113:
64:
46:
3105:Shores, Christopher.
3023:The Battle of Britain
2898:and Frank W. Bailey.
2850:Bergström, Christer.
2445:Morgan, Hugh (2014).
1605:Toliver, Raymond F.;
1486:Johnson 1967, p. 264.
1155:Muhammad Mahmood Alam
1088:
1050:Charles B. DeBellevue
936:Charles B. DeBellevue
934:
792:Muhammad Mahmood Alam
715:
692:
601:
525:
439:
340:
301:JoaquĂn GarcĂa Morato
224:
193:
52:
40:
2578:Imrie, Alex (1971).
2030:on 27 September 2011
2005:. Osprey Publishing.
1903:"As 45-00 victoires"
1826:10.17816/uroved513-6
1820:(1): 3. 2015-03-15.
1760:myplace.frontier.com
1607:Constable, Trevor J.
1359:Guttman 2009, p. 39.
1187:List of aces of aces
1100:and observer/gunner
1024:Boulton Paul Defiant
981:Military Merit Cross
846:had shot down seven
830:helicopter) and two
535:Operation Barbarossa
419:British Commonwealth
383:Alexander Pokryshkin
321:Chinese Nationalists
87:The concept of the "
30:For other uses, see
3183:Toperczer, Istvan.
3061:Pieters, Walter M.
2970:. pp. 139â56.
2865:Dunnigan, James F.
2724:Thomas 2012, p. 55.
2175:. 13 February 2024.
1722:E., Gordon (2008).
1069:William P. Driscoll
985:Charles George Gass
806:Russo-Ukrainian War
750:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
391:Yekaterina Budanova
264:Charles George Gass
240:No. 46 Squadron RAF
3713:Military personnel
3046:O'Connor, Martin.
2791:United States Navy
2785:2012-09-26 at the
2761:2013-12-20 at the
2739:2009-09-12 at the
2706:2014-04-19 at the
2615:. Stroud: Tempus.
2232:Lake 2000, p. 122.
1864:Air Force Magazine
1320:2017-06-21 at the
1094:
944:
796:Pakistan Air Force
730:
702:
642:Battle of Äá»ng Há»i
625:F-105 Thunderchief
608:
531:
513:Croatian Air Force
505:Romanian Air Force
493:Ilmari Juutilainen
445:
441:Ilmari Juutilainen
346:
256:17th Aero Squadron
231:
199:
65:
57:being awarded the
47:
3695:
3694:
3615:Spanish Civil War
3579:Southern Rhodesia
3525:
3509:
3210:978-1-84176-263-0
3193:978-1-84176-162-6
3178:978-0-55312-663-1
3163:978-1-84908-666-0
3131:978-0-948817-19-9
3071:978-1-898697-83-1
3056:978-1-89126-806-9
3037:Lee, Arthur Gould
2994:978-1-84603-417-6
2943:978-1-898697-56-5
2926:978-0-94881-773-1
2908:978-0-948817-54-0
2890:978-0-395-27102-5
2875:978-0-06009-012-8
2860:978-1-85780-270-2
2582:. London: Allan.
2532:978-1-84415-460-9
2458:978-1-4728-0057-2
2409:978-1-4456-5186-6
2374:978-0-230-22880-1
2325:978-0-230-28454-8
2290:978-1-85780-270-2
2255:978-1-78383-415-0
2140:978-0-87474-680-8
2101:978-1-59114-686-5
1622:978-0-8306-8189-1
1464:The Greatest Aces
1416:Farr 1979, p. 55.
1377:Lee 1968, p. 208.
1062:Jeffrey Feinstein
1036:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
938:, the first USAF
909:Battle of Britain
786:Indo-Pakistan War
752:pilot worldwide.
722:Iranian Air Force
698:Israeli Air Force
497:Finnish Air Force
375:Soviet Air Forces
350:World War II
327:World War II
286:Spanish Civil War
128:, and especially
45:, used in Germany
16:(Redirected from
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3153:Thomas, Andrew.
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1106:Austro-Hungarian
1012:Wallace McIntosh
976:LuftstreitkrÀfte
971:Gottfried Ehmann
852:AV-8B Harrier II
782:during the war.
671:ArabâIsraeli war
617:Thanh HĂła Bridge
582:Nikolai Sutyagin
471:(158 kills) and
465:Soviet Air Force
461:Gerhard Barkhorn
401:, 38 kills) and
365:
364:
360:
357:
236:Arthur Gould Lee
172:World War I
141:LuftstreitkrÀfte
116:
101:war of attrition
81:military aviator
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1016:Avro Lancasters
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757:Shahram Rostami
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675:Main articles:
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653:fighter-bombers
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517:TetsuzĆ Iwamoto
507:, 69 kills) or
459:(352 kills) or
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592:Main article:
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331:Main article:
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186:Balloon buster
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158:Pour le MĂ©rite
148:was nicknamed
146:Pour le MĂ©rite
135:Pour le MĂ©rite
126:Oswald Boelcke
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3506:Vichy France
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3413:South Africa
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3041:No Parachute
3040:
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3021:Lake, John.
3015:
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2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2002:
1996:
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1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
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1932:the original
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1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
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1763:. Retrieved
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1324:
1299:Belich 2001.
1295:
1286:
1266:
1152:
1129:
1125:Chuck Yeager
1121:Marine Corps
1119:, and seven
1110:
1098:Julius Arigi
1095:
1090:Julius Arigi
1075:Ace in a day
1047:
1040:
1028:E. R. Thorne
989:
974:
968:
956:Bristol F.2b
945:
918:
906:
898:Jagdstaffeln
890:
882:
874:intelligence
871:
841:
822:aircraft, 2
818:aircraft, 3
814:aircraft, 3
809:
789:
780:F-4 Phantoms
773:
767:, and three
754:
731:
703:
650:
629:F-8 Crusader
609:
571:
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509:Mato Dukovac
452:
446:
427:Vichy France
411:Richard Bong
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68:
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58:
3708:Flying aces
3625:Vietnam War
3549:New Zealand
3423:Switzerland
3388:Polish aces
3383:New Zealand
3285:World War I
3277:Flying aces
3016:Wing Leader
2034:15 November
1850:Safari Kovi
1575:. Airlife.
1102:Johann Lasi
1058:Vietnam War
734:Jalil Zandi
726:F-14 Tomcat
718:Jalil Zandi
588:Vietnam War
447:The German
319:to aid the
97:dogfighting
93:World War I
73:fighter ace
18:Fighter ace
3702:Categories
3620:Korean War
3608:Other wars
3446:By country
3328:Czech aces
3086:0816642710
2968:LIT Verlag
2484:. Barker.
1963:2011-07-29
1938:2018-03-25
1913:2015-04-16
1765:2018-06-19
1279:References
1252:Panzer ace
921:Korean War
878:gun camera
866:See also:
856:USS Bataan
769:Mirage F1s
574:Korean War
562:Korean War
415:Pat Pattle
227:René Fonck
176:See also:
69:flying ace
3451:Australia
3418:Swaziland
3298:Australia
3293:Argentina
2500:cite book
2467:869378852
2426:cite book
2418:953861893
2383:319175944
2342:cite book
2334:918616186
2299:141238674
2264:884646530
1834:2225-9074
1742:245555578
1140:Hans Wind
952:observers
483:ace, and
473:Heinz BĂ€r
449:Luftwaffe
3569:Slovakia
3518:Jet aces
3466:Bulgaria
3107:Air Aces
2783:Archived
2759:Archived
2737:Archived
2704:Archived
2688:55871021
2631:52531842
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1799:49225204
1609:(1986).
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1148:Bf 109 G
862:Accuracy
774:Colonel
453:Experten
317:sub rosa
288:and the
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3634:General
3564:Romania
3539:Ireland
3529:Hungary
3513:Germany
3496:Finland
3491:Denmark
3481:Croatia
3461:Belgium
3456:Austria
3393:Romania
3363:Hungary
3338:Ecuador
3313:Belgium
1847:"Aces."
1134:in the
1130:In the
1104:of the
765:MiG-25s
740:in the
539:sorties
361:⁄
297:Spanish
209:As the
167:History
77:air ace
3666:Russia
3661:Israel
3651:Greece
3641:Canada
3559:Poland
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3534:Italy
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3368:Italy
2131:84â87
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1258:Notes
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2036:2011
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