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often outside of formal offices. For example, Hardy-Fanta looks at grassroots political work in Latino communities in the U.S. to identify feminized political leadership roles, ultimately concluding that Latina women provide the most critical leadership and work in those communitiesâdespite the fact that most studies overlook their leadership because it does not occur within formal officeholding roles.
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identity, however what makes
Postmodern feminists different is that they are interested in how people 'pick and mix' their identities. They are also interested in the topic of masculinity, and instead reject the stereotypical aspects of feminism, embracing it as a positive aspect of identity. One of their key goals is to disable the patriarchal norms that have led to gender inequality.
66:
political effects of gendered contexts is an important field of feminist political theory, feminist theory, and hence feminist political theory, is about more than gender. Feminist political theorists are found throughout the academy, in departments of political science, history, women's studies, sociology, geography, anthropology, religion, and philosophy.
344:
understanding patriarchy historically is explored in Judith M. Bennet's book 'History Matter: Patriarchy and the
Challenge of Feminism'. A definition of patriarchy is provided by Sylvia Walby in her book 'Theorising patriarchy'. This shows how patriarchal systems have historically caused the oppression of women and the male domination of politics.
371:
This field addresses how women lead differently than their male counterparts in political careers, such as legislators, executives, and judges. Some scholars in this field study how political leadership is itself masculinized to exclude the kinds of political leadership women most frequently provide,
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which explores how socially feminized "motherly" attributes have been stripped from modern governance models. An exploration of the history of patriarchy is central to understanding how political institutions have become gendered and the impact this has on feminist political theory. The importance of
197:
Early radical feminism was grounded in the rejection of the nuclear family and femininity as constructed within heterosexuality. The strongest forms of radical feminism argue that there can be no reform, but only recreation of the notions of family, partnership, and childrearing, and that to do so in
57:
Feminist political philosophy is an area of philosophy that focuses on understanding and critiquing the way political philosophy is usually construed and on articulating how political theory might be reconstructed in a way that advances feminist concerns. Feminist political theory combines aspects of
84:
What frequently distinguishes feminist political theory from feminism broadly is the specific examination of the state and its role in the reproduction or redressing of gender inequality. In addition to being broad and multidisciplinary, the field is relatively new, inherently innovative, and still
255:
is the result of
Marxism meeting radical feminism. Socialist feminists consider how sexism and the gendered division of labor of each historical era is determined by the economic system of the time, largely expressed through capitalist and patriarchal relations. They believe that women's liberation
240:
is a philosophical variant of feminism that incorporates and extends
Marxist theory. It recognizes that women are oppressed and attributes the oppression to capitalism and the individual ownership of private property. Thus they insist that the only way to end the oppression of women and achieve the
228:
Liberal feminists use figures and concepts from the liberal tradition to develop feminist institutions and political analyses. They suggest that emancipating women requires that women be treated and recognized as equal, rights bearing human agents. A common theme of liberal feminism is an emphasis
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began mostly as a part of the international movement to abolish slavery. During this, the women participating sought equal political rights with men, namely the right to vote. They also countered the societal norms of women as being weak, irrational and unable to participate in politics by arguing
357:
and whether women from different racial and cultural backgrounds have enough in common to form a political group. Intersectionality arguments claim that the multifaceted connection between race, gender, and other systems that work together to oppress while allowing privilege are vital and must be
280:
Postmodernist feminism rejects the dualisms of the previous 20 years of feminist theory: man/woman, reason/emotion, difference/equality. It challenges the very notion of stable categories of sex, gender, race or sexuality. Postmodernist feminists agree with others that gender is the most important
362:
in the group "women" insofar as they lack many of the experiences of girlhood and womanhood which bind "women" together as a distinct group. This topic also includes redefining "groupness;" for example, Iris Marion Young has suggested women are more of a "seriality" rather than a group insofar as
334:
Political theory on the gendering of institutions explores questions such what does it mean for an institution to be âgendered," how can one evaluate whether an institution is gendered, and what are the consequences of gendered institutions for the people who work within them. An example of such
267:
is the branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. Connections between environment and gender can be made by looking at the gender division of labor and environmental roles rather than an inherent connection with nature. The gender division of labor requires a more
22:
is an area of philosophy that focuses on understanding and critiquing the way political philosophy is usually construed and on articulating how political theory might be reconstructed in a way that advances feminist concerns. Feminist political theory combines aspects of both feminist theory and
119:
Mary
Wollstonecraft's 1792 "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", which argues that the educational system deliberately trained women to be frivolous and incapable and that if girls were allowed the same advantages as boys, women would be not only exceptional wives and mothers but also capable
112:
Mary Astell's 1694 "A Serious
Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest," argues that women who do not intend to marry should use their dowries to finance residential women's colleges to provide the recommended education for upper- and middle-class women.
65:
Feminist political theory is not just about women or gender. There are no strict necessary and sufficient conditions for being âfeministâ, due both to the nature of categories and to the myriad developments, orientations and approaches within feminism. Although understanding and analyzing the
352:
Theorists studying this aspect of feminist political theory question the construction of women as an identity group. On a basic level, they consider whether it is even possible to come to some sort of conclusion about a "women" group's relation to politics. One facet of the debate involves
271:
In the 1970s, the impacts of post-World War II technological development led many women to organize against issues from the toxic pollution of neighborhoods to nuclear weapons testing on indigenous lands. This grassroots activism emerging across every continent was both intersectional and
298:. Feminist epistemologists question the objectivity of social and philosophical sciences by contending that standards of authority and credibility are socially constructed and thus reflect and re-entrench the sociopolitical status quo. It studies the ways in which gender influences our
174:
The women's liberation movement was a collective struggle for equality during the late 1960s and 1970s. This movement, which consisted of women's liberation groups, advocacy, protests, consciousness-raising, and feminist theory, sought to free women from oppression and male supremacy.
151:
against the cult of domesticity that women were entitled to the same civil and political rights. Furthermore, the members of the suffrage movement worked for women's rights to divorce, rights to inheritance, rights to matriculate into colleges and universities, and more.
189:
argues that at the heart of women's oppression is pervasive male domination, which is built into the conceptual and social architecture of modern patriarchal societies. Men dominate women not just through violence and exclusion but also through language. Thus came to be
194:'s famous line, âMan fucks woman; subject verb object.â Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized.
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Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own, argues that every woman needs a room of her own, a luxury that men are able to enjoy without question, in order have the time and the space to engage in uninterrupted writing time.
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and practices of inquiry and justification and identifies how dominant conceptions and practices of knowledge attribution, acquisition, and justification disadvantage women, and thus strives to reform them.
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explains that "feminist political philosophy serves as a field for developing new ideals, practices, and justifications for how political institutions and practices should be organized and reconstructed."
109:
Christiane de Pizan's 1450 "The Book of the City of Ladies", which was written in praise of women and as a defense of their capabilities and virtues in order to combat against misogynist male writing.
130:
Simone de
Beauvoir's "The Second Sex", which exposed the power dynamics surrounding womanhood and laid the foundation for subsequent feminist theories exposing women's social subjugation.
116:
Olympe de Gouges's 1791 "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female
Citizen", which stated that women, like their male counterparts, have natural, inalienable, and sacred rights.
103:
The earliest origins of feminist political theory can be traced back into texts written by women about women's abilities and their protesting about women's exclusion and subordination.
209:
argues that the central aims of liberal theory: freedom, equality, universal human rights and justice are also the proper aims of feminist theory. Its primary focus is to achieve
1220:
Ebert, Teresa L. (December 1991). "The "Difference" of
Postmodern Feminism". College English. 53 (8): 886â904. doi:10.2307/377692. ISSN 0010-0994. JSTOR 377692. ^ Jump up to: a b
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Charlotte
Perkins Gilman's 1898 "Women and Economics", which argues that the economic independence and specialization of women is essential to the improvement of marriage.
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must be sought in conjunction with the social and economic justice of all people and see the fight to end male supremacy as key to social justice.
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77:; feminist political philosophy; ecological feminism; female-centered empirical research in political science; and feminist research methods (
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producing knowledge that is not useful for people in subordinate positions, or that reinforces gender and other social hierarchies.
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producing theories of social phenomena that render women's activities and interests, or gendered power relations, invisible
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producing theories of women that represent them as inferior, or significant only in the ways they serve male interests
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both feminist theory and political theory in order to take a feminist approach to traditional questions within
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nurturing and caring role for women, therefore that caring nature places women closer with the environment.
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Feminist political theory encompasses a broad scope of approaches. It overlaps with related areas including
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political theory in order to take a feminist approach to traditional questions within political philosophy.
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Mansbridge, Jane (1999). "Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent Yes".
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they undergo similar experiences but in isolation of each other, lacking a sense of group identity.
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Feminist epistemologists argue that the current dominant knowledge practices disadvantage women by
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cross-cultural in its struggle to protect the conditions for reproduction of Life on Earth.
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Several distinct stages of feminism that arose from this movement are explained below.
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a way that preserves women's dignity requires the creation of women-only spaces.
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746:"54 Olympe de GougesâDeclaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"
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The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union
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1028:"Are Quotas a Good Idea? The Indian Experience with Reserved Seats for Women"
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787:"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman | work by Wollstonecraft | Britannica"
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2014:
1964:
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987:"Beyond the 'big three': the development of feminist theory into the 1990s"
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908:
722:"The Book of the City of Ladies | work by Christine de Pisan | Britannica"
639:
567:
506:
Oberhelman, David D. (2001-06-01). "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy".
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Feminist political theory as a term only consolidated in the West during
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1989:
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246:
1390:
1079:. Feminist Theory Reader (Eds: McCann & Kim): Routledge. pp.
913:. Constance Borde, Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (New ed.). London.
710:(Summer 2014 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
229:
on equal opportunity via fair opportunity and equal political rights.
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2101:
1265:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1105:
859:
604:(Winter 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1484:
Hardy-Fanta, Carol (1995). "Latina Women and Political Leadership".
1446:
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2211:
2201:
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1462:
1601:
1447:"Gender as Seriality: Thinking About Women as a Social Collective"
3913:
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2714:
2682:
2672:
2443:
2403:
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2161:
2146:
2126:
1569:"International Feminist Journal of Politics - Volume 17, Issue 4"
141:
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2226:
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in which they contend much of women's labor is uncompensated.
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2181:
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162:
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considered in the political sphere. Another facet questions
2687:
2111:
1519:
275:
2256:
2151:
1421:"The Dispute Between Radical Feminism and Transgenderism"
1302:
History Matters: patriarchy and the challenge of feminism
1148:"Migration: Environment Displacement: Sub-Saharan Africa"
41:
in light of feminist issues (especially gender equality).
960:
Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975
671:
Watson, Lori (2013-01-01). "Feminist Political Theory".
294:
A key aspect of feminist political theory/philosophy is
26:
The three main goals of the feminist political theory:
1319:. Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, MA, USA: B. Blackwell.
704:
McAfee, Noëlle (2014-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
30:
To understand and critique the role of gender in how
1841:
379:
81:) for use in political science the social sciences.
1106:"New Alliances: Socialist-Feminism in the Eighties"
347:
957:
366:
329:
158:Pop Art from the Women's Liberation Movement, 1972
1304:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1259:"Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science"
232:
137:Women's Suffrage postage stamp, Pennsylvania 1915
3951:
1520:"Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society"
634:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1277â1289,
562:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1277â1289,
1524:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1187:, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.,
2072:
1617:
142:Women's Rights Movement (1800s - early 1900s)
2578:
1152:Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
595:
360:whether transgender women should be included
2514:
1483:
1185:Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice
1025:
811:"What Was the Women's Liberation Movement?"
752:, Routledge, pp. 378â380, 2016-01-08,
37:To re-frame and re-articulate conventional
2079:
2065:
1624:
1610:
1329:
941:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
514:(6). Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 9.
505:
487:International Feminist Journal of Politics
163:Women's Liberation Movement (1960s -1970s)
1544:"Feminist Theory | SAGE Publications Inc"
1002:
596:McAfee, Noëlle; Howard, Katie B. (2018),
52:
2086:
1281:
1256:
1072:
906:
289:
276:Postmodernist/Poststructuralist feminism
153:
132:
16:Area of philosophy and political science
3662:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1299:
1289:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1263:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1103:
984:
602:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
316:denigrating âfeminineâ cognitive styles
48:presuming and pursuing gender equality.
3952:
955:
703:
670:
625:
553:
259:
2060:
1605:
1598:(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1444:
1314:
1252:
1250:
1178:
861:Toward a feminist theory of the state
632:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought
560:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought
1486:New England Journal of Public Policy
1372:
1160:10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_ewiccom_0264c
673:International Encyclopedia of Ethics
666:
664:
621:
619:
617:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
284:
3772:The End of History and the Last Man
3682:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1631:
465:
409:Feminism in international relations
201:
181:
87:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13:
1247:
857:
14:
3981:
1589:
1026:Nanivadekar, Medha (March 2006).
964:. University of Minnesota Press.
858:A., MacKinnon, Catharine (1991).
661:
614:
534:
106:Some key primary texts include:
3742:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1844:
382:
348:Group identity/identity politics
313:denying them epistemic authority
2549:Family as a model for the state
1561:
1536:
1512:
1492:
1477:
1438:
1413:
1375:"Re-Thinking Intersectionality"
1373:Nash, Jennifer C. (June 2008).
1366:
1323:
1308:
1293:
1275:
1223:
1214:
1172:
1140:
1097:
1066:
1019:
978:
949:
900:
851:
827:
803:
630:, in Gibbons, Michael T (ed.),
598:"Feminist Political Philosophy"
558:, in Gibbons, Michael T (ed.),
367:Political leadership and gender
330:Gendered political institutions
3899:Separation of church and state
3797:Collectivism and individualism
3752:The Origins of Totalitarianism
779:
738:
714:
697:
681:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee757
589:
499:
233:Marxist and socialist feminism
98:
1:
3939:Category:Political philosophy
3812:Critique of political economy
1596:Feminist Political Philosophy
1261:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
707:Feminist Political Philosophy
600:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
492:
3837:Institutional discrimination
3832:History of political thought
2564:Negative and positive rights
1257:Anderson, Elizabeth (2020),
985:Maynard, Mary (1995-09-01).
907:Beauvoir, Simone de (2015).
864:. Harvard University Press.
675:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
34:is conventionally construed.
7:
3847:Justification for the state
3632:Two Treatises of Government
1445:Young, Iris Marion (1994).
628:"Feminist Political Theory"
556:"Feminist Political Theory"
375:
310:excluding them from inquiry
169:Women's liberation movement
146:Women's involvement in the
10:
3986:
2517:Bellum omnium contra omnes
1193:10.4135/9781412956215.n285
520:10.1108/rr.2001.15.6.9.311
434:Feminist political ecology
93:
3934:
3784:
3553:
3201:
2934:
2814:
2733:
2645:
2636:
2502:
2336:
2265:
2094:
2038:
1897:
1861:
1839:
1639:
1104:Harriss, Kathryn (1989).
1044:10.1017/s1743923x06241011
1004:10.1080/09612029500200089
20:Feminist political theory
3722:The Revolt of the Masses
2046:Women's studies journals
1300:Bennett, Judith (2006).
1231:"philosophical feminism"
1073:Hartmann, Heidi (2003).
835:"philosophical feminism"
758:10.4324/9781315663968-69
300:conceptions of knowledge
221:within the framework of
3702:The Communist Manifesto
2628:Tyranny of the majority
2539:Consent of the governed
1724:International relations
1500:"Politics & Gender"
1235:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1179:Miles, Kathryn (2007),
839:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
791:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
726:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
626:Tucker, Ericka (2014),
554:Tucker, Ericka (2014),
335:related scholarship is
171:of the 1960s and 70s.
2579:
2529:Clash of civilizations
2515:
2005:Catharine A. MacKinnon
1315:Walby, Sylvia (1990).
991:Women's History Review
956:Echols, Alice (1989).
192:Catharine A. MacKinnon
159:
148:women's right movement
138:
71:feminist jurisprudence
53:Background Information
3970:Administrative theory
2544:Divine right of kings
1985:Patricia Hill Collins
1879:Hegemonic masculinity
1317:Theorizing patriarchy
1032:Politics & Gender
750:Ideals and Ideologies
640:10.1002/9781118474396
568:10.1002/9781118474396
472:Politics & Gender
429:Feminist legal theory
414:Feminist anthropology
296:feminist epistemology
290:Feminist epistemology
157:
136:
75:feminist legal theory
3692:Democracy in America
3071:political philosophy
3054:political philosophy
2869:political philosophy
2698:political philosophy
2608:Separation of powers
2569:Night-watchman state
2554:Monopoly on violence
2088:Political philosophy
1573:Taylor & Francis
1287:The Motherless State
444:Libertarian feminism
419:Feminist criminology
341:The Motherless State
245:is to overthrow the
60:political philosophy
3882:Right-wing politics
3762:A Theory of Justice
3732:The Road to Serfdom
3652:The Social Contract
2359:Christian democracy
2020:Diana E. H. Russell
1689:Composition studies
1332:Journal of Politics
265:Ecological feminism
260:Ecological feminism
3894:Political violence
3889:Political theology
3872:Left-wing politics
3867:Political spectrum
1915:Simone de Beauvoir
1905:Elizabeth Anderson
1898:Feminist theorists
1699:Digital humanities
1677:Literary criticism
459:Socialist feminism
424:Feminist economics
253:Socialist feminism
243:women's liberation
160:
139:
3960:Political science
3947:
3946:
3857:Philosophy of law
3802:Conflict theories
3642:The Spirit of Law
3549:
3548:
2598:Original position
2054:
2053:
1935:Kimberlé Crenshaw
1786:Political ecology
1550:. 31 October 2015
1391:10.1057/fr.2008.4
1090:978-0-415-93152-6
920:978-0-09-959573-1
649:978-1-118-47439-6
577:978-1-118-47439-6
508:Reference Reviews
355:intersectionality
285:Topics of inquiry
247:capitalist system
223:liberal democracy
46:political science
3977:
3862:Political ethics
3852:Machiavellianism
3792:Authoritarianism
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2484:Social democracy
2479:Social Darwinism
2454:Multiculturalism
2399:Environmentalism
2374:Communitarianism
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2025:Dorothy E. Smith
1862:Related subjects
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454:Radical feminism
449:Marxist feminism
439:Liberal feminism
399:Anarcha-feminism
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238:Marxist feminism
207:Liberal feminism
202:Liberal feminism
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2010:Martha Nussbaum
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2017:
2012:
2007:
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2000:Julia Kristeva
1997:
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1457:(3): 713â738.
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1425:The New Yorker
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2935:18th and 19th
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2791:Nizam al-Mulk
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2474:Republicanism
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Luce Irigaray
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Donna Haraway
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Cynthia Enloe
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Judith Butler
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
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1911:
1908:
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1816:Technoscience
1814:
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1796:Postmodernism
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1667:Art criticism
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1236:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1204:
1202:9781412918121
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:"Ecofeminism"
1175:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:(31): 34â54.
1111:
1107:
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1092:
1086:
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1078:
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1069:
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1049:
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1005:
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926:
922:
916:
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903:
895:
889:
881:
877:
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871:0-674-89646-7
867:
863:
862:
854:
840:
836:
830:
816:
812:
806:
792:
788:
782:
769:
767:9781315663968
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
727:
723:
717:
709:
708:
700:
692:
690:9781444367072
686:
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629:
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91:
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72:
67:
63:
61:
47:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
28:
27:
24:
21:
3923:
3822:Elite theory
3770:
3760:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3560:
2859:Guicciardini
2815:Early modern
2638:Philosophers
2588:Open society
2524:Body politic
2408:
2394:Distributism
2384:Conservatism
2379:Confucianism
2298:Gerontocracy
2288:Dictatorship
2242:Sovereigntyâ
2232:Ruling class
2122:Emancipation
2107:Citizenshipâ
2015:Val Plumwood
1965:Nancy Fraser
1790:
1759:Epistemology
1734:Legal theory
1657:Architecture
1647:Anthropology
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1479:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1267:, retrieved
1262:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1216:
1206:, retrieved
1184:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1109:
1099:
1075:
1068:
1035:
1031:
1021:
994:
990:
980:
959:
951:
909:
902:
860:
853:
842:. Retrieved
838:
829:
818:. Retrieved
814:
805:
794:. Retrieved
790:
781:
771:, retrieved
749:
740:
729:. Retrieved
725:
716:
706:
699:
672:
653:, retrieved
631:
606:, retrieved
601:
591:
581:, retrieved
559:
511:
507:
501:
486:
481:
476:
471:
370:
351:
340:
333:
305:
293:
279:
270:
263:
251:
236:
227:
219:legal reform
205:
196:
185:
177:
173:
166:
145:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
102:
86:
83:
68:
64:
56:
25:
19:
18:
3696:(1835â1840)
3576:(c. 350 BC)
3566:(c. 375 BC)
3183:Tocqueville
3148:Saint-Simon
3113:Montesquieu
2964:Bolingbroke
2896:Machiavelli
2776:Ibn Khaldun
2741:Alpharabius
2734:Middle Ages
2559:Natural law
2534:Common good
2459:Nationalism
2419:Imperialism
2389:Corporatism
2364:Colonialism
2344:Agrarianism
2323:Technocracy
2303:Meritocracy
2283:Bureaucracy
2273:Aristocracy
1945:Alice Crary
1925:Nancy Bauer
1920:Wendy Brown
1910:Karen Barad
1869:Ecofeminism
1774:Metaphysics
1694:Criminology
1672:Film theory
1652:Archaeology
1385:(1): 1â15.
404:Ecofeminism
99:Pre-History
44:To support
3954:Categories
3904:Separatism
3712:On Liberty
3612:The Prince
3341:Huntington
2844:Campanella
2771:al-Ghazali
2720:Thucydides
2678:Lactantius
2623:Statolatry
2449:Monarchism
2429:Liberalism
2354:Capitalism
2337:Ideologies
2318:Plutocracy
2266:Government
2222:Revolution
2207:Propaganda
2157:Legitimacy
2132:Government
1990:bell hooks
1801:Psychology
1754:Empiricism
1749:Aesthetics
1744:Philosophy
1578:2015-12-11
1554:2015-12-11
1529:2015-12-11
1505:2015-12-11
1431:2015-11-04
1269:2021-12-18
1240:2015-11-04
1208:2021-12-18
1165:2021-12-18
844:2015-10-13
820:2021-12-18
796:2021-12-18
773:2021-12-18
731:2021-12-18
655:2021-11-05
608:2021-11-05
583:2021-11-13
493:References
3622:Leviathan
3602:Monarchia
3596:(c. 1274)
3431:Oakeshott
3376:Mansfield
3371:Luxemburg
3356:Kropotkin
3251:Bernstein
3204:centuries
3118:Nietzsche
3061:Jefferson
2989:Condorcet
2937:centuries
2916:Pufendorf
2781:Marsilius
2668:Confucius
2653:Aristotle
2646:Antiquity
2574:Noble lie
2494:Third Way
2489:Socialism
2414:Feudalism
2369:Communism
2349:Anarchism
2328:Theocracy
2313:Oligarchy
2293:Democracy
2278:Autocracy
2192:Pluralism
2177:Obedience
2142:Hierarchy
2102:Authority
1811:Sociology
1714:Geography
1704:Economics
1471:144677439
1407:145112011
1399:0141-7789
1126:0141-7789
1060:145192553
1052:1743-923X
1013:0961-2025
937:cite book
929:907794335
888:cite book
880:783747693
815:ThoughtCo
528:0950-4125
215:political
120:workers.
3877:Centrism
3572:Politics
3562:Republic
3531:Voegelin
3511:Spengler
3496:Shariati
3471:Rothbard
3426:Nussbaum
3326:Habermas
3301:Fukuyama
3291:Foucault
3216:Ambedkar
3193:Voltaire
3163:de Staël
3138:Rousseau
3019:Franklin
2994:Constant
2954:Beccaria
2786:Muhammad
2766:Gelasius
2751:Averroes
2725:Xenophon
2705:Polybius
2658:Chanakya
2503:Concepts
2469:Populism
2439:Localism
2424:Islamism
2409:Feminism
2308:Monarchy
2212:Property
2202:Progress
2167:Monopoly
2137:Hegemony
1826:Womanist
1821:Theology
1806:Sexology
1739:Pedagogy
1360:37133536
1285:(2009).
376:See also
339:'s book
213:through
3914:Statism
3827:Elitism
3785:Related
3586:(51 BC)
3516:Strauss
3491:Scruton
3486:Schmitt
3476:Russell
3396:Michels
3391:Maurras
3386:Marcuse
3346:Kautsky
3316:Gramsci
3311:Gentile
3281:Dworkin
3271:Du Bois
3266:Dmowski
3261:Chomsky
3256:Burnham
3241:Benoist
3211:Agamben
3178:Thoreau
3168:Stirner
3158:Spencer
3103:Mazzini
3093:Maistre
3088:Madison
3083:Le Play
3014:Fourier
2979:Carlyle
2959:Bentham
2949:Bastiat
2944:Bakunin
2921:Spinoza
2911:MĂŒntzer
2881:Leibniz
2854:Grotius
2834:Bossuet
2801:Plethon
2746:Aquinas
2715:Sun Tzu
2683:Mencius
2673:Han Fei
2444:Marxism
2404:Fascism
2237:Society
2162:Liberty
2147:Justice
2127:Freedom
1779:Science
1719:History
1684:Biology
1352:2647821
1134:1395089
94:History
3776:(1992)
3766:(1971)
3756:(1951)
3746:(1945)
3736:(1944)
3726:(1929)
3716:(1859)
3706:(1848)
3686:(1820)
3676:(1791)
3666:(1790)
3656:(1762)
3646:(1748)
3636:(1689)
3626:(1651)
3616:(1532)
3606:(1313)
3536:Walzer
3526:Taylor
3481:Sartre
3446:Popper
3441:Pareto
3436:Ortega
3421:Nozick
3411:Mouffe
3361:Laclau
3321:Guénon
3306:Gandhi
3246:Berlin
3236:Bauman
3231:Badiou
3221:Arendt
3188:Tucker
3078:Le Bon
3039:Herder
3029:Haller
3024:Godwin
3009:Fichte
3004:Engels
2999:Cortés
2969:Bonald
2926:SuĂĄrez
2901:Milton
2891:Luther
2864:Hobbes
2849:Filmer
2839:Calvin
2824:Boétie
2817:period
2796:Ockham
2663:Cicero
2464:Nazism
2252:Utopia
2227:Rights
2217:Regime
2187:People
2172:Nation
1764:Ethics
1469:
1405:
1397:
1358:
1350:
1199:
1132:
1124:
1087:
1081:206â21
1058:
1050:
1011:
968:
927:
917:
878:
868:
764:
687:
646:
574:
526:
3925:Index
3554:Works
3541:Weber
3506:Spann
3501:Sorel
3466:Röpke
3461:Rawls
3416:Negri
3406:Mosca
3401:Mises
3366:Lenin
3336:Hoppe
3331:Hayek
3296:Fromm
3286:Evola
3276:Dugin
3173:Taine
3153:Smith
3133:Renan
3128:Paine
3049:Iqbal
3034:Hegel
2984:Comte
2974:Burke
2886:Locke
2876:James
2829:Bodin
2761:Dante
2756:Bruni
2710:Shang
2693:Plato
2247:State
2197:Power
2182:Peace
2117:Elite
2095:Terms
2039:Lists
1831:Asian
1467:S2CID
1451:Signs
1403:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1348:JSTOR
1130:JSTOR
1056:S2CID
1038:(1).
477:Signs
3456:Rand
3451:Qutb
3351:Kirk
3226:Aron
3143:Sade
3123:Owen
3108:Mill
3098:Marx
3066:Kant
3044:Hume
2906:More
2806:Wang
2688:Mozi
2112:Duty
1709:FPDA
1395:ISSN
1197:ISBN
1122:ISSN
1085:ISBN
1048:ISSN
1009:ISSN
966:ISBN
943:link
925:OCLC
915:ISBN
894:link
876:OCLC
866:ISBN
762:ISBN
685:ISBN
644:ISBN
572:ISBN
524:ISSN
217:and
3521:Sun
3381:Mao
2257:War
2152:Law
1662:Art
1459:doi
1387:doi
1340:doi
1189:doi
1156:doi
1114:doi
1040:doi
999:doi
754:doi
677:doi
636:doi
564:doi
516:doi
3956::
1571:.
1546:.
1522:.
1465:.
1455:19
1453:.
1449:.
1423:.
1401:.
1393:.
1383:89
1381:.
1377:.
1354:.
1346:.
1336:61
1334:.
1249:^
1233:.
1195:,
1183:,
1154:.
1150:.
1128:.
1120:.
1108:.
1083:.
1054:.
1046:.
1034:.
1030:.
1007:.
993:.
989:.
939:}}
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813:.
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536:^
522:.
512:15
510:.
225:.
62:.
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1581:.
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1532:.
1508:.
1488:.
1473:.
1461::
1434:.
1409:.
1389::
1362:.
1342::
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