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Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds and, in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The
Turdidae have a great ecological importance
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194:. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
943:
Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (October 2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)".
360:
because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.
662:
The thrush is one of the many kinds of small bird that have in the past been trapped and eaten in much of Europe; the practice is now rare. Among traditional ways of cooking thrush were with
366:
190:, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as
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399:
in 1815. The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the
Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the
1411:
291:). Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during the summer, often over considerable distances.
202:
Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds that inhabit wooded areas and often feed on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the
1285:
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per year. Both parents help raise the young. In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of
1324:
905:
Voelker, G.; Spellman, G.M. (February 2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily
Muscicapoidea".
799:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 151, 252.
333:
vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time.
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Turdidae species spread the seeds of plants, contributing to the dispersal of many species and the recovery of ecosystems.
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757:
706:
Escobar
Riomalo, Maria Paula; Gongora, Esteban; Arsitizabal Leost, Sophie (2020-03-04). Schulenberg, Thomas S (ed.).
352:. While eating fruit, these animals swallow seeds and then later regurgitate them or pass them in their faeces. Such
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studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family
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The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of
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477:. As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae. In contrast, the genus
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Many bats and birds rely heavily on fruits for their diet, including birds in the families
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49:
8:
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The Howard & Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines
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854:
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59:
19:
This article is about birds in family
Turdidae. For other birds known as thrushes, see
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which had previously been placed in
Muscicapidae, was shown to belong in Turdidae.
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260: oz) and 28 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in); the larger, commonly recognized
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in the subfamily
Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the
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mobility away from the parent plant and consequently rely upon a variety of
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States
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Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
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has been a major mechanism of seed dispersal across ocean barriers.
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The family contains 175 species, which are divided into 17 genera:
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96:
879:
The Howard and Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
782:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
667:
663:
622:– typical American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (13 species)
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435:
326:
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analysis has shown that the family Turdidae is a member of the
392:
The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French
86:
1212:
942:
630:– Asian thrushes (21 species, including one recently extinct)
443:
Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
380:
288:
646:– true thrushes (88 species, including one recently extinct)
180:
106:
1083:. Paris: Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis. pp. 277–278.
558:– solitaires (12 species, including one recently extinct)
206:, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and
1111:
High-resolution photo gallery of around 100 species.
1080:
L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle
981:
796:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
1015:
1045:
1393:
820:"Earth history and the passerine superradiation"
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1020:(4th ed.). Eastbourne, U.K.: Aves Press.
1016:Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014).
938:
936:
325:to transport their propagules, including both
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898:
752:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 186–187.
1412:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
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748:Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
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895:
881:(3rd ed.). London: Christopher Helm.
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666:or grilled on a skewer, in Italy; with
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469:were included in Turdidae. Subsequent
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1037:
997:. International Ornithologists' Union
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975:
946:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
907:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
743:
741:
678:. The French cook and cookery writer
272:might, however, grow larger than the
228: in). The largest thrush is the
1340:6b335a90-9561-40d7-b680-5c6c19439bb8
1252:b4e89451-c7e7-4946-ac81-9b4ee57676c7
818:Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019).
792:
670:berries in Belgium; and made into a
21:Thrush (disambiguation) § Birds
434:. The two families diverged in the
283:, but most species also eat worms,
13:
1034:
972:
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197:
14:
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1098:
995:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
682:recommended cooking thrushes in
63:
1107:on the Internet Bird Collection
1070:
750:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1077:CarĂŞme, Marie-Antoine (1847).
811:
786:
774:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
766:
699:
1:
919:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X
877:Dickinson, E.C., ed. (2003).
693:
534:– rufous thrushes (2 species)
438:around 17 million years ago.
397:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
23:. For the mouth disease, see
1048:The Oxford Companion to Food
7:
958:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008
387:
10:
1428:
657:
542:– ant thrushes (2 species)
309:
294:Thrushes build cup-shaped
18:
1128:
504:
154:
149:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
793:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
606:– solitaires (2 species)
598:– rufous-brown solitaire
1054:Oxford University Press
1044:Davidson, Alan (1999).
989:, eds. (January 2023).
845:10.1073/pnas.1813206116
526:– bluebirds (3 species)
306:, which nest in holes.
724:10.2173/bow.grethr1.01
652:list of thrush species
501:
471:molecular phylogenetic
417:Molecular phylogenetic
384:
232:at 128 to 175 g (
1361:Paleobiology Database
574:– cochoas (4 species)
489:
374:
287:, and fruit (usually
262:blue whistling thrush
214:averages 12 cm (
208:Old World flycatchers
192:Old World flycatchers
53:(Turdus litsitsirupa)
1247:Fauna Europaea (new)
680:Marie-Antoine CarĂŞme
445:in 2003, the genera
409:Old World flycatcher
317:Plants have limited
266:Old world flycatcher
50:Groundscraper thrush
836:2019PNAS..116.7916O
985:; Donsker, David;
716:Birds of the World
502:
385:
1389:
1388:
1348:Open Tree of Life
1122:Taxon identifiers
1027:978-0-9568611-2-2
987:Rasmussen, Pamela
888:978-0-7136-6536-9
830:(16): 7916–7925.
686:and serving with
654:for more detail.
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323:dispersal vectors
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1317:NBNSYS0000161220
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710:Turdus fuscater
708:"Great Thrush (
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688:sauce PĂ©rigueux
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582:– varied thrush
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198:Characteristics
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16:Family of birds
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1234:Fauna Europaea
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1099:External links
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563:Chlamydochaera
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550:– boulder chat
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405:European robin
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999:. Retrieved
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539:Neocossyphus
537:
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478:
475:Muscicapidae
464:
460:Brachypteryx
458:
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446:
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432:Muscicapidae
413:Muscicapidae
391:
377:Dusky thrush
358:
354:ornithochory
350:Ramphastidae
335:
316:
313:
293:
278:
274:great thrush
270:Amami thrush
230:great thrush
201:
187:
173:
171:
150:Subfamilies
136:
52:
29:
1273:iNaturalist
1154:Wikispecies
983:Gill, Frank
684:crépinettes
421:superfamily
401:nightingale
285:land snails
158:Myadestinae
25:candidiasis
1396:Categories
1052:. Oxford:
991:"Thrushes"
694:References
611:Hylocichla
595:Cichlopsis
547:Pinarornis
531:Stizorhina
518:– grandala
499:Ring ouzel
466:Heinrichia
346:Trogonidae
342:Columbidae
338:Cotingidae
204:shortwings
142:Rafinesque
123:Suborder:
1089:969509254
732:216306066
635:Geokichla
587:Ridgwayia
555:Myadestes
495:Fieldfare
448:Myophonus
279:They are
178:passerine
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
35:Thrushes
1407:Thrushes
1402:Turdidae
1174:Turdidae
1160:Turdidae
1139:Wikidata
1130:Turdidae
966:20656044
927:14715230
864:30936315
805:2246/830
776:(1815).
627:Zoothera
619:Catharus
515:Grandala
394:polymath
388:Taxonomy
304:bluebird
300:clutches
188:Turdidae
174:thrushes
163:Turdinae
137:Turdidae
133:Family:
97:Chordata
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
1001:6 April
855:6475423
832:Bibcode
676:terrine
668:juniper
664:polenta
658:Cooking
579:Ixoreus
491:Redwing
436:Miocene
426:and is
411:family
327:abiotic
310:Ecology
289:berries
255:⁄
241:⁄
223:⁄
127:Passeri
113:Order:
103:Class:
1379:196049
1366:129843
1337:NZOR:
1304:179751
1291:108421
1226:1TURDF
1145:Q26050
1087:
1060:
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964:
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885:
862:
852:
756:
730:
643:Turdus
571:Cochoa
523:Sialia
505:Genera
480:Cochoa
454:Alethe
428:sister
331:biotic
268:. The
264:is an
210:. The
184:family
176:are a
144:, 1815
1374:WoRMS
1353:96286
1286:IRMNG
1278:15977
1239:10852
728:S2CID
381:Tokyo
296:nests
1330:9183
1325:NCBI
1299:ITIS
1265:5290
1260:GBIF
1221:EPPO
1213:1603
1187:1208
1182:BOLD
1085:OCLC
1058:ISBN
1022:ISBN
1003:2023
962:PMID
923:PMID
883:ISBN
860:PMID
754:ISBN
672:pâté
650:See
463:and
403:and
329:and
181:bird
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