Fertilizer - Knowledge

434: 1932:, (derived from coconut husks), bark, and sawdust when added to soil all act similarly (but not identically) to peat and are also considered organic soil amendments – or texturizers – because of their limited nutritive inputs. Some organic additives can have a reverse effect on nutrients – fresh sawdust can consume soil nutrients as it breaks down and may lower soil pH – but these same organic texturizers (as well as compost, etc.) may increase the availability of nutrients through improved cation exchange, or through increased growth of microorganisms that in turn increase availability of certain plant nutrients. Organic fertilizers such as composts and manures may be distributed locally without going into industry production, making actual consumption more difficult to quantify. 230: 2167: 258: 222: 8007: 2119:

impact in the global mineral use, followed by potash and phosphate. The production of nitrogen has drastically increased since the 1960s. Phosphate and potash have increased in price since the 1960s, which is larger than the consumer price index. Potash is produced in Canada, Russia and Belarus, together making up over half of the world production. Potash production in Canada rose in 2017 and 2018 by 18.6%. Conservative estimates report 30 to 50% of crop yields are attributed to natural or synthetic commercial fertilizers. Fertilizer consumption has surpassed the amount of farmland in the United States.

1348: 1238: 3003:, regulations have been implemented to control the use of N fertilizers in farming. In 2008, Chinese governments began to partially withdraw fertilizer subsidies, including subsidies to fertilizer transportation and to electricity and natural gas use in the industry. In consequence, the price of fertilizer has gone up and large-scale farms have begun to use less fertilizer. If large-scale farms keep reducing their use of fertilizer subsidies, they have no choice but to optimize the fertilizer they have which would therefore gain an increase in both grain yield and profit. 442: 44: 238: 2329: 2401: 2135: 1848: 1941: 2157: 8757: 2816:

the measured decline can be attributed to the use of progressively higher-yielding crop varieties that produce foods with lower mineral concentrations than their less-productive ancestors. It is, therefore, unlikely that organic farming or reduced use of fertilizers will solve the problem; foods with high nutrient density are posited to be achieved using older, lower-yielding varieties or the development of new high-yield, nutrient-dense varieties.

1856: 8769: 398:. It is estimated that a third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process and that this supports nearly half the world's population. After World War II, nitrogen production plants that had ramped up for wartime bomb manufacturing were pivoted towards agricultural uses. The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has increased steadily over the last 50 years, rising almost 20-fold to the current rate of 100 million 2568: 2925: 2265: 3382: 2316: 2146: 8793: 2130:. The diagram below shows fertilizer consumption by the European Union (EU) countries as kilograms per hectare (pounds per acre). The total consumption of fertilizer in the EU is 15.9 million tons for 105 million hectare arable land area (or 107 million hectare arable land according to another estimate). This figure equates to 151 kg of fertilizers consumed per ha arable land on average by the EU countries. 8781: 300:, began experimenting on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots in 1837, and a year or two later the experiments were extended to crops in the field. One immediate consequence was that in 1842 he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulfuric acid, and thus was the first to create the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year, he enlisted the services of 2534: 1915:, hides, hoofs, and horns all are typical components. Organically derived materials available to industry such as sewage sludge may not be acceptable components of organic farming and gardening, because of factors ranging from residual contaminants to public perception. On the other hand, marketed "organic fertilizers" may include, and promote, processed organics 2663:). The nutrients, especially nitrates, in fertilizers can cause problems for natural habitats and for human health if they are washed off soil into watercourses or leached through soil into groundwater. Run-off can lead to fertilizing blooms of algae that use up all the oxygen and leave huge "dead zones" behind where other fish and aquatic life can not live. 3010:

Two types of agricultural management practices include organic agriculture and conventional agriculture. The former encourages soil fertility using local resources to maximize efficiency. Organic agriculture avoids synthetic agrochemicals. Conventional agriculture uses all the components that organic

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Phosphate rocks contain high levels of fluoride. Consequently, the widespread use of phosphate fertilizers has increased soil fluoride concentrations. It has been found that food contamination from fertilizer is of little concern as plants accumulate little fluoride from the soil; of greater concern

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Phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers can affect soil, surface water, and groundwater due to the dispersion of minerals into waterways due to high rainfall, snowmelt and can leaching into groundwater over time. Agricultural run-off is a major contributor to the eutrophication of freshwater bodies. For

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Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e.g., in 'foliar feed' fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an

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In March 2022, the United States Department of Agriculture announced a new $ 250M grant to promote American fertilizer production. Part of the Commodity Credit Corporation, the grant program will support fertilizer production that is independent of dominant fertilizer suppliers, made in America, and

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practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers are frequently suggested as reasons for these declines and organic farming is often suggested as a solution. Although improved crop yields resulting from NPK fertilizers are known to dilute the concentrations of other nutrients in plants, much of

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The radioactive content of the fertilizers varies considerably and depends both on their concentrations in the parent mineral and on the fertilizer production process. Uranium-238 concentrations can range from 7 to 100 pCi/g (picocuries per gram) in phosphate rock and from 1 to 67 pCi/g in phosphate

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O, but the system is a conventional shorthand for the amount of the phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) in a fertilizer. A 50-pound (23 kg) bag of fertilizer labeled 16-4-8 contains 8 lb (3.6 kg) of nitrogen (16% of the 50 pounds), an amount of phosphorus equivalent to that in 2 pounds of

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The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has significantly supported global population growth. It has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed due to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The use of phosphate fertilizers has also increased from 9 million tonnes

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is a rating system describing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in a fertilizer. NPK ratings consist of three numbers separated by dashes (e.g., 10-10-10 or 16-4-8) describing the chemical content of fertilizers. The first number represents the percentage of nitrogen in the product;

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were identified as limiting the growth of broad-acre crops and pastures in the 1940s and 1950s. Soils in Western Australia are very old, highly weathered and deficient in many of the major nutrients and trace elements. Since this time these trace elements are routinely added to fertilizers used in

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in phosphorus-containing fertilizers varies considerably and can be problematic. For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14 mg/kg or as high as 50.9 mg/kg. The phosphate rock used in their manufacture can contain as much as 188 mg/kg

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Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient (e.g., K, P, or N), in which case they are classified as "straight fertilizers". "Multinutrient fertilizers" (or "complex fertilizers") provide two or more nutrients, for example, N

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Agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021 was 195 million tonnes of nutrients, of which 56% was nitrogen. Asia represented 53% of the world's total agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021, followed by the Americas (29%), Europe (12%), Africa (4%) and Oceania (2%). This ranking of

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Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants. This goal is met in two ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration. This article, like many on

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In grain and cotton crops, urea is often applied at the time of the last cultivation before planting. In high rainfall areas and on sandy soils (where nitrogen can be lost through leaching) and where good in-season rainfall is expected, urea can be side- or top-dressed during the growing season.

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period). Controlled-release fertilizer is also known as controlled-availability fertilizer, delayed-release fertilizer, metered-release fertilizer, or slow-acting fertilizer. Usually CRF refers to nitrogen-based fertilizers. Slow- and controlled-release involve only 0.15% (562,000 tons) of the

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China has become the largest producer and consumer of nitrogen fertilizers while Africa has little reliance on nitrogen fertilizers. Agricultural and chemical minerals are very important in industrial use of fertilizers, which is valued at approximately $ 200 billion. Nitrogen has a significant

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the materials have consumer appeal. No matter the definition nor composition, most of these products contain less-concentrated nutrients, and the nutrients are not as easily quantified. They can offer soil-building advantages as well as be appealing to those who are trying to farm / garden more

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invented at the beginning of the 20th century, and amplified by production capacity created during World War II, led to a boom in using nitrogen fertilizers. In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial

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is the most widely used packaged organic soil amendment. It is an immature form of coal and improves the soil by aeration and absorbing water but confers no nutritional value to the plants. It is therefore not a fertilizer as defined in the beginning of the article, but rather an amendment.

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NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers providing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There exist two types of NPK fertilizers: compound and blends. Compound NPK fertilizers contain chemically bound ingredients, while blended NPK fertilizers are physical mixtures of single nutrient

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has preoccupied farmers since the beginning of agriculture. Middle Eastern, Chinese, Mesoamerican, and Cultures of the Central Andes were all early adopters of agriculture. This is thought to have led to their cultures growing faster in population which allowed an exportation of culture to

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Because of the high nitrogen concentration in urea, it is very important to achieve an even spread. Drilling must not occur on contact with or close to seed, due to the risk of germination damage. Urea dissolves in water for application as a spray or through irrigation systems.

2799:, lead, and arsenic. These potentially harmful impurities can be removed; however, this significantly increases cost. Highly pure fertilizers are widely available and perhaps best known as the highly water-soluble fertilizers containing blue dyes used around households, such as 2618:

As of 2006, the application of nitrogen fertilizer is being increasingly controlled in northwestern Europe and the United States. In cases where eutrophication can be reversed, it may nevertheless take decades and significant soil management before the accumulated nitrates in

1169:(ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm or less than 0.04% dry matter. These elements are often required for enzymes essential to the plant's metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts (enzymes), their impact far exceeds their weight%age. Typical micronutrients are 1867:" can describe those fertilizers with a biologic origin—derived from living or formerly living materials. Organic fertilizers can also describe commercially available and frequently packaged products that strive to follow the expectations and restrictions adopted by " 3916: 2803:. These highly water-soluble fertilizers are used in the plant nursery business and are available in larger packages at significantly less cost than retail quantities. Some inexpensive retail granular garden fertilizers are made with high purity ingredients. 2866:

and air. The cost of natural gas makes up about 90% of the cost of producing ammonia. The increase in price of natural gases over the past decade, along with other factors such as increasing demand, have contributed to an increase in fertilizer price.

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fertilizers. Where high annual rates of phosphorus fertilizer are used, this can result in uranium-238 concentrations in soils and drainage waters that are several times greater than are normally present. However, the impact of these increases on the

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Urea is usually spread at rates of between 40 and 300 kg/ha (35 to 270 lbs/acre) but rates vary. Smaller applications incur lower losses due to leaching. During summer, urea is often spread just before or during rain to minimize losses from

2198:, a solid globule. Liquid fertilizers comprise anhydrous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate or urea. These concentrated products may be diluted with water to form a concentrated liquid fertilizer (e.g., 1879:

typically contain both some organic materials as well as acceptable additives such as nutritive rock powders, ground seashells (crab, oyster, etc.), other prepared products such as seed meal or kelp, and cultivated microorganisms and derivatives.

1189:. These elements are provided as water-soluble salts. Iron presents special problems because it converts to insoluble (bio-unavailable) compounds at moderate soil pH and phosphate concentrations. For this reason, iron is often administered as a 2134: 270:

neighboring hunter-gatherer groups. Fertilizer use along with agriculture allowed some of these early societies a critical advantage over their neighbors, leading them to become dominant cultures in their respective regions (P Bellwood - 2023

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O (8% of 50 pounds). Most fertilizers are labeled according to this N-P-K convention, although Australian convention, following an N-P-K-S system, adds a fourth number for sulfur, and uses elemental values for all values including P and K.

6727:"Business | Fear in the Fields – How Hazardous Wastes Become Fertilizer – Spreading Heavy Metals on Farmland Is Perfectly Legal, But Little Research Has Been Done To Find Out Whether It's Safe | Seattle Times Newspaper" 6983: 4090: 7323:

Tian, Hanqin; Xu, Rongting; Canadell, Josep G.; Thompson, Rona L.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Davidson, Eric A.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Prather, Michael J. (October 2020).

276:. Egyptians, Romans, Babylonians, and early Germans are all recorded as using minerals or manure to enhance the productivity of their farms. The scientific research of plant nutrition started well before the work of German chemist 2952:

296 times larger than an equal mass of carbon dioxide and it also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. By changing processes and procedures, it is possible to mitigate some, but not all, of these effects on anthropogenic

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is a mixture of potassium minerals used to make potassium (chemical symbol: K) fertilizers. Potash is soluble in water, so the main effort in producing this nutrient from the ore involves some purification steps, e.g., to remove

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the regions is the same for all nutrients. The main users of inorganic fertilizers are, in descending order, China, India, Brazil, and the United States of America (see Table 15), with China the largest user of each nutrient.

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are applied directly to leaves. This method is almost invariably used to apply water-soluble straight nitrogen fertilizers and used especially for high-value crops such as fruits. Urea is the most common foliar fertilizer.

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Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or is lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high

2584:. The main contributor to eutrophication is phosphate, which is normally a limiting nutrient; high concentrations promote the growth of cyanobacteria and algae, the demise of which consumes oxygen. Cyanobacteria blooms (' 2652:. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. 2916:. Nitrous oxide emissions by humans, most of which are from fertilizer, between 2007 and 2016 have been estimated at 7 million tonnes per year, which is incompatible with limiting global warming to below 2 °C. 4331: 2676:

Soil acidification refers to the process by which the pH level of soil becomes more acidic over time. Soil pH is a measure of the soil's acidity or alkalinity and is determined on a scale from 0 to 14, with

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Chen, Huaihai; Yang, Zamin K.; Yip, Dan; Morris, Reese H.; Lebreux, Steven J.; Cregger, Melissa A.; Klingeman, Dawn M.; Hui, Dafeng; Hettich, Robert L.; Wilhelm, Steven W.; Wang, Gangsheng (18 June 2019).

861:. Organic fertilizers are usually (recycled) plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture. 1395:

OH. Billions of kg of phosphate rock are mined annually, but the size and quality of the remaining ore is decreasing. These minerals are converted into water-soluble phosphate salts by treatment with

2988:, high concentrations of nitrate and phosphorus in runoff and drainage water are classified as nonpoint source pollutants due to their diffuse origin; this pollution is regulated at the state level. 7999:

Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems

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Zhao, F. J.; Su, Y. H.; Dunham, S. J.; Rakszegi, M.; Bedo, Z.; McGrath, S. P.; Shewry, P. R. (2009). "Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin".

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agriculture in this state. Many other soils around the world are deficient in zinc, leading to deficiency in both plants and humans, and zinc fertilizers are widely used to solve this problem.

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for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment, or hand-tool methods.

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Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in 2012, adding to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen,

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are used to slow the hydrolytic conversion of urea into ammonia, which is prone to evaporation as well as nitrification. The conversion of urea to ammonia catalyzed by enzymes called

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For each ton of phosphoric acid produced by the processing of phosphate rock, five tons of waste are generated. This waste takes the form of impure, useless, radioactive solid called

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Bodelier, Paul, L.E.; Peter Roslev3, Thilo Henckel1 & Peter Frenzel1 (November 1999). "Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots".

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and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic (the topic of most of this article) versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except

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containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers. The macro-nutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a

4774: 4332:"Best available techniques for pollution prevention and control in the European fertilizer industry. Booklet No. 7 of 8: Production of NPK fertilizers by the nitrophosphate route" 7541: 1875:" gardening – related systems of food and plant production that significantly limit or strictly avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The "organic fertilizer" 7901: 4663: 2708:

When these nitrogen-containing fertilizers are added to the soil, they increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil solution, which lowers the pH of the soil.

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The production of synthetic, or inorganic, fertilizers require prepared chemicals, whereas organic fertilizers are derived from the organic processes of plants and animals in

544:(DM) (0% moisture) basis. Plants are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are widely available respectively in 8051: 5331: 4598: 3055: 6259: 3538: 2388:

can occur when too much fertilizer is applied, resulting in damage or even death of the plant. Fertilizers vary in their tendency to burn roughly in accordance with their

4342: 90:. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced. For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients: 4897:"Efficiency of two nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide and 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate) on soil nitrogen transformations and plant productivity: a meta-analysis" 3930:

Marsh KL, Sims GK, Mulvaney RL (2005). "Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of C- and N-labeled urea added to soil".

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A mixture of single superphosphate and triple superphosphate is called double superphosphate. More than 90% of a typical superphosphate fertilizer is water-soluble.

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Fertilizers are applied to crops both as solids and as liquid. About 90% of fertilizers are applied as solids. The most widely used solid inorganic fertilizers are

6046:"Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture: Secondary nutrients, micronutrients, liming effect and hazardous elements associated with phosphate rock use" 5681: 5257: 2751:

is the possibility of fluoride toxicity to livestock that ingest contaminated soils. Also of possible concern are the effects of fluoride on soil microorganisms.

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Gomiero, T.; D. Pimental & M.G Paoletti (2011). "Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional vs. Organic Agriculture".

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Saltzman, A.; Birol, E.; Bouis, H. E.; Boy, E.; De Moura, F.F.; Islam, Y.; Pfeiffer, W. H. (2013). "Biofortification: progress toward a more nourishing future".

3614: 7516: 7173:"Hydrogen and Ammonia fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and New Global Framework for Managing Nature programs | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 6726: 6494: 4043: 5130:

Tayibi, Hanan; Choura, Mohamed; López, Félix A.; Alguacil, Francisco J.; López-Delgado, Aurora (2009). "Environmental Impact and Management of Phosphogypsum".

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Haynes, R.J, R. Naidu (1998). "Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review".

2967:) are increased by the application of ammonium-based fertilizers. These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas. 2811:

Attention has been addressed to the decreasing concentrations of elements such as iron, zinc, copper and magnesium in many foods over the last 50–60 years.

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that can accumulate in the food chain, and can be harmful to humans. Fertilizer run-off can be reduced by using weather-optimized fertilization strategies.

914:), with 45-46% nitrogen, another popular source of nitrogen, having the advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate. 7527: 7749: 4371:

Vasant Gowariker, V. N. Krishnamurthy, Sudha Gowariker, Manik Dhanorkar, Kalyani Paranjape "The Fertilizer Encyclopedia" 2009, John Wiley & Sons.

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McLaughlin, M. J.; Tiller, K. G.; Naidu, R.; Stevens, D. P. (1996). "Review: the behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers".

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Thomas, D. (2007). "The mineral depletion of foods available to us as a nation (1940–2002) – A Review of the 6th Edition of McCance and Widdowson".

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There are three major routes for manufacturing NPK fertilizers (named for their main ingredients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)):

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and was one of the original (1830) nitrogen-rich fertilizers used. It is still mined for fertilizer. Nitrates are also produced from ammonia by the

433: 7875: 7664: 5498: 5449:"Management, regulation and environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilization in northwestern Europe under the Nitrates Directive; a benchmark study" 6019: 2684:

Soil acidification is a significant concern in agriculture and horticulture. It refers to the process of the soil becoming more acidic over time.

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Major two-component fertilizers provide both nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. These are called NP fertilizers. The main NP fertilizers are

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Six tomato plants grown with and without nitrate fertilizer on nutrient-poor sand/clay soil. One of the plants in the nutrient-poor soil has died.

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was one of the competing industrial processes at the beginning of nitrogen-based fertilizer production. This process was used to fix atmospheric

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Loganathan, P.; Hedley, M.J.; Grace, N.D. (2008). "Pasture Soils Contaminated with Fertilizer-Derived Cadmium and Fluorine: Livestock Effects".

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The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements, but the elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead,

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Bijay-Singh; Yadvinder-Singh; Sekhon, G.S. (1995). "Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries".

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and according to the particular crop. Legumes, for example, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and generally do not require nitrogen fertilizer.

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and scientific colleagues at the time were quick to disprove the simplifications of von Liebig. Prominent scientists whom von Liebig drew were

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Syers JK, Mackay AD, Brown MW, Currie CD (1986). "Chemical and physical characteristics of phosphate rock materials of varying reactivity".

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Top-dressing is also popular on pasture and forage crops. In cultivating sugarcane, urea is side dressed after planting and applied to each

2202:). Advantages of liquid fertilizer are its more rapid effect and easier coverage. The addition of fertilizer to irrigation water is called " 8093: 6234: 4814:

Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".

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Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".

2389: 5513:"A Farmer's Guide To Agriculture and Water Quality Issues: 3. Environmental Requirements & Incentive Programs For Nutrient Management" 5446: 3227: 7789: 4789: 4628:

Stewart, W.M.; Dibb, D.W.; Johnston, A.E.; Smyth, T.J. (2005). "The Contribution of Commercial Fertilizer Nutrients to Food Production".

7891:"Addressing Consolidation in Agriculture: USDA's Response to President Biden's Directive to Promote Competition in the American Economy" 7297: 5421: 4714: 3402: 7588: 6779: 2819:

Fertilizers are, in fact, more likely to solve trace mineral deficiency problems than cause them: In Western Australia deficiencies of

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In Europe, problems with high nitrate concentrations in runoff are being addressed by the European Union's Nitrates Directive. Within

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Fertilizers are commonly used for growing all crops, with application rates depending on the soil fertility, usually as measured by a

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Barisic D, Lulic S, Miletic P (1992). "Radium and uranium in phosphate fertilizers and their impact on the radioactivity of waters".

2876: 2444: 2441: 587:). To be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a "fixed" form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (notably 2996:, both in the United States, have fertilizer registration programs with on-line databases listing chemical analyses of fertilizers. 2904:. One third is produced during the production and two thirds during the use of fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by 2194:, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride. Solid fertilizer is typically granulated or powdered. Often solids are available as 8710: 8654: 5335: 4606: 2507: 5314:

Wilfried Werner "Fertilizers, 6. Environmental Aspects" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

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Van Grinsven, H. J. M.; Ten Berge, H. F. M.; Dalgaard, T.; Fraters, B.; Durand, P.; Hart, A.; ... & Willems, W. J. (2012).

5048:"One-time nitrogen fertilization shifts switchgrass soil microbiomes within a context of larger spatial and temporal variation" 4255:

Cordell, Dana; Drangert, Jan-Olof; White, Stuart (2009). "The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought".

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Glass, Anthony (September 2003). "Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Crop Plants: Physiological Constraints upon Nitrogen Absorption".

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Jackson, Louise E.; Burger, Martin; Cavagnaro, Timothy R. (2008). "Roots, Nitrogen Transformations, and Ecosystem Services".

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Wilke, B.M. (1987). "Fluoride-induced changes in chemical properties and microbial activity of mull, moder and mor soils".

17: 7404: 6780:"Waste Lands: The Threat of Toxic Fertilizer Released by PIRG Toxic Wastes Found in Fertilizers Cat Lazaroff / ENS 7may01" 2595:

The nitrogen-rich compounds found in fertilizer runoff are the primary cause of serious oxygen depletion in many parts of

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Banger, K.; Tian, H.; Lu, C. (2012). "Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields?".

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Davis, D.R.; Epp, M.D.; Riordan, H.D. (2004). "Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999".

3561: 2434: 2416: 200: 5685: 552:, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in 8642: 7431: 5925:

Penn, C. J.; Bryant, R. B. (2008). "Phosphorus Solubility in Response to Acidification of Dairy Manure Amended Soils".

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Various chemicals are used to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen-based fertilizers. In this way farmers can limit the

5851: 5579: 4501:"Production & Inputs | Government of India, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers" 4036: 3681:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

3654: 8859: 8797: 6946: 6730: 6678: 6505: 6206: 4487: 3513: 3035: 2705:. These fertilizers release ammonium or nitrate ions, which can acidify the soil as they undergo chemical reactions. 946:

with 15,5% nitrogen and 19% calcium, reportedly holding a small share of the nitrogen fertilizer market (4% in 2007).

229: 3255:"Spatial Spillover Effects of "New Farmers" on Diffusion of Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Evidence from China" 3176: 2681:

being neutral. A pH value below 7 indicates acidic soil, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkaline or basic soil.

8904: 8869: 8086: 6471: 5864: 2226: 6362:"Fluoride: A review of its fate, bioavailability, and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand" 5742: 3201: 1463:

O, as a matter of convenience to those describing the potassium content. In fact, potash fertilizers are usually

8940: 8690: 8675: 8670: 8447: 8037: 4169: 2514:. Most policy and regulatory approaches to address these issues focus on pivoting agricultural practices towards 1194: 6560:

Hussein EM (1994). "Radioactivity of phosphate ore, superphosphate, and phosphogypsum in Abu-zaabal phosphate".

292:. In this field, a 'knowledge erosion' took place, partly driven by an intermingling of economics and research. 281: 8737: 8732: 8680: 8427: 6536: 2503: 2166: 4068: 3777: 8899: 8823: 8412: 8123: 2276: 2269: 2257: 1407:

or Odda process (invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved with

451: 7840:

Ju, Xiaotang; B.Gu, Y. Wu, J.N.Galloway. (2016). "Reducing China's fertilizer use by increasing farm size".

6806: 6631: 2553:. Estimates range from 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste produced annually worldwide. 8879: 8851: 8432: 8407: 7991: 7753: 5194:

McKay Fletcher, D. M.; Ruiz, S. A.; Dias, T.; Chadwick, D. R.; Jones, D. L.; Roose, T. (20 February 2021).

7125: 5290: 8417: 8079: 5605: 5520: 2742:. Producers of phosphorus-containing fertilizers now select phosphate rock based on the cadmium content. 175:

The use of artificial and industrially-applied fertilizers has caused environmental consequences such as

35: 6982:

Fan, M. S.; Zhao, F. J.; Fairweather-Tait, S. J.; Poulton, P. R.; Dunham, S. J.; McGrath, S. P. (2008).

6224:"A possible EU wide charge on cadmium in phosphate fertilisers: Economic and environmental implications" 5988: 2984:, farmers are encouraged to manage their land more sustainably in 'catchment-sensitive farming'. In the 8457: 8392: 8219: 7358: 3040: 2607:. The resulting lack of dissolved oxygen greatly reduces the ability of these areas to sustain oceanic 795: 754: 312: 78:) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply 5543: 5195: 3722:"Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a non renewable resource" 3100:

Scherer, Heinrich W.; Mengel, Konrad; Kluge, Günter; Severin, Karl (2009). "Fertilizers, 1. General".

1352: 145:

developed around synthetically created fertilizers. This transition was important in transforming the

8194: 7734: 6106:

Trueman NA (1965). "The phosphate, volcanic and carbonate rocks of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)".

5743:"NOFA Interstate Council: The Natural Farmer. Ecologically Sound Nitrogen Management. Mark Schonbeck" 165: 7231: 6968: 6708: 6449: 5332:"UPDATE (9:30 a.m.): Do-not-drink water advisory lifted for City of Toledo | Toledo Free Press" 4203: 3858: 2384:

Careful use of fertilization technologies is important because excess nutrients can be detrimental.

9063: 8909: 8816: 8705: 8291: 8204: 8189: 8144: 5647:

Callisto, Marcos; Molozzi, Joseline; Barbosa, José Lucena Etham (2014). "Eutrophication of Lakes".

4681: 2949: 2637: 2519: 2467:

degradation, and accumulation of toxins in ecosystems. Indirect environmental impacts include: the

1872: 1241:

Total nitrogenous fertilizer consumption per region, measured in tonnes of total nutrient per year.

917: 257: 8874: 8632: 8355: 8350: 8241: 8209: 7440: 7271: 6223: 5359:"Variations in the microcystin content of different fish species collected from a eutrophic lake" 5113: 5020: 4146:

Plant Analysis Handbook II: A Practical Sampling, Preparation, Analysis, and Interpretation Guide

3335:"Why Panaceas Work: Recasting Science, Knowledge, and Fertilizer Interests in German Agriculture" 2515: 2511: 2480: 2206:". Granulated fertilizers are more economical to ship and store, not to mention easier to apply. 192: 8006: 4233: 3451: 3135: 2734:). Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can contaminate soil (as shown in New Zealand) and 221: 8700: 8685: 8627: 8622: 8377: 8308: 8301: 8118: 8113: 2645: 1657: 1404: 1217:, while environmental conditions such as heat or drought make boron less available for plants. 1103: 1042: 634: 204: 142: 7793: 4850: 4006: 3294: 9094: 8935: 8894: 8516: 8296: 7869: 7658: 5781: 5492: 5425: 4987: 4306: 3502:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

2649: 1000: 626: 216: 6783: 5196:"Precipitation-optimised targeting of nitrogen fertilisers in a model maize cropping system" 5114:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2356:(2-chloro-6-trichloromethylpyridine) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are popular. 2244:

Because it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, urea is often stored in closed containers.

1347: 261:

Cropland nitrogen budget by component and region, a large proportion comes from fertilizers.

9089: 8761: 8597: 8387: 8246: 8199: 7935: 7849: 7691: 7622: 7556: 7478: 7439:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13. Archived from 7337: 7067: 6997: 6604: 6410: 6373: 6150: 6141:

Taylor MD (1997). "Accumulation of Cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealand soils".

6115: 6080: 5934: 5891: 5716: 5460: 5207: 5139: 5059: 4908: 4637: 4264: 3939: 3628: 3070: 2468: 1201:

derivatives. The micronutrient needs depend on the plant and the environment. For example,

1068: 301: 285: 195:

practices can be implemented to reduce the adverse environmental effects of fertilizer and

7612: 6538:

Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources

4122: 476:(K): strong stem growth, movement of water in plants, promotion of flowering and fruiting; 450:

fertilizers, emphasizes the nutritional aspect. Fertilizers typically provide, in varying

8: 9006: 8945: 8889: 8785: 8214: 8019: 4096:. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Archived from 3679: 2739: 2612: 2572: 2542: 2484: 2460: 2456: 1868: 1472: 1270: 352: 305: 7939: 7853: 7695: 7626: 7560: 7482: 7341: 7071: 7001: 6608: 6414: 6377: 6154: 6119: 6084: 5938: 5895: 5720: 5464: 5422:"Discovery Channel :: News – Animals :: U.N.: Ocean 'Dead Zones' Growing" 5211: 5143: 5063: 4912: 4641: 4268: 3943: 3632: 2589: 2344:

inhibitors (also known as nitrogen stabilizers) suppress the conversion of ammonia into

1944:

Fertilizer use (2018). From FAO's World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

1237: 9037: 9011: 9001: 8773: 8695: 8521: 8437: 7951: 7715: 7646: 7580: 7379: 7099: 6956: 6911: 6865: 6696: 6684: 6426: 6198: 6011: 5829: 5804: 5617: 5385: 5358: 5239: 5173: 5090: 5047: 4937: 4896: 4463: 4421: 4280: 3955: 3846: 3827: 3759: 3743: 3644: 3444: 3366: 3362: 3334: 3075: 2993: 2698: 2692: 2656: 2455:. The use of fertilizer has also led to a number of direct environmental consequences: 2337: 2295: 2160: 1903:). Beyond manures, animal sources can include products from the slaughter of animals – 1888: 1864: 1842: 1629: 1464: 1254: 1226: 1166: 929: 666: 501: 422: 421:

fertilizer to be applied; soybean crops require about half, 20–25 kg per hectare.

289: 188: 6938: 6670: 6162: 5407: 4849:

Gregorich, Edward G.; Turchenek, L. W.; Carter, M. R.; Angers, Denis A., eds. (2001).

2795:, chromium, and nickel. The most common toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are 2701:

when added. This may lead to decrease in nutrient availability which may be offset by

43: 9016: 8991: 8986: 8768: 8365: 8338: 8286: 8256: 7707: 7703: 7638: 7572: 7496: 7383: 7371: 7363: 7210: 7152: 7105: 7013: 6942: 6903: 6857: 6674: 6616: 6577: 6573: 6339: 6329: 6202: 6166: 5907: 5834: 5785: 5728: 5660: 5621: 5390: 5243: 5231: 5223: 5165: 5095: 5077: 4993: 4942: 4924: 4870: 4860: 4829: 4753: 4578: 4544: 4519: 4467: 4453: 4380: 4372: 4310: 4149: 4016: 3985: 3977: 3896: 3831: 3817: 3751: 3738: 3721: 3693: 3619: 3509: 3480: 3455: 3422: 3354: 3313: 3276: 3233: 3115: 3025: 2960: 2812: 2796: 2781: 2678: 2660: 2488: 1497:

bulk blending. The individual fertilizers are combined in the desired nutrient ratio.

1476: 1468: 1324: 1019: 537: 441: 332: 293: 277: 237: 156: 150: 31: 7955: 7861: 7719: 7387: 6869: 6688: 6045: 6015: 5882:

Schindler, D. W.; Hecky, R. E. (2009). "Eutrophication: More Nitrogen Data Needed".

5544:"An Urgent Call to Action – Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group" 5258:"Environmental impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers in high rainfall areas" 5219: 5177: 4425: 4276: 3803: 3763: 3649: 2738:. Limits to the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers has been considered by the 386:) from the air. The ammonia from the Haber process is then partially converted into 8955: 8602: 8560: 8452: 8343: 8251: 8236: 7943: 7857: 7699: 7650: 7630: 7564: 7486: 7353: 7345: 7202: 7075: 7040: 7005: 6934: 6895: 6853: 6849: 6666: 6612: 6569: 6430: 6418: 6381: 6321: 6194: 6158: 6123: 6088: 6003: 5969: 5942: 5899: 5824: 5816: 5777: 5724: 5652: 5613: 5478: 5468: 5380: 5370: 5315: 5215: 5155: 5147: 5085: 5067: 4932: 4916: 4821: 4745: 4645: 4445: 4413: 4388: 4298: 4284: 4272: 3959: 3947: 3888: 3809: 3733: 3685: 3636: 3595: 3346: 3266: 3107: 3050: 2731: 2633: 2357: 1289: 1165:

are consumed in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of

937: 889: 184: 169: 134: 67: 7584: 6915: 6386: 6361: 5151: 4964: 4749: 3310:

Die Wahrheit ist auf dem Feld: Eine Wissensgeschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft

3111: 2905: 8976: 8919: 8839: 8577: 8313: 8065: 8041: 7947: 7520: 6756: 5112:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

5072: 3065: 2527: 2523: 2464: 2385: 1719: 1653: 1649: 1617: 1452: 1424: 1336: 1273: 943: 395: 363: 176: 138: 87: 79: 75: 7009: 6325: 5656: 5262:

Agriculture and Food | Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development

3613:

Erisman, JW; Sutton, MA; Galloway, J; Klimont, Z; Winiwarter, W (October 2008).

2400: 2348:, an anion that is more prone to leaching. 1-Carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole (CMP), 2328: 280:

although his name is most mentioned as the "father of the fertilizer industry".

9032: 8808: 8533: 7979:

Kirk Otmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1993, volume 10, page 433-514.

7568: 7257: 6984:"Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years" 6899: 6189:

Chaney, R.L. (2012). "Food safety issues for mineral and organic fertilizers".

5357:

Schmidt, JR; Shaskus, M; Estenik, JF; Oesch, C; Khidekel, R; Boyer, GL (2013).

2954: 2945: 2913: 2885: 2882: 2761: 2562: 2452: 2428: 2404: 2308: 2171: 2127: 1730:

Method 1.(Odda process) Calcium nitrate crystals are removed by centrifugation.

1638: 1637:

The Nitrophosphate Process. Step 1. Nitrophosphates are made by acidiculating

1488: 1380: 1360: 1328: 1316: 1162: 1030:

These fertilizers are common. They consist of two or more nutrient components.

951: 841: 638: 545: 266: 180: 56: 7976:

Ullman´s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 1987, volume A10, page 323-421.

7349: 7272:"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050" 7079: 7044: 6127: 4417: 3972:

J. Benton Jones, Jr. "Inorganic Chemical Fertilisers and Their Properties" in

3951: 1847: 1281: 9083: 8950: 8727: 8592: 8550: 8496: 8318: 8139: 7973:

McKetta & Cunningham, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design,1984

7514:"Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle, threats, benefits and opportunities" 7367: 7206: 7104:. Perth, Western Australia: Agriculture Western Australia. pp. 161–207. 6289:"Revision of the EU fertilizer regulation and cadmium content of fertilisers" 5903: 5865:"Fertilizer Runoff Overwhelms Streams and Rivers--Creating Vast "Dead Zones"" 5319: 5227: 5081: 4928: 4825: 3892: 3393: 3388: 3358: 3280: 3060: 2985: 2981: 2937: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2735: 2702: 2641: 2550: 2538: 2499: 2476: 2349: 2341: 1896: 1621: 1616:

The wet process is based on chemical reactions between liquid raw materials

1400: 1258: 1022:(MOP, 95–99% KCl). It is typically available as 0-0-60 or 0-0-62 fertilizer. 979: 791: 654: 359: 160: 122: 83: 6092: 5946: 4649: 4500: 3350: 3007:

utilizing innovative production techniques to jumpstart future competition.

9068: 8996: 8981: 8647: 8506: 8481: 8323: 8281: 8226: 8184: 8011: 7711: 7642: 7576: 7500: 7375: 7017: 6907: 6861: 6541:. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. pp. 29–32 6343: 6007: 5911: 5838: 5789: 5483: 5473: 5448: 5394: 5235: 5169: 5099: 4946: 4664:"Fertilizer consumption (Kilograms per hectare of arable land) | Data" 3755: 3474: 2841: 2585: 1912: 1364: 759: 646: 630: 297: 233:

World population supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

7990:

Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019).

7326:"A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks" 6581: 6170: 5375: 4392: 2776:

Steel industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels of

9047: 8971: 8637: 8572: 8555: 8528: 8501: 8486: 8462: 8333: 8174: 8102: 7392: 5820: 5541: 4702: 3271: 3254: 3159: 3157: 3045: 3030: 3020: 2964: 2863: 2800: 2620: 2472: 2203: 2123: 1642: 1435:). This mixture can be combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce a 1408: 1262: 845: 800: 728: 584: 387: 379: 324: 146: 118: 7898:

Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School

7491: 7466: 7101:

Soilguide – A handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils

4740:

Kiiski, Harri; Dittmar, Heinrich (2016). "Fertilizers, 4. Granulation".

2156: 1940: 8328: 8276: 8271: 8154: 6720: 6718: 6422: 5746: 5160: 4842: 3747: 2932:

concentrations (surface and atmospheric) for 2005; note distinct plumes

2851: 2828: 2764:

from radinuclide contamination of foods is very small (less than 0.05 m

2353: 2283: 2280: 2229:(a process wherein nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere as ammonia gas). 1723: 1202: 1178: 1112: 837: 678: 573: 561: 557: 549: 541: 509: 467: 130: 103: 95: 8034: 5989:"Cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers used for tobacco production" 5973: 4920: 4173: 4091:"National Code of Practice for Fertilizer Description & Labelling" 3719: 3599: 3154: 2862:

Most fertilizer is made from dirty hydrogen. Ammonia is produced from

2483:

and large-scale industrial agricultural practices are associated with

1855: 669:

are highly relevant to the efficiency of nitrogen-based fertilizers.

27:

Substance added to soils to supply plant nutrients for a better growth

8914: 8538: 8266: 7925: 7815: 7767: 7634: 4856: 4449: 3813: 3689: 3505: 3295:"Justus von Liebig and the Agricultural Revolution | SciHi Blog" 2924: 2847: 2824: 2655:

Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause '

2581: 2567: 2492: 2238: 2179: 2104: 1908: 1904: 1285: 1190: 1186: 921: 864: 708: 610: 577: 505: 486: 473: 418: 250: 196: 126: 99: 6715: 6446:"Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contaminants in Phosphate Fertilizers" 6360:

Cronin, S. J.; Manoharan, V.; Hedley, M. J.; Loganathan, P. (2000).

3640: 249:

and fertilizers, is claimed to be the oldest industrial business in

8231: 7790:"Washington State Dept. of Agriculture Fertilizer Product Database" 4439: 2502:

concerns, the international community has included food systems in

2448: 2287: 2264: 1900: 1439:

with the three macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved form.

878: 712: 700: 650: 529: 461: 348: 316: 91: 8052:

Agriculture Guide, Complete Guide to Fertilizers and Fertilization

5117: 4874: 3387:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3202:"World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers" 2315: 2145: 1718:

Step 2. Removal of Calcium Nitrate. It is important to remove the

109:

Historically, fertilization came from natural or organic sources:

9042: 8587: 8543: 8511: 6639: 5803:

Knobeloch, L; Salna, B; Hogan, A; Postle, J; Anderson, H (2000).

4807: 2929: 2889: 2792: 2788: 2765: 2722: 2688: 2345: 2332:

N-Butylthiophosphoryltriamide, an enhanced efficiency fertilizer.

2150: 1892: 1625: 1246: 985: 870: 821: 805: 775: 599: 553: 521: 482: 414: 371: 336: 110: 8035:

Nitrogen for Feeding Our Food, Its Earthly Origin, Haber Process

7970:

Malcolm Vickar, Fertilizer technology and usage, Wisconsin, 1963

5706: 5682:"Preventing Pollution Problems from Lawn and Garden Fertilizers" 4341:. European Fertilizer Manufacturers' Association. Archived from 3562:"A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer" 1883:

Fertilizers of an organic origin (the first definition) include

8565: 8491: 8159: 8149: 7523: 7405:"Nitrogen fertiliser use could 'threaten global climate goals'" 6663:

The impact of soil and fertilizer phosphorus on the environment

6359: 4123:"AESL Plant Analysis Handbook – Nutrient Content of Plant" 3477:

A short history of twentieth-century technology c. 1900-c. 1950

3446:

The world's greatest fix: a history of nitrogen and agriculture

2989: 2780:(essential to plant growth), wastes can include the following 2479:, the agricultural boom is partially responsible for the rapid 2361: 2080: 2056: 2032: 1884: 1447: 1363:, which contains two principal phosphorus-containing minerals, 1214: 1210: 704: 588: 569: 525: 497: 490: 425:

is the world's largest producer of nitrogen-based fertilizers.

399: 344: 246: 187:

and other emissions from fertilizer production and mining; and

137:). However, starting in the 19th century, after innovations in 114: 52: 48: 8071: 8021:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

6981: 5580:"Study shows eutrophic lakes may not recover for a millennium" 5193: 4848: 4482:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

4069:"Label Requirements of specialty and other bagged fertilizers" 8582: 3000: 2727: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2425:

Nitrogen fertilizer § Problems with inorganic fertilizer

2195: 1332: 1206: 1198: 1170: 858: 764: 642: 517: 242: 8046: 7839: 6632:"Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in Agricultural Products" 5959: 3612: 2900:

and use of nitrogen fertilizer is estimated as around 5% of

1851:

Compost bin for small-scale production of organic fertilizer

8473: 8261: 8058:

Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Values of Organic Fertilizers

7989: 7816:"Metals Content for Fertilizer and Soil Amendment Products" 5986: 5419: 4895:

Yang, Ming; Fang, Yunting; Sun, Di; Shi, Yuanliang (2016).

4813: 3880: 3163: 2820: 2785: 2777: 2600: 2533: 2408: 2373: 2291: 2250: 2215: 2191: 1929: 1924: 1456: 1396: 1301: 1182: 1174: 1094:

About 85% of MAP and DAP fertilizers are soluble in water.

903: 697: 682: 580: 513: 7467:"An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle" 5987:

Lugon-Moulin, N.; Ryan, L.; Donini, P.; Rossi, L. (2006).

5356: 4196:"Supplemental technical report for sodium nitrate (crops)" 4071:. Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development 2857: 6221: 5802: 5408:"Rapid Growth Found in Oxygen-Starved Ocean 'Dead Zones'" 5129: 3099: 2846:

High levels of fertilizer may cause the breakdown of the

2199: 731: 565: 417:(2.5 acres) requires 31–50 kilograms (68–110 lb) of 335:. The resultant nitric acid was then used as a source of 6222:

Oosterhuis, F.H.; Brouwer, F.M.; Wijnants, H.J. (2000).

4627: 4541:

Harvesting the Biosphere: What We Have Taken From Nature

4516:

Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization

4143: 3917:"Negative and positive effects of N fertilizer on crops" 2522:

practices: these use less synthetic fertilizers, better

2323: 2268:

Methylene diurea (MDU) is component of the most popular

406:

per year in 1960 to 40 million tonnes per year in 2000.

7542:"Decreasing reliance on mineral nitrogen-yet more food" 5679: 3253:

Liu, Min; Zhong, Taiyang; Lyu, Xiao (22 January 2024).

7322: 7197:

Appl, Max (2000). "Ammonia, 2. Production Processes".

6070: 5767: 5646: 4441:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

3805:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021

3615:"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world" 3475:

Trevor Illtyd Williams; Thomas Kingston Derry (1982).

1359:

Phosphate fertilizers are obtained by extraction from

7232:"Natural gas prices affect nitrogen fertilizer costs" 7057: 6729:. Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from 6472:"TENORM: Fertilizer and Fertilizer Production Wastes" 6318:

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

6315: 6252: 5606:"Eutrophication of Freshwater and Coastal Ecosystems" 4137: 548:

and in water. Although nitrogen makes up most of the

168:(more than 30% per capita) as part of the so-called " 7030: 4254: 3229:

First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies

2580:

example, in the US, about half of all the lakes are

958:"Single superphosphate" (SSP) consisting of 14–18% P 470:(P): development of roots, flowers, seeds and fruit; 30:"Plant food" redirects here. For the drug term, see 8047:

International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)

7433:

Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2016

6594: 6495:"Uranium and heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers" 4621: 1403:is primarily motivated by this application. In the 7967:Gilbeart H. Collings, Commercial Fertilizers, 1938 7201:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 139–225. 7147:Carroll and Salt, Steven B. and Steven D. (2004). 6808:Use of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture 5542:State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group (2009). 3443: 304:; together they performed crop experiments at the 125:, and byproducts of human-nature industries (e.g. 6989:Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 6311: 6309: 5805:"Blue Babies and Nitrate-Contaminated Well Water" 5044: 4297: 3929: 3720:Vance, Carroll P; Uhde-Stone & Allan (2003). 2870: 2711: 2447:, production of these fertilizers and associated 660: 102:(K) with occasional addition of supplements like 9081: 8838: 7539: 7146: 5649:Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control 4989:Organic Lawn Care: Growing Grass the Natural Way 4575:Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment 4572: 2442:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1018:The main potassium-based straight fertilizer is 950:The main straight phosphate fertilizers are the 7540:Roy, R. N.; Misra, R. V.; Montanez, A. (2002). 7298:"How Fertilizer Is Making Climate Change Worse" 6839: 5440: 4772: 3416: 2571:Red circles show the location and size of many 2247:Overdose or placing urea near seed is harmful. 2122:Data on the fertilizer consumption per hectare 869:The main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is 343:). A factory based on the process was built in 7732: 7464: 7199:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 6931:The Dilution Effect in Plant Nutrition Studies 6928: 6881: 6879: 6660: 6306: 6215: 5881: 4894: 4817:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4742:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3884:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3103:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 413:A maize crop yielding 6–9 tonnes of grain per 358:The 1910s and 1920s witnessed the rise of the 8824: 8087: 7254:"Table 8—Fertilizer price indexes, 1960–2007" 7051: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6753:"Waste Lands: The Threat of Toxic Fertilizer" 6654: 6437: 6355: 6353: 6269:. fertilizerseurope.com. 2014. Archived from 6184: 6182: 6180: 5310: 5308: 4992:. University of Texas Press. pp. 55–56. 4961:"Nitrogen Fertilization: General Information" 4739: 3531:"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World" 3479:. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–135. 2433:Synthetic fertilizer used in agriculture has 8010: This article incorporates text from a 7874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7768:"Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution" 7681: 7663:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6922: 6842:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 6530: 6528: 6526: 6366:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 5745:. Nofa.org. 25 February 2004. Archived from 5680:C. J. Rosen; B. P. Horgan (9 January 2009). 5497:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4888: 4573:Kesler and Simon, Stephen and Simon (2015). 4367: 4365: 4363: 3406:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1415:) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H 1288:for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as 1025: 331:), one of several chemical processes called 7675: 7359:1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9 7223: 6876: 6623: 6486: 6193:. Vol. 117. Elsevier. pp. 51–99. 4403: 3441: 3421:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 678. 3252: 2948:after carbon dioxide and methane. It has a 900:) with 34-35% nitrogen is also widely used. 164:component of the increased productivity of 8831: 8817: 8094: 8080: 7667:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6826: 6559: 6443: 6394: 6350: 6177: 6105: 6037: 5924: 5305: 4670: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2835: 2806: 2697:Nitrogen-containing fertilizers can cause 2133: 7792:. Agr.wa.gov. 23 May 2012. Archived from 7549:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment 7490: 7357: 7229: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7024: 6804: 6777: 6745: 6523: 6385: 6280: 6140: 6043: 5980: 5828: 5603: 5482: 5472: 5384: 5374: 5159: 5089: 5071: 5014:"Understanding Salt index of fertilizers" 4936: 4852:Soil and Environmental Science Dictionary 4543:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4518:. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. 4486:. Retrieved 29 June 2009. United Nations 4360: 3974:Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual 3737: 3648: 3528: 3270: 3177:"Total fertilizer production by nutrient" 2877:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 2623:can be broken down by natural processes. 2615:near inhabited coastlines is increasing. 2445:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 8014:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 7958:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 7533: 7423: 6975: 6798: 6464: 5782:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932 5610:Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies 5283:"The Sources and Solutions: Agriculture" 4323: 3553: 3392: 3332: 3307: 3225: 2923: 2566: 2532: 2435:wide-reaching environmental consequences 2399: 2395: 2327: 2314: 2263: 2251:Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 2165: 2155: 2144: 1939: 1854: 1846: 1459:). Sometimes potash is referred to as K 1442: 1346: 1342: 1236: 1128:O. Fertilizers do not actually contain P 865:Single nutrient ("straight") fertilizers 440: 432: 366:. The Haber process produces ammonia (NH 256: 236: 228: 220: 42: 6755:. Pirg.org. 3 July 1997. Archived from 6661:Sharpley, A. N.; Menzel, R. G. (1987). 6638:. University of Florida. Archived from 5927:Soil Science Society of America Journal 4985: 4707: 3450:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 3088: 2944:O) has become the third most important 2858:Hydrogen consumption and sustainability 2754: 2498:In order to mitigate environmental and 2459:which leads to downstream effects like 1951:Top users of nitrogen-based fertilizer 1232: 1003:(TSP) typically consists of 44–48% of P 14: 9082: 7888: 7086: 6885: 6724: 6629: 6492: 6188: 6134: 5862: 5612:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 145–152, 5604:Wilkinson, Grace M. (1 January 2017), 5324: 5123: 4721:. International Fertilizer Association 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4000: 3998: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3674: 3672: 2902:anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 2850:relationships between plant roots and 2221:advantage for mechanical application. 1836: 8812: 8075: 7190: 7097: 6929:Jarrell, W.M.; Beverly, R.B. (1981). 6400: 6286: 5640: 5189: 5187: 4013:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3585: 3579: 2364:. A popular inhibitor of ureases is 2338:polluting effects of nitrogen run-off 2324:Chemicals that affect nitrogen uptake 2303: 2174:fertilizer by hand, New Zealand, 1938 1722:because calcium nitrate is extremely 8780: 7196: 6534: 6260:"Putting all the cards on the table" 4963:. Hubcap.clemson.edu. Archived from 4599:"Industry Stats – Fertilizer Canada" 4538: 4513: 4329: 4004: 3778:"Mergers in the fertiliser industry" 3559: 3499: 2626: 2379: 1859:A large commercial compost operation 1767:Method 3.Phosphonitric Process Ca(NO 1261:. In this energy-intensive process, 1149:(4% of 50 pounds), and 4 pounds of K 625:) is required for the production of 576:bases), and other components (e.g., 520:(B). Of occasional significance are 225:Total fertilizer production by type. 8792: 7429: 6240:from the original on 9 October 2022 6025:from the original on 9 October 2022 5684:. Extension.umn.edu. Archived from 5560:from the original on 9 October 2022 5424:. Dsc.discovery.com. Archived from 5132:Journal of Environmental Management 5106: 4557: 4144:H.A. Mills; J.B. Jones Jr. (1996). 4049:from the original on 9 October 2022 3995: 3976:, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2012. 3865: 3669: 3419:The development of modern chemistry 2417:Environmental impact of agriculture 1733:Method 2. Sulfonitric Process Ca(NO 1628:) and solid raw materials (such as 1245:Nitrogen fertilizers are made from 840:and mobile and is a major cause of 189:contamination and pollution of soil 82:. Fertilizers may be distinct from 24: 8643:Environmental impact of irrigation 7928:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 7733:European Union (15 January 2024). 7126:"Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition" 6933:. Vol. 34. pp. 197–224. 6665:. Vol. 41. pp. 297–324. 6199:10.1016/b978-0-12-394278-4.00002-7 5618:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10160-5 5287:US Environmental Protection Agency 5184: 4406:Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 4037:"Summary of State Fertilizer Laws" 3588:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 3226:Bellwood, Peter (4 January 2023). 2726:cadmium (examples are deposits on 2648:into groundwater, thereby causing 2512:sustainable food production system 2421:Human impact on the nitrogen cycle 2411:and fertilizer during a rain storm 2185: 1801:Method 4.Carbonitric Process Ca(NO 1482: 1351:An apatite mine for phosphates in 445:Inorganic fertilizer use by region 306:Institute of Arable Crops Research 25: 9111: 8028: 7907:from the original on 20 July 2022 7747: 6320:. Vol. 192. pp. 29–66. 5420:John Heilprin, Associated Press. 4488:Food and Agriculture Organization 3541:from the original on 19 June 2021 3036:Food and Agriculture Organization 2469:environmental impacts of fracking 1887:, plant wastes from agriculture, 1502:Bulk blending. Ingredient kg/ton 1157: 851: 458:Three main macronutrients (NPK): 8791: 8779: 8767: 8756: 8755: 8005: 7983: 7919: 7882: 7833: 7808: 7782: 7760: 7741: 7726: 7704:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02762.x 7507: 7465:Gruber, N; Galloway, JN (2008). 7458: 7397: 7316: 7290: 7264: 7246: 7165: 7140: 7118: 6771: 6588: 6574:10.1097/00004032-199409000-00010 6553: 6143:Science of the Total Environment 5709:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 5200:Science of the Total Environment 3739:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x 3380: 2671: 2530:) and more organic fertilizers. 2372:-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide ( 2256:This section is an excerpt from 591:) can fix atmospheric nitrogen ( 481:three secondary macronutrients: 159:chemical processes, such as the 8711:Agriculture and the environment 8448:British Agricultural Revolution 8101: 7862:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.08.005 6782:. Mindfully.org. Archived from 6099: 6064: 5953: 5918: 5875: 5863:Biello, David (14 March 2008). 5856: 5845: 5796: 5761: 5735: 5700: 5673: 5608:, in Abraham, Martin A. (ed.), 5597: 5572: 5535: 5505: 5413: 5401: 5350: 5289:. 12 March 2013. Archived from 5275: 5250: 5220:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144051 5038: 5006: 4979: 4953: 4766: 4733: 4696: 4656: 4591: 4532: 4507: 4493: 4474: 4432: 4397: 4291: 4277:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009 4248: 4218: 4188: 4162: 4115: 4083: 4061: 4029: 3966: 3923: 3909: 3796: 3770: 3713: 3606: 3522: 3493: 3468: 3435: 3410: 3373: 3326: 2963:from crop fields (notably rice 2771: 2599:, especially in coastal zones, 1648:Nitric acid + Phosphate rock → 1034:Binary (NP, NK, PK) fertilizers 885:) or its solutions, including: 382:) gas and molecular nitrogen (N 9100:Climate change and agriculture 8655:Climate change and agriculture 8428:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 7889:Andrew, Hannah (5 July 2022). 6854:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 6403:Biology and Fertility of Soils 6044:Zapata, F.; Roy, R.N. (2004). 5770:Annual Review of Plant Biology 3932:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3312:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 3301: 3287: 3246: 3219: 3194: 3169: 3128: 2871:Contribution to climate change 2712:Accumulation of toxic elements 2636:of nitrate leads to increased 2504:Sustainable Development Goal 2 2270:controlled-release fertilizers 2140: 661:Microbiological considerations 13: 1: 7750:"Catchment-Sensitive Farming" 6939:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60887-1 6671:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60807-x 6387:10.1080/00288233.2000.9513430 6163:10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00273-8 5152:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007 4750:10.1002/14356007.n10_n03.pub2 4715:"About Fertilizers Home Page" 3112:10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub3 3081: 2975: 2919: 2277:controlled-release fertiliser 2258:Controlled-release fertiliser 1935: 1220: 1083:. With 18% nitrogen and 46% P 1057:. With 11% nitrogen and 48% P 649:, the main components of the 637:, the main energy carrier in 8433:Arab Agricultural Revolution 8016:license statement/permission 7948:10.1080/07352689.2011.554355 7128:. Scribd.com. 25 August 2010 6725:Wilson, Duff (3 July 1997). 6617:10.1016/0043-1354(92)90234-U 5729:10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4 5073:10.1371/journal.pone.0211310 4775:"Biuret in Urea Fertilizers" 3504:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 2588:') can also produce harmful 2506:which focuses on creating a 2463:and waterway contamination, 1284:. This ammonia is used as a 940:with 24-28 % nitrogen. 428: 282:Nicolas Théodore de Saussure 149:, allowing for larger-scale 7: 8875:Magnesium deficiency#Plants 7842:Global Environmental Change 7151:. Cambridge: Timber Press. 7010:10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.07.002 6805:Zapata, F; Roy, RN (2004). 6326:10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_2 5657:10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_5 4257:Global Environmental Change 3535:www.thechemicalengineer.com 3056:Nutrient Recovery and Reuse 3014: 2745: 966:, again in the form of Ca(H 464:(N): leaf growth and stems 183:due to nutritional runoff; 36:Plant food (disambiguation) 10: 9116: 8393:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 7992:"Chapter 5: Food Security" 7569:10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.177 6900:10.1177/026010600701900205 6444:Mortvedt, JJ; Beaton, JD. 5410:, NY Times, 14 August 2008 4678:"Eurostat - Data Explorer" 4428:– via Springer Link. 3041:History of organic farming 3011:agriculture does not use. 2874: 2839: 2716: 2686: 2560: 2481:growth in human population 2414: 2255: 2213: 1840: 1552:diammonium phosphate (DAP) 1486: 1399:. The large production of 1290:anhydrous ammonium nitrate 1101: 796:Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria 757:(AOB), such as species of 755:Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria 711:the conversion of urea to 214: 210: 29: 9056: 9025: 8964: 8928: 8850: 8752: 8743:Universities and colleges 8719: 8663: 8611: 8472: 8376: 8361:Universities and colleges 8173: 8166: 8132: 8109: 8054:(archived 6 October 2011) 7530:Policy briefs, April 2007 7350:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0 7278:. University of Cambridge 7080:10.1016/j.gfs.2012.12.003 7045:10.1016/j.jcs.2008.11.007 7033:Journal of Cereal Science 6493:Khater, A. E. M. (2008). 6267:Fertilizers International 6128:10.1080/00167616508728596 4303:Chemistry of the Elements 4301:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 3952:10.1007/s00374-005-0004-2 3232:. John Wiley & Sons. 3140:Science History Institute 2970: 2520:regenerative agricultural 2451:practices are drivers of 2299:fertilizer market (1995). 2126:in 2012 are published by 1026:Multinutrient fertilizers 681:(reaction with water) of 166:conventional food systems 9064:Algal nutrient solutions 8910:Micronutrient deficiency 8728:Agriculturist profession 8205:Agricultural engineering 8190:Agricultural cooperative 8064:26 February 2021 at the 7207:10.1002/14356007.o02_o11 5904:10.1126/science.324_721b 5809:Environ. Health Perspect 5320:10.1002/14356007.n10_n05 4986:Garrett, Howard (2014). 4826:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01 4788:(3): 6–7. Archived from 4773:Mikkelsen, R.L. (2007). 3893:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01 3529:Flavell-While, Claudia. 3417:Aaron John Ihde (1984). 3333:Uekötter, Frank (2014). 3308:Uekötter, Frank (2010). 2950:global warming potential 2611:. The number of oceanic 2556: 2489:pressure on biodiversity 1873:environmentally friendly 1327:) are also found in the 918:Calcium ammonium nitrate 153:with large crop yields. 8941:Phosphorus assimilation 8633:Agricultural wastewater 8356:Sustainable food system 8351:Sustainable agriculture 8242:Animal-free agriculture 8210:Agricultural technology 8040:11 January 2017 at the 7519:14 January 2009 at the 6814:. Rome: FAO. p. 82 6093:10.1002/jsfa.2740371102 5947:10.2136/sssaj2007.0071N 4820:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 4650:10.2134/agronj2005.0001 4418:10.1023/A:1009738307837 3887:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 3403:Encyclopædia Britannica 3367:10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68 3351:10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68 3106:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2836:Changes in soil biology 2807:Trace mineral depletion 2666: 2209: 355:facilities were built. 193:sustainable agriculture 8733:Agricultural machinery 8691:History of agriculture 8676:Agriculture by country 8671:Agricultural machinery 8628:Agricultural pollution 8623:Agricultural expansion 8398:Austronesian expansion 8309:Mechanised agriculture 7820:regulatory-info-sc.com 6630:Hanlon, E. A. (2012). 5474:10.5194/bg-9-5143-2012 3684:. FAODocuments. 2023. 3398:Lawes, Sir John Bennet 2933: 2576: 2546: 2412: 2333: 2320: 2273: 2175: 2163: 2153: 1945: 1860: 1852: 1658:hexafluorosilicic acid 1405:nitrophosphate process 1356: 1242: 1104:Labeling of fertilizer 1043:monoammonium phosphate 836:), which is extremely 598:) by converting it to 446: 438: 402:of nitrogen per year. 313:Birkeland–Eyde process 262: 254: 234: 226: 205:industrial agriculture 151:industrial agriculture 121:, harvested minerals, 86:or other non-nutrient 59: 34:. For other uses, see 8936:Nitrogen assimilation 8895:Phosphorus deficiency 8885:Molybdenum deficiency 8738:Government ministries 8681:Agriculture companies 8517:Convertible husbandry 8195:Agricultural supplies 8145:Agricultural Engineer 7684:Global Change Biology 7149:Ecology for Gardeners 7098:Moore, Geoff (2001). 5376:10.3390/toxins5050992 4539:Smil, Vaclav (2012). 4514:Smil, Vaclav (2015). 4393:10.1002/9780470431771 4339:fertilizerseurope.com 4307:Butterworth-Heinemann 4299:Greenwood, Norman N. 4005:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 3500:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 2927: 2840:Further information: 2721:The concentration of 2650:groundwater pollution 2570: 2536: 2403: 2396:Environmental effects 2331: 2318: 2267: 2169: 2161:Drone crop fertilizer 2159: 2148: 1943: 1858: 1850: 1569:triple superphosphate 1443:Potassium fertilizers 1350: 1343:Phosphate fertilizers 1276:, and the nitrogen (N 1274:supplies the hydrogen 1240: 1001:Triple superphosphate 920:Is a blend of 20-30% 641:, as well as certain 444: 436: 260: 240: 232: 224: 217:History of fertilizer 143:agricultural industry 127:fish processing waste 46: 8951:Microbial assistance 8900:Potassium deficiency 8880:Manganese deficiency 8388:Neolithic Revolution 8247:Cellular agriculture 8200:Agricultural science 7735:"Nitrates Directive" 7594:on 24 September 2015 7060:Global Food Security 6888:Nutrition and Health 6191:Advances in Agronomy 6008:10.1051/agro:2006010 5821:10.1289/ehp.00108675 5523:on 23 September 2015 3442:G. J. Leigh (2004). 3339:Agricultural History 3272:10.3390/land13010119 3071:Soil defertilisation 2896:produced during the 2762:risk to human health 2755:Radioactive elements 1923:In terms of volume, 1282:derived from the air 1233:Nitrogen fertilizers 1229:using biochemicals. 1227:biological processes 1116:the second number, P 1069:diammonium phosphate 790:), a process termed 651:lipidic double layer 351:in Norway and large 302:Joseph Henry Gilbert 286:Carl Ludwig Sprenger 201:environmental damage 18:Fertilization (soil) 9007:Nutrient management 8946:Sulfur assimilation 8890:Nitrogen deficiency 8018:). Text taken from 7940:2011CRvPS..30...95G 7854:2016GEC....41...26J 7696:2012GCBio..18.3259B 7627:2000Natur.403..421B 7561:2002Ambio..31..177R 7492:10.1038/nature06592 7483:2008Natur.451..293G 7390:on 13 October 2020. 7342:2020Natur.586..248T 7304:. 10 September 2020 7072:2013GlFS....2....9S 7002:2008JTEMB..22..315F 6759:on 26 November 2010 6733:on 18 November 2010 6609:1992WatRe..26..607B 6415:1987BioFS...5...49W 6378:2000NZJAR..43..295C 6155:1997ScTEn.208..123T 6120:1965AuJES..12..261T 6085:1986JSFA...37.1057S 5996:Agron. Sustain. Dev 5939:2008SSASJ..72..238P 5896:2009Sci...324..721S 5869:Scientific American 5721:1995JCHyd..20..167S 5465:2012BGeo....9.5143V 5212:2021ScTEn.75644051M 5144:2009JEnvM..90.2377T 5064:2019PLoSO..1411310C 4913:2016NatSR...622075Y 4795:on 22 December 2015 4642:2005AgrJ...97....1S 4444:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 4269:2009GEC....19..292C 4148:. Micro-Macro Pub. 4103:on 28 February 2015 4008:Enriching the Earth 3944:2005BioFS..42..137M 3633:2008NatGe...1..636E 2740:European Commission 2543:Fort Meade, Florida 2528:no-till agriculture 2485:habitat destruction 2457:agricultural runoff 2290:gradually into the 1952: 1869:organic agriculture 1865:Organic fertilizers 1837:Organic fertilizers 1503: 1473:potassium carbonate 1437:compound fertilizer 1259:Haber–Bosch process 703:possess the enzyme 667:enzymatic reactions 353:hydroelectric power 9038:Nutrient pollution 9012:Organic fertilizer 9002:Nutrient budgeting 8865:Calcium deficiency 8522:Rotational grazing 8438:Columbian exchange 7796:on 30 October 2013 7230:Sawyer JE (2001). 6786:on 11 January 2002 6423:10.1007/BF00264346 6287:Wates, J. (2014). 5852:Nitrogen and Water 5651:. pp. 55–71. 4901:Scientific Reports 4170:"Boron Deficiency" 4125:. Aesl.ces.uga.edu 3784:. 18 February 2010 3076:Seaweed fertilizer 2934: 2699:soil acidification 2693:Soil acidification 2657:blue baby syndrome 2577: 2547: 2413: 2334: 2321: 2309:Foliar fertilizers 2304:Foliar application 2296:controlled release 2274: 2176: 2164: 2154: 1950: 1946: 1861: 1853: 1843:Organic fertilizer 1630:potassium chloride 1583:potassium chloride 1501: 1465:potassium chloride 1357: 1243: 1205:appear to require 447: 439: 423:Yara International 290:Hermann Hellriegel 263: 255: 235: 227: 147:global food system 60: 9077: 9076: 9017:Plant tissue test 8992:Hydroponic dosers 8987:Hoagland solution 8806: 8805: 8366:Urban agriculture 8339:Rice-duck farming 8287:Intensive farming 8257:Extensive farming 7690:(10): 3259–3267. 7621:(6768): 421–424. 7477:(7176): 293–296. 7336:(7828): 248–256. 7216:978-3-527-30673-2 7158:978-0-88192-611-8 7111:978-0-7307-0057-9 6636:edis.ifas.ufl.edu 6502:radioecology.info 6335:978-0-387-71723-4 6276:on 8 August 2014. 6079:(11): 1057–1064. 5974:10.1071/sr9960001 5890:(5928): 721–722. 5666:978-94-007-7813-9 5627:978-0-12-804792-7 5459:(12): 5143–5160. 4999:978-0-292-72849-3 4921:10.1038/srep22075 4866:978-0-8493-3115-2 4759:978-3-527-30673-2 4744:. pp. 1–32. 4684:on 6 October 2014 4603:Fertilizer Canada 4584:978-1-107-07491-0 4550:978-0-262-01856-2 4525:978-1-119-94253-5 4459:978-92-5-133394-5 4385:978-0-470-43177-1 4377:978-0-470-41034-9 4316:978-0-08-037941-8 4155:978-1-878148-05-6 4022:978-0-262-69313-4 3990:978-1-4398-1610-3 3982:978-1-4398-1609-7 3823:978-92-5-134332-6 3699:978-92-5-138262-2 3620:Nature Geoscience 3600:10.1080/713989757 3486:978-0-19-858159-8 3461:978-0-19-516582-1 3428:978-0-486-64235-2 3319:978-3-5253-1705-1 3239:978-1-119-70634-2 3206:Our World in Data 3181:Our World in Data 3026:Circulus (theory) 2961:Methane emissions 2813:Intensive farming 2732:Christmas islands 2661:methemoglobinemia 2627:Nitrate pollution 2491:and agricultural 2440:According to the 2380:Overfertilization 2358:Urease inhibitors 2116: 2115: 1613: 1612: 1477:potassium nitrate 1469:potassium sulfate 1325:Chilean saltpeter 1167:parts-per-million 1020:muriate of potash 750:Ammonia oxidation 677:The first is the 333:nitrogen fixation 294:John Bennet Lawes 278:Justus von Liebig 241:Founded in 1812, 32:Bath salts (drug) 16:(Redirected from 9107: 9057:Related concepts 8956:Photorespiration 8860:Boron deficiency 8833: 8826: 8819: 8810: 8809: 8795: 8794: 8783: 8782: 8771: 8759: 8758: 8603:Wildlife farming 8453:Green Revolution 8404:Ancient history 8344:Rice-fish system 8252:Contract farming 8237:Animal husbandry 8096: 8089: 8082: 8073: 8072: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7960: 7959: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7906: 7895: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7865: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7756:on 30 June 2011. 7752:. Archived from 7745: 7739: 7738: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7662: 7654: 7635:10.1038/35000193 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7587:. Archived from 7546: 7537: 7531: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7494: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7445: 7438: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7411:. 7 October 2020 7401: 7395: 7391: 7386:. Archived from 7361: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7260:on 6 March 2010. 7256:. 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Archived from 6441: 6435: 6434: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6228: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6186: 6175: 6174: 6149:(1–2): 123–126. 6138: 6132: 6131: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6073:J Sci Food Agric 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6024: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5860: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5832: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5749:on 24 March 2004 5739: 5733: 5732: 5715:(3–4): 167–184. 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5688:on 10 March 2014 5677: 5671: 5670: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5548: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5519:. Archived from 5509: 5503: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5486: 5476: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5378: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5338:on 5 August 2014 5334:. Archived from 5328: 5322: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5163: 5138:(8): 2377–2386. 5127: 5121: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5075: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5019:. Archived from 5018: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4680:. Archived from 4674: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4630:Agronomy Journal 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4605:. Archived from 4595: 4589: 4588: 4570: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4450:10.4060/cb1329en 4436: 4430: 4429: 4401: 4395: 4369: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4347: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4305:(2nd ed.). 4295: 4289: 4288: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4232:. Archived from 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4202:. Archived from 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4172:. Archived from 4166: 4160: 4159: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4002: 3993: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3878: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3814:10.4060/cb4477en 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3741: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3690:10.4060/cc8166en 3676: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653:. Archived from 3652: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3173: 3167: 3164:Mbow et al. 2019 3161: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3097: 3051:Leaf Color Chart 2883:greenhouse gases 2634:water solubility 2508:climate-friendly 2461:ocean dead zones 2137: 1953: 1949: 1654:Calcium sulphate 1524:ammonium nitrate 1507:Blend ingredient 1504: 1500: 996: 938:ammonium nitrate 890:Ammonium nitrate 835: 834: 833: 830: 819: 818: 817: 814: 789: 788: 787: 784: 773: 745: 744: 743: 740: 726: 725: 724: 721: 695: 624: 623: 622: 619: 608: 597: 496:Micronutrients: 170:Green Revolution 135:animal slaughter 84:liming materials 68:American English 21: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9052: 9021: 8977:Fertilizer tree 8960: 8924: 8920:Fertilizer burn 8905:Zinc deficiency 8870:Iron deficiency 8846: 8840:Plant nutrition 8837: 8807: 8802: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8715: 8706:Poultry farming 8659: 8614: 8607: 8578:Poultry farming 8468: 8444:Modern history 8424:Post-classical 8372: 8371: 8370: 8314:Organic farming 8169: 8168: 8164: 8128: 8105: 8100: 8066:Wayback Machine 8042:Wayback Machine 8031: 7994: 7986: 7964: 7963: 7934:(1–2): 95–124. 7924: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7867: 7866: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7746: 7742: 7731: 7727: 7680: 7676: 7656: 7655: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7521:Wayback Machine 7512: 7508: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7096: 7087: 7056: 7052: 7029: 7025: 6980: 6976: 6964: 6963: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6927: 6923: 6884: 6877: 6838: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6778:mindfully.org. 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6723: 6716: 6704: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6681: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6642:on 25 July 2014 6628: 6624: 6593: 6589: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6511:on 24 July 2014 6508: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6452:on 26 July 2014 6442: 6438: 6399: 6395: 6372:(3): 295–3214. 6358: 6351: 6336: 6314: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231:dare.ubvu.vu.nl 6226: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6187: 6178: 6139: 6135: 6108:J Geol Soc Aust 6104: 6100: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6022: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5958: 5954: 5923: 5919: 5880: 5876: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5801: 5797: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5645: 5641: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5490: 5489: 5484:1854/LU-3072131 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5428:on 18 June 2010 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5369:(5): 992–1009. 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5313: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5293:on 5 April 2023 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5192: 5185: 5128: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5058:(6): e0211310. 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4967:on 29 June 2012 4959: 4958: 4954: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4867: 4859:. p. 132. 4847: 4843: 4836: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4609:on 4 April 2018 4597: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4571: 4558: 4551: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4479: 4475: 4460: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4402: 4398: 4370: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4348:on 29 July 2014 4345: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4296: 4292: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4236:on 14 July 2014 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4206:on 14 July 2014 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4176:on 6 March 2019 4168: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4015:. p. 135. 4003: 3996: 3971: 3967: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3879: 3866: 3854: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3824: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3726:New Phytologist 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3657:on 23 July 2010 3641:10.1038/ngeo325 3627:(10): 636–639. 3611: 3607: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3560:Philpott, Tom. 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3508:. p. 156. 3498: 3494: 3487: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3396:, ed. (1911). " 3381: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3098: 3089: 3084: 3066:Peak phosphorus 3017: 2978: 2973: 2943: 2922: 2879: 2873: 2860: 2844: 2838: 2809: 2774: 2757: 2748: 2719: 2714: 2695: 2674: 2669: 2629: 2565: 2559: 2524:soil management 2465:soil microbiome 2431: 2398: 2386:Fertilizer burn 2382: 2326: 2319:Fertilizer burn 2306: 2301: 2300: 2261: 2253: 2218: 2212: 2188: 2186:Liquid vs solid 2143: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1938: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1720:calcium nitrate 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1650:Phosphoric acid 1618:phosphoric acid 1491: 1485: 1483:NPK fertilizers 1462: 1455:(NaCl) (common 1453:sodium chloride 1445: 1434: 1430: 1425:calcium nitrate 1422: 1418: 1414: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1345: 1337:Ostwald process 1322: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1279: 1268: 1252: 1235: 1223: 1191:chelate complex 1160: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1106: 1098:NPK fertilizers 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1028: 1010: 1006: 994: 989: 983: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 952:superphosphates 944:Calcium nitrate 935: 927: 913: 909: 899: 895: 884: 876: 867: 854: 831: 828: 827: 825: 815: 812: 811: 809: 785: 782: 781: 779: 772: 768: 741: 738: 737: 735: 722: 719: 718: 716: 694: 690: 686: 663: 620: 617: 616: 614: 607: 603: 596: 592: 431: 396:Ostwald process 393: 385: 377: 369: 364:Ostwald process 342: 330: 322: 219: 213: 177:water pollution 157:Nitrogen-fixing 139:plant nutrition 88:soil amendments 80:plant nutrients 76:British English 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9113: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9033:Soil fertility 9029: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8836: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8789: 8777: 8765: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8536: 8534:Insect farming 8531: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8413:Ancient Greece 8410: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8382: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8055: 8049: 8044: 8030: 8029:External links 8027: 8026: 8025: 8003: 8001:. p. 454. 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7918: 7881: 7832: 7807: 7781: 7759: 7740: 7725: 7674: 7605: 7555:(2): 177–183. 7532: 7506: 7457: 7446:on 18 May 2017 7422: 7396: 7315: 7302:BloombergQuint 7289: 7263: 7245: 7222: 7215: 7189: 7164: 7157: 7139: 7117: 7110: 7085: 7050: 7039:(2): 290–295. 7023: 6996:(4): 315–324. 6974: 6965:|journal= 6947: 6921: 6894:(1–2): 21–55. 6875: 6848:(6): 669–682. 6825: 6797: 6770: 6744: 6714: 6705:|journal= 6679: 6653: 6622: 6603:(5): 607–611. 6597:Water Research 6587: 6568:(3): 280–282. 6562:Health Physics 6552: 6522: 6485: 6474:. US EPA. 2016 6463: 6436: 6393: 6349: 6334: 6305: 6279: 6251: 6214: 6207: 6176: 6133: 6114:(2): 261–286. 6098: 6063: 6036: 6002:(3): 151–155. 5979: 5952: 5917: 5874: 5855: 5844: 5795: 5776:(1): 341–363. 5760: 5734: 5699: 5672: 5665: 5639: 5626: 5596: 5571: 5534: 5504: 5453:Biogeosciences 5439: 5412: 5400: 5349: 5323: 5304: 5274: 5249: 5183: 5122: 5105: 5037: 5026:on 28 May 2013 5005: 4998: 4978: 4952: 4887: 4865: 4841: 4835:978-3527306732 4834: 4806: 4765: 4758: 4732: 4719:fertilizer.org 4706: 4695: 4669: 4655: 4620: 4590: 4583: 4556: 4549: 4531: 4524: 4506: 4492: 4473: 4458: 4431: 4412:(2): 123–137. 4396: 4359: 4322: 4315: 4290: 4263:(2): 292–305. 4247: 4217: 4187: 4161: 4154: 4136: 4114: 4082: 4060: 4028: 4021: 3994: 3965: 3938:(2): 137–145. 3922: 3908: 3902:978-3527306732 3901: 3864: 3855:|website= 3822: 3795: 3769: 3732:(3): 423–447. 3712: 3698: 3668: 3605: 3594:(5): 453–470. 3578: 3552: 3521: 3514: 3492: 3485: 3467: 3460: 3434: 3427: 3409: 3394:Chisholm, Hugh 3372: 3325: 3318: 3300: 3297:. 12 May 2020. 3286: 3245: 3238: 3218: 3193: 3168: 3153: 3127: 3121:978-3527306732 3120: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3013: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2955:climate change 2946:greenhouse gas 2941: 2921: 2918: 2914:greenhouse gas 2886:carbon dioxide 2881:The amount of 2872: 2869: 2859: 2856: 2837: 2834: 2808: 2805: 2773: 2770: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2628: 2625: 2563:Eutrophication 2561:Main article: 2558: 2555: 2537:Large pile of 2453:global warming 2429:Nitrogen Cycle 2397: 2394: 2381: 2378: 2325: 2322: 2305: 2302: 2294:(i.e., with a 2286:that releases 2262: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2227:volatilization 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2187: 2184: 2172:superphosphate 2142: 2139: 2128:The World Bank 2114: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1964: 1957: 1937: 1934: 1895:, and treated 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1646: 1639:phosphate rock 1634: 1633: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1489:NPK fertilizer 1487:Main article: 1484: 1481: 1460: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381:hydroxyapatite 1376: 1372: 1368: 1361:phosphate rock 1344: 1341: 1329:Atacama desert 1320: 1317:sodium nitrate 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1277: 1266: 1250: 1234: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1163:Micronutrients 1159: 1158:Micronutrients 1156: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:; the third, K 1121: 1117: 1102:Main article: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1013: 1012: 1011:and no gypsum. 1008: 1004: 998: 992: 987: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 948: 947: 941: 933: 925: 915: 911: 907: 901: 897: 893: 882: 874: 866: 863: 853: 852:Classification 850: 842:eutrophication 770: 752: 751: 692: 688: 675: 674: 662: 659: 655:cell membranes 605: 594: 546:carbon dioxide 534: 533: 494: 479: 478: 477: 471: 465: 430: 427: 391: 383: 375: 367: 340: 328: 320: 267:soil fertility 265:Management of 245:, producer of 215:Main article: 212: 209: 181:eutrophication 123:crop rotations 57:soil fertility 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9112: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9026:Miscellaneous 9024: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8829: 8827: 8822: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8800: 8799: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8754: 8751: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8701:Meat industry 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8686:Biotechnology 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8613:Environmental 8610: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8593:Sheep farming 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8497:Dairy farming 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8474:Farming Types 8471: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Ancient Egypt 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8319:Paludiculture 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8220:Biotechnology 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Agriculturist 8138: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8085: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7987: 7984:Cited sources 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7922: 7903: 7900:. p. 7. 7899: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7769: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7442: 7435: 7434: 7426: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7277: 7276:Science Daily 7273: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7127: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6958: 6950: 6948:9780120007349 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6710: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6680:9780120007417 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6540: 6539: 6535:NCRP (1987). 6531: 6529: 6527: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6208:9780123942784 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5962:Soil Research 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5585: 5584:news.wisc.edu 5581: 5575: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5517:cals.ncsu.edu 5514: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5188: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 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Cambridge. 4576: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4330:EFMA (2000). 4326: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226:"Caliche Ore" 4221: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4124: 4118: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4064: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3783: 3782:The Economist 3779: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3515:9780262693134 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3389:public domain 3376: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3142:. 1 June 2016 3141: 3137: 3136:"Fritz Haber" 3131: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3061:Phosphogypsum 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2938:nitrous oxide 2931: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2910:nitrous oxide 2907: 2906:soil bacteria 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:nitrous oxide 2891: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2672:Acidification 2664: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:surface water 2639: 2635: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2551:phosphogypsum 2544: 2540: 2539:phosphogypsum 2535: 2531: 2529: 2526:(for example 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:food security 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477:Haber process 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:dicyandiamide 2347: 2343: 2342:Nitrification 2339: 2330: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1920:"naturally". 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:sewage sludge 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:animal wastes 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1849: 1844: 1800: 1766: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1697: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:sulfuric acid 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1426: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:sulfuric acid 1398: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1349: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1313: 1303: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1070: 1067: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1002: 999: 990: 981: 980:phosphogypsum 957: 956: 955: 953: 945: 942: 939: 931: 923: 919: 916: 905: 902: 891: 888: 887: 886: 880: 872: 862: 860: 849: 847: 843: 839: 823: 807: 803: 802: 798:, especially 797: 793: 792:nitrification 777: 766: 762: 761: 756: 749: 748: 747: 733: 730: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 684: 680: 672: 671: 670: 668: 658: 656: 652: 648: 647:phospholipids 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 612: 601: 590: 586: 582: 579: 578:tetrapyrrolic 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 459: 457: 456: 455: 453: 443: 435: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 407: 403: 401: 397: 389: 381: 373: 365: 361: 360:Haber process 356: 354: 350: 346: 338: 334: 326: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 296:, an English 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 259: 252: 248: 244: 239: 231: 223: 218: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 167: 162: 161:Haber process 158: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:animal manure 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 58: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9095:Horticulture 9069:Biostimulant 8997:Living mulch 8982:Green manure 8929:Assimilation 8843: 8796: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8648:Overdrafting 8507:Goat farming 8418:Ancient Rome 8324:Permaculture 8282:Horticulture 8227:Agroforestry 8185:Agribusiness 8024:, FAO, FAO. 8020: 8012:free content 7998: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7909:. 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