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the ground. Fieldfares usually nest in close proximity to others of the same species. The adults will defend the nest aggressively and nesting gregariously may offer protection from predators. The nest is built of dried grasses and weeds with a few twigs and a little moss, with a lining of mud and an inner lining of fine grasses. There are usually five to six eggs in a clutch, but occasionally three, four, seven or eight eggs are laid. The eggs vary in size from 28.8 by 20.9 to 33.5 by 23.4 millimetres (1.13 in Ă— 0.82 in to 1.32 in Ă— 0.92 in) and are variable in colour. Many are pale blue speckled with fine brown dots and resemble those of the common blackbird. Others are bright blue, with or without larger red-brown splotches. Incubation starts before all the eggs are laid and lasts for thirteen to fourteen days. The female does all or most of the incubation. The chicks are
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centres and tips. The beak is strong, with a slight curve and a notch near the tip. It is orange-yellow in winter, with the upper mandible somewhat brownish and both mandible tips brownish-black. In the summer both mandibles of the male's beak are yellow. The irises are dark brown and the legs and feet are brown. The average adult length is 25 cm (9.8 in), the winglength is 14.5 cm (5.7 in) and the tarsal length 3.5 cm (1.4 in). Wingspan ranges from 39 to 42 cm and weight ranges from 80 to 140 g.
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each tail feather is fringed with grey near the base and the outer pair of feathers have a narrow white border on the inner edge. The chin, throat and upper breast are creamy-buff with bold streaks and speckles of brownish-black. The lower breast is creamy-white with a diminishing buff tinge and fewer speckles and the belly is similarly creamy-white, with the speckles restricted to the uppermost parts. The
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The breeding season starts in May in Poland but further north in
Scandinavia may not start until early July. The female fieldfare builds a cup-shaped nest with no attempt at concealment. The location is often in woodland but may be in a hedgerow, garden, among rocks, in a pile of logs, in a hut or on
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Migration southwards from the breeding range starts in
October but the bulk of birds arrive in the United Kingdom in November. Some of these are still on passage and carry on into continental Europe but others remain. The passage-migrants return in April and they and the resident migrants depart from
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The fieldfare is 25 cm (10 in) long, with a grey crown, neck and rump, a plain brown back, dark wings and tail and white underwings. The breast and flanks are heavily spotted. The breast has a reddish wash and the rest of the underparts are white. The sexes are similar in appearance but the
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The fieldfare has an extensive range, estimated at 10 million square kilometres (3.8 million square miles), and a large population, including an estimated forty two to seventy two million individuals in Europe. There are thought to be up to twenty million individuals in Russia and the
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The female is very similar to the male but the upper parts are somewhat more brownish and the feathers on the crown have narrower black central stripes. The throat and breast are paler with fewer, smaller markings. The beak is similar to the male's winter beak. The juvenile are a duller colour than
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feathers are dark chestnut-brown with dark central streaks and pale tips. There are fourteen tail feathers each with a pointed tip, the outer two slightly shorter than the others giving a rounded tail. They are brownish-black, with inconspicuous darker bars visible in some lights. The outer edge of
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The flight of the fieldfare is slow and direct. It takes several strong beats then closes its wings briefly before flapping on. It is highly gregarious, quite shy and easily scared in the winter and bold and noisy in the breeding season. When a group is in a tree they all tend to face in the same
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are similar but fringed with chestnut-brown on the leading edge. The upper wing-coverts are brownish-black and similar to the outer primaries in their margin colouration. The axillaries and under wing-coverts are white and the under tail-coverts have dark greyish-brown bases and margins and white
757:. In the winter, groups of fieldfares are chiefly found in open country, agricultural land, orchards and open woodland. They are nomadic, wandering wherever there is an abundance of berries and insects. Later in the year, they move on to pastureland and cultivated fields.
700:, the group works its way up wind, each bird pausing every so often to stand erect and gaze around before resuming feeding. When alarmed they fly off down wind and the feeding group reforms elsewhere. In woodland they do not skulk in the undergrowth as do
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are laid. The chicks are fed by both parents and leave the nest after a fortnight. There may be two broods in southern parts of the range but only one further north. Migrating birds and wintering birds often form large flocks, often in the company of
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are all relished. Later in the winter windfall apples are eaten, swedes attacked in the field and grain and seeds eaten. When these are exhausted, or in particularly harsh weather, the birds may move to marshes or even the foreshore where
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The call is mostly uttered in flight and is a harsh "tsak tsak tsuk". The same sound, but softer, is made more conversationally when individuals gather in trees. When angry or alarmed they emit various warning sounds reminiscent of the
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global population is estimated to be between forty-four and ninety-six million individuals. The population size appears to be stable and the bird is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criteria of the
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socially, sometimes in overgrown hedges and shrubberies but usually on the ground. Common sites are in rough grass among bushes or clumps of rushes, in young plantations, on stubble and in the furrows of ploughed fields.
536:) interspersed with whistles, guttural squeaks and call notes. This is sung on the wing and also from a tree and a subdued version of this song with more warbling notes is sung by a group of birds at communal
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and both parents bring food to them. They are usually ready to leave the nest after fourteen to sixteen days and there may be two broods in the season, especially in the southern parts of the breeding range.
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are brownish-black with the leading edge fringed grey and the inner edge of the outer feathers grey near the base whereas the inner feathers are fringed with brown near the base. The
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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the adults with pale coloured streaks on the feathers that have dark streaks in the adult. The young assume their adult plumage after their first moult in the autumn.
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The fieldfare is easily recognisable with its slate-grey head, nape and rump, dark brown back, blackish tail and boldly speckled breast. In flight, its white under
628:. Its winter range extends through western and southern Europe to North Africa, though it is uncommon in the Mediterranean region. Eastern populations migrate to
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females are slightly more brown. The male has a simple chattering song and the birds have various guttural flight and alarm calls.
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328:, characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. Although two European thrushes, the
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thrushes after they spread north from Africa, the fieldfare is descended from ancestors that had colonised the
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934:(i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as being of "
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The forehead and crown of the male are bluish-grey and each feather has a central brownish-black band. The
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direction, keeping up a constant chatter. When foraging on the ground, often in association with
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T. rectricibus nigris: extimis margine interiore apice albicantibus, capite uropygioque cano.
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and under-eye regions are black and there are faint, pale streaks above the eyes. The
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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.4 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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as Europe but this was restricted to Sweden by the German orthithologist
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are conspicuous. The harsh flight call "tsak tsak" is also distinctive.
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1120:(in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: R. Friedländer und Sohn. p. 646.
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Fieldfares often nest in small colonies, possibly for protection from
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This article is about a bird. For the Royal Air Force airfield, see
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islands from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.
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Nearly 90 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus
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in the summer, and berries, grain and seeds in the winter.
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1067:. Pelagic Monographs. Exeter: Pelagic. pp. 221–225.
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In the summer, the fieldfare frequents mixed woodland of
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1097:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 168.
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The fieldfare was described by the
Swedish naturalist
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Handbook of
British Birds, Volume 2: Warblers to Owls
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23:. For the Second World War Operation Fieldfare, see
336:, are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of
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878:Berries form an important part of the winter diet
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301:. The nest is built in a tree where five or six
1304:. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd. pp. 107–111.
258:. It breeds in woodland and scrub in northern
1345:The Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs
1270:The Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs
401:dates back to at least the 11th century. The
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1153:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
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949:as a Red List species as of January 2013.
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1243:The Oxford Book of British Bird Names
1199:. International Ornithologists' Union
1155:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
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1639:2cbd0681-96d3-4603-a1a6-cb67fa96ce8e
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1347:. Frederick Warne. pp. 201–203.
1272:. Frederick Warne. pp. 201–203.
1831:IUCN Red List least concern species
1028:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
783:. Animal food in the diet includes
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1117:Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna
753:and the slopes of hills above the
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1137:Check-List of Birds of the World
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902:Fieldfare in front of the window
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388:. No subspecies are recognised.
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1846:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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1245:. Oxford University Press
1151:Jobling, James A. (2010).
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81:Scientific classification
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624:Mountains in North West
564:. It breeds in northern
544:Distribution and habitat
374:comes from two separate
1836:Birds described in 1758
922:Status and conservation
562:palearctic distribution
447:with the same meaning.
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1343:Coward, T. A. (1941).
1268:Coward, T. A. (1941).
890:Fieldfare eating worms
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1751:Paleobiology Database
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770:Behaviour and ecology
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441:name for the species
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552:Fieldfares in winter
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51:Conservation status
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370:in 1910. The name
358:under its current
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1400:Taxon identifiers
1189:Rasmussen, Pamela
1170:978-1-4081-2501-4
1074:978-1-78427-169-5
961:Eggs, Collection
866:are to be found.
779:The fieldfare is
526:Turdus viscivorus
266:. It is strongly
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1660:iNaturalist
1432:Wikispecies
1359:"Fieldfare"
1219:"Fieldfare"
1185:Gill, Frank
1132:Mayr, Ernst
1048:12 November
846:Cotoneaster
654:Spitsbergen
618:Aldan River
614:Transbaikal
586:Switzerland
568:, northern
509:secondaries
482:ear-coverts
451:Description
432:grey piglet
424:fealu fearh
403:Old English
396:common name
330:song thrush
1825:Categories
1790:Xeno-canto
1365:2013-01-27
1326:2020-09-29
1228:2013-09-13
1203:5 February
1193:"Thrushes"
1001:References
852:Pyracantha
807:and their
793:earthworms
781:omnivorous
702:blackbirds
467:axillaries
444:socen lwyd
378:words for
292:earthworms
280:omnivorous
264:Palearctic
35:Fieldfare
1388:BBC video
965:, Germany
915:altricial
761:Migration
755:tree line
650:Greenland
622:Tian Shan
558:migratory
505:primaries
490:scapulars
408:feldefare
399:fieldfare
342:Caribbean
299:predators
268:migratory
242:fieldfare
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1704:22708816
1678:10197506
1574:45510218
1535:bob11980
1499:22708816
1494:BirdLife
1483:BioLib:
1417:Wikidata
1114:(1910).
1091:(1758).
908:Breeding
864:molluscs
858:Berberis
841:dog rose
821:Hawthorn
803:such as
747:orchards
698:redwings
674:Sardinia
630:Anatolia
620:and the
598:Slovakia
318:Taxonomy
308:redwings
284:molluscs
256:Turdidae
197:Linnaeus
148:Turdidae
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1803:ZooBank
1652:2490737
1471:Avibase
941:In the
837:juniper
805:beetles
801:insects
797:spiders
743:marshes
717:Habitat
670:Corsica
666:Madeira
646:Iceland
634:Lebanon
610:Siberia
602:Hungary
590:Austria
582:Germany
578:Belgium
574:Finland
393:English
288:insects
276:Ireland
254:family
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1851:Turdus
1782:558604
1756:365960
1730:357736
1691:179766
1608:EURING
1587:TURDPI
1561:fieldf
1522:fieldf
1451:fieldf
1423:Q25777
1361:. RSPB
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1071:
809:larvae
785:snails
751:tundra
735:spruce
690:Cyprus
680:, the
678:Sicily
660:, the
656:, the
616:, the
606:Poland
592:, the
570:Sweden
566:Norway
538:roosts
498:mantle
383:thrush
338:Turdus
325:Turdus
274:&
260:Europe
252:thrush
231:
225:
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159:Turdus
1777:WoRMS
1769:18290
1673:IRMNG
1665:12707
1626:97228
1613:11980
1595:EUNIS
1556:eBird
1548:59PMS
1519:BOW:
829:rowan
825:holly
813:flies
789:slugs
727:alder
723:birch
710:roost
686:Malta
642:India
626:China
476:lores
439:Welsh
405:word
376:Latin
1725:NCBI
1699:IUCN
1686:ITIS
1647:GBIF
1600:1335
1582:EPPO
1512:9567
1507:BOLD
1486:8887
1247:ISBN
1205:2024
1165:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1050:2021
1033:2016
994:MHNT
947:RSPB
929:IUCN
855:and
815:and
799:and
787:and
737:and
731:pine
688:and
638:Iran
608:and
494:and
463:and
391:The
332:and
303:eggs
290:and
240:The
201:1758
128:Aves
1764:TSA
1743:143
1712:NBN
1569:EoL
1543:CoL
1530:BTO
1458:ADW
1447:ABA
1161:393
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1037:doi
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