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Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds and, in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The
Turdidae have a great ecological importance
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205:. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
954:
Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (October 2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)".
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because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.
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The thrush is one of the many kinds of small bird that have in the past been trapped and eaten in much of Europe; the practice is now rare. Among traditional ways of cooking thrush were with
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201:, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as
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in 1815. The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the
Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the
1422:
302:). Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during the summer, often over considerable distances.
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Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds that inhabit wooded areas and often feed on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the
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per year. Both parents help raise the young. In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of
1335:
916:
Voelker, G.; Spellman, G.M. (February 2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily
Muscicapoidea".
810:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 151, 252.
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vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time.
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Turdidae species spread the seeds of plants, contributing to the dispersal of many species and the recovery of ecosystems.
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768:
717:
Escobar
Riomalo, Maria Paula; Gongora, Esteban; Arsitizabal Leost, Sophie (2020-03-04). Schulenberg, Thomas S (ed.).
363:. While eating fruit, these animals swallow seeds and then later regurgitate them or pass them in their faeces. Such
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studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family
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The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of
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488:. As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae. In contrast, the genus
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Many bats and birds rely heavily on fruits for their diet, including birds in the families
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8:
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The Howard & Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines
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30:
This article is about birds in family
Turdidae. For other birds known as thrushes, see
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which had previously been placed in
Muscicapidae, was shown to belong in Turdidae.
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271: oz) and 28 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in); the larger, commonly recognized
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in the subfamily
Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the
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mobility away from the parent plant and consequently rely upon a variety of
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States
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Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
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has been a major mechanism of seed dispersal across ocean barriers.
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The family contains 175 species, which are divided into 17 genera:
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The Howard and Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
793:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
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633:– typical American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (13 species)
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analysis has shown that the family Turdidae is a member of the
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The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French
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641:– Asian thrushes (21 species, including one recently extinct)
454:
Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
391:
299:
657:– true thrushes (88 species, including one recently extinct)
191:
117:
1094:. Paris: Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis. pp. 277–278.
569:– solitaires (12 species, including one recently extinct)
217:, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and
1122:
High-resolution photo gallery of around 100 species.
1091:
L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle
992:
807:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
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831:"Earth history and the passerine superradiation"
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1031:(4th ed.). Eastbourne, U.K.: Aves Press.
1027:Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014).
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947:
336:to transport their propagules, including both
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909:
763:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 186–187.
1423:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
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759:Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
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892:(3rd ed.). London: Christopher Helm.
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677:or grilled on a skewer, in Italy; with
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480:were included in Turdidae. Subsequent
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1008:. International Ornithologists' Union
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957:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
918:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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689:. The French cook and cookery writer
283:might, however, grow larger than the
239: in). The largest thrush is the
1351:6b335a90-9561-40d7-b680-5c6c19439bb8
1263:b4e89451-c7e7-4946-ac81-9b4ee57676c7
829:Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019).
803:
681:berries in Belgium; and made into a
32:Thrush (disambiguation) § Birds
445:. The two families diverged in the
294:, but most species also eat worms,
24:
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208:
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1006:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
693:recommended cooking thrushes in
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1118:on the Internet Bird Collection
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761:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1088:CarĂŞme, Marie-Antoine (1847).
822:
797:
785:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
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710:
13:
1:
930:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X
888:Dickinson, E.C., ed. (2003).
704:
545:– rufous thrushes (2 species)
449:around 17 million years ago.
408:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
34:. For the mouth disease, see
1059:The Oxford Companion to Food
7:
969:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008
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10:
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668:
553:– ant thrushes (2 species)
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305:Thrushes build cup-shaped
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515:
165:
160:
71:Scientific classification
69:
59:
50:
45:
804:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
617:– solitaires (2 species)
609:– rufous-brown solitaire
1065:Oxford University Press
1055:Davidson, Alan (1999).
1000:, eds. (January 2023).
856:10.1073/pnas.1813206116
537:– bluebirds (3 species)
317:, which nest in holes.
735:10.2173/bow.grethr1.01
663:list of thrush species
512:
482:molecular phylogenetic
428:Molecular phylogenetic
395:
243:at 128 to 175 g (
1372:Paleobiology Database
585:– cochoas (4 species)
500:
385:
298:, and fruit (usually
273:blue whistling thrush
225:averages 12 cm (
219:Old World flycatchers
203:Old World flycatchers
64:(Turdus litsitsirupa)
1258:Fauna Europaea (new)
691:Marie-Antoine CarĂŞme
456:in 2003, the genera
420:Old World flycatcher
328:Plants have limited
277:Old world flycatcher
61:Groundscraper thrush
847:2019PNAS..116.7916O
996:; Donsker, David;
727:Birds of the World
513:
396:
1400:
1399:
1359:Open Tree of Life
1133:Taxon identifiers
1038:978-0-9568611-2-2
998:Rasmussen, Pamela
899:978-0-7136-6536-9
841:(16): 7916–7925.
697:and serving with
665:for more detail.
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334:dispersal vectors
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16:(Redirected from
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721:Turdus fuscater
719:"Great Thrush (
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593:– varied thrush
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550:Neocossyphus
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486:Muscicapidae
475:
471:Brachypteryx
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443:Muscicapidae
424:Muscicapidae
402:
388:Dusky thrush
369:
365:ornithochory
361:Ramphastidae
346:
327:
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289:
285:great thrush
281:Amami thrush
241:great thrush
212:
198:
184:
182:
161:Subfamilies
147:
63:
40:
1284:iNaturalist
1165:Wikispecies
994:Gill, Frank
695:crépinettes
432:superfamily
412:nightingale
296:land snails
169:Myadestinae
36:candidiasis
1407:Categories
1063:. Oxford:
1002:"Thrushes"
705:References
622:Hylocichla
606:Cichlopsis
558:Pinarornis
542:Stizorhina
529:– grandala
510:Ring ouzel
477:Heinrichia
357:Trogonidae
353:Columbidae
349:Cotingidae
215:shortwings
153:Rafinesque
134:Suborder:
1100:969509254
743:216306066
646:Geokichla
598:Ridgwayia
566:Myadestes
506:Fieldfare
459:Myophonus
290:They are
189:passerine
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
46:Thrushes
1418:Thrushes
1413:Turdidae
1185:Turdidae
1171:Turdidae
1150:Wikidata
1141:Turdidae
977:20656044
938:14715230
875:30936315
816:2246/830
787:(1815).
638:Zoothera
630:Catharus
526:Grandala
405:polymath
399:Taxonomy
315:bluebird
311:clutches
199:Turdidae
185:thrushes
174:Turdinae
148:Turdidae
144:Family:
108:Chordata
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
18:Turdidae
1012:6 April
866:6475423
843:Bibcode
687:terrine
679:juniper
675:polenta
669:Cooking
590:Ixoreus
502:Redwing
447:Miocene
437:and is
422:family
338:abiotic
321:Ecology
300:berries
266:⁄
252:⁄
234:⁄
138:Passeri
124:Order:
114:Class:
1390:196049
1377:129843
1348:NZOR:
1315:179751
1302:108421
1237:1TURDF
1156:Q26050
1098:
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1035:
975:
936:
896:
873:
863:
767:
741:
654:Turdus
582:Cochoa
534:Sialia
516:Genera
491:Cochoa
465:Alethe
439:sister
342:biotic
279:. The
275:is an
221:. The
195:family
187:are a
155:, 1815
1385:WoRMS
1364:96286
1297:IRMNG
1289:15977
1250:10852
739:S2CID
392:Tokyo
307:nests
1341:9183
1336:NCBI
1310:ITIS
1276:5290
1271:GBIF
1232:EPPO
1224:1603
1198:1208
1193:BOLD
1096:OCLC
1069:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1014:2023
973:PMID
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