Oswald Boelcke - Knowledge

1149: 1027: 1197: 1358: 958: 829: 3846: 856:. Landing near the downed aircraft, he found that the German-speaking pilot knew of him. Boelcke later visited the observer in hospital, bringing him reading material. By now, Boelcke was so well known that this incident was front-page news. On 12 January, Buddecke submitted his ninth combat claim, but four had not been verified. Boelcke and Immelmann shot down their eighth victims that day. These two were immediately presented the German Empire's most prestigious decoration, the 33: 754: 535: 1458: 1349:. Although the crash seemed survivable, Boelcke was not wearing his crash helmet, nor was his safety belt fastened. He died of a fractured skull. Böhme returned to base and overturned while landing, blanking the accident from his mind in his distress. He lamented, "Destiny is generally cruelly stupid in her choices..." but he was exonerated by an enquiry. 481:. As the advent of spring lengthened the days, he took advantage of his early class dismissal to spend the rest of his daylight hours watching airplanes at a nearby airfield. In June, he stood his final exams. His written tests were graded as only "fair"; his oral exams were "good" or "very good"; his leadership skills were considered "excellent". 1004:. Its eight maxims seem self-evident, but Boelcke was the first to recognize them. His first six rules pointed out ways to gain an advantage in combat. The seventh counseled keeping a line of retreat, and the eighth mandated squadron teamwork. These rules were published in a pamphlet that was widely distributed throughout the 1326:, then sat staring into the fire. Böhme joined him, also stating the mess was too noisy. They shared a long talk, ending only when the orderly suggested bedtime. The following day was misty with a cloud layer, but the squadron still flew four missions during the morning, as well as another later in the day. 1213:

advised single assaults on the foe by flight leaders. Meanwhile, Boelcke withheld the squadron from combat, and continued flying his solo sorties. Single victims fell to him on 8 and 9 September, and he scored double victories on the 14th and 15th. When Boelcke returned to base with gunpowder soot on

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and Adolphe Pégoud managed to score the first aerial victories, they caught the public imagination. French newspapers hailed Pégoud as "l'as", or ace. To an audience overwhelmed by a war of enormous armies and geographic complexity, simple stories of lone heroes had great appeal. German propagandists

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When the train arrived in Dessau the next day, Boelcke was taken to his home church, Saint John's and laid out before the altar, attended by an honor guard of decorated sergeant pilots. Condolences, decorations and honors arrived from the crowned heads of Europe. When the funeral service was held on

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on 31 October. Among the many wreaths, there was one from Captain Wilson and three of his fellow prisoners; its ribbon was addressed to "The opponent we admired and esteemed so highly". Another wreath of British origin had been air dropped by the Royal Flying Corps; it read "To the memory of Captain

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ordered Boelcke grounded for a month to avoid losing him in combat soon after Immelmann. He had become such an important hero to the German public, as well as such an authority on aerial warfare, that he could not be risked. Boelcke downed his 19th victim before reporting to headquarters on 27 June.

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for an act of heroism in late August. While watching French locals fishing from a high pier jutting into a canal, Boelcke saw a teen boy topple in and sink. Boelcke plunged in and saved the child from drowning. When French bystanders applauded his heroism, Boelcke was embarrassed by his soggy public

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Boelcke and Immelmann often flew together. Boelcke won his first individual aerial combat on 19 August 1915, forcing down a British plane. On 31 August, Pégoud was shot down and killed after six victories. By then, Hawker had won six of his eventual seven victories, generally unnoticed. In the glare

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flew 31 sorties, fought during 18 of them, and claimed five victories, including Boelcke's 33rd. More air battles came on the 16th; among the four victories for the squadron were two more by Boelcke. He achieved 11 victories in October, with his 40th coming on 26 October. This total easily made him

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flew its first squadron missions on 17 September. Boelcke shot down his 27th victim, and his men shot down four more. Squadron training continued amid the initial successes. Boelcke now discussed flights beforehand and listened to his pilots' input, then issued orders for the mission. Post-flight,

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that criticized German use of airpower as "wretched". Boelcke became the first aviator to score 10 victories on 12 March. The following day, as Boelcke scored another, Immelmann scored one of the first double victories of the war to tie it up at 11 all. The dead heat lasted for a week. On 19 March,

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because British artillery was beginning to shell its airfield. The next day, in a letter home, Boelcke noted he was still trying to impress his pilots that they should fight as a team instead of individually. Nevertheless, when the squadron flew six sorties that day without him, it shot down three

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As new personnel continued to check in, facilities were built, and the squadron's pilots trained. They began with firing and troubleshooting machine guns on the ground. They also received extensive lectures from Boelcke on aircraft recognition and the strengths and flaws of opposing aircraft. They

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While his squadron struggled into existence, Boelcke flew solo combat sorties, to be eagerly greeted upon his return by his pilots. On 2 September, he shot down Captain R. E. Wilson for his 20th victory. The next day, Boelcke hosted Wilson in the squadron mess before returning the British flier to

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Woods. His new squadron was authorized 14 aircraft, the pilots to fly them, and ground crew to support them. As of 27 August, the fledgling squadron had three officers and 64 other ranks on strength, but no aircraft. By 8 September, there were eight pilots on board, including Richthofen and Böhme.

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were to be flown when pilots were not on their assigned reconnaissance missions in their two-seaters. The German General Staff had settled on an aerial strategy of defensive "barrier" patrols over their own lines. The new aircraft were considered so revolutionary that they could not be risked over

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Boelcke was the progenitor of air-to-air combat tactics, fighter squadron organization, early-warning systems, and the German air force; he has been dubbed "the father of air combat". From his first victories, the news of his success instructed and motivated both his fellow fliers and the German

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Just as Böhme spotted the other plane bobbing up below him, Boelcke's upper left wing brushed the undercarriage of Böhme's airplane. The slight impact split the fabric on the wing of Boelcke's Albatros. As the fabric tore away, the wing lost lift, and the aircraft spiralled down to glide into an

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for Boelcke, and five Albatros D.Is to be shared by his pilots. The new aircraft outclassed previous German types, as well as those of their enemies. With more powerful engines, the new arrivals were faster, climbed more quickly to a higher ceiling, and carried two synchronized nose machine guns

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There was little ground combat and little need for air support during early 1915. Oswald had a spell in hospital with asthma, and both brothers went on home leave. The Boelckes' new commanding officer wished to separate them. In late March, matters came to a head when the brothers refused to fly

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According to Smithsonian's Air & Space website, at this stage of the war the definition of an ace was not yet fixed at five victories. They state that Americans, afraid that their belated entry into the war would deny their fliers opportunity to become aces, lobbied the British to lower the

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After two unsuccessful combats in two-seated reconnaissance craft, Boelcke scored his first accredited victory on 4 July 1915, after 30 minutes of angling about to afford his observer with fields of fire. Then Boelcke shifted from two-seaters to the world's original dedicated fighter plane. The

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the leading ace of the war; his score would hold until Richthofen surpassed it on 13 April 1917. At the time of his death he had 36 more victories than von Richthofen's 4. This demonstrated just how far ahead he was of the future 80 victory ace. By this time, it was becoming obvious that the

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By 1 October, the squadron had ten pilots; besides Boelcke, five of them had shot down enemy aircraft. Boelcke scored his 30th victory, but the squadron lost a pilot to antiaircraft fire. The next day began a stretch of rainy weather that prevented flying until the 7th. On 8 October, General

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The ace race continued, although Buddecke lost ground and was no longer a contender due to problems verifying some of his victories in Turkey. Now it became more of an "ace chase", with Immelmann playing catchup to Boelcke as their scores rose into the teens. When Boelcke shot down two enemy

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on 1 July. Their air assets amounted to 185 aircraft. The French supplied 201 more. The opposing German force amounted to 129 aircraft, including 19 fighters. The British alone had 76 fighters in their force. Allied bombers began a campaign to destroy the German planes on their aerodromes.

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with the Fokker, but the French aircraft fell behind their own lines and went unverified—until after the war. On 4 July, Wintgens filed another victory claim—again only confirmed postwar. That day, Boelcke and his observer brought down an enemy two-seater in a prolonged engagement between

862:. This award sparked articles in the American and British press, as well as the German news. Boelcke was internationally famous, and could not walk German streets or attend the opera without being lionized. The young lieutenant also found that generals and nobility sought his company. 1256:

enemy aircraft. Boelcke returned to flight status and command on the 27th. The squadron's September monthly activity report, written by Boelcke, reported 186 sorties flown, 69 of which resulted in combat. Ten victories were credited to him, and 15 more were shared among his men.

790:. Immelmann duplicated the feat six days later, reaching six victories and being awarded the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern. By now, the deadly effect of the new aircraft on aerial warfare was beginning to be referred to by the British and French public as the Fokker Scourge. 1208:

Boelcke drilled his pilots in his tactics as they flew. They learned to pair as leader and wingman, spaced 60 meters abreast to allow room for a U-turn without collision. They flew formation, massing their power for attacks. While attacking they split into pairs, although the

896:(Flying Detachment Sivry). This unit of six fighter pilots was the precursor of German fighter squadrons. Boelcke connected a front-line observation post to the Sivry airfield and established the first tactical air direction center. The new fighter unit was stationed near 571:

The brothers soon compiled a record of flying longer missions at more frequent intervals than the other aircrews, causing some resentment within the unit. The two Boelckes continued to fly as the weather worsened and the opposing armies' activities began to stagnate into

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He got along well in school with both his fellow students and the teachers. His frank and friendly demeanor, blond hair, and intense blue eyes made him memorable. One source says Oswald Boelcke was studious as well as athletic, excelling at mathematics and physics.

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to visit the Ottoman Empire. From his diary notes, the journey seemed a combination of military facility inspections, a celebrity tour, and a holiday. He kept attendance at formal social obligations to a minimum, but had to oblige such important hosts as

1341:. McKay evaded Richthofen by crossing behind Knight, cutting off Boelcke and Böhme. Both of them jerked their planes upward to avoid colliding with McKay, each hidden from the other by their aircraft's wings. Neither was aware of the other's position. 498:, his commission was back-dated to 23 August 1910, making him senior to the other new ensigns in his battalion. Promotion to lieutenant soon followed. He settled into a daily routine of training recruit telegraphers, and enjoyed an active social life. 1612:. He is memorialized by murals on base buildings, portraits in their halls, and a bust in the headquarters entry. The base magazine is named for him. An aircraft tail section on static display is emblazoned with his name and a painting of his Fokker. 372:

As Boelcke grew, he turned to athletics despite his asthma. In later life, he was described as being about 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 meters) tall, broad-shouldered and well proportioned, with great agility and strength. He played

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requesting an appointment to military school. His wish was granted when he was 13, but once his parents were apprised of the opportunity by the belated letter of reply, they objected and he did not attend Cadet School. He attended

667:(monoplane) was a hasty German response to the first air-to-air victories achieved by French fliers. The airplane itself was unremarkable, with cranky controls and underpowered inefficient engine, but its weapon system was not. 400:

Boelcke's family was a conservative one. They realized that a military career could move their son up the social ladder. Under this influence, while in the third or fourth form, ten-year-old Boelcke wrote a personal letter to

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aircraft in combat. As the German single-seat pilots began waging war in the third dimension, they had no tactical knowledge for reference. Until Boelcke recorded his experiences in July 1916, there was no tactical guide.

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requirement for becoming an ace from ten victories to five. Other sources say the French were already using the term as early as June 1916. The Germans originally attached significance to achieving four or ten victories.

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rushed forward to the artillery position where Boelcke had crashed, hoping he was still alive. The gunners handed over his body to them. Despite Boelcke being Protestant, his memorial service was held in the Catholic

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familiarized themselves with their Halberstadts before taking to the air. Boelcke believed, "You can win the men's confidence if you associate with them naturally and do not try to play the high and mighty superior."

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had 50 victories to its credit—26 in October alone—with only six casualties. The German air service had suffered only 39 casualties between mid-September and mid-October, and had shot down 211 enemy aircraft.

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attended the ceremony and two generals spoke at the service. Richthofen preceded the coffin from the cathedral, displaying Boelcke's decorations. The sun broke through the gloom as the coffin was placed on a

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in use had to be aimed indirectly around the propeller, and awkwardly reloaded after the 47 rounds in its ammunition drum had been fired. Fokkers were issued singly or in pairs to operational detachments.

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set tactics for the German fighter force. The concentration of fighter airplanes into squadrons gained Germany air supremacy on the Western Front, and was the basis for their wartime successes.

998:(Air Force). The Prussian military believed that a combat officer knew best which tactics would succeed. In concordance with this belief, Boelcke codified his successful mission tactics into the 1388:. Idling aircraft criss-crossed overhead in tribute. The journey to a waiting train passed through an honor guard to the sound of rifle salutes, followed by a hymn. The train crept away through 750:

pilots were being mentioned in official dispatches and lionized in magazine and newspaper. In letters home, Boelcke was already counseling his father about modesty in dealing with journalists.

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that prevented bullets from being fired when the propeller blades were in the line of fire. Aiming the airplane aimed the gun, murderously simplifying the task of attacking other aircraft. The

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Without informing his family, Boelcke applied for a transfer to aviation duty. On 29 May 1914, he was accepted for pilot's training. On 2 June, he began a six-week course of instruction at the

3972: 879:. In late February, he was hospitalized with an intestinal ailment. After about a week, he absconded from care to return to duty. He complained he was stationed too far from the front at 217:

credited with 40 aerial victories. Boelcke is honored as the father of the German fighter air force, and of air combat as a whole. He was a highly influential mentor, patrol leader, and

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Immelmann was killed on 18 June 1916 after his 17th victory. Boelcke, who then had 18 victories, was left the preeminent ace of the war. Upon Boelcke's return from Immelmann's funeral,

1608:(Tactical Air Force Wing 31). The wing conducts a pilgrimage to Boelcke's grave on the anniversary of his death. He is also extensively commemorated on the wing's home airfield at 3997: 944:

that could shoot without use of synchronizing gear. Boelcke concentrated on developing fighter tactics, massing fighters in formation and using accurate gunnery in combat.

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promulgated axioms for individual pilot success, as well as a requirement for teamwork directed by a formation's leader. Modern aerial combat tactics manuals stem from the

4012: 1481:. By war's end, 25 aces had served in the squadron and accounted for 90 per cent of its victories. Four of its aces became generals during World War II – 780:

carried a pair of guns over the engine. That month Boelcke and Immelmann scored two victories apiece. On 22 September, Boelcke was moved to Metz, joining the secretive

625:, a fellow citizen of the Prussian Province of Saxony serving in the unit. Boelcke's and Immelmann's posting to FFA 62 proved momentous, as they would fly the unit's 338:

from Argentina six months before Oswald's birth. His family name was originally spelt Bölcke, but Oswald and his elder brother Wilhelm (1886–1954) dispensed with the

244:, and several other early aces began shooting down enemy airplanes. Boelcke and Immelmann were the first German fighter pilots awarded Prussia's highest honor, the 3977: 719:

On 17 June, on the French side of the lines, Gilbert shot down his fifth German aeroplane. On 21 June, operating from the Allied side of the lines, British pilot

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On the evening of 27 October, a depressed and tired Boelcke left the squadron mess early to return to his room. He complained of the racket in the mess to his

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his chin, they knew he had shot down another enemy plane. Boelcke told them, "I only open fire when I can see the goggle strap on my opponent's crash helmet."

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During 1913, Boelcke took advantage of a temporary posting to Metz to be taken on some flights with the 3rd Air Battalion. That October he was transferred to

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According to his pre-eminent student, Manfred von Richthofen, "Boelcke had not a personal enemy. He was equally polite to everybody, making no differences."

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Upon Wilhelm's recommendation, Oswald recruited a pair of pilots from Wilhelm's unit, both of whom he had previously met. One was a young cavalry officer,

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enemy lines for fear of capture. This restriction to defensive patrols was soon eroded by the insubordinate aggression of Boelcke and other Fokker fliers.

1148: 1134:(Fighter Squadron 2), was designated as Boelcke's to man and command. This authorization gave him a free hand to recruit fighter pilots for his new unit. 1555: 1171:

returned from six years in Africa to reenlist in the military. After choosing three other pilots, Boelcke returned to France to organize his squadron.

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appearance in his dress uniform. By the end of 1915, Immelmann had seven victories, Boelcke had six, Wintgens had five (including two unconfirmed) and

3783: 621:(Combat Single-Seater Command Douai), arriving 19 May. He was the most experienced pilot in the unit. His new assignment brought him friendship with 1237:

On 22 September, rainy weather had aggravated Boelcke's asthma to the point he could not fly. He refused to go to hospital, but devolved command on

303:(renamed Jasta Boelcke) had 25 aces in its ranks; many of them were selected to lead other squadrons and four of its members became generals during 3574: 258:(Air Force). His innovative turn of mind codified his combat experiences into the first manual of fighter tactics distributed to an air force, the 3494:

Above the Lines: A Complete Record of the Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914–1918

564:(Field Flyer Detachment 13). On 1 September, the aircrew of Boelcke and Boelcke flew the first of many missions together. On 8 September, during 1475:

Of the first 15 pilots chosen by Boelcke, eight became aces—seven of them within the squadron. Three of the 15, at various times, commanded the

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prototype: his report pointed out shortcomings like inaccurately mounted guns and the limitations of its rotary engine. He also submitted a

469:(cadet officer) on 15 March 1911. As he learned his general military duties, he saw more airplanes. In January 1912 he began attending the 786:(Carrier Pigeons Detachment Metz) to counter a French offensive. On 1 November, the day after his sixth victory, Boelcke was awarded the 714: 558:

World War I having begun, Boelcke was anxious to see action. On 31 August, he connived his way into joining his older brother Wilhelm at

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until age 30. Boelcke was promoted to the rank ten days past his 25th birthday, making him the youngest captain in the German military.

248:. The German high command reassigned Boelcke after his 19th victory. During his forced grounding on staff duty, he helped transform Die 551:(Halberstadt Flying School). He passed his final pilot's exam on 15 August. His first assignment was training 50 neophyte pilots on an 1185:

Three days later, Böhme was pushing for permission to use his castoff Halberstadt; there were four aircraft in the squadron by then.

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capable of out-climbing his father and elder brother. His athletic prowess made him a popular leader on the school playing fields.

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French squadrons had already pioneered flying formation into combat. When they attacked, every French pilot fought individually.

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reconnaissance machines. It was Boelcke's first victory, and the only one he scored in a two-seater, as he then switched to the

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in separate locations. There is also an officers clubhouse named for Boelcke on a military installation, near the northern

293:, maintaining his position as the world's highest-scoring ace. He was killed in a mid-air collision with his best friend, 3472:

Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918

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When the message from headquarters reached the Boelcke brothers, it was followed by an extraordinary authorization. Six

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of a French aerodrome, Wilhelm avoided a challenge by French aircraft because he feared they had machine guns aboard.

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Boelcke was one of the few German heroes of World War I not tainted by association with the Nazi cause. Nevertheless,

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factory in pursuit of professional advancement. The planes flying overhead were Boelcke's first exposure to aircraft.

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on 15 March 1911. He pursued an early interest in aviation, learning to fly as World War I began. After duty as an

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biplane fighters, both types fitted with synchronized guns. The French counter to the Fokker Scourge was the new

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through extensive training. During September and October 1916, Boelcke scored 21 more victories while commanding

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Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915–1920

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The son of a schoolmaster, Oswald Boelcke was born on 19 May 1891, in Giebichenstein (since 1900 a district of

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and remained one of Germany's premier fighter squadrons after Boelcke's death, outscoring all but one other

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There the disgruntled flier was detailed to share his expertise with the head of German military aviation,

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in service. Officially, the nine successful pilots of the Fokker Scourge had shot down 28 enemy aircraft.

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Boelcke's interest in a military career seemed undiminished. While in school, his favorite author was the

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took advantage of this by supplying press releases to newspapers and magazines, encouraging printing of

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scored his first victory. In July 1915, Boelcke, Immelmann, Parschau, and Wintgens began to fly the

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On 5 January 1916, the winter weather improved enough for flying, and Boelcke shot down a British

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to complain but, in April, they were parted. As Wilhelm returned to Germany, Oswald was posted to

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gave Boelcke's funeral oration, followed by a speech by Lieth-Thomsen. Boelcke was buried in the

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had scored the first aerial victory in history in Russia on 25 August 1914, virtually unnoticed.

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the afternoon of 2 November, the crowd was packed with royalty, generals and nobility. General

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On the sixth mission, Boelcke and five of his pilots attacked a pair of British airplanes from

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fighter on display. He scored eight victories with this plane between 2 and 19 September 1916.

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flights. Despite his principal's reservations about his scholarship, Boelcke was awarded his

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airplanes on 21 May 1916, the emperor disregarded army regulations prohibiting promotion to

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beyond the front line and Wilhelm had flown 61. The next most active airman had 27 sorties.

312: 3957: 3952: 1385: 1334: 941: 901: 681: 605: 424: 225: 62: 8: 1758: 1505:; the opening sentence of his tactical manual for wing operations refers to Boelcke. The 1330: 1014: 809: 255: 3568: 1858: 1676: 1609: 1338: 1304: 1286: 1075: 762:

of German publicity, Wintgens had claimed five victims, Boelcke two and Immelmann one.

339: 331: 328: 58: 54: 283:(Fighter Squadron 2). Its pilots were hand-picked by Boelcke and indoctrinated in his 3841: 3809: 3768: 3749: 3745: 3721: 3707: 3684: 3665: 3646: 3627: 3606: 3587: 3554: 3535: 3516: 3497: 3475: 3453: 3431: 1695: 1490: 1401: 1373: 1323: 975: 3584:

The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination

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public. It was at his instigation that the Imperial German Air Service founded its

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facilities, Boelcke was picked to lead one of Germany's first fighter squadrons,

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machine-guns carried hundreds of bullets in ammunition belts. The few British

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section entitled "The One to One Battle" quotes Boelcke. As was done with

1497:. The most notable of Boelcke's original roster of pilots was Richthofen. 1082:, he learned that in his absence, the French and British airmen had taken 918:

Boelcke used his usual tactics of point-blank fire for his 12th victory.

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Boelcke fulfilled his childhood dream of a military career by joining the

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to the new post of Chief of Field Aviation. Hoeppner immediately had the

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Iron Man Rudolf Berthold: Germany's Indomitable World War I Fighter Ace

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Boelcke der Mensch, der Flieger, der Führer der deutschen Jagdfliegerei

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After an enforced holiday leave spent on a military inspection tour of

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The unusual name was used to disguise its existence as a combat unit.

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Oswald Boelcke: Germany's First Fighter Ace and Father of Air Combat

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Boelcke the Man, the Aviator, the Leader of German Fighter Aviation

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At this time, without quite realizing it, the French had achieved

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Boelcke's name appears on the coat of arms of the present-day

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On his hastened return trip, Boelcke visited Bulgaria and the

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on 14 April 1916 after seven of his victories were confirmed.

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After leaving school Boelcke joined a telegraph battalion in

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Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in France

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Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990).

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New fighters arrived on 16 September. There was a prototype

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delivered to the front. Engine power was increased and the

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scored during the war came at the price of 44 casualties.

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Boelcke started with only four empty buildings vacated by

3784:"The Texas Air Base Where NATO Fighter Pilots Are Forged" 3014: 2819: 2795: 2684: 2645: 2633: 2585: 2519: 2351: 2300: 2288: 2189: 1517:

was distributed service-wide by the German High Command.

1296:

On 10 October, a clear day saw the resumption of flying.

3626:. Vol. I. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 3390: 3388: 3291: 3267: 3207: 3156: 3091: 3050: 2368: 2366: 2179: 2177: 2138: 883:

and was given permission to use the forward airfield at

808:

had four (one unconfirmed). There were 86 Fokker and 21

3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 2987: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2867: 2855: 2807: 2018: 1928: 1926: 1534:, a Luftwaffe barracks named after him, later became a 907:

On 3 March 1916, Boelcke was ordered to evaluate a new

3004: 3002: 2204: 1979: 1955: 1887: 3808:. Vol. I. Berkhampstead: Albatros Publications. 3720:

Havertown, PA: Casemate (2009), first edition (1985)

3553:. Translated by Barker, T. Ellis. New York: CruGuru. 3306: 2843: 2768: 2744: 2672: 2621: 2485: 2483: 2363: 2174: 2054: 2008: 2006: 1333:. Boelcke and Böhme chased the Airco DH.2 of Captain 1093:. He was visiting his brother Wilhelm at his unit in 3400: 3365: 3108: 3062: 2573: 2339: 2030: 1967: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1923: 1010:

as the original training manual on fighter tactics.

865:

On 21 January, Boelcke was again covertly posted to

350:. The pronunciation is the same for both spellings. 3038: 3026: 2999: 2963: 2951: 1911: 1122:(Combat Single-Seater Commands) were expanded into 361:. When he was four, his father moved the family to 4013:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1916 2939: 2927: 2696: 2597: 2531: 2495: 2480: 2408: 2312: 2276: 2252: 2162: 2150: 2114: 2102: 2078: 2066: 2042: 2003: 799:on 12 December. When he arrived, he was awarded a 3998:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 3706:] (in German). Leipzig: K.F. Koehler Verlag. 3600: 3488: 3261: 3249: 2762: 2615: 2567: 2552: 2462: 2438: 2402: 2387: 2333: 1938: 1899: 1361:Boelcke's tomb in the memorial cemetery of Dessau 513:. In February 1914, he competed in the officer's 381:, skated and danced, and was considered the best 221:in the first years of air combat, 1915 and 1916. 3944: 887:only 12 km (7.5 mi) behind the lines. 757:A propaganda postcard portrait of Oswald Boelcke 3978:German military personnel killed in World War I 3662:Jagdstaffel 2 'Boelcke' Von Richthofen's Mentor 3645:. Aircraft of the Aces No. 73. Oxford: Osprey. 1049:On 10 July 1916, Boelcke left on a tour of the 3963:Military personnel from the Province of Saxony 3718:Knight of Germany: Oswald Boelcke, German Ace. 3450:Jasta Boelcke: The History of Jasta 2, 1916–18 636: 454: 1377:Boelcke, our brave and chivalrous opponent". 1345:impact, near a German artillery battery near 890:On 11 March, he was given command of the new 676:were fitted with a forward-firing air-cooled 297:, on 28 October 1916. By the end of the war, 3678: 3659: 3640: 3623:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 3573:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3466: 3285: 3225: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3085: 2981: 2885: 2837: 2789: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2666: 2513: 2474: 2450: 2426: 2270: 2246: 1601: 1588: 1582: 1572: 1566: 1549: 1543: 1525: 1476: 1466: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1423: 1405: 1366: 1308: 1297: 1277: 1271: 1257: 1242: 1228: 1175: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1078:battlefield on 30 July. When he returned to 1005: 993: 987: 949: 908: 891: 866: 794: 781: 771: 745: 739: 724: 699: 685: 671: 662: 616: 599: 559: 546: 517:, taking third place and qualifying for the 493: 470: 464: 444: 407: 298: 288: 249: 209:; 19 May 1891 – 28 October 1916) was a 142: 129: 108: 102: 213:German professional soldier and pioneering 3548: 3189: 1227:instead of one. With these new airplanes, 1103:(Fighter Squadron 2) on the Somme front." 770:September 1915 saw improved models of the 423:. Boelcke also read publications from the 31: 3581: 2234: 2135:, pp. 75–77, 81–82, 85, 90, 99, 101. 900:, which was the headquarters of Prussian 334:. The Boelcke family had returned to the 3856:Newspaper clippings about Oswald Boelcke 3492:; Bailey, Frank; Guest, Russell (1993). 1501:acknowledged Boelcke's influence in the 1456: 1356: 1195: 1147: 1136: 1025: 956: 827: 752: 708: 538:Boelcke's instructional aircraft was an 533: 3716:Translated and published in English as 3529: 2210: 1086:from the Germans on the Western Front. 431:class, he chose three subjects—General 3945: 3697: 3444: 3422: 3020: 2849: 2825: 2690: 2651: 2639: 2591: 2579: 2525: 2345: 2294: 2198: 2144: 2132: 2036: 2024: 1997: 1985: 1961: 1917: 1893: 1293:distributed within the new air force. 1070:. After a three-day beach vacation at 1021: 765: 588: 4008:Military personnel from Halle (Saale) 3619: 3549:Richthofen, Manfred, Captain (2011). 3312: 823: 204: 3510: 3406: 3394: 3300: 3273: 3237: 3213: 3201: 3177: 3165: 3114: 3102: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3008: 2993: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2873: 2861: 2813: 2801: 2774: 2750: 2702: 2678: 2627: 2603: 2537: 2501: 2489: 2414: 2372: 2357: 2318: 2306: 2282: 2258: 2222: 2183: 2168: 2156: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2012: 1973: 1949: 1932: 1905: 1615: 969: 1666:, Knight's Cross, 1st and 2nd class 1180:(Field Flyer Detachment 32) in the 654:, and filming of popular aviators. 484:In July 1912, he graduated and was 451:honors degree on 11 February 1911. 13: 3732: 1604:Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 31 1530:(Bomber Wing 27) for Boelcke, and 1463:Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 31 1381:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 1155:, Manfred von Richthofen, ca 1917. 965:draws a crowd of curious soldiers. 357:aged three, resulting in lifelong 236:during mid-1915. Flying the first 232:during 1914, he became one of the 14: 4024: 3831: 3586:. University of Minnesota Press. 3262:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 3250:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2765:, pp. 76–77, 88–89, 134–135. 2763:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2616:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2568:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2553:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2463:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2439:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2403:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2388:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 2334:Shores, Franks & Guest (1990) 1634:Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 1565:) in Koblenz, located on another 1540:Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp 1307:had lost its mastery of the air. 788:Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 733:On 1 July, Wintgens achieved the 174:Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 16:German First World War flying ace 3847:Works by or about Oswald Boelcke 3782:Pappalardo, Joe (23 June 2014). 3643:Early German Aces of World War I 3353: 3342: 3330: 3318: 2441:, pp. 76, 134–135, 231–232. 1074:, Boelcke reached the quiescent 254:(Flying Troop) air arm into the 4003:Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal 3929:30 October to 22 November 1916 3895:27 August to 22 September 1916 3679:VanWyngarden, Greg van (2016). 3660:VanWyngarden, Greg van (2007). 3641:VanWyngarden, Greg van (2006). 3415: 1868: 1847: 1838: 1828: 1815: 1802: 1754:, 3rd class with war decoration 1621:Prussian/Imperial German awards 1317: 1241:Gunther Viehweger. That night, 604:(Field Flyer Detachment 62) in 492:. Since Boelcke had gained his 3988:German World War I flying aces 1812:for the first time in history. 1664:House Order of Albert the Bear 1548:(Boelcke Street) in Berlin; a 1352: 1217: 937:. The British counter was the 921:By this time, the obsolescent 524: 318: 1: 3681:Aces of Jagdgeschwader Nr III 3240:, pp. 167–168, 174, 198. 3204:, Cover, title page, 40, 186. 1853:Buddecke was flying with the 1790: 984:Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen 188:Plus eight lesser decorations 176:, Knight's Cross with Swords, 107:(Telegraph Battalion No. 3); 3582:Robertson, Linda R. (2005). 3359:Second Google map of Kerpen 1795: 1636:, Knight's Cross with Swords 1163:. The other was 37-year-old 925:was being replaced by newer 618:Kampfeinsitzerkommando Douai 615:He was quickly passed on to 7: 3860:20th Century Press Archives 3805:Fokker Eindecker Compendium 3767:. London, UK: Grub Street. 3532:Russian Aces of World War I 1013:The British launched their 840:equivalent of the American 680:machine-gun connected to a 637:Advent of synchronized guns 548:Halberstädter Fliegerschule 455:Entry into military service 435:'s military reforms, Count 409:Herzog Friedrichs-Gymnasium 147:(Field Flyer Detachment 13) 104:Telegraphen-Bataillon Nr. 3 37:Oswald Boelcke wearing his 10: 4029: 3993:Luftstreitkräfte personnel 3742:Pusher Aces of World War 1 3349:First Google map of Kerpen 2427:Franks & Bailey (1993) 1855:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 1707:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 1270:reorganized the makeshift 1262:suffered four casualties. 868:Brieftauben-Abteilung-Metz 796:Field Flieger Abteilung 62 783:Brieftauben-Abteilung-Metz 712: 594:separately and jumped the 3931: 3919: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3876: 3871: 3698:Werner, Johannes (1942). 1778:By order of the Emperor, 1413: 992:(Flying Troops) into the 871:, in anticipation of the 801:Prussian Lifesaving Medal 385:in his school. He was an 346:spelling in place of the 181:, First and Second Class, 164: 151: 138: 125: 117: 96: 86: 68: 47: 30: 23: 3530:Kulikov, Victor (2013). 3470:; Bailey, Frank (1993). 3327:. Accessed 1 April 2022. 3180:, pp. 142–143, 147. 2099:, pp. 44–45, 48–49. 1881: 1642:: First and Second Class 1448:. The 336 victories the 1177:Feldflieger Abteilung 32 929:single-gun and twin-gun 601:Feldflieger Abteilung 62 561:Feldflieger Abteilung 13 315:and throughout Germany. 144:Feldflieger Abteilung 13 3983:Prussian Army personnel 3968:Aerial warfare pioneers 3838:Works by Oswald Boelcke 3763:Kilduff, Peter (2012). 3515:. London: Grub Street. 3496:. London: Grub Street. 3474:. London: Grub Street. 3452:. London: Grub Street. 3430:. London: Grub Street. 3252:, pp. 66, 83, 111. 3228:, pp. 27, 118–119. 1752:Order of the Iron Crown 1686:, 4th class with Swords 1577:extends northwest from 1141:Boelcke's best friend, 1119:Kampfeinsitzerkommandos 1053:. He travelled through 818: 583: 529: 433:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 421:Heinrich von Treitschke 234:original fighter pilots 3921:Commanding Officer of 3887:Commanding Officer of 3362:Accessed 1 April 2022. 3339:Accessed 1 April 2022. 3336:Google map of Koblenz 2225:, pp. 30, 60, 68. 1713:Kingdom of Württemberg 1602: 1589: 1583: 1573: 1567: 1550: 1544: 1526: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1424: 1406: 1367: 1362: 1309: 1298: 1278: 1272: 1258: 1243: 1234:he debriefed his men. 1229: 1205: 1176: 1161:Manfred von Richthofen 1156: 1145: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1109: 1064:Otto Liman von Sanders 1046: 1039:Otto Liman von Sanders 1006: 994: 988: 966: 950: 909: 893:Fliegerabteilung Sivry 892: 867: 849: 795: 793:Boelcke moved back to 782: 772: 758: 746: 740: 725: 700: 686: 672: 663: 617: 612:, France on 25 April. 600: 560: 547: 542: 521:scheduled for Berlin. 494: 477:(Military Academy) in 471: 465: 445: 437:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 408: 299: 289: 250: 143: 130: 109: 103: 3802:Scott, Josef (2012). 3740:Guttman, Jon (2009). 3324:Google map of Berlin 2804:, pp. 59, 97–98. 2360:, pp. 67–69, 97. 2309:, pp. 63–66, 68. 2000:, pp. 11, 15–16. 1593:located on the base. 1460: 1410:(Cemetery of Honor). 1360: 1199: 1151: 1140: 1068:Hans Joachim Buddecke 1035:Hans Joachim Buddecke 1029: 960: 831: 806:Hans-Joachim Buddecke 756: 709:Early fighter warfare 537: 118:Years of service 3882:squadron established 3551:The Red Battle Flyer 3511:Head, R. G. (2016). 3428:Sharks Among Minnows 1786:on 17 December 1916. 1721:Military Merit Order 1684:Military Merit Order 1600:fighter-bomber wing 1571:; and still another 1515:the Richthofen Dicta 1461:Coat of arms of the 902:Crown Prince Wilhelm 427:. At age 17, for an 425:German General Staff 226:Imperial German Army 160:(Fighter Squadron 2) 3303:, pp. 175–176. 3286:VanWyngarden (2016) 3276:, pp. 207–209. 3226:VanWyngarden (2007) 3216:, pp. 168–170. 3192:, pp. 116–118. 3168:, pp. 141–145. 3151:VanWyngarden (2007) 3139:VanWyngarden (2007) 3127:VanWyngarden (2007) 3105:, pp. 139–140. 3086:VanWyngarden (2007) 3059:, pp. 132–136. 3023:, pp. 241–242. 2996:, pp. 121–124. 2982:VanWyngarden (2007) 2924:, pp. 112–114. 2912:, pp. 113–114. 2900:, pp. 110–111. 2886:VanWyngarden (2006) 2876:, pp. 111–112. 2864:, pp. 109–111. 2838:VanWyngarden (2006) 2828:, pp. 213–235. 2816:, pp. 104–105. 2790:VanWyngarden (2006) 2739:VanWyngarden (2006) 2727:VanWyngarden (2006) 2715:VanWyngarden (2006) 2693:, pp. 183–186. 2667:VanWyngarden (2006) 2654:, pp. 171–172. 2642:, pp. 168–171. 2594:, pp. 161–162. 2528:, pp. 159–160. 2514:VanWyngarden (2006) 2475:VanWyngarden (2006) 2465:, pp. 76, 135. 2451:VanWyngarden (2006) 2405:, pp. 134–135. 2390:, pp. 231–232. 2297:, pp. 111–115. 2271:VanWyngarden (2006) 2247:VanWyngarden (2007) 2237:, pp. 100–103. 2201:, pp. 101–103. 1784:Jagdstaffel Boelcke 1759:Kingdom of Bulgaria 1652:Other German awards 1451:Jagdstaffel Boelcke 1439:Jagdstaffel Boelcke 1022:Journey to the east 766:The ace race begins 589:Catalyst for action 3683:. Oxford: Osprey. 3664:. Oxford: Osprey. 3605:. Oxford: Osprey. 3534:. Oxford: Osprey. 2453:, pp. 21, 25. 2147:, pp. 90, 95. 1859:Gallipoli Campaign 1677:Kingdom of Bavaria 1610:Norvenich Air Base 1532:Boelcke's barracks 1527:Kampfgeschwader 27 1473: 1363: 1305:Royal Flying Corps 1287:Ernst von Hoeppner 1206: 1157: 1146: 1047: 967: 850: 824:Ace race continues 759: 543: 332:Province of Saxony 313:Nörvenich Air Base 55:Province of Saxony 3941: 3940: 3932:Succeeded by 3916: 3912:Günther Viehweger 3904: 3900:Günther Viehweger 3898:Succeeded by 3872:Military offices 3842:Project Gutenberg 3815:978-1-906798-22-2 3788:Popular Mechanics 3774:978-1-908117-37-3 3755:978-1-84603-417-6 3746:Osprey Publishing 3726:978-1-935149-11-8 3690:978-1-47280-843-1 3671:978-1-84603-203-5 3652:978-1-84176-997-4 3633:978-0-253-35328-3 3612:978-0-919195-11-0 3593:978-0-8166-4271-7 3541:978-1-78096-059-3 3522:978-1-910690-23-9 3503:978-0-948817-73-1 3481:978-0-948817-54-0 3459:978-1-904010-76-0 3437:978-1-902304-92-2 3288:, pp. 8, 15. 3190:Richthofen (2011) 3153:, pp. 22–23. 3088:, pp. 8, 22. 2777:, pp. 92–93. 2753:, pp. 85–86. 2717:, pp. 36–37. 2681:, pp. 88–89. 2630:, pp. 82–83. 2570:, pp. 88–89. 2375:, pp. 67–69. 2249:, pp. 13–14. 2186:, pp. 60–62. 2063:, pp. 42–43. 2027:, pp. 12–14. 1988:, pp. 11–12. 1976:, pp. 39–40. 1964:, pp. 13–14. 1935:, pp. 38–39. 1896:, pp. 10–11. 1696:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 1616:Awards and honors 1581:, leading to two 1491:Hermann Frommherz 1402:Moriz von Lyncker 1374:Cambrai Cathedral 1247:transferred from 976:Kaiser Wilhelm II 970:The ace race ends 627:Fokker Eindeckers 192: 191: 4020: 3914: 3910:Preceded by 3902: 3869: 3868: 3851:Internet Archive 3826: 3824: 3822: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3778: 3759: 3715: 3694: 3675: 3656: 3637: 3616: 3597: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3560:978-192041-463-4 3545: 3526: 3507: 3485: 3463: 3441: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3089: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2235:Robertson (2005) 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1766:Order of Bravery 1646:Lifesaving Medal 1607: 1598:German Air Force 1592: 1586: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1556:Boelcke Barracks 1553: 1547: 1529: 1507:Richthofen Dicta 1503:Richthofen Dicta 1483:Gerhard Bassenge 1480: 1470: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1427: 1409: 1370: 1312: 1301: 1281: 1279:Luftstreitkräfte 1275: 1268:Erich Ludendorff 1261: 1246: 1232: 1179: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1112: 1009: 1007:Luftstreitkräfte 997: 995:Luftstreitkräfte 991: 953: 927:Halberstadt D.II 912: 895: 873:Battle of Verdun 870: 798: 785: 775: 749: 743: 728: 703: 689: 682:gun synchronizer 675: 666: 620: 603: 596:chain of command 563: 550: 505:. On a visit to 497: 476: 468: 450: 411: 342:and adopted the 309:German Air Force 302: 292: 256:Luftstreitkräfte 253: 208: 206:[ˈbœlkə] 203: 184:Lifesaving Medal 146: 133: 112: 110:Luftstreitkräfte 106: 98: 75: 53:Giebichenstein, 35: 21: 20: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3935:Stefan Kirmaier 3928: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3883: 3880: 3834: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3762: 3756: 3739: 3735: 3733:Further reading 3730: 3691: 3672: 3653: 3634: 3613: 3594: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3482: 3460: 3438: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3092: 3084: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2273:, pp. 6–9. 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2213:, pp. 7–8. 2209: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1939: 1931: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1810:air superiority 1807: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1782:was renamed as 1670:Friedrich Cross 1657:Duchy of Anhalt 1618: 1590:Boelcke-Kaserne 1584:Boelcke-Kaserne 1558: 1551:Boelcke-Kaserne 1416: 1355: 1331:24 Squadron RFC 1320: 1284:Generalleutnant 1220: 1114: 1084:air superiority 1055:Austria-Hungary 1045:Oswald Boelcke. 1024: 1015:Somme offensive 972: 844:or the British 826: 821: 768: 735:initial victory 717: 711: 639: 591: 586: 532: 527: 457: 353:Boelcke caught 321: 230:aerial observer 201: 187: 182: 177: 172: 77: 73: 72:28 October 1916 52: 43: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3918: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3884: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3853: 3844: 3833: 3832:External links 3830: 3828: 3827: 3814: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3760: 3754: 3744:. Oxford, UK: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3670: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3620:USHMM (2009). 3617: 3611: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3559: 3546: 3540: 3527: 3521: 3508: 3502: 3490:Franks, Norman 3486: 3480: 3468:Franks, Norman 3464: 3458: 3446:Franks, Norman 3442: 3436: 3424:Franks, Norman 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3409:, p. 149. 3399: 3397:, p. 147. 3364: 3352: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3315:, p. 990. 3305: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3264:, p. 188. 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3117:, p. 141. 3107: 3090: 3073: 3071:, p. 138. 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 131. 3037: 3035:, p. 128. 3025: 3013: 3011:, p. 127. 2998: 2986: 2974: 2972:, p. 114. 2962: 2960:, p. 100. 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 228. 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2557: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2429:, p. 202. 2419: 2407: 2392: 2377: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2336:, p. 188. 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2211:Kulikov (2013) 2203: 2188: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1937: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1863:Pour le Merite 1846: 1837: 1827: 1823:Pyotr Nesterov 1821:Russian flier 1814: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1770: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1745:Austro-Hungary 1742: 1741: 1732:Ottoman Empire 1727:Foreign awards 1724: 1723: 1719:Knight of the 1710: 1709: 1700:Saxe-Meiningen 1692:Saxe-Altenburg 1688: 1687: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1628:Pour le Mérite 1617: 1614: 1574:Boelcke-Straße 1568:Boelcke-Straße 1545:Boelcke-Straße 1468:Bomber Wing 31 1415: 1412: 1354: 1351: 1319: 1316: 1282:and appointed 1219: 1216: 1169:civil engineer 1113: 1105: 1080:Constantinople 1023: 1020: 971: 968: 942:pusher biplane 859:Pour le Merite 846:Victoria Cross 842:Medal of Honor 834:Pour le Mérite 825: 822: 820: 817: 767: 764: 710: 707: 647:Eugène Gilbert 638: 635: 631:Fokker Scourge 590: 587: 585: 582: 574:trench warfare 566:reconnaissance 531: 528: 526: 523: 511:Adolphe Pégoud 456: 453: 403:Kaiser Wilhelm 355:whooping cough 320: 317: 246:Pour le Mérite 195:Oswald Boelcke 190: 189: 169:Pour le Mérite 166: 162: 161: 153: 149: 148: 140: 136: 135: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 100: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 76:(aged 25) 70: 66: 65: 49: 45: 44: 40:Pour le Mérite 36: 28: 27: 25:Oswald Boelcke 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4025: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3924:Jagdstaffel 2 3908: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3890:Jagdstaffel 2 3879: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3737: 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2948:, p. 88. 2947: 2942: 2936:, p. 63. 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2888:, p. 75. 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2850:Werner (2009) 2846: 2840:, p. 69. 2839: 2834: 2827: 2826:Werner (2009) 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2792:, p. 63. 2791: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2741:, p. 51. 2740: 2735: 2729:, p. 50. 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2705:, p. 91. 2704: 2699: 2692: 2691:Werner (2009) 2687: 2680: 2675: 2669:, p. 34. 2668: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2652:Werner (2009) 2648: 2641: 2640:Werner (2009) 2636: 2629: 2624: 2618:, p. 88. 2617: 2612: 2606:, p. 81. 2605: 2600: 2593: 2592:Werner (2009) 2588: 2582:, p. 41. 2581: 2580:Franks (2008) 2576: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2555:, p. 76. 2554: 2549: 2547: 2540:, p. 71. 2539: 2534: 2527: 2526:Werner (2009) 2522: 2516:, p. 24. 2515: 2510: 2504:, p. 78. 2503: 2498: 2492:, p. 72. 2491: 2486: 2484: 2477:, p. 23. 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2417:, p. 69. 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2348:, p. 11. 2347: 2346:Franks (2004) 2342: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2321:, p. 30. 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2295:Werner (2009) 2291: 2285:, p. 70. 2284: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2261:, p. 65. 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2199:Werner (2009) 2195: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2171:, p. 54. 2170: 2165: 2159:, p. 53. 2158: 2153: 2146: 2145:Werner (2009) 2141: 2134: 2133:Werner (2009) 2129: 2123:, p. 51. 2122: 2117: 2111:, p. 58. 2110: 2105: 2098: 2093: 2087:, p. 44. 2086: 2081: 2075:, p. 43. 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2051:, p. 42. 2050: 2045: 2039:, p. 15. 2038: 2037:Werner (2009) 2033: 2026: 2025:Werner (2009) 2021: 2015:, p. 40. 2014: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1998:Werner (2009) 1994: 1987: 1986:Werner (2009) 1982: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1962:Werner (2009) 1958: 1952:, p. 39. 1951: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1920:, p. 10. 1919: 1918:Werner (2009) 1914: 1908:, p. 38. 1907: 1902: 1895: 1894:Werner (2009) 1890: 1886: 1871: 1864: 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There is a 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1511:Dicta Boelcke 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:The Red Baron 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:Ernst Bormann 1484: 1479: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1436:was re-named 1435: 1434:Jagdstaffel 2 1431: 1430:Dicta Boelcke 1426: 1419: 1411: 1408: 1407:Ehrenfriedhof 1403: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1368:Jagdstaffel 2 1359: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1335:Arthur Knight 1332: 1327: 1325: 1315: 1311: 1310:Jagdstaffel 2 1306: 1300: 1299:Jagdstaffel 2 1294: 1292: 1291:Dicta Boelcke 1288: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1273:Fliegertruppe 1269: 1263: 1260: 1259:Jagdstaffel 2 1254: 1250: 1245: 1244:Jagdstaffel 2 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230:Jagdstaffel 2 1225: 1224:Albatros D.II 1215: 1212: 1211:Dicta Boelcke 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1153:The Red Baron 1150: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1131:Jagdstaffel 2 1126: 1120: 1111: 1110:Jagdstaffel 2 1104: 1102: 1101: 1100:Jagdstaffel 2 1096: 1092: 1091:Russian Front 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1003: 1002: 1001:Dicta Boelcke 996: 990: 989:Fliegertruppe 985: 980: 977: 964: 959: 955: 952: 945: 943: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 916: 911: 905: 903: 899: 894: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 863: 861: 860: 855: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 816: 814: 811: 807: 802: 797: 791: 789: 784: 779: 774: 763: 755: 751: 748: 742: 736: 731: 727: 722: 716: 706: 702: 696: 693: 688: 683: 679: 674: 670:The noses of 668: 665: 661: 655: 653: 648: 644: 643:Roland Garros 634: 632: 628: 624: 623:Max Immelmann 619: 613: 611: 607: 602: 597: 581: 579: 575: 569: 567: 562: 556: 554: 549: 541: 536: 522: 520: 519:1916 Olympics 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 496: 491: 487: 482: 480: 475: 474: 467: 462: 452: 449: 448: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 410: 404: 398: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:German Empire 333: 330: 326: 316: 314: 310: 306: 301: 300:Jagdstaffel 2 296: 291: 290:Jagdstaffel 2 286: 282: 281:Jagdstaffel 2 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 262: 261:Dicta Boelcke 257: 252: 251:Fliegertruppe 247: 243: 242:Max Immelmann 239: 238:true fighters 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 207: 199: 196: 185: 180: 175: 170: 167: 163: 159: 158: 157:Jagdstaffel 2 154: 150: 145: 141: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 105: 101: 95: 92: 91:German Empire 89: 85: 81: 71: 67: 64: 63:Halle (Saale) 60: 56: 50: 46: 42: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 3922: 3920: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3819:. 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The 165:Awards 99:branch 3702:[ 1882:Notes 1563:] 1095:Kovel 885:Sivry 810:Pfalz 641:When 610:Douai 463:as a 344:Latin 325:Halle 285:Dicta 270:Dicta 266:Dicta 78:near 3823:2015 3810:ISBN 3795:2018 3769:ISBN 3750:ISBN 3722:ISBN 3708:OCLC 3685:ISBN 3666:ISBN 3647:ISBN 3628:ISBN 3607:ISBN 3588:ISBN 3575:link 3555:ISBN 3536:ISBN 3517:ISBN 3498:ISBN 3476:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3432:ISBN 1392:and 1182:Vélu 1167:, a 1062:and 854:BE.2 832:The 819:1916 698:The 584:1915 530:1914 479:Metz 377:and 139:Unit 126:Rank 69:Died 48:Born 3864:ZBW 3840:at 1251:to 555:. 327:), 311:'s 198:PlM 3949:: 3786:. 3748:. 3571:}} 3567:{{ 3367:^ 3293:^ 3158:^ 3093:^ 3076:^ 3001:^ 2782:^ 2659:^ 2560:^ 2545:^ 2482:^ 2395:^ 2380:^ 2365:^ 2326:^ 2191:^ 2176:^ 2005:^ 1940:^ 1925:^ 1761:: 1747:: 1734:: 1715:: 1694:, 1679:: 1659:: 1561:de 1513:, 1489:, 1485:, 1041:, 961:A 645:, 633:. 608:, 272:. 57:, 3825:. 3797:. 3777:. 3758:. 3714:. 3693:. 3674:. 3655:. 3636:. 3615:. 3596:. 3577:) 3563:. 3544:. 3525:. 3506:. 3484:. 3462:. 3440:. 1554:( 1471:) 1465:( 848:. 200:( 186:, 171:,

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Index